Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936

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Construction and Building Materials

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Tailored enhancement of reclaimed asphalt pavement with waste engine
oil/vacuum residue blend as rejuvenating agent

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Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar a, ⁎, Heja Ghazi Mohammed Hasan b, Ayman A. Abdulmawjoud c,
Munder Bilema d, Mohammad Alharthai e
a Building and Construction Engineering Department, Engineering Technical College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41002, Iraq
b Highway and Bridge Departments -Technical College of Engineering - Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok 42001, Iraq
c Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq

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d Centre for Transportation Research, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
e Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66446, Saudi Arabia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in the production of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) re-
Vacuum residue sulting from the maintenance and rehabilitation activities conducted on asphalt pavements. However, the pres-
D
Waste engine oil ence of aged binder in RAP gives rise to asphalt mixtures with unfavourable characteristics. To address this con-
Hybridized rejuvenating agent
cern, the use of rejuvenating agents has been examined as a viable solution to restore the properties of aged as-
Asphaltene
phalt. In this study, an investigation was undertaken to assess the efficacy of incorporating waste engine oil
Maltene
(WEO) and vacuum residue (VR) as hybridized rejuvenating agents for RAP. Various characteristics including
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penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and stiffness were measured to ascertain the optimal dosage of
the hybridized rejuvenating agent. Subsequently, the performance of the rejuvenated asphalt was evaluated
through Marshall tests, indirect tensile strength (ITS), moisture damage, and Kim tests, comparing it with differ-
ent samples. Moreover, the Creep compliance, semi-circular bending (SCB), and Cantabro loss measurements
were employed in the evaluation. The findings of the study indicate that a 6.5% hybrid rejuvenator composed of
WEO and VR effectively rejuvenates asphalt mixtures containing 30% RAP material by softening the aged binder.
Furthermore, the rejuvenated mixture exhibited significant improvements when compared to both the virgin as-
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phalt and RAP mixtures. In conclusion, the incorporation of WEO and VR as a hybridized rejuvenating agent
showcases promising results in enhancing the performance of RAP mixtures. This, in turn, contributes to sustain-
able and efficient pavement practices.

1. Introduction for asphalt pavements, prompted by the progressive depletion of virgin

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aggregates and raw materials, as well as concerns regarding elevated

The durability of asphalt pavement is influenced by a comprehen-
sive range of factors, including traffic patterns, climate variations en-
compassing fluctuating temperatures, humidity, precipitation, oxygen
exposure, freeze–thaw cycles, as well as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and
water effects [1,2] Consequently, the importance of pavement mainte-
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temperatures and gas emissions associated with Hot Mix Asphalts
(HMA) production. In recent decades, numerous studies have consid-
ered the replacement of natural aggregates and virgin asphalt in asphalt
pavements by recycled aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)
materials, and various other alternatives [6–11].

nance and repair techniques has grown considerably. However, this un-
dertaking generates a substantial amount of waste [3], estimated at ap-
proximately 160 million tons annually solely for road maintenance [4].
It is noteworthy that the global production of asphalt mixtures, an inte-
gral component of road construction, is projected to reach an astound-
ing annual volume of 1500 million tons [4,5]. In light of these facts, ex-
tensive studies have been conducted to explore sustainable alternatives
The utilization of RAP materials in the pavements has gained recog-
nition from state agencies, design engineers, road contractors, and as-
phalt suppliers as a promising sustainable approach for reducing mater-
ial costs while maintaining pavement performance [12–14]. However,
despite four decades of asphalt pavement recycling, the primary con-
cern regarding the incorporation of RAP in HMA lies in the properties of
its binder [15,16]. The aged asphalt present in RAP exhibits increased

⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Zaid.alsaffar025@gmail.com, zaid.alsaffar@ntu.edu.iq (Z.H. Al-Saffar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133936
Received 11 July 2023; Received in revised form 21 September 2023; Accepted 22 October 2023
0950-0618/© 20XX

