Health Information Management of a

Strategic Resource 4th Edition

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Chapter 11 – Research and Epidemiology
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MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The incidence rate of the exposed group divided by the incidence rate of the unexposed group
is the formula to determine the:
a. Relative risk
b. Odds ratio
c. Incidence
d. Prevalence
ANS: A

2. Results of a clinical trial show that 55 patients who received laser surgery for nearsightedness
had severe nausea and vomiting after the procedure. The same local anesthetic was
administered to all 55 patients. What information do you need to determine whether the
anesthetic led to the nausea and vomiting these laser surgery patients had after their
procedure?
a. The denominator
b. The numerator
c. The ratio
d. The proportion
ANS: A

3. What is a tentative assertion called that is assumed by the researcher but not positively known
until it is tested?
a. Specific aims
b. Hypothesis
c. Methodology
d. Significance
ANS: B

4. What should be included in the significance section of a research proposal?

a. Goals or objectives
b. Importance of the research project
c. Step-by-step account of what will be done in the study
d. Data collection instrument
ANS: B

5. Which study concurrently describes characteristics and health outcomes at one specific point
or period in time?
a. Case-control study
b. Prospective study
c. Prevalence or cross-sectional study
d. Clinical trial
ANS: C
 6. In a case-control study, why are the cases and controls often matched on variables such as age
and sex?
a. So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease and health
characteristic under study
b. So that cases and controls are similar for all aspects of the study
c. So that cases and controls are similar except for the disease under study only
d. So that cases and controls are similar except for the health characteristic only
ANS: A

7. The odds ratio is an estimate of the relative risk an individual has if he or she is exposed to a
certain characteristic/risk factor. It is determined as part of which study design?
a. Prevalence or cross-sectional study
b. Case-control study
c. Prospective/incidence study
d. Clinical trial
ANS: B

8. The incidence rate of the exposed group divided by the incidence rate of the unexposed group
is the formula used to determine the:
a. Relative risk
b. Odds ratio
c. Incidence
d. Prevalence
ANS: A

TRUE/FALSE

1. Prospective studies are most useful for investigating diseases of high incidence.

ANS: T

2. In a cohort study, two groups free of disease are followed forward in time.

ANS: T

3. Validity and reliability are really measuring the same thing.

ANS: F

4. Incidence can be affected by an increase in the risk factor and changes in preventive measures.

ANS: T

5. A major advantage of a prospective study is that its results can be measured after a very short
time.

ANS: F
 6. A case-control study should find controls similar to the characteristics of the cases (such as
age and sex), but without the disease, and obtain histories on them.

ANS: T

7. When conducting a case-control or retrospective study, a researcher should match cases on

variables known to be associated with the disease or the exposure under study.

ANS: T

8. The independent variable is the disease under study and the dependent variable is the risk
factor or characteristic under study.

ANS: F

9. Epidemiology is the study of disease and the determinants of disease in individual cases.

ANS: F

10. Research enables individuals to learn something new and valuable about their professions.

ANS: T

11. Healthy People 2010 is an action agenda for the first decade of the twenty-first century and
includes priorities and research needs relevant to health information management.

ANS: T

12. The hypothesis is an opinion or value judgment.

ANS: F

13. In a causal relationship, the cause is the independent variable and the effect is the dependent
variable.

ANS: T

14. "Peer reviewed" means that peers within the specific research area have not reviewed the
research article before publication.

ANS: F

15. The bibliography within a research article may contain many more articles and books than are
cited in the article itself.

ANS: T

16. Specific aims should include a step-by-step process of what is done in the research study and
why this process is necessary to test the hypothesis properly.

ANS: T
 17. The significance section of the research proposal conveys why the research is needed or
important and it is stated succinctly and clearly.

ANS: T

18. Reliability assesses relevance, completeness, accuracy, and correctness.

ANS: F

19. Sensitivity is the percentage of all true cases correctly identified.

ANS: T

20. The three major types of epidemiologic research study designs are (1) descriptive studies, (2)
analytical studies, and (3) experimental studies.

