NETWORKING AND SECURITY. COMPUTER NETWORKS.

LABORATORY WORK 3 – DELAY AND PACKET LOSS.

NAME: Seidygali Daryn

PURPOSE
The purpose of this laboratory work is to compute the different types of delay for a simple network configuration.

ACTIVITIES
Perform each of the following activities. If you have questions, issues, or doubts, please ask for help and do not just
guess.
1. Using the below diagram, calculate the end-to-end delay in milliseconds on each of the four links from
when the left host begins transmitting the first bit of a packet to the time when the last bit of that packet is
received at the server at the right. Assume a packet length of 10000 bits. This exercise is only focused on
transmission and propagation delays. You do not need to consider queuing delays and processing delays.
The speed of light propagation delay on each link is 3x108 m/sec.

Calculating:
End-to-end delay = ∑ dtrans+ dprop,where dtransis transmission delay and dprop is propagation
delay.

L = 10000 bits
S = 3*108m/sec T

Transmission delay –dtrans = L/R

Propagation delay– dprop =D/S

Link A: dtrans = 10000bits/1Mbps = 10ms dprop = 10m/(3*108m/sec) = 0,33 * 10-4 ms

Link B: dtrans = 10000bits/10Mbps = 1ms dprop= 100m/(3*108m/sec) = 0,33 * 10-3ms
Link C: dtrans = 10000bits/100Mbps = 0,1ms dprop = 1000m/(3*108m/sec) = 0,33 * 10-2ms
Link D: dtrans = 10bits/100Mbps = 10-4ms dprop = 200m/(3*108m/sec) = 0,67 * 10-3ms
Answer:
Link A delay= 10 + 0, 000033 = 10, 000033 ms
Link B delay= 1 + 0, 00033 = 1, 00033 ms
Link C delay= 0,1 + 0, 0033 = 0,1033 ms
Link D delay= 0,0001 + 0, 00067 = 0,00073 ms
Total End-To-End Delay = 11,104393ms
2. Suppose there is exactly one packet switch between a sending host and a receiving host. The
transmission rates between the sending host and the switch and between the switch and the
receiving host are R1 and R2, respectively. Assuming that the switch uses store-and-forward
packet switching, what is the total end-to-end delay to send a packet of length L? (Ignore
queuing, propagation delay, and processing delay.)

R1= Transmission rates between the sending host and the switch

R2= Transmission rates between the switch and the receiving host

L= Packet of length

So, total end-to-end delay to send a packet of length L=L/R1+L/R2

Answer: L=L/R1+L/R2

3. Consider sending a packet from a source host to a destination host over a fixed route. List the
delay components in the end-to-end delay. Which of these delays are constant and which are
variable?

Answer:
The delay components are:
1) processing delays; fixed delays
2) transmission delays; fixed delays
3) propagation delays; fixed delays
4) queuing delays; variable delays

4. Suppose end system A wants to send a large file to end system B. At a very high level, describe
how end system A creates packets from the file. When one of these packets arrives to a packet
switch, what information in the packet does the switch use to determine the link onto which the
packet is forwarded?
Answer:
1. End system A divides a file into pieces.
2. Then, it adds a header to each piece, therefor it generates several packets from file.
3. The header includes the IP address of the B point.
4. In other words, IP address of the destination point, which is actually used to determine the outgoing
link.
 5. We wish to send a 150,000 byte message over a network with four hops, each of length 20km
and running at 100 Mb/s. What is the end-to-end delay of the message? Use speed of light in
copper = c
= 2 * 10^8 m/s, and round your answer to the nearest integer millisecond.
Hints: The delay over each of the links is identical. Don’t forget to convert bytes to bits.

Calculating:

L = 150000byte = 150000 * 8 bits = 1200000bits

D = 20km = 20000m c = 2 * 10^8 m/s
R = 100Mb/s = 100Mbps

Transmission delay –dtrans = L/R

Propagation delay– dprop =D/S

dprop = 20000/2*10^8 = 10-4 s = 0,1ms

dtrans = 1200000/100 = 12000s = 12ms

Totalend-to-end delay of the message = 4 * (12ms + 0.1ms) = 48,4ms

Answer: ~48ms

6. Suppose packet switching is used.

Why will there be essentially no queuing delay before the link if two or fewer users transmit at the
same time?
Why will there be a queuing delay if three users transmit at the same time?

Answer:

The available bandwidth of the shared link is 2Mbs. Every user requires 1Mbs. That’s why when there are 2
or fewer users transmit at the same time a maximum of 2Mbs is required. Whereas if there are 3 users, the
bandwidth required is 3Mbps. So, there will be queuing delay before the link.

7. (a) How long does it take a packet of length 1000 bytes to propagate over a link of distance
2500km, propagation speed 2.5x108 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps?
Answer: tprop = 2500000m/(2.5 * 10^8m/s) = 10ms
(b) More generally, how long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of distance
d, propagation speed s, and transmission rate R bps?
Answer: Transmission delay=L/R= 8 bits/byte * 1,000 bytes / 2,000,000 bps= 4 ms
Dose this delay depend on packet length?
Answer: No, this delay is independent of the length of the packet.
(c) Does this delay depend on transmission rate?
Answer: No, this delay is independent of the rate of transmission.
 8. Consider two hosts, A and B, connected by single link of rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts
are separated by m meter, and suppose the propagation speed along the link is s meters/sec.
Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B.
Express the propagation delay, dprop, in terms of m and s

Answer:
m = distance between A and B hosts(meters)
S= propagation link speed(meters/sec)
d = m/s

b. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = d trans, where is the
last bit of the packet?
The bit is just leaving Host A.
c. Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of the packet?
The first bit is in the link and has not reached Host B
d. Suppose s = 2.5‧108, L = 120 bits, and R = 56 kbps. Find the distance m so that dprop
equals dtrans.
Answer:
m = L * S /R = 120 * 2,5 * 10^8 / 56 * 10^3 = 536 km