General Organic Biological Chemistry 2nd Edition Smith Test Bank

General Organic Biological Chemistry
2nd Edition Smith Test Bank

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Chapter 10: Nuclear Chemistry

1. An alpha particle is a high-energy particle that contains
A) one proton and one neutron. C) one electron.
B) two protons and two neutrons. D) one proton.
Ans: B Difficulty: Easy
2. Which type of radiation has a negligible mass and a charge of +1?

A) alpha particle B) gamma ray C) positron D) beta particle
Ans: C Difficulty: Easy
3. Which is the symbol for a beta particle?

A) 01 e B) −11 e C) −01 e D) −11 e
Ans: C Difficulty: Easy
4. Phosphorous-32 is used for organ imaging. How many neutrons are present in this
radioisotope?
A) 15 B) 17 C) 32 D) 47
Ans: B Difficulty: Medium
5. Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

218
84
Po → _____ + 42 He
A) 21482 Po B) 21482 Pb C) 22286 Rn D) 22286 Po
6. What does it mean if a substance is described as being radioactive?

A) The substance emits high energy particles or rays from its unstable nucleus.
B) The substance was exposed to radiation that was given off by a decaying nucleus.
C) The substance readily absorbs energy from the radiofrequency region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
D) The substance is extremely small and special radiomicroscopes are necessary to
view it.
Ans: A Difficulty: Easy
7. Which species completes this nuclear equation shown below?

30
15
P → _____ + +01 e
A) 3016 P B) 3014 Si C) 3014 P D) 3016 S
Page 109
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8. The half-life (t1/2) of a radioactive isotope depends on which of the following?

A) the amount of the radioisotope present
B) the isotope
C) the temperature
D) the pressure
E) all of the factors listed above
9. If the half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days, how much of a 200. mg sample of

phosphorus-32 remains after 71.5 days?
A) 100. mg B) 50. mg C) 12.5 mg D) 6.25 mg
Ans: D Difficulty: Medium
10. What is the estimated the age of an artifact that has 1/16 of the amount of carbon-14
(relative to carbon-12) compared to living organisms. (C-14 t1/2 = 5,730 years)
A) 358 years D) 22,920 years
B) 5,730 years E) 28,650 years
C) 17,190 years
Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult
11. Which unit of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/second?

A) 1 Ci B) 1 mCi C) 1 Ci D) 1 Bq
Ans: A Difficulty: Medium
12. To treat a thyroid tumor, a patient must be given a 150-mCi dose of iodine-131, supplied
in a solution containing 32 mCi/mL. What volume of solution must be administered per
dose?
A) 1.0 mL B) 4.7 mL C) 4,800 mL D) 32 mL
13. Which unit describes the amount of radiation absorbed by one gram of a substance?
A) rad B) rem C) Bq D) gray
14. Which radioisotope is used to measure thyroid activity and treat thyroid disease?
A) Technetium-99m B) Iodine-131 C) Cobalt-60 D) Carbon-11
15. Which type of radiation has the largest mass?

A) An alpha particle B) A gamma ray C) A positron D) A beta particle
Page 110
16. Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?

A) An alpha particle
B) A gamma ray
C) A beta particle
D) All of the above have the same penetrating power.
17. What is the minimum recommended protective equipment when handling a beta particle
emitter?
A) lab coat and gloves
B) heavy lab coat and gloves
C) lead shielding
D) No protective equipment is recommended.
18. What types of cells are most sensitive to radiation damage?

A) the intestinal tract cells
B) reproductive organs cells
C) cancer cells
D) bone marrow cells
E) All of the cell types listed above are very sensitive to radiation damage.
Ans: E Difficulty: Easy

232
90
Th → 228
88
Ra + _____
A) 2  B) 42 He C) 2 +01 e D) 2 −01 e
4
Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult

14
7
N + 01 n → _____ + 11 H
A) 146 B) 148 O C) 146 N D) 14
6
C
Page 111
21. What is the balanced nuclear equation for the  emission of the radioisotope strontium-
90?
A) 90
38
Sr → 90
39
Y + −01 e
B) 90
38
Sr → 90
37
Rb + 0
+1
e
C) 90
38
Sr → 86
36
Kr + 42 He
D) 90
39
Y + 0
−1
e → 90
38
Sr
E) 90
37
Rb + +01 e → 90
38
Sr
Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult
22. Which quantity represents the greatest amount of radioactivity?