Note: Low-resolution images were used to create this PDF. The original images will be used in the final composition.
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
stiffness, resulting in mixtures that possess inadequate low-temperature
cracking resistance and workability characteristics [17,18]. Typically,
the addition of a small proportion of RAP does not significantly affect
the rheology of the mixture. However, the introducing RAP at a level of
20 % or higher can impact viscosity and asphalt rheology [1,19]. Con-
sequently, including elevated levels of RAP in these mixtures can lead
to undesired qualities [20], such as heightened brittleness, ultimately
diminishing their resistance to cracking and increasing the likelihood of
premature pavement failures. As a result, early maintenance and esca-
lated rehabilitation costs are incurred [21]. A crucial aspect of the as-
phalt binder ageing process is the decline in the maltene/asphaltene ra-
tio, which leads to increased brittleness and stiffness of the binder [22].
To address these deficiencies, researchers and practitioners have ex-
plored various methods, including the utilization of softer fresh asphalt
binder, warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives, foamed asphalt, and reju-
venating agents [18].
Numerous recent studies have identified various rejuvenating
agents with the potential to restore the rheological characteristics of the
binder in RAP. These agents can be broadly categorised into two
groups: organic rejuvenating agents (e.g., vegetable oil, tall oil) and pe-
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troleum-based rejuvenating agents (e.g., waste engine oil, aromatic ex-
tracts) [21]. While certain products solely possess the capability to de-
crease the viscosity of the aged binder, others can effectively restore the
physical, mechanical attributes, and partially rejuvenating the chemical
properties of the binder, earning them the label of “real rejuvenators”
[15] or “true rejuvenators” [23]. The European Asphalt Pavement Asso-
ciation (EAPA) [15,24] defines the terms as follows: “Asphalt re-use /
Recycling agent: a product used in the manufacturing of asphalt mixes
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containing reclaimed asphalt to act on the aged asphalt binder and help
to meet the requirements/specifications of binder and asphalt mixes”.
On the other hand, the term “Rejuvenator” has often been employed to
describe some of these products, as some of them can influence not only
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the rheological characteristics but also the chemical composition and
properties of the aged asphalt.
However, it's important to note that certain rejuvenating agents of-
fer advantages solely in terms of asphalt performance under low-
temperature conditions, making them unsuitable for use at high tem-
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peratures [25,26]. Conversely, some rejuvenating agents have the po-
tential to accelerate the ageing process, rendering the asphalt unusable
[27]. Consequently, due to these limitations, recent studies have fo-
cused on exploring the use of hybridized rejuvenating agents in order to
fulfil specific conditions [28]: (i) Restoring attributes such as penetra-
tion, ductility, softening point and viscosity (ii) Enhancing cracking re-
sistance without negatively impacting high-temperature performance,
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(iii) Maintaining cohesion and adhesion properties similar to those of
virgin asphalt, (iv) Demonstrating acceptable resistance to ageing, (v)
Exhibiting satisfactory flow, stability, ITS, and moisture damage resis-
tance before and after ageing, and ultimately achieving a balance be-
tween stiffness and resistance to rutting in the rejuvenated asphalt.
For example: Bilema et al. [29] investigated the feasibility of rejuve-
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nating RAP using waste materials like crumb rubber (CR) and waste fry-
ing oil (WFO). Comprehensive physical, rheological, and chemical tests
were performed on the asphalt binders. The findings revealed that the
inclusion of WFO and CR yielded an enhanced penetration index, de-
creased softening point, and increased penetration values. The combi-
nation binder of WFO and CR exhibited superior workability, stiffness,
and a low storage stability temperature. Moreover, the rheological
properties of the WFO/CR blend with RAP binder closely resembled
those of VA, while enhancing resistance to rutting and promoting the
sustainable reuse of waste materials. In another study, Eltwati et al.
[30] assessed the efficacy of hybrid rejuvenators comprising SBS
copolymers and aromatic oil (AO) to enhance the performance of
binders and mixtures containing substantial percentages of RAP. The
hybrid rejuvenators, formulated with a blend of 25 % SBS and 75 %
AO, underwent comprehensive evaluation using various techniques.
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Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
The results revealed that the adjustment of SARA (saturates, aromatics,
resins, and asphaltenes) fractions, coupled with the inclusion of SBS
copolymer led to notable improvements in the performance of rejuve-
nated mixtures.
However, given the significant demand for rejuvenating agents and
the molecular similarity between refinery crude oil and asphalt binder,
endeavours have been undertaken to combine refinery crude oil compo-
nents, such as WEO, VR, and maltene (all derived from petroleum),
with aged asphalt. When properly mixed with aged asphalt, these com-
ponents function as rejuvenating agents by reducing viscosity and soft-
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ening the aged asphalt. Consequently, they have the potential to en-
hance the characteristics of aged asphalt, in addition to offering addi-
tional benefits such as environmental preservation and pollution reduc-
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tion.
For example: Al-Saffar et al. [31] investigated the feasibility of reju-
venating asphalt for reuse in pavement by introducing a hybrid rejuve-
nator, consisting of waste engine oil and maltene (WEO-MLT). The
study involved four types of binders: VA, aged asphalt, 40 % aged as-
phalt, and rejuvenated asphalt. The findings demonstrated that the ad-
dition of WEO-MLT substantially improved the properties of aged as-
phalt under both low and high temperature conditions. These enhance-
ments were confirmed through rheological and chemical tests. While
the FTIR analysis indicates limited improvement in ageing properties,
thermogravimetric analysis and stripping resistance tests show compa-
rable performance between the rejuvenated and virgin asphalts.
Recently, Al-Saffar et al. [32] introduced VR as a rejuvenating agent
in asphalt mixtures containing 40 % RAP. The research findings re-
vealed that the inclusion of 7.5 % VR rejuvenator effectively counter-
acted the detrimental effects of RAP asphalt ageing. Furthermore, the
rejuvenating agent exhibited positive physical and rheological restora-
tive effects on the aged asphalt. Notably, the mechanical properties of
the revitalized samples demonstrated improvements compared to speci-
mens made solely of VA. However, it's important to note that VR pos-
sesses a higher viscosity in comparison to other rejuvenating or soften-
ing materials. Therefore, it is advisable to minimise the viscosity of VR
to enhance its efficiency. This aspect has not been thoroughly explored
in previous studies and warrants further investigation.
Considering the factors mentioned above and recognising the exist-
ing research gap concerning the use of a hybridized rejuvenating agent
that combines VR with other substances to restore the characteristics of
aged asphalt, the present study aims to explore the feasibility of utilis-
ing a hybridized rejuvenating agent composed of VR and WEO for the
purpose of revitalising the properties of RAP. The investigation involves
a comprehensive analysis, assessment, and comparison of various prop-
erties pertinent to the performance of RAP in practical scenarios.
Specifically, a series of tests were conducted to evaluate parameters in-
cluding physical, rheological and performance properties of asphalt and
asphalt mixtures.
2. Objectives
The objective of this study is to investigate the potential advantages
of utilising a hybridized rejuvenating agent (consisting of VR and WEO)
and its impact on enhancing the characteristics of RAP for practical ap-
plications. To achieve this goal, blends containing 30 % aged asphalt
with 70 % virgin asphalt were blended with an optimal dosage of hy-
bridized rejuvenating agent. Subsequently, a range of physical and rhe-
ological tests, including penetration, softening point, ductility, viscos-
ity, and stiffness were conducted to determine the most suitable amount
of hybridized rejuvenating agent required for incorporation into the
aged asphalt binders. Following the determination of optimal amounts,
the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures was assessed using
various analytical methods, including Marshall properties, Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS), susceptibility to moisture damage, compliance
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al. Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936

creep, Cantabro loss, semi-circular bending (SCB), and Kim tests. The Table 2
obtained results were then analysed and discussed. Physical properties of the aggregate used.
Aggregate properties Coarse Fine ASTM standard
3. Experimental procedure aggregate aggregate

Bulk specific gravity 2.669 2.659 ASTM C127 &

To attain the aims of this study, asphalt mixture specimens were
128
meticulously prepared and subjected to evaluation. The study primarily Apparent specific gravity 2.729 2.733 ASTM C127 &
focuses on rejuvenated samples that involve the incorporation of the 128
WEO-VR hybridized rejuvenating agent at different proportions. These Water absorption 0.72 % 1.13 % ASTM C127 &
samples are introduced into a mixture consisting of 30 % aged asphalt 128

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Toughness (loss Angeles 22 % – ASTM C131
and 70 % virgin asphalt (VA) binders. All material preparation, sample abrasion)
creation, and subsequent tests were conducted in the laboratory setting. Soundness 4.1 % – ASTM C88
The following sections provide a detailed description of the materials Crushes percentage 95 % ASTM D5821

