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HDEV 4th Edition Rathus Test Bank
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

True / False
1. Children of authoritative parents are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
2. Children from permissive–indulgent homes, unlike those from neglectful homes, are fairly low in social competence
and self-confidence.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. Older siblings tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Firstborn and only children show somewhat lower anxiety levels than later-born children.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
5. Friendship is characterized by shared positive experiences and feelings of attachment.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
6. In middle childhood, girls spend more time than boys in play groups of five or more children and in competitive play.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. Preoperational children tend to be able to see things from the vantage point of others.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
8. Parents of prosocial children are less likely to expect mature behavior from their children.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
9. Children who are physically punished are more likely to be aggressive themselves than children who are not physically
punished.
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Name: Class: Date:
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
10. Children with high self-esteem are more likely to be securely attached and have parents who are attentive to their
needs.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. According to Erik Erikson, children in the initiative versus guilt stage strive to achieve independence from their
parents and master adult behaviors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
12. Preschoolers are less likely to fear animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and personal danger.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
13. Children become increasingly traditional in their stereotyping of activities, jobs, and personality traits between the
ages of three and nine or ten.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
14. Preschool boys tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
15. According to gender-schema theory, once children come to see themselves as female or male, they begin to seek
information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Multiple Choice
16. Warm parents:

a. are likely to impose unreasonable rules and to watch their children closely.
b. are likely to complain about their children's behavior.

c. tend to hug and kiss their children and smile at them frequently.
d. may not enjoy their children and may have few feelings of affection for them.
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: c
17. A difference between warm and cold parents is that warm parents are:
a. more likely to have children who behave aggressively throughout the school years.
b. less likely to communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.
c. more likely to complain about their children's behavior.
d. less likely to use physical discipline.
ANSWER: d
18. Cold parents are:

a. likely to complain about their children's behavior, saying they are naughty.
b. caring, supportive, and affectionate toward their children.
c. less likely than warm parents to use physical discipline.
d. more likely to communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.
ANSWER: a
19. Parents who are restrictive:

a. allow their children to do what is ''natural.''
b. tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
c. allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.
d. often communicate their enjoyment in being with their children.
ANSWER: b
20. Permissive parents:

a. are most likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
b. have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without question.
c. tend to impose rules and to watch their children closely.
d. allow their children to show some aggression, intervening only when another child is in danger.
ANSWER: d
21. A difference between permissive parents and restrictive parents is that permissive parents are:
a. less likely to expect mature behavior from their children.
b. more likely to use power-assertive techniques when dealing with aggressive behavior.
c. more likely to supervise their children less closely than restrictive parents do.
d. more likely to use physical discipline than restrictive parents.
ANSWER: c
22. Which of the following restrictive techniques involves explaining why one kind of behavior is good and another is
not?
a. Power assertion
b. Withdrawal of love
c. Deduction
d. Induction
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
23. Which of the following is an example of inductive techniques employed by parents to enforce restrictions on their
children?
a. Gina, a single mother, explained to Alan, her four-year-old son, that he should not pull her hair as it is not
appropriate behavior.
b. Lily, a single mother, beat Jack, her nine-year-old son, because he got poor grades at school.
c. Clive ignored his eight-year-old son, Jack, for a week because he was misbehaving in school.
d. Susan complained about her five-year-old daughter, Tanya, to her husband because she was not listening to
Susan's advice.
ANSWER: a
24. 2-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying "Please don't do that. It hurts!"
Which of the following restrictive techniques employed by parents is shown in the given scenario?
a. Induction
b. Deduction
c. Power assertion
d. Withdrawal of love
ANSWER: a
25. Which of the following restrictive techniques includes physical punishment and denial of privileges?
a. Power assertion
c. Deduction
d. Induction
ANSWER: a
26. Which of the following restrictive techniques includes isolating or ignoring misbehaving children?
a. Power assertion
c. Deduction
d. Induction
ANSWER: b
27. A difference between children of permissive–indulgent parents and rejecting–neglecting parents is that children of
rejecting–neglecting parents:
a. are fairly high in social competence and self-confidence.
b. show less misconduct and substance abuse.
c. are less competent in school.
d. are high in self-reliance and self-esteem.
ANSWER: c
28. Which of the following is a positive outcome of permissive–indulgent parenting?

a. Children tend to be fairly high in self-confidence.
b. Children are less likely to engage in substance abuse.
c. Children show high levels of activity and exploratory behavior.
Name: Class: Date:
d. Children are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