A) 1 × 10–3 Ci B) 1 × 104 mCi C) 1 Bq D) 1 × 10–10 Ci
Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult
23. Which quantity represents the smallest amount of radioactivity?

A) 1 × 10–3 Ci B) 1 × 104 mCi C) 1 Bq D) 1 × 1010 Ci
Ans: C Difficulty: Difficult
24. What is the SI unit in the measurement of radioactivity?

A) Ci B) mCi C) Ci D) Bq

0
+1
e + −01 e → _____
A)  B)  C)  D) 2 
Page 112
26. Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fission?

A) 1327
Al + 42He → 15
30
O + 10n
B) 221
87
Fr → 217
85
At + 42He
C) 15
8
O → 15
7
N + +10e
D) 239
93
Np → 239
94
Pu + 0-1e
E) 235
92
U+ 10n → 137
52
Te+ 97
40
Zr + 2 10n
Ans: E Difficulty: Medium
27. Which nuclear equation is an example of  decay?

A) 235
92
U+ 10n → 137
52
Te+ 97
40
Zr + 2 10n
B) 27
13
Al + 42He → 15
30
O + 10n
C) 15
8
O → 15
7
N + +10e
D) 221
87
Fr → 217
85
At + 42He
E) 239
93
Np → 239
94
Pu + 0-1e
28. Which nuclear equation is an example of  decay?

A) 239
93
Np → 94
239
Pu + 0-1e
B) 27
13
Al + 42He → 15
30
O + 10n
C) 221
87
Fr → 217
85
At + 42He
D) 235
92
U+ 10n → 137
52
Te+ 97
40
Zr + 2 10n
E) 15
8
O → 15
7
N + +10e
Page 113
29. Which nuclear equation is an example of positron emission?

A) 221
87
Fr → 85
217
At + 42He
B) 27
13
Al + 42He → 15
30
O + 10n
C) 15
8
O → 15
7
N + +10e
D) 235
92
U+ 10n → 137
52
Te+ 97
40
Zr + 2 10n
E) 239
93
Np → 239
94
Pu + 0-1e
Ans: C Difficulty: Medium
30. Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fusion?

A) 221
87
Fr → 85
217
At + 42He
B) 27
13
Al + 42He → 15
30
O + 10n
C) 239
93
Np → 239
94
Pu + 0-1e
D) 235
92
U+ 10n → 137
52
Te+ 97
40
Zr + 2 10n
E) 15
8
O → 15
7
N + +10e
31. Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 4.1 × 1012 disintegrations/s?

A) 1.1 × 103 Ci B) 4.1 × 109 Bq C) 4.1 × 1012 Bq D) 1.1 × 1010 Ci
32. Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 105 mCi?

A) 3.7 × 103 Ci B) 3.7 × 102 Ci C) 3.7 × 108 Ci D) 3.7 × 1014 Ci
33. How many neutrons are generated in the nuclear equation shown below?
249
98
Cf + 126C → 257
104
Rf + ___ 10n
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
Ans: E Difficulty: Medium
Page 114
34. What are the number of protons, the number of neutrons, and the mass number of the
251
radioisotope 102 No ?
A) 149, 102, and 251, respectively C) 102, 251, and 353, respectively
B) 102, 149, and 251, respectively D) 149, 251, and 353, respectively
35. Which isotope symbol for bismuth is correct?