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–
used, the process of sample preparation, and the specific tests con- Deleterious Materials 0.5 – ASTM C142
ducted as part of this investigation. Aggregate Impact Value (%) 12.37 – BS EN 1097–2
Aggregate Crushing Value (%) 16.3 – BS EN 1097–2

3.1. Materials
Three types of materials are mainly used in the experiments: virgin
materials (asphalt binder and aggregate), RAP material, and hybridized
The extraction of the aged asphalt from the RAP material was ac-
complished using a centrifuge extraction method, in accordance with
ASTM D2172 [33], with methylene chloride serving as the solvent. Sub-
sequently, the RAP binder was recovered by separating it through the

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rejuvenating agent.
3.1.1. Virgin materials
The experimental design involved the use of an asphalt binder char-
acterized by a penetration grade of 40–50, a common specification in
use within Iraq. This particular binder was sourced from the LANAZ re-
finery, which is situated approximately 365 km north of Baghdad, the
capital city. Its properties are shown in Table 1. For the aggregate com-
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ponent, river rock type aggregate from the Khabour River was selected
and procured from a local asphalt mixture processing plant located in
Zakho city, Iraq. Given the significant influence of aggregate on the per-
formance of asphalt mixtures, understanding its physical properties is
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distillation of methylene chloride. The physical properties of the aged
asphalt are displayed in Table 3.
3.1.3. Hybridized rejuvenating agent
The hybridized rejuvenating agent utilized in this study comprised
two main components: VR and WEO. The VR was obtained from a local
asphalt factory (KAT) in Kirkuk, Iraq. The penetration was possessed to
have an average value of 182 dmm. Likewise, the WEO was sourced
from a local auto repair shop in Duhok District in the Kurdistan, Iraq.
To determine the optimal ratio of VR to WEO, a trial and error strat-
egy was employed. Various samples were collected and analysed, con-

crucial. The physical attributes of the aggregate utilized in this study sidering different combinations of WEO ranging from 15 % to 30 % and
are outlined in Table 2. VR ranging from 75 % to 25 %. Penetration and viscosity tests were
conducted to evaluate the impact of these ratios. The selection of these
3.1.2. RAP two tests was based on their ability to provide valuable insights into the
The RAP material used in this study was provided from a road con- viscosity and workability of the WEO/WEO blend. Given that the prin-
cipal aim of incorporating WEO is to reduce the viscosity of VR, these
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necting the cities of Zakho and Deraboon within the Duhok District in
the Kurdistan, Iraq. Specifically, the RAP material was collected near
the Ibrahim Khalil International Crossing. Prior to its use, rigorous
cleaning procedures were conducted to eliminate any dust particles or
foreign substances. The initial inspection involved identifying the pres-
ence of any contaminants such as loose soil, debris, or excessive dust.
Subsequently, the collected RAP material underwent a screening
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tests serve as relevant indicators to assess the effectiveness of the
process. Furthermore, these tests are recognized for their simplicity and
efficiency, aligning effectively with the objective of promptly assessing
the impact of incorporating WEO along with VR. The results revealed
that exceeding a weight percentage of 25 % for WEO in the hybridized
rejuvenating agent significantly increased the penetration of the rejuve-

process. This process employed vibrating screens and sieves to separate
the RAP into different size fractions. For higher quality requirements, a
secondary screening process was employed to further separate fine dust
particles from the RAP using finer screens.
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nated asphalt while simultaneously reducing its viscosity. This resulted
in discernible deviations from the characteristics of VA. It is worth not-
ing that this result is attributed to the absence of resin in WEO. Thus,
employing high percentages of WEO can potentially deteriorate the as-
phalt properties. Conversely, incorporating less than 25 % of WEO
failed to achieve comparable values between virgin and rejuvenated as-
phalts. In such cases, the penetration value remained low, while the vis-

Table 1
Properties of virgin asphalt.
cosity remained high when contrasted to VA. Based on these findings, it
becomes evident that incorporating WEO content beyond 25 % in the
Physical Value Unit Test SCRB ASTM
Properties condition Specification designation no.
2003 Table 3
Physical properties of the aged asphalt.
Penetration 43 1/ 25 °C, 40–50 D5-13
10 mm 100gm, 5sec Physical Value Unit Test condition SCRB ASTM
Ductility 160 cm 25 °C, 5 cm/ > 100 cm D113-17 Properties Specification designation
min
Softening 54 °C Ring & ball --- D36-14 Penetration 14.5 1/ 25 °C, 100gm, 40–50 D5-13
point 10 mm 5sec
Flash point 271 °C Tag Open- > 232 D92-16 Ductility 9 cm 25 °C, 5 cm/ > 100 cm D113-17
Cup min
Specific 1.03 --- 25 °C --- D70-18 Softening point 67.4 °C Ring & ball --- D36-14
gravity Specific gravity 1.032 --- 25 °C --- D70-18
Rotational 571 cP 135 °C --- D4402 Rotational 2130 cP 135 °C --- D4402
Viscosity 145 cP 165 °C Viscosity 1164 cP 165 °C