ANS: T

21. The odds ratio is an estimate of a confidence interval.

ANS: F

22. Life-table analysis is most appropriate for prospective or experimental studies.

ANS: T

23. Outcomes research focuses on measures of mortality.

ANS: F

24. When designing a case-control study, you must always match cases with controls on age, sex,
and race.

ANS: F

MATCHING

Match the descriptor with the correct term. Not all descriptors may be used.
a. Faulty memory
b. The tendency to select persons under frequent medical care
c. The tendency to ask questions differently or probe more if it is known that the
person has the disease
d. Quantifies the amount of risk due to a certain characteristic IRe-IRo
e. The ability of a test instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
f. Identified by pre-existing records developed in the past
g. Accumulated period of time each person is in the study
h. Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
i. Percent of all true cases correctly identified
j. Reliability between more than one research assistant or observer
k. Examples: all new employees within a hospital, all new students in the first grade
l. The tendency for a certain disease to get a different opinion by different evaluators
 1. Relative risk
2. Selection bias
3. Historical cohort
4. Cohort
5. Validity
6. Interobserver reliability
7. Recall bias
8. Specificity
9. Interviewer bias
10. Person time/person years

1. ANS: D
2. ANS: B
3. ANS: F
4. ANS: K
5. ANS: E
6. ANS: J
7. ANS: A
8. ANS: H
9. ANS: C
10. ANS: G

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used. Some may be used
more than once.
a. Hypothesis
b. Methodology
c. Specific aims
d. Literature review
e. Significance section
f. Validity
g. Reliability
h. Bias
i. Prevalence
j. Incidence

11. Assertion to be proved

12. Error
13. Existing cases
14. New cases
15. Accuracy
16. Reproducibility
17. Goals or objectives within a research proposal
18. Should be clear and succinct and show why study is needed
19. Step-by-step of what will be done in the research study
20. Determines what research has been previously conducted

11. ANS: A
12. ANS: H
13. ANS: I
14. ANS: J
15. ANS: F
16. ANS: G
17. ANS: C
18. ANS: C
19. ANS: B
20. ANS: D

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
a. Cross-sectional study
b. Descriptive study
c. Analytic study
d. Case-control study
e. Odds ratio
f. Relative risk
g. Prospective study
h. Clinical trial
i. Life-table analysis
j. Outcome measures

21. Study used to generate hypotheses

22. Concurrently describes characteristics at one point in time
23. Disease is examined to determine possible causes
24. Estimate of relative risk
25. Incidence rate of exposed/incidence rate of unexposed
26. Retrospective study
27. Cohort study
28. Intervention tested on selected subjects in a clinical setting
29. Used when researcher has loss of subjects
30. Morbidity, mortality, satisfaction, pain

21. ANS: B
22. ANS: A
23. ANS: C
24. ANS: E
25. ANS: F
26. ANS: D
27. ANS: G
28. ANS: H
29. ANS: G
30. ANS: J

Match the term with the correct descriptor. Not all terms may be used.
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Institutional review board
d. Risk factors
e. Specificity
 f. Confounding variables
g. Case
h. Control
i. Research question
j. Historical-prospective study
k. Recall bias
l. Interviewer bias
31. Question to be answered
32. Research and human rights committee
33. Ovarian cancer
34. Individual with the disease under study
35. Individual without the disease under study
36. Age, sex, race
37. Poor memory when interviewed
38. Tend to ask questions differently or probe more
39. Past records used to collect data, then followed over time
40. Percent of all true noncases correctly identified
41. Characteristics that could cause the disease
42. Variable that could be the cause of the disease (alcohol use)

31. ANS: I
32. ANS: C
33. ANS: B
34. ANS: G
35. ANS: H
36. ANS: F
37. ANS: K
38. ANS: L
39. ANS: J
40. ANS: E
41. ANS: D
42. ANS: A

PROBLEM

1. Referring to the data in the table, what was the incidence rate of cancer?

ANS:
162/2000 = 0.081  1000 = 81 new cases