ANSWER: a
29. Permissive–indulgent parents are:

a. easygoing and unconventional.
b. low in responsiveness to their children.
c. high in their attempts to control their children.
d. generally cold and rejecting.
ANSWER: a
30. Rejecting–neglecting parents are:

a. easygoing and unconventional.
b. low in support and responsiveness.
c. high in their demands for mature behavior.
d. communicative and warm.
ANSWER: b
31. Parents prefer power assertion to induction when:

a. they believe that children understand the rules they have violated and are capable of acting appropriately.
b. they seek to help their children understand moral behavior and foster prosocial behavior such as helping and
sharing.
c. they seek to instill fear and anxiety in children.
d. they have to explain why one kind of behavior is good and another is not.
ANSWER: a
32. Older siblings:

a. are more aggressive than younger siblings.
b. are more self-reliant than younger siblings.
c. tend to imitate younger siblings and accept their direction.
d. tend to be more caring but also more dominating than younger siblings.
ANSWER: d
33. Firstborn children:

a. are more adult-oriented and less aggressive than later-born children.
b. show lesser anxiety levels than later-born children.
c. act more aggressively compared to younger siblings.
d. tend to be somewhat more rebellious and liberal than later-born children.
ANSWER: a
34. Which of the following is a difference between later-born children and firstborn children?
a. Later-born children are more highly motivated to achieve than firstborn children.
b. Later-born children perform better academically and are more cooperative than firstborn children.
c. Later-born children show somewhat greater anxiety levels than firstborn children.
d. Later-born children are more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children.
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: d
35. Jack and Vanessa are kindergarten students at Learn Smart Kindergarten School. They play ''house'' in school and
pretend to be husband and wife. This scenario is an example of _____.
a. onlooker play
b. solitary play
c. nonsocial play
d. dramatic play
ANSWER: d
36. Which of the following kinds of play involves repetitive motor activity, such as rolling a ball or running and laughing?
a. Functional play
b. Symbolic play
c. Constructive play
d. Formal games
ANSWER: a
37. Which of the following kinds of play emerges toward the end of the sensorimotor stage and increases during early
childhood?
a. Functional play
b. Symbolic play
d. Formal games
ANSWER: b
38. In symbolic play, children:

a. interact to achieve common, group goals.
b. play with toys similar to those of surrounding children.
c. use objects or materials to draw something or make something.
d. create settings, characters, and scripts.
ANSWER: d
39. Which of the following kinds of play involves children using objects or materials to draw something or make
something, such as a tower of blocks?
a. Functional play
b. Symbolic play
d. Formal games
ANSWER: c
40. Which of the following plays involves social interaction as well as physical activity and rules?
a. Functional play
b. Solitary play
c. Assimilative games
Name: Class: Date:
d. Formal games
ANSWER: d
41. In formal games, children:

a. do not use their motor skills.
b. invent or enhance games with rules.
c. indulge in solitary play.
d. observe other children who play games.
ANSWER: b
42. Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course, and they have
rules for how many points you lose if you deviate from the course or knock something over. According to Piaget,
Bridgette and Ben are involved in _____.
a. functional play
b. formal games
c. symbolic play
d. constructive games
ANSWER: b
43. Solitary play and onlooker play are considered examples of_____.
a. cooperative play
b. nonsocial play
c. parallel play
d. associative play
ANSWER: b
44. Parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play are considered examples of _____.
a. social play
b. gender-oriented play
c. solitary play
d. onlooker play
ANSWER: a
45. Which of the following types of play involves children observing other children who are at play?
a. Onlooker play
b. Solitary play
c. Formal play
d. Unoccupied play
ANSWER: a
46. Akiva is sitting in his yard playing with some toys. He is watching a group of three boys playing across the street, and
he is mimicking their behaviors. He does not attempt to join them but simply watches and copies their actions. According
to Parten, in which of the following styles of play is Akiva is involved?
a. Onlooker play
b. Solitary play
Name: Class: Date:
c. Formal play
d. Associative play
ANSWER: a
47. Which of the following types of play involves children interacting and sharing toys?
a. Onlooker play
b. Solitary play
c. Associative play
d. Unoccupied play
ANSWER: c
48. Which of the following types of play involves children interacting with each other to achieve common, group goals?
a. Onlooker play
b. Solitary play
c. Associative play
d. Cooperative play
ANSWER: d
49. Which of the following is true of children who are involved in cooperative play?
a. They play with toys by themselves, independently of the children around them.
b. They do not appear to be playing.
c. They only observe other children playing.
d. They interact to achieve common, group goals.
ANSWER: d
50. Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

a. It refers to the participation in illegal behavior by minors.
b. It is behavior that is intended to hurt or injure another person.
c. It is behavior that is intended to benefit other people, generally without expectation of reward.
d. It is behavior that is intended to inhibit aggressive thoughts and behavior amongst other people.
ANSWER: c
51. A child’s sensitivity to the feelings of others is called _____.

a. self-reliance
b. empathy
c. ethnocentrism
d. egotism
ANSWER: b
52. Which of the following is true of preoperational children?