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Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
overall rejuvenating agent dosage significantly increased the flexibility
of the rejuvenated asphalt while adversely affecting its behavior at ele-
vated temperatures.
3.2. Samples preparation
This study intends to investigate and evaluate the rejuvenated sam-
ples by separately adding 5.0 %, 7.5 %, and 10 % of the WEO/VR blend
(by weight of total binder) into a mixture comprising 30 % aged asphalt
and 70 % virgin asphalt (VA) binders. Notably, previous investigations
have indicated that the incorporation of RAP did not exert discernible
effects on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures [34,35], but increment
in viscosity was noticed when the RAP content surpassed 20 % [36]. To
date, a number of countries permit the incorporation of 15–40 % RAP
in mixture designs [37] as higher levels of RAP inclusion may result in
several drawbacks, including susceptibility to low-temperature and fa-
tigue cracking [38,39].
The addition of the rejuvenating agent was carried out gradually
while mixing the components. To ensure homogeneity, a high shear
mixer operating at 135 °C and 1000 rpm was employed to blend the
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specimens for a duration of 20 min. The determination of the optimal
variables (temperature (℃), speed (cycle), and time (minutes)), which
significantly influenced the blending efficiency of the aged asphalt and
hybrid rejuvenating agent, was achieved through a trial-and-error ap-
proach. The homogeneous blend was identified based on the absence of
any material agglomeration within the sample. The ideal content of the
hybrid rejuvenating agent was determined by evaluating the penetra-
tion, softening point, ductility, and viscosity of the specimens. Table 4
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provides an overview of the seven types of asphalt binders employed in
this study. For the sake of comparison, the virgin asphalt (reference)
was subjected to identical thermal processing as the rejuvenated as-
phalt samples.
TE
3.3. Tests
3.3.1. Asphalt binder tests
Initially, the asphalt binders, including virgin, aged, and rejuve-
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nated samples, underwent testing to assess their physical and rheologi-
cal properties. These tests involved measuring the penetration (in ac-
cordance with ASTM D6), softening point (according to ASTM D36),
ductility (following ASTM D113), and viscosity (in compliance with
ASTM D4402). The objective was to determine the optimal content of
the rejuvenating agent that would result in a rejuvenated asphalt binder
exhibiting physical and rheological characteristics similar to those of
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virgin asphalt at both low and high temperatures. Three replicates were
tested for each type of asphalt binder, and their mean values were cal-
culated to ensure accuracy and reliability. Additionally, storage stabil-
ity test was carried out in accordance with ASTM D5892 to evaluate the
possibility of hybridized rejuvenating agent separation from the blend
of aged asphalt that was being stored. This test can also demonstrate the
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homogeneity of the blend of hybridized rejuvenating agent, VA, and
aged asphalt. Meanwhile, the ASTM D4124 standard was employed to
determine asphaltene and maltene contents in the asphalt binder sam-
ples. This analysis allowed for a comparison of the results between the
Table 4
Categories of asphalt binders with their codes.
Binder type Compositions
VA Virgin asphalt binder
R100 100 % aged asphalt
R30-0WV 30 % aged asphalt + 70 % virgin asphalt
R30-5WV (30 % aged asphalt + 70 % VA) + 5 % WEO & VR
R30-7.5WV (30 % aged asphalt + 70 % VA) + 7.5 % WEO & VR
R30-10WV (30 % aged asphalt + 70 % VA) + 10 % WEO & VR
R30-6.5WV (30 % aged asphalt + 70 % VA) + 6.5 % WEO & VR
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Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
virgin and aged asphalt binders, providing insights into the changes
that occurred during the rejuvenation process. Next, the potential for
rejuvenating aged asphalt was evaluated by assessing the stiffness mod-
ulus characteristics. This evaluation was conducted using the nomo-
graphs for asphalt characteristics developed by Van der Poel [40].
3.3.2. Asphalt mixture tests
The Marshall stability test was performed according to ASTM
D6927-15. The specimens were immersed in a 60 ˚C water bath for
40 min and then a compressive load is applied in the diametrical direc-
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tion of a cylindrical specimen of a diameter of 101 mm at a loading rate
of 50.8 mm/min, and the maximum load is recorded. The resulting sta-
bility, representing the maximum load resistance, and the correspond-
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ing flow value were recorded. The stiffness value was obtained by
analysing the relationship between stability and flow. Each mixture was
tested with three specimens, and the average results were reported.
Next, moisture damage on asphalt concrete paving mixtures was as-
sessed using ASTM D4867 standard [41]. Six samples per mixture type
were prepared and compacted to achieve 6.5–7.5 % air voids. The sam-
ples were divided into two subgroups: For the wet subgroup, the sam-
ples were partially saturated (saturation level of 55–80 % saturation as
per ASTM standards) and soaked for 24 h at 60 °C, followed by an addi-
tional hour at 25 °C. In contrast, the dry subset was soaked for 20 min
at 25 °C. Tensile splitting tests were conducted on both subgroups, ap-
plying a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute to assess their respective ten-
sile strength. The maximum load at failure during these tests was used
to calculate the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) using Eq. (1). Addition-
ally, the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) was determined by comparing the
tensile strength of the wet specimens to that of the dry specimens. This
evaluation of moisture sensitivity was carried out in accordance with
the AASHTO T283 standard [42].
(1)
where,
St = ITS (kPa).
P = maximum load (N).
t = specimen height (mm).
D = specimen diameter (mm).
Subsequently, in accordance with AASHTO T 322, the creep compli-
ance test was undertaken to evaluate and measure the permanent defor-
mation experienced by asphalt mixtures. Marshall samples were se-
lected and initially immersed in a 40 °C water bath for 30 min before
undergoing testing under the same temperature conditions. The sam-
ples were subjected to a constant load of 125 N for 1 hr, with measure-
ments taken every minute. After the loading period, unloading mea-
surements were recorded at one-minute intervals for 30 min. Further-
more, the Kim test was conducted to assess deformation strength (Sd)
using eq. (2). This test serves as a quality indicator for evaluating the re-
sistance of asphalt mixes to deformation under high temperatures
(60 °C) [43,44]. By applying static pressure using a rounded edge load-
ing head at the centre of the specimen's flat top, the test assessed rut-
related performance. Despite being a static test, the Sd test reliably esti-
mates the potential for rutting in asphalt mixes exposed to elevated
temperatures.
(2)
where:
Sd = Deformation strength in pressure unit (kPa),
P = Maximum load at failure (N),
D = Diameter of the loading head 30 mm used (mm),
r = Radius of curvature at the bottom edge of loading head 7.5 mm
(mm), and.
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
y = Vertical deformation in the specimen (mm).
Next, the Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) test, based on ASTM D8044-16,
was conducted to assess the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures at
intermediate temperatures. The test involves a half-disk specimen with
notches of different depths (25 mm, 32 mm, and 38 mm) and widths
(3 mm). The specimen is placed on rollers and subjected to a load ap-
plied along the vertical diameter at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Load and
displacement measurements are recorded to evaluate the specimen's
performance. Prior to testing, the prepared SCB samples undergo one-
hour conditioning at 25 °C. From the SCB test the strain energy (U) was