210
A) 83 Bi B) 82
210 Bi C) 210
82 Bi D) 210
84 Bi
36. The initial responders to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster were exposed to 22 Sv of
radiation. What is this exposure in units of rem?
A) 2.2 mrem B) 2,200 rem C) 0.022 rem D) 0.22 mrem
37. Mg-24 is a non-radioactive isotope of magnesium and Mg-27 is a radioactive isotope.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning these two isotopes?
A) Both isotopes emit high energy particles or rays known as radiation.
B) The radioactive isotope has three more neutrons than the non-radioactive isotope.
C) The radioactive isotope has three more electrons than the non-radioactive isotope.
D) The non-radioactive isotope has three less protons than the radioactive isotope.
38. The nuclear equation shown below represents which of the following processes?
78 Pt + 2 
→ 183
187 4
80 Hg
A) alpha decay of platinum C) alpha emission by mercury
B) gamma emission by mercury D) gamma decay of platinum
Page 115
39. The fusion of two helium-3 nuclei produces two protons and what other nucleus?
3
2 He + 2 He →
3
___ + 1
2 1p
4
A) 2 He
5
B) 3 Li
4
C) 3 Li
6
D) 4 Be
Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult
40. Beta particles move faster than alpha particles, but they do not penetrate into tissue as far
as an alpha particle.
Ans: False Difficulty: Easy
41. To decrease the incidence of harmful bacteria in foods, certain fruits and vegetables are
irradiated with  rays that kill any bacteria contained in them.
Ans: True Difficulty: Easy
42. The sum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers must be equal on both
sides of a nuclear equation.
Ans: True Difficulty: Medium
43. Alpha emission is the decay of a nucleus by emitting an  particle, resulting in a new
nucleus that has two fewer protons than the original nucleus.
44. During gamma emission there is no change in the atomic number or mass number of a
radioactive nucleus.
45. The emission of gamma rays frequently occurs during alpha decay and beta particle
emission.
46. The rad is the amount of radiation that also factors in its energy and potential to damage
tissue.
Ans: False Difficulty: Medium
Page 116
47. A radiation source used external to the body for therapeutic purposes must have a much
shorter half-life than radioisotopes that are ingested for diagnostic purposes.
Ans: False Difficulty: Difficult
48. PET scans are used to detect tumors and coronary artery disease, determine whether
cancer has spread to other organs of the body, and monitor whether cancer treatment has
been successful.
49. Nuclear fusion is the splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei and neutrons.
50. A nuclear power plant utilizes the tremendous amount of energy produced by fission of
the uranium-235 nucleus to heat water to steam, which powers a generator to produce
electricity.
51. X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are techniques that utilize nuclear reactions to provide an
image of an organ or extremity that is used for diagnosis of a medical condition.
52. When a positron is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, the nuclear mass remains the
same.
53. A positron is formed when a neutron is converted to a proton and an electron.

54. To decrease the incidence of harmful bacteria in foods, certain fruits and vegetables are
irradiated with  particles that kill any bacteria contained in them.
55. Radioisotopes that are used for diagnosis and imaging in medicine have short half-lives
so they do not linger in the body.
56. The technique of radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that the ratio of radioactive
carbon-14 to stable carbon-12 is a constant value in a living organism that is constantly
taking in CO2 and other carbon-containing nutrients from its surroundings.
57. A microcurie of radioactivity is larger than a Becquerel of radioactivity.

Ans: True Difficulty: Difficult
Page 117
58. Hydrogen-3 is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. When hydrogen-3 undergoes beta

decay, helium-3 is formed.
Ans: True Difficulty: Difficult
59. One rem is equivalent to 100 Sv.

60. Generally, no detectable biological effects are noticed when the dose of radiation is less
than 25 rem.
61. Two problems that surround nuclear power generation are the possibility of radiation
leaks and the disposal of nuclear waste.
62. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both release a great deal of energy.
63. The light and heat of the sun and other stars is a result of nuclear fusion.
64. Red blood cells tagged with technetium-99m are used to find the site of a gastrointestinal
bleed.
65. Cobalt-60 is used as an external source of radiation for cancer treatment.

66. Uranium-235 is used in nuclear weapons. This radioactive isotope contains 92 protons
and 235 neutrons.
67. The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of radon-216 by positron emission is
.
Ans: False Difficulty: Difficult
68. The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of radon-220 by  decay is
220
86
Rn → 216
84
Po + 24He .
69. The balanced nuclear equation for the decay of neon-31 by  decay is 31
10
Ne → 11
31
Na + −01e .
Page 118
70. Exposure to 600 rem of radiation is fatal for an entire population.

71. Only fusion can involve bombarding a nucleus with a neutron.

72. Nuclear fission reactions generate radioactive waste with long half-lives, often hundreds
or even thousands of years.
73. Rb-84 is used to monitor cardiac output and has a half life of 33 days. It would take
approximately 165 days for a 1.000 mg sample of Rb-84 to decay to 0.063 mg.
74. Isotopes are atoms of the same element having a different number of protons.
75. A gamma ray has twice the mass of an alpha particle.

76. An alpha particle is identical to a helium atom.

77. _____ is the process by which an unstable radioactive nucleus emits radiation, forming a
nucleus of new composition.
Ans: Radioactive decay
Difficulty: Easy
78. A(n) _____ is a small portable device used for measuring radioactivity.
Ans: Geiger counter
Difficulty: Easy
79. The LD50 of a substance is the lethal dose that kills _____ of a population.
Ans: 50%
Difficulty: Easy
80. In  emission, one neutron of the original nucleus decays to a  particle and a(n)_____.
Ans: proton
Difficulty: Medium
81. The m in technetium-99m stands for _____.

Ans: metastable
Difficulty: Medium
Page 119
82. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use radioisotopes that decay by positron
emission. Once formed, a positron combines with an electron to form _____  ray(s),
which create a scan of an organ.
Ans: two or 2
Difficulty: Difficult
83. The minimum amount of uranium-235 necessary to sustain a chain reaction is called the
_____.
Ans: critical mass
Difficulty: Easy
84. If 25 mg of an initially 200. mg sample of bromine-74 is still active after 75 minutes, the
half-life of bromine-74 is _____ minutes.
Ans: 25
85. In the nuclear decay reaction known as electron capture, an electron from an atom's
electron cloud falls into the nucleus. Iodine-128 undergoes electron capture as shown
below to produce an x-ray and another product. The isotope symbol for the other product
is _____.
Ans:
Page 120

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General Organic Biological Chemistry

2nd Edition Smith Test Bank

Chapter 10: Nuclear Chemistry

2. Which type of radiation has a negligible mass and a charge of +1?

3. Which is the symbol for a beta particle?

5. Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

6. What does it mean if a substance is described as being radioactive?

7. Which species completes this nuclear equation shown below?

8. The half-life (t1/2) of a radioactive isotope depends on which of the following?

9. If the half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days, how much of a 200. mg sample of

11. Which unit of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/second?

15. Which type of radiation has the largest mass?

16. Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?

18. What types of cells are most sensitive to radiation damage?

19. Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult

20. Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

22. Which quantity represents the greatest amount of radioactivity?

23. Which quantity represents the smallest amount of radioactivity?

24. What is the SI unit in the measurement of radioactivity?

25. Which species completes the nuclear equation shown below?

26. Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fission?

27. Which nuclear equation is an example of  decay?

28. Which nuclear equation is an example of  decay?

29. Which nuclear equation is an example of positron emission?

30. Which nuclear equation is an example of nuclear fusion?

31. Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 4.1 × 1012 disintegrations/s?

32. Which amount of radioactivity is equivalent to 3.7 × 105 mCi?

35. Which isotope symbol for bismuth is correct?

37. Mg-24 is a non-radioactive isotope of magnesium and Mg-27 is a radioactive isotope.

53. A positron is formed when a neutron is converted to a proton and an electron.

57. A microcurie of radioactivity is larger than a Becquerel of radioactivity.

58. Hydrogen-3 is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. When hydrogen-3 undergoes beta

59. One rem is equivalent to 100 Sv.

65. Cobalt-60 is used as an external source of radiation for cancer treatment.

70. Exposure to 600 rem of radiation is fatal for an entire population.

71. Only fusion can involve bombarding a nucleus with a neutron.

75. A gamma ray has twice the mass of an alpha particle.

76. An alpha particle is identical to a helium atom.

81. The m in technetium-99m stands for _____.

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