Date: ___________

Organic Chemistry – Chapter 22 Assignment

Chapter 22 in your textbook, Organic and Biological Molecules, discusses

organic chemistry. This topic is self-explanatory and therefore we will not

spend much time studying it in class. It is your responsibility to cover this

chapter. We will spend one or two days after the break to polish any

misunderstanding and/or misconceptions about this topic. So, for your

holiday break, between the food and the TV (or video games) find time to

read chapter 22 and summarize all important key ideas in the margins to the

left and the bottom. To test your knowledge work on EOC questions # 18,

22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 60, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 84, 88, 100,

104, 118, 124, 136, 144, 146, 155

Be prepared for an Organic chemistry quest after the break.

Enjoy your holidays break and be safe.

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Organic Chemistry

Unit: Organic Chemistry

Skills:
 name and identify basic organic compounds

Organic compounds are named and described based on their functional

groups.

Alkanes
An alkane is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen, with all single
bonds. The compound is named based on the number of carbon atoms.

Number Prefix Number Prefix

1 meth- 6 hex-
2 eth- 7 hept-
3 prop- 8 oct-
4 but- 9 non-
5 pent- 10 dec-

H H H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C H H C C C C C C C H
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H H H H H H H H H H H
butane heptane

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Alkenes & Alkynes
Alkenes have at least one double bond. Alkynes have at least one triple
bond. The compound is numbered based on the lowest-numbered carbon
with the double or triple bond. (Because the molecule is symmetrical, you
can start numbering from either end.) It is often easiest to see what’s
going on if you draw a skeletal structure:

H H
H H
C C H H H H
1 3
C C
H 2 4
C H C C C C C H
H 5 5 4 3 2 1
H H
H H H H
pent-2-ene pent-2-yne

H H H
H C C C C C H
3 4 5 6 7
H C C H C C H
1 2 8 9

H H H H
nona-2,7-dien-4-yne

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functional group: a specific set of atoms attached to the carbon “backbone”.
The chemical properties of an organic compound are substantially
affected by its functional groups.

A carbon chain sticking out from the carbon backbone gets the prefix “-yl”.

1 3 5
2 4 6

3-methylhexane

Note that the carbon backbone is the longest chain of carbons. For
example:
4
5 3

6 2
1
7

3,5-dimethyloctane

You can combine functional groups and multiple bonds, as much as you like:

1 2 5 6 7

3 4 8 9

10

4,7-diethyl-6,6-dimethyldeca-2,7-diene

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Cyclic Compounds
A cyclic compound gets the prefix “cyclo”:

5
1 4

2 3

cyclohexane cyclopenta-1,3-diene

Note, however, that the following compound is always called “benzene”:

benzene

Isomers
isomers: two compounds with the same chemical formula, but different
arrangements of the atoms. For example, the following pair of isomers
would have very different chemical properties:

O
CH2 NH2
H3C CH2 C O CH
CH CH2 CH3
H2C CH
NH2 CH2 CH3

C6H13NO C6H13NO

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Carbon Compounds with Functional Groups

Structure Compound Nomenclature Example

H H H

H C C C H
alcohol —ol
H OH H
propan-2-ol

H H H

H C C O C H
ether —yl —yl ether
H H H
ethyl methyl ether

H Cl H H

H C C C C H
alkyl halide —o—ane
H H H H

2-chlorobutane

H H NH2 H H

H C C C C C H
amine —an-#-amine
H H H H H
pentan-3-amine

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Structure Compound Nomenclature Example

H H O
H C C C
aldehyde —al
H H H
propanal

H H O H

H C C C C H
ketone —an-#-one
H H H
butan-2-one

H H H H O
H C C C C C
carboxylic acid —anoic acid
H H H H OH
pentanoic acid

H H O
H C C C H

ester —yl —anoate H H O C H

H
methyl propanoate

H H O

H C C C
amide —anamide
H H NH2
propanamide

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