calculated using Eq. (3).
(3)
where:
U = Strain energy (kJ),
Pi = Applied load (kN) at the i load step application,
Pi+1 = Applied load (kN) at the i + 1 load step application,
ui = Crosshead displacement (m) at the i step, and.
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ui+1 = Crosshead displacement (m) at the i + 1 step.
The fracture energy (Gf) was determined by dividing the work of
fracture (which corresponds to the area under the load versus average
load line displacement curve) by the ligament area of the semi-circular
bending (SCB) specimen before testing. The ligament area is calculated
as the product of the ligament length and the thickness of the specimen.
This calculation was performed using Eq. (4), as described in previous
studies [45,46]
D
(4)
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where:
Gf = Fracture energy (kJ/m2),
Wf = Work of fracture (kJ), and.
A = Unit area of ligament (m2).
The flexibility index (FI) is then calculated using Eq. (5) [45,46]
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(5)
where:
FI = Flexibility index, and.
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Fig. 1. Penetration, softening point and PI of asphalt binders.
5
Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
m = The slope of the load–displacement curve at the inflection
point (kN/mm).
The cracking resistance index (CRI) is calculated using Eq. (6) [45,
46]
(6)
where:
CRI = Cracking resistance index, and.
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Pmax = Maximum load obtained from the load displacement curve
(kN).
Then, the critical value of J-integral (Jc) (strain energy release rate)
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is calculated using Eq. (7) [45,46]
(7)
where:
Jc = Critical value of J-integral (kJ/m2),
b = Sample thickness (m),
a = Notch depth (m),
U = Strain energy to failure (kJ), and.
dU/da = slope = Change of strain energy with notch depth (kJ/
m).
Finally, to measure the ravelling resistance of the asphalt mixture,
the Cantabro loss test was conducted following the TxDOT-21 standard
[47]. One compacted specimen was placed in the Los Angeles abrasion
machine drum without the steel balls, and the drum was rotated at a
speed between 30 and 33 rpm for 300 revolutions. The weight of the
compacted specimen was measured before and after abrasion to deter-
mine the percentage of weight loss.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Penetration, softening point and PI
Fig. 1 depicts the influence of the hybridized rejuvenating agent on
the penetration, softening point, and Penetration Index (PI) of the aged
asphalt. The findings indicate a clear pattern: the addition of the WEO/
VR blend leads to an increase in penetration and a decline in the soft-
ening point. The insight observations mentioned above can be ascribed
to a complex interplay of chemical and physical mechanisms. The re-
duction in the asphalt's softening point can be traced back to a decrease
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
in the asphaltene ratio within the blend. This alteration stems from the
composition of the hybridized rejuvenating agent – a composition that
fosters the decomposition of inflexible molecular structures within the
aged asphalt and encourages the dispersion of its constituents, ulti-
mately leading to a reduction in the softening point. Similarly, Al-
Saffar et al. [32] reported increment in penetration and reduction in
softening point due to the inclusion of rejuvenating agents. However,
despite the enhancements observed in penetration and softening point,
attaining a complete restoration of the original properties of aged as-
phalt remains a challenge. The irreversible chemical transformations
that occur over the asphalt's service life are complex. This reality has
been emphasized in previous studies, serving as a reminder that while
rejuvenation can yield significant enhancements, it cannot entirely re-
verse the impacts of time and environmental exposure.
4.2. Ductility and viscosity
Fig. 2 presents the impact of adding the hybridized rejuvenating
agent on the ductility of the aged asphalt. The ductility values of R100
and R30-0WV were observed to be very low. This can be attributed to
PR
the exposure of the asphalt to various environmental factors during its
service life, including heat, pressure, air, humidity, rain, and ultraviolet
(UV) rays. These conditions promote dehydrogenation, oxidation, and
consequent deterioration of the asphalt properties. Consequently, the
asphaltene content increases while the oil and resin contents decrease,
resulting in increased brittleness that adversely affects the behavior of
the asphalt. The incorporation of the WEO/VR blend enhances the duc-
tility by reducing the percentage of asphaltene. This is because the ad-
D
dition of the hybrid rejuvenating agent compensates for the loss of com-
ponents caused by the aforementioned conditions, thereby rejuvenat-
ing the blend containing 30 % aged asphalt.
The rotational viscosity of all asphalt samples is illustrated in Fig. 2.
TE
Comparatively, the aged asphalt exhibited significantly higher viscosity
in comparison to the virgin asphalt (VA), resulting in the blend harden-
ing more readily and yielding a more viscous mixture. However, the in-
corporation of a hybridized rejuvenating agent led to a reduction in the
rotational viscosity at both 135 ℃ and 165 ℃, bringing it closer to that
EC
of the VA. This reduction can be attributed to the presence of aromatics
in the hybridized rejuvenating agent, which aids in balancing the chem-
ical composition of the aged asphalt containing a greater amount of as-
phaltene. Similar findings have been reported in previous studies con-
ducted by [48] and [49].
RR
CO
Fig. 2. Ductility and viscosity of asphalt binders.
6
Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
Nevertheless, it is important to note that an excessive dosage of the
WEO/VR blend can have an adverse impact on other characteristics of
the recycled asphalt. Specifically, if the viscosity of the aged asphalt be-
comes excessively low, it renders the asphalt susceptible to rutting. This
observation aligns with the findings of other study conducted by Li et
al. [50], which demonstrated that the dosage of the rejuvenating agent
should be carefully regulated to ensure it falls within an tolerable
range, thereby satisfying the adhesion requirements of the aged as-
phalt.
F
4.3. Stiffness
Fig. 3 provides insights into the impact of the ageing process on
OO
the rigidity of the VA, as well as the softening effect of the hybrid re-
juvenating agent on the aged asphalt. The addition of the hybrid reju-
venating agent effectively mitigated the ageing effects in the aged as-
phalt by reducing stiffness, thereby achieving a level of softness com-
parable to that of the VA. The findings of this study indicated that an
increase in rejuvenating agent content resulted in improved penetra-
tion, while the softening point decreased and nearly approached the
level observed in the VA. Furthermore, the addition of the hybridized
rejuvenating agent led to a reduction in asphaltene levels within the
binders. For the samples containing 30 % aged asphalt, the stiffness
values were recorded as 1.559, 8.875, and 2.469 MPa at 1.0, 0.1, and
0.5 sec loading times, respectively. However, the incorporation of the
hybridized rejuvenating agent led to a decrease in these values, ren-
dering them lower than those observed for the VA.
Based on the findings of the aforementioned investigation, it was de-
termined that the optimal proportion of WEO/VR blend required to ad-
dress the traits of aged asphalt was determined to be 6.5 %. These spe-
cific values were identified as the ideal composition for achieving the
desired 40–50 grade, as evidenced by the penetration value of the vir-
gin asphalt (VA) at 42.7 dmm and the softening point of VA at 54 °C (re-
fer to Table 5). This determination was made through the utilization of
an interpolation method, as described by Eq. (8):
(8)
Moreover, the results of the ductility and viscosity tests revealed a
remarkable similarity between the values of the original VA and the re-
juvenated asphalt binders, indicating an improvement in the character-
istics of the aged asphalt following the rejuvenation process.
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al. Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936