a. They tend to be able to see things from the vantage points of others.
b. They tend to be egocentric.
c. They interact with other children to achieve common, group goals.
d. They tend exhibit empathy.
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: b
53. Aggressive children appear to be:

a. more empathic than their peers.
b. more cognitively accurate in interpreting intentions of others.
c. less able to see things from the perspective of others.
d. less egocentric than their peers.
ANSWER: c
54. Children with high self-esteem are:

a. more likely to be desensitized to violence.
b. more likely to have parents who are attentive to their needs.
c. less likely to show prosocial behavior.
d. less likely to be securely attached.
ANSWER: b
55. According to Erik Erikson, children in the initiative versus guilt stage:
a. are curious, try new things, and test themselves.
b. tend to be extremely unwilling to learn new skills.
c. believe that all their plans, dreams, and fantasies can be realized.
d. are extremely dependent on their parents.
ANSWER: a
56. According to Erik Erikson, the preschool period is marked by a decline in which of the following fears?
a. Social disapproval
b. Personal danger
c. Animals and imaginary creatures
d. Loud noises
ANSWER: d
57. During middle childhood, children:

a. strive to achieve independence from their parents.
b. fear bodily harm and injuries.
c. grow less fearful of failure and criticism in school.
d. become more fearful of imaginary creatures.
ANSWER: b
58. At about two to two and a half years of age, children:

a. perceive their own gender in a somewhat better light.
b. generally agree that boys play with cars and trucks, help their fathers, and tend to hit others.
c. display knowledge of gender stereotypes for toys, clothing, work, and activities.
d. can identify pictures of girls and boys.
ANSWER: d

Name: Class: Date:

59. Preschool girls:
a. engage in more rough-and-tumble play and are more aggressive than boys.
b. tend to show more empathy and report more fears than boys.
c. show somewhat lesser verbal ability than boys.
d. show somewhat greater visual–spatial ability than boys.
ANSWER: b
60. Preschool boys:

a. show somewhat lesser visual–spatial ability than girls.
b. show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.
c. tend to show more empathy and to report more fears.
d. engage in more rough-and-tumble play and are more aggressive.
ANSWER: d
61. A difference between preschool boys and preschool girls is that preschool boys:
a. engage in less rough-and-tumble play than girls.
b. show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.
c. show somewhat greater visual–spatial ability than girls.
d. tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls.
ANSWER: c
62. According to the cognitive-developmental view of gender typing proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, children:
a. use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world.
b. form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to the concepts.
c. can say whether they are boys or girls at the age of one.
d. can discriminate anatomic gender differences at the age of 18 months.
ANSWER: b
63. At around age four or five, most children develop the concept of _____ according to Kohlberg.
a. gender identity
b. gender schema
c. gender constancy
d. gender stability
ANSWER: d
64. Gender-schema theory proposes that:

a. gender differences were fashioned by natural selection in response to problems in adaptation that were
repeatedly encountered by humans over thousands of generations.
b. children start forming gender concepts only during the later stages of childhood.
c. children use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world.
d. gender stability and gender constancy are two halves that together form gender scripts.
ANSWER: c
65. A _____ is a cluster of concepts about male and female physical traits, personality traits, and behaviors.
Name: Class: Date:
a. gender schema
b. gender design
c. gender rubric
d. gender mnemonic
ANSWER: a
Completion
66. _________ parents are affectionate toward their children.

A. Dismissive
B. Authoritarian
C. Warm
D. Rejecting–neglecting
ANSWER: Warm
67. _________ parents may not enjoy their children and may have few feelings of affection for them.
A. Authoritative
B. Permissive–indulgent
C. Warm
D. Cold
ANSWER: Cold
68. _________ parents tend to impose rules and watch their children closely.
A. Permissive
B. Restrictive
C. Negligent
D. Indulgent
ANSWER: Restrictive
69. _________ parents allow their children to do what is “natural,” such as make noise, treat toys carelessly, and
experiment with their bodies.
A. Permissive
B. Restrictive
C. Authoritarian
D. Rejecting–neglecting
ANSWER: Permissive
70. _________methods to enforce restrictions include physical punishment and denial of privileges.
A. Deductive
B. Permissive–indulgent
C. Inductive
D. Power-assertive
ANSWER: Power-assertive
71. Children of _________ parents tend to show self-reliance and independence, high self-esteem, high levels of activity
and exploratory behavior, and social competence.
A. authoritative
B. authoritarian
C. permissive–indulgent
Name: Class: Date:

D. rejecting–neglecting
ANSWER: authoritative
72. _________ parents have strict guidelines for right and wrong and demand that their children accept them without
question.
A. Authoritative
B. Authoritarian
C. Permissive-indulgent
D. Rejecting-neglecting
ANSWER: Authoritarian
73. _________ parents are low in their attempts to control their children and in their demands for mature behavior.
A. Authoritative
B. Authoritarian
C. Permissive–indulgent
D. Warm–responsive
ANSWER: Permissive-indulgent
74. _________ is a return to behavior characteristic of earlier stages of development.

