Assignment-GE Formal Logic

Name: Sanaa Batra

Roll Number: 20/0035
Department: BA Hons Applied Psychology
Date: 18 June, 2021

PART A
A) Translate into standard logical proportions: (1 mark)
Only mathematician are good logicians.

Ans A). All those who are good logicians are mathematicians.

B) Represent the Venn Diagram. (1 mark)

Some cars are not expensive things.

Ans B). Subject = Cars

Predicate= Expensive things
The given statement is an O proposition. The Venn Diagram for the statement
is:

S P

SP = O

C) Define existential import with example in maximum 50 words. (1 mark)

Ans C). Existential Import is an attribute of those propositions that normally

assert the existence of objects of some specified kind. A proposition is supposed
to have existential import if it assumes and accepts the existence of objects or
things. For example “This table is round” has existential import, for it accepts
the existence of 'table'. But not all propositions have existential import. For
example “All unicorns breathe air” does not have existential import because
there is no real existence of 'unicorn'.

D) If “All butterflies are beautiful creatures” is given true then what can be
inferred about the following:(1 mark)
Some butterflies are not beautiful creatures

Ans D). All butterflies are beautiful creatures- Given True

Square of Opposition

Some butterflies are not

beautiful creatures- FALSE
(By Square of Opposition,
Contradictories)

Thus, the statement “Some butterflies are

not beautiful creatures” is FALSE because
A and O are contradictories by the Square
of Opposition and thus, O proposition is
false.

E)All scientists are philosophers. [contraposition]. (1 mark)

Ans E). All non-philosophers are non-scientists.

F) If “All journalists are pessimistic” is true what can be inferred about the truth
or falsity of the following: (1 mark)
All journalists are non pessimistic.

Ans F).
 All journalists are pessimistic- Given True
 No journalist are non pessimistic- True (by Obversion)
 All journalists are non pessimistic- Undetermined

Therefore, the statement “All journalists are non pessimistic” is

UNDETERMINED.
G) Reduce the following syllogism into standard term and give their figures and
mood.(2 marks)
A few old person are healthy whereas every old person is conservative in
attitude. Therefore some people who are conservative in attitude are not
healthy.

Ans G). Some old people are healthy beings.

All old people are conservative in attitude.
Therefore, some people who are conservative in attitude are not healthy
beings.

 Figure: 3
 Mood: IAO

H) Test the validity /invalidity of the following syllogism by rules and fallacies.
(2 marks)
Since all dictators are ruthless and no ruthless is lover of art, so some lover
of art are not dictators.

Ans H).
 All dictators are ruthless rulers.
 No ruthless ruler is lover of art.
 Therefore, some lover of art are not dictators.

This syllogism is Invalid because of Rule 6 and Existential Fallacy