F
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Table 5
Test results for R30-6.5WV and VA binders.
PR
Fig. 3. Stiffness of asphalt binders.

Table 6
Asphaltene and maltene ratios.
D
Test VA R30-6.5WV Sample Asphaltene Maltene Asphaltene-to-maltene Types of
Code (%) (%) ratio (%) asphalt
Penetration 42.7 dmm 42.7 dmm
Softening point 54 °C 54 °C VA 17.98 82.02 21.9 Sol-gel
asphalt
TE

Ductility 160 cm 120 cm

Rotational viscosity 571 cP @135 °C 579 cP @135 °C R100 37.2 62.8 59.2 Gel asphalt
145 cP @ 148 cP @ R30-0WV 22.3 77.7 28.7 Gel asphalt
165 °C 165 °C R30- 18.5 81.5 22.7 Sol-gel
Stiffness at 1.0 0.965 0.965 6.5WV asphalt
Stiffness at 0.1 6.019 6.019
Stiffness at 0.5 1.582 1.582
those in VA. These variations in percentages are linked to the alter-
EC

Storage stability (difference in softening 0.5 °C 0.5 °C

point)
ations in the structure of aged asphalt over its lifespan, where lighter
constituents transform into heavier ones [51]. Specifically, R100 exhib-
ited an asphaltene content of 37.2 %, while R30-0WV had 22.3 %,
Subsequently, a storage stability test was conducted to evaluate the
making them unsuitable for use in pavement applications. However,
occurrence of any phase separation during storage at elevated tempera-
the introduction of a hybridized rejuvenating agent resulted in a reduc-
tures. It was observed that the temperature difference between the up-
tion in asphaltene percentages and an increase in maltene percentages,
per and lower portions of both the virgin and rejuvenated asphalts was
RR

approaching the levels observed in VA. Notably, R30-6.5WV displayed

within 0.5 ℃, demonstrating adequate compatibility between the hy-
asphaltene values of 18.5 %, respectively, compared to VA's 17.98 %.
bridized rejuvenating agent and the aged asphalt, along with the suit-
These findings suggest that the addition of the hybridized rejuvenating
ability of the mixing method employed. This result can be ascribed to
agent compensated for the loss of aromatic and resin components dur-
the similarity in the molecular structure of the hybridized rejuvenating
ing the asphalt's lifespan, effectively rejuvenating aged asphalt. These
agent and asphalt binder, as both are derived from petroleum. Conse-
results align with the observations made through measurements of pen-
quently, efforts were undertaken to blend WEO/VR with aged asphalt,
etration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and stiffness. Specifically,
aiming to capitalize on this similarity.
CO

the increase in penetration and decrease in softening point, viscosity,

Consequently, the term “R30-6.5WV” denotes the complete asphalt
and stiffness can be attributed to the reduced asphaltene-to-maltene ra-
blend containing 6.5 % of WEO and VR rejuvenator. It is imperative to
tio resulting from maltene incorporation.
note that selecting the appropriate percentage of WEO-VR is of utmost
importance, as an excessive amount of rejuvenator can lead to asphalt
4.5. Marshall test
stripping, resulting in alterations in the physical and rheological prop-
erties and diminishing the performance of the produced asphalt mix-
The effects of adding RAP and the hybridised rejuvenating agent on
ture. In simpler terms, the design of the RAP mixture should consider
the stability, flow, stiffness, and air voids of the asphalt mixtures are
the workability of the mixture in terms of placement and compaction,
summarised in Table 7. The results indicate that RAP inclusion has a
as well as its stiffness and ductility, given their significant influence on
beneficial effect on stability, thereby enhancing the loading capacity
the long-term behaviour of pavements.
and improving rutting resistance. Additionally, it is observed that the
stiffening effect of the aged asphalt binder restricts the flow of the as-
4.4. Asphaltene and maltene ratios
phalt mixture. To counteract the stiffening impact of the aged asphalt,
the WEO/VR blend was employed to restore the performance and at-
Table 6 presents data showing that the percentages of asphaltene
tributes of the mixtures containing RAP, effectively compensating for
relative to maltene samples in R100 and R30-0WV are higher than

7
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al. Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936

Table 7 diminish the stiffness of the aged asphalt, consequently causing a de-
Marshall results of asphalt mixtures. cline in the ITS of the mixture. Specifically, the ITS values for the R30-
Mix type Stability (kN) Flow (mm) Stiffness (kN/mm) A (%) 6.5WV mixture at 25 ℃ and 60 ℃ were recorded as 1296 kPa and
V
1065 kPa, respectively. These outcomes are consistent with the find-
VA 14.00 3.50 4.0 4.0 ings reported by Ziari et al. [56], who proved that adding rejuvenating
R100 17.00 3.00 5.6 5.23
agent reduced the ITS values of rejuvenated asphalt mixtures.
R30-0WV 16.00 3.30 4.8 4.23
On the other hand, Fig. 5 illustrates that the VA, R30-0WV, and R30-
R30-6.5WV 15.00 3.40 4.4 4.06
6.5WV mixtures fulfilled the minimum AASHTO TSR requirement (>
80 %). Conversely, the utilization of 100 % RAP increased the suscepti-
the stiffness of the RAP mixtures. Consequently, the addition of WEO/
bility of the mixtures to moisture and resulting in values below 80 %.
VR blend led to a decrease in stiffness, bringing it closer to that of the

F
This trend suggests that the mixture containing 100 % RAP without a
VA mixtures. The outcomes of Marshall stability, flow, and stiffness
rejuvenator has a higher vulnerability for moisture damage. However,
align closely with the findings reported by Nejad et al. [52] and Jahan-
the inclusion of the hybridizes rejuvenating agent enhanced the resis-

OO
bakhsh et al. [53], who reported an increment in stability of mixture
tance of the mixtures to moisture susceptibility. Specifically, the addi-
and a reducing in flow with the inclusion of RAP as a result of increas-
tion of WEO/VR blend to the mixture containing 30 % RAP elevated the
ing the stiffness.
TSR value to 82 % compared to the mixture containing 30 % RAP with-
Table 7 also presents the AV values of the asphalt mixtures, where
out rejuvenator. This improvement can be ascribed to the presence of
the AV of the VA mixture was recorded at 4.0 %. With the incorpora-
resin within the WEO/VR blend, which enhances the adhesion between
tion of 100 % and 30 % aged asphalt, the AV increased to 5.23 % and
the asphalt binder and aggregates. Furthermore, the utilization of
4.23 % respectively. However, the inclusion of WEO-VR in the RAP
WEO/VR blend as hybridized rejuvenating agent softens the RAP
mixtures improved workability, resulting in a reduced AV of 4.06 % for

PR
binder and partially restores its initial properties. Overall, these find-
the R30-6.5WV mixture. This finding aligns with previous studies that
ings highlight that incorporating WEO/VR blend in mixtures with RAP
have demonstrated that adding rejuvenating agents can impede the in-
content enhances their resistance to moisture damage. The improved
crease in AV resulting from RAP inclusion [54,55].
adhesion and softened properties of the aged asphalt contribute to miti-
gating the potential adverse effects of moisture on the asphalt mixtures,
4.6. ITS and moisture susceptibility
as demonstrated by the higher TSR values.

Fig. 4 depicts the outcomes obtained from the ITS test conducted on
4.7. Semi circular bending (SCB) test
D
asphalt mixtures at different temperatures (25 ℃ and 60 ℃). The figure
illustrates that mixtures containing RAP tend to exhibit notably higher
The results of the SCB test conducted at intermediate temperature
ITS values in both unconditioned and conditioned specimens when
are presented in Figs. 6-8. Fig. 6 shows the relationship between frac-
compared to the virgin and rejuvenated mixtures. Moreover, the ITS
ture energy (Gf) and displacement/load-bearing capacity for the as-
TE

values obtained after the load testing were lower for the wet mixtures
phalt mixture. It is significant to take into account that the level of dis-
in comparison to the dry mixtures. This outcome was expected, as the
placement and load-bearing capacity are directly proportional to the as-
reduction in ITS can be attributed to a loss of adhesion within the mix-
phalt mixture's fracture energy at intermediate temperatures. The find-
ture and/or a loss of cohesion within the asphalt. A more comprehen-
ings show that, regardless of the size of the notch, the fracture energy
sive analysis of the outcomes reveals that the ITS values of the VA sam-
constantly reduces as RAP content in asphalt mixtures rises. This can be
ples at 25 ℃ and 60 ℃ were documented as 1133 kPa and 950 kPa, re-
EC

ascribed to the brittleness of the aged asphalt in RAP, where the RAP
spectively. However, the inclusion of 30 % RAP resulted in an increase
mixtures exhibit fragility, leading to a reduction in fracture energy.
in the ITS values, yielding 1423 kPa at 25 ℃ and 1145 kPa at 60 ℃,
Conversely, the addition of the hybridized rejuvenating agent enhances
while the utilization of 100 % RAP resulted in ITS values of 1517 kPa
the ductility and flexibility of the mixtures. Therefore, the ductility pro-
at 25 ℃ and 1181 kPa at 60 ℃. Conversely, the inclusion of the WEO/
vided by WEO/VR blend compensates for the stiffness caused by RAP,
VR blend led to a decrease in ITS values at both temperatures. This
which is consistent with the findings of physical and rheological tests.
finding was expected, as the hybridised rejuvenating agent is known to
RR
CO

Fig. 4. ITS of asphalt mixtures.