A. Regression
B. Recession
C. Aggression
D. Depression
ANSWER: Regression
75. _________ is play in which children enact social roles.

A. Dramatic play
B. Functional play
C. Constructive play
D. Solitary play
ANSWER: Dramatic play
Essay
76. How are later-born children different from first-born children?

ANSWER: Differences in personality and achievement have been linked to birth order. Later-born children may learn to
act aggressively to compete for the attention of their parents and older siblings. Their self-concepts tend to be
lower than those of firstborn or only children, but the social skills later-born children acquire from dealing
with their family position seem to translate into greater popularity with peers. They also tend to be somewhat
more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children. Please see the section "Social Behaviors" for more details.
77. What are the four types of play identified by Jean Piaget? Give examples of each.
ANSWER: Play contributes to and expresses milestones in cognitive development. Jean Piaget identified kinds of play,
each characterized by increasing cognitive complexity:
Functional play: The first kind of play involves repetitive motor activity, such as rolling a ball or running and
laughing.
Symbolic play: In symbolic play, children create settings, characters, and scripts.
Constructive play: Children use objects or materials to draw something or make something, such as a tower of
blocks.
Formal games: Games with rules include board games and games involving motor skills, such as marbles and
Name: Class: Date:
hopscotch. Please see the section "Social Behaviors" for more details.
78. How do the evolutionary and social cognitive theories differ in how they explain gender-role development?
ANSWER: According to evolutionary psychologists, gender differences were fashioned by natural selection in response to
problems in adaptation that were repeatedly encountered by humans over thousands of generations. Men, who
have generally been the hunters, breadwinners, and warriors, are more likely to be seen as adventurous,
aggressive, and assertive. Women, who have more often been the homemakers and caretakers, are more likely
to be seen as affectionate, agreeable, and emotional.
Social cognitive theory explains gender-role development as a result of reinforcement, punishment, and
observational learning. Children may receive positive reactions to traditional gender behaviors, such as girls
playing with dolls receiving praise. Children who cross gender traditions, on the other hand, may experience
ridicule and hostility from parents as well as peers. Television and other media also provide models for
children’s learning of gender roles. Please see the section "Development of Gender Roles and Gender
Differences" for more details.
79. Discuss gender typing.

ANSWER: According to Kohlberg, gender typing involves the emergence of three concepts: gender identity, gender
stability, and gender constancy. The first step in gender typing is attaining gender identity. Gender identity is
the knowledge that one is male or female. At two years, most children can say whether they are boys or girls.
By the age of three, many children can discriminate anatomic gender differences.
At around age four or five, most children develop the concept of gender stability, according to Kohlberg. They
recognize that people retain their gender for a lifetime.
By the age of five to seven years, Kohlberg believes that most children develop the more sophisticated concept
of gender constancy and recognize that people’s gender does not change, even if they change their dress or
behavior. Please see the section "Development of Gender Roles and Gender Differences" for more details.
80. What is gender-schema theory?

ANSWER: Gender-schema theory proposes that children use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the
world. A gender schema is a cluster of concepts about male and female physical traits, personality traits, and
behaviors. According to gender-schema theory, once children come to see themselves as female or male, they
begin to seek information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them. Please see the section
"Development of Gender Roles and Gender Differences" for more details.

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Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

5. Friendship is characterized by shared positive experiences and feelings of attachment.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

16. Warm parents:

b. are likely to complain about their children's behavior.

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

18. Cold parents are:

19. Parents who are restrictive:

20. Permissive parents:

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

28. Which of the following is a positive outcome of permissive–indulgent parenting?

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

d. Children are highly motivated to achieve and do well in school.

29. Permissive–indulgent parents are:

30. Rejecting–neglecting parents are:

31. Parents prefer power assertion to induction when:

32. Older siblings:

33. Firstborn children:

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

38. In symbolic play, children:

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

41. In formal games, children:

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

50. Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

51. A child’s sensitivity to the feelings of others is called _____.

52. Which of the following is true of preoperational children?

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

53. Aggressive children appear to be:

54. Children with high self-esteem are:

57. During middle childhood, children:

58. At about two to two and a half years of age, children:

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

60. Preschool boys:

64. Gender-schema theory proposes that:

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

66. _________ parents are affectionate toward their children.

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

74. _________ is a return to behavior characteristic of earlier stages of development.

75. _________ is play in which children enact social roles.

76. How are later-born children different from first-born children?

Chapter 08: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

79. Discuss gender typing.

80. What is gender-schema theory?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13

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