"kk

tqykbZ&vxLr 2020
fo'ofon~;ky; vuqnku vk;ksx n~okjk vuqeksfnr if=dk ¼Øekad&16½

v/;{k] ijke'kZ ,oa laiknu eaMy laiknd

izksQslj jes'k dqekj ikaMs;
ijke'kZZ eaMy
izks- ;ksxsna z ukFk 'kekZ ^v#.k*
MkW- ih- ,- jkèkkÑ".ku
izks- _"kHk nso 'kekZ
izks- eatqyk jk.kk
izks- fnyhi dqekj esèkh
Jherh in~ek lpnso
Jh fgrs'k 'kadj
MkW- jkds'k dqekj
lg&laiknd
MkW- fdj.k >k
Jherh lkSjHk pkSgku
çwQ jhMj
Jherh banq HkaMkjh
dk;kZy;hu O;oLFkk
lsok flag

dsaæh; fganh funs'kky;] mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]

f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 1

ISSN 0523-1418
Hkk"kk ¼n~oeS kfld½
o"kZ % 59 vad % 4 ¼291½
tqykbZ&vxLr¼fo'ks"kkad½ 2020

laikndh; dk;kZy;
dsæa h; fganh funs'kky;]
mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]
f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
if'peh [kaM-7] jkeÑ".kiqje~]
ubZ fnYyh-110066
osclkbV % www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in
www.chd.mhrd.gov.in
bZey
s % bhashaunit@gmail.com
nwjHkk"k% 011&26105211@12

fcØh dsaæ % fcØh dsaæ %

fu;a=d] dsæa h; fganh funs'kky;]
izdk'ku foHkkx] flfoy ykbal] mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]
fnYyh - 110054 f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
osclkbV % www.deptpub.gov.in if'peh [kaM-7] jkeÑ".kiqje~]
bZ&esy % pub.dep@nic.in ubZ fnYyh-110066
nwjHkk"k % 011-23817823/ 9689 osclkbV % www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in
www.chd.mhrd.gov.in
bZey
s % bhashaunit@gmail.com
nwjHkk"k% 011&26105211@12
lnL;rk gsrq Mªk¶V fu;a=d] lnL;rk gsrq Mªk¶V funs'kd] ds-a fga- fu-]
izdk'ku foHkkx] fnYyh ds i{k esa HkstaAs ubZ fnYyh ds i{k esa HkstAsa

ewY; %
1- ,d izfr dk ewY; ¾ #- 25-00
2- okf"kZd lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 125-00
3- iapo"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 625-00 (Mkd [kpZ lfgr)
4- nl o"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 1250-00
5- chl o"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ¾ #- 2500-00

if=dk esa O;Dr fopkj ys[kdksa ds vius gSAa buls Hkkjr ljdkj ;k
laiknu eaMy dk lger gksuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA

2 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 "kk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020

vuqØef.kdk
funs'kd dh dye ls
laikndh;
vkys[k

1- flusek % lekt] lkfgR; vkSj MkW- iwjupan VaMu 9

laonsuk dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr
2- Hkkjrh; flusek dk izkjafHkd nkSj % gfjjke 14
,d n`'; pyfp=k Økafr
3- flusek & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] dyk ,oa laLÑfr dk laokgd MkW- ,e- jkepaæe 17
4- dyk] fganh flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt % izoh.k dqekj 20
,d oSpkfjd igyw
5- bDdhloha lnh dk fgnh flusek % eukst ikaM;s 27
cnyrs nkSj dk lp
6- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa lekt&fgr MkW- vfer flag 33
vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk Hkko
7- lkfgR;] flusek vkSj lekt dk varl±cèa k dqra yk nRr 39
8- flusek vkSj lekt MkW- vpZuk >k 44
9- fganh flusek vkSj lkekftd ljksdkj MkW- vydk vkuan 49
10- xqytkj ds xhrksa esa ftanxh ds jax MkW- dju flag ÅVoky 53
11- 'kSynas z ds xhrksa dk lkfgfR;d egRo MkW- fiz;adk 58
12- flusek & vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e MkW- nhid nhf{kr 64
13- lkfgR;] flusek vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k MkW- foiqy dqekj 68
14- flusek % vkt vkSj dy MkW- Jo.k dqekj 74
15- Ckky eu ij vkèkkfjr fganh flusek MkW- fouhrk dqekjh 82
16- Hkkjrh; flusek dh izkjafHkd fiQYesa o eq'a kh gsrjke 87
izes pan ds lkfgR;kèkkfjr fiQYeksa ds ifjn`';
esa tkfrxr leUo;
17- fganh fiQYeksa esa tkfrizFkk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa mes'k dqekj 91
dk fp=k.k
18- fganh flusek ,oa tutkrh; laLÑfr % MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k 97
fo'ks"k lanHkZ iwoksRZ rj Hkkjr
19- cny jgk gS fganh flusek MkW- lquhy dqekj frokjh 101
20- fganh flusek dk cnyrk VsMaª MkW- vkyksd jatu ikaM;s 105