8
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
PR
Fig. 5. TSR of asphalt mixtures.
D
TE
EC
Fig. 6. Fracture energy of different mixtures at different notch sizes.
RR
On the other hand, Fig. 8 displays the FI (Fracture Index) values of
the asphalt mixtures with different notch sizes. A higher FI value indi-
cates greater resistance to fracture propagation in the mixture. The re-
sults indicate that the VA mixture exhibits higher FI values compared to
other mixtures, and the incorporation of RAP significantly reduces the
FI values. However, the inclusion of hybridized rejuvenating agent im-
CO
proves the FI values, bringing them closer to those of the VA mixture.
These findings are in line with results obtained from penetration, soft-
ening point and viscosity.
The results of the J-integral analysis are presented in Fig. 8. The J-
integral represents the energy differences between loaded samples with
varying notch lengths and indicates the amount of external energy re-
quired to propagate cracks in the specimens [53]. Consequently, a
higher J-integral value indicates improved resistance to fatigue crack-
ing [57]. Upon examining the results depicted in the figure, it is evident
that the addition of RAP to the asphalt mixtures renders them more
brittle, leading to a reduction in the J-integral value and consequently
deteriorating the resistance to crack propagation. This can be attributed
to the decrease in tensile strain caused by the stiffness of the mixture
and the influence of the softer supplementary binder added to the as-
phalt mixture. On the other hand, the hybridized rejuvenating agent en-
9
Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
F
OO
hances the release rate of critical strain energy and improves the crack
propagation characteristics. This improvement can be attributed to the
presence of aromatics, which reduce the brittleness of the mixtures and
increase the ductility of the asphalt binders. In summary, the incorpora-
tion of RAP decreases the crack propagation rate and enhances the as-
phalt pavement performance. However, the utilization of the hy-
bridized rejuvenating agent compensates for this deficiency, leading to
the achievement of maximum J-integral values under these circum-
stances.
4.8. Creep compliance test
Roads often encounter a significant challenge known as permanent
deformation, which occurs due to the amplified pressure from truck
tires and high traffic volumes, resulting in the accumulation of defor-
mation within the pavement layers. The asphalt mixtures behaviour can
be described as viscoelastic, and the durability of these mixtures relies
on two crucial components: elasticity and viscosity, as well as their ra-
tio, which is primarily influenced by loading time and temperature. Fig.
9 displays the outcomes of the creep test conducted at 40 °C after 5500
cycles. As anticipated, the RAP mixtures exhibited the lowest level of
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
PR
Fig. 7. Flexibility Index of different mixtures at different notch sizes.
D
TE
EC
Fig. 8. Critical J-integral of different mixtures.
RR
permanent deformation, while the VA mixture demonstrated the high-
est level. This disparity can be attributed to the stiffening effect caused
by aging on the recycled asphalt, where there is a decrease in maltene
content and an increase in asphaltene content. However, when WEO/
VR blend was incorporated into the mixture containing 30 % RAP, a
CO
substantial reduction in permanent deformation was observed. This re-
duction can be attributed to the decrease in stiffness of the aged asphalt
within the mixture when it is combined with the hybrid rejuvenator
[58]. However, it is essential to highlight that the rejuvenated asphalt
exhibits a better deformation resistance compared to the virgin mix-
ture. This was evident from the deformation curve of RA30-6.5WV,
which intersects with the curve of VA at 1680 sec.
More importantly, the findings of creep test agree with the Marshall
test which exhibited an increment in the stiffness of mixtures with the
addition of RAP and a decreasing by adding WEO/VR blend. The find-
ings are also in agreement with the outcomes reported by Jia et al. [55],
which refer to an increment in rutting depth by adding rejuvenating
agents.
10
Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
F
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4.9. Kim test
The findings of the Kim test, depicted in Fig. 10, shed light on the
deformation strength (Sd) of asphalt mixtures with varying composi-
tions. It is observed that the inclusion of RAP in the mixtures con-
tributes to an enhancement in their resistance to rutting under high-
temperature conditions. The Sd values display an increasing pattern as
the dosage of RAP is raised, reaching a pinnacle of 10.3 MPa when em-
ploying 100 % RAP. The increase in deformation strength with higher
RAP dosage could be attributed to the advantageous effects of RAP on
the overall asphalt binder blend. RAP, being aged pavement material,
contributes aged binder with improved stiffness and resistance to rut-
ting. This is due to the aging process involving oxidation, resulting in
enhanced high-temperature performance. Conversely, the introduction
of WEO/VR blend results in a reduction in the deformation strength of
the rejuvenated asphalt, yielding a value of 6.8 MPa, which closely cor-
responds to the deformation strength exhibited by the VA mixtures
(6.5 MPa). Remarkably, this outcome aligns with the trends identified
in the Marshall and creep tests, reinforcing the observed relationship
between the incorporation of RAP, the addition of hybridized rejuve-
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
PR
Fig. 9. Static Creep test result for mixtures.
D
TE
EC
RR
Fig. 10. Deformation strength result in Kim test.
nating agent, and the deformation characteristics of the asphalt mix-
tures.
4.10. Cantabro loss test
CO
The results of the Cantabro loss analysis for the mixtures are pre-
sented in Fig. 11. The percentage of mass loss, with respect to the VA
mixture, was found to be 13 %. Moreover, it was observed that the ad-
dition of RAP led to an increase in this percentage. This trend indicates
that the mass loss rises with aging, potentially rendering the mixture
more susceptible to durability issues compared to the VA mixture [51].
However, the incorporation of the hybridized rejuvenating agent has
demonstrated a positive impact on the durability of the samples, par-
tially restoring their original characteristics. Specifically, the mixture
(R30-6.5WV) exhibited a mass loss of 11.6 %, which closely approxi-
mates that of the VA mixtures (13.0 %). This improvement can be at-
tributed to the enhanced adhesion and cohesion properties resulting
from the inclusion of the hybridized rejuvenating agent. Additionally,
11
Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
F
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there exists a correlation between the Cantabro mass loss and the per-
centage of air voids within the specimen.
5. Conclusion and future research lines
This study explores the feasibility of enhancing the performance
characteristics of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) by employing a
hybridized rejuvenating agent. To accomplish the research goals, a
range of tests were carried out on the RAP, virgin and rejuvenated as-
phalts to assess parameters, encompassing physical, rheological, and
performance assessments. The primary conclusions drawn from the ex-
perimental results are outlined as follows:
1. Incorporating 6.5 % of the hybridized rejuvenating agent in the
aged asphalt samples resulted in the improvement of both physical
and rheological properties of the binders, rendering them
comparable to those of virgin asphalt (VA).
2. Utilizing a 30 % proportion of RAP in asphalt mixtures
demonstrated an increase in stiffness, subsequently enhancing
Z.H. Al-Saffar et al.
Fig. 11. Cantabro loss test result.
PR
Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength (ITS), deformation
strength, and resistance to rutting in the mixtures.
3. The application of a 6.5 % dosage of the hybrid rejuvenating
agent led to increased flow, tensile strength ratio (TSR), flexibility
index, and J-integral values in the rejuvenated mixtures. However,
a slight decrease was observed in ITS, rutting resistance, and
fracture energy, indicating a reduction in stiffness within RAP
D
mixtures. Nevertheless, it is important to note that all the
aforementioned values remained higher than those of the VA
mixture.
4. The proposed method of incorporating the hybridized
TE
rejuvenating agent in asphalt production exhibits promising
benefits for sustainable progress in civil engineering.
Nevertheless, future investigations focusing on the chemical
properties of rejuvenated asphalt, containing the hybrid
rejuvenating agent, following both short-term and long-term
aging, are imperative for further understanding. Moreover, it is
EC
advisable to conduct a comparative analysis of the hybridized
rejuvenating agent with other rejuvenators to gain further insights
into the outcomes.
5. In addition, it is suggested to investigate how the rejuvenated
asphalt mixtures perform at low temperatures. Assess stiffness,
cracking resistance, and durability under colder conditions to
RR
understand their suitability for different climates. Furthermore,
it’s crucial to examine the compatibility of the hybridized
rejuvenating agent with RAP sourced from varying origins and
under different conditions.
6. Prior to its implementation in industrial applications,
conducting a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to
evaluate the environmental impact of using the hybridized
CO
rejuvenating agent and reclaimed asphalt is highly recommended
in the future studies to ensure the safety and environmental
sustainability of such mixtures. In addition, assessing factors
such as energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and
overall sustainability may offer a comprehensive perspective on
the environmental benefits and challenges linked to this
approach.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar : Writing – original draft, Methodol-
ogy, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Heja Ghazi Mohamed
Hasan : Investigation, Data curation. Ayman A. Abdulmawjoud :
Validation, Supervision, Conceptualization. Munder Bilema : Soft-
12
Construction and Building Materials xxx (xxxx) 133936
F
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ware, Resources. Mohammad Alharthai : Writing – review &
editing, Resources.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Deputyship
for Research and Innovation- Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia for this research through a grant (NU/IFC/2/SERC/-/10) under
institutional Funding Committee at Najran University, Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. This study has been also supporting by Duhok Polytech-
nic University, Iraq.
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