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 3

21- Hkkjr esa fiQYe fuekZ.k f'k{kk ,oa MkW- xksj[kukFk frokjh 113
O;olk; ds fofoèk igyw
22- flusek & ledkyhu ifjn`"; (lkekftd] jktuSfrd] MkW- vuqiek 117
lkaLÑfrd) FkMZ tsaMj (fdUuj foe'kZ) ds lanHkZ esa
23- vlfe;k flusek dk bfrgkl % ,d voyksdu MkW- jhrkef.k oS'; 121
24- vlfe;k flusek dks Hkwius gtkfjdk dh nsu iwtk c#ok 127
25- ikjlh jaxeap vkSj fganh flusek dk vkxk”k MkW- dapu oekZ 130
26- ey;kye flusek dh fodkl ;k=kk MkW- èkU;k- ,y 136
27- Hkkstiqjh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k izks- vkyksd ikaMs; 140
28- dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl MkW- chuk nsccekZ 143
29- oSf'od iVy ij igpku cukrk vlfe;k flusek MkW- vuq'kCn 147
30- xqtjkrh flusek & ,d ewY;kadu MkW- o"kkZ lksyadh 152
31- fganh flusek vkSj 'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR; MkW- vuqjkèkk ikaMs; 154
Le`fr;k¡
32- ,d egku dykdkj gh ugha] vt; efyd 159
,d egku balku Hkh Fks& bjiQku----
33- fganh flusek esa çsexzFa k dk jpf;rk&½f"k diwj fouksn vuqie 162
34- lq'kkar flag jktiwr & ,d pedrk flrkjk uhfr lqèkk 165

laidZ lw=k 168

lnL;rk iQkeZ

4 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

funs'kd dh dye ls

dyk ds fofHkUu :iksa dks vkRelkr~ djds thou dh ltho vkSj ekfeZd fp=kkfHkO;fDr djus okyh
foèkk dk uke gh pyfp=k ;k flusek gSA flusek dks dHkh lkfgR; ds ekinaMksa ij ij[kk x;k] rks dHkh bls
uSfrd ekinaMksa ds vkèkkj ij ukik x;kA ysfdu bls ,d Lora=k dykRed vfHkO;fDr le>rs gq, bl ij
le>nkj foe'kZ dh vko';drk fganh esa rks ugha le>h xbZA flusek og jpukRed foèkk gS] ftlds l`tu
esa fofHkUu dk;Z {ks=kksa ls lacfa èkr vusd fo'ks"kK yksx tqMs+ gksrs gSAa ;g fdlh ys[kd ds oS;fDrd l`tu ls
furkar vyx rjg dh fufeZfr gSA
vkt lkekftd thou esa flusek dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gks xbZ gSA tuekul dks dyk ds bl :i us
ftruk xgjk Li'kZ fd;k gS mruk vU; fdlh ekè;e us ughaA flusek dk çHkko {ks=k vkt dyk dh fdlh
Hkh foèkk ls vfèkd gSA lekt ij lcls vfèkd çHkko flusek dk gh iM+ jgk gSA dyk dh ijaijk esa ;g
n`';&dkO; dk fodflr :i rks gS gh] lkFk esa foKku dh enn ls blus prqfnZd~ foLrkj fd;k gSA flusek
fofHkUu dykvksa dk laxe gSA mldh viuh vyx LFkkiuk gSA blesa Nfo] 'kCn] xfr] ukVd] dgkuh] laxhr
vkfn lHkh dqN gaAS ;g ,slk tuekè;e gS tks iyd >idrs gh ,d LofIuy lalkj esa ys tkus dh {kerk
j[krk gSA ;g turk ds fy, euksjt a u dk] fuekZrkvksa ds fy, 'kqnè~ k O;olk; dk] fiQYe mn~;ksx ls tqMs+
gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, jkstxkj dk vkSj ljdkj ds fy, jktLo çkfIr dk l'kDr lkèku gSA
lkekU; tuekul ij fiQYeksa o dykdkjksa dk xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA flusek dks ,d iyk;uoknh foèkk
ekudj ge vius nkf;Ro ls eqDr ugha gks ldrsA flusek lekt dks vkSj lekt flusek dks çkjaHk ls gh
çHkkfor djrk jgk gSA flusek tuf'k{kk dk l'kDr ekè;e gS vkSj lHkh dks çsfjr djus dh vlhe {kerk
ls ;qDr gSA vius lkS lky ds liQj esa flusek us djhc&djhc gj nkSj esa le; ds vuqlkj viuh vyx
Hkk"kk] viuk vyx dF; viuk;k gSA
foxr dqN o"kks± ls fo'o esa lcls vfèkd la[;k esa fiQYesa Hkkjr esa cu jgh gSAa flusek ds vkfo"dkj
ds le; fdlh dks dYiuk ugha Fkh fd foKkutfur ;g ekè;e vè;kfRedrk okys ns'k esa bl dnj
yksdfç; gksxkA ;g blfy, Hkh laHko gqvk D;ksafd ;gk¡ çkjaHk ls gh dFkk dgus dh ijaijk gS vkSj Hkkjr
dFkkokpdksa rFkk Jksrkvksa dk ns'k gSA gekjs ns'k dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd ;gk¡ dksbZ ijaijk dHkh #drh ugha]
vius uke dks ;FkkFkZ djrh gSA vkt VSDuksykWth ds ;qx esa Hkh jkeyhyk] yko.kh] ukSVadh vkSj Lokax dk;e
gSAa jaxeap vkt Hkh vkyksfdr gSA
ftls ge fganh flusek dgrs gS]a og oLrqr% Hkkjrh; flusek gS] tks lewps Hkkjro"kZ esa vkSj tgk¡&tgk¡
Hkh Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksx fuokl djrs gS]a mudks HkkoukRed :i ls ,d lw=k esa fijksus dk dke djrk gSA
fganh Hkk"kk us ftruh lqxerk ls fganh fiQYeksa vkSj fiQYeh xhrksa ds ekè;e ls fofHkUu Hkk"kkHkkf"k;ksa ds chp
esa viuh igqp ¡ cukbZ] mruh vU; fdlh ekè;e ls ughaA fu%langs fganh flusek us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds
ewyea=k ^vusdrk esa ,drk* dks lgh vFkks± esa çLrqr fd;k gSA
^Hkk"kk* dk çLrqr fo'ks"kkad ^Hkkjrh; ,oa fo'o flusek* ij dsafær gS tks gSnjkckn esa funs'kky; n~okjk
blh fo"k; ij vk;ksftr ifjlaokn esa çLrqr vkys[kksa ls lefUor gSA ikBdksa ds lq>koksa dh çrh{kk jgsxhA A

izksQslj jes'k dqekj ikaMs;

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 5
 Jn~èkkatfy
bjiQku [kku ½f"k diwj

7 tuojh 1967 & 04 flracj 1952 &

29 vizy S 2020 30 vizy
S 2020
lq'kkar flag jktiwr ljkst [kku

21 tuojh 1986 22 uoacj 1948 &

14 twu 2020 03 tqykbZ 2020
txnhi jkgr bankSjh

29 ekpZ 1939 & 01 tuojh 1950 &

08 tqykbZ 2020 11 vxLr 2020

6 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 laikndh;
vkt flusek euksjt a u ds lcls egRoiw.kZ lkèkuksa esa ls ,d gSA fiNys vkB n'kdksa ls flusek vkSj
flus&laxhr gekjs thou ds vfHkUu vax cus gq, gSAa pkgs dksbZ Hkh ioZ gks] èkkfeZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd
rFkk jktuSfrd R;ksgkj gksa flusek vkSj flus&laxhr gj volj dks ,d lqjhyk vatke nsrs vk, gSa bldk
eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd fiQYeksa esa ekuo&eu dk izR;sd Hkko izfrfcafcr gksrk jgk gSA fiQYesa ;fn lekt dk
vkbZuk gSa rks fiQYeh xhr&laxhr ekuo eu dk niZ.k gSA flusek vkt ftl eqdke rd igqp ¡ k gSA mls ;gk¡
rd igqp ¡ kus esa gekjs fiQYedkjks]a xhrdkjks]a laxhrdkjksa vkSj xk;dksa dk] mudh vn~Hkqr izfrHkk dk] mudh
yxu dk] muds vFkd ifjJe dk vkSj flusek ds izfr mudh lPph fu"Bk dk vewY; ;ksxnku gSA
if'peh ns'kksa esa fiQYeksa vkSj muds xhr&laxhr dk viuk&viuk vyx vfLrRo jgk gSA ogk¡ dh
fiQYeksa esa xhr&laxhr dk pyu ml rjg ugha gS tSls gekjs ;gk¡ gSA Hkkjrh; flusek us tc cksyuk lh[kk]
rc xhr&laxhr dks Hkh mlus vius vanj lesV fy;kA bldk ize[q k dkj.k ;g gS fd ;gk¡ ij laxhr gtkjksa
o"kks± ls gekjh laLÑfr ls vkSj gekjs thou ewY;ksa ls l'kDr :i ls tqMk+ gqvk gS] ftls vyx ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA 14 ekpZ 1931 dk fnu Hkkjrh; flusek ds fy, ,d vfoLej.kh; fnu gSA bl fnu ns'k dh
igyh cksyrh fiQYe vFkkZr~ lokd fiQYe (VkWdh) ^vkye&vkjk* eqca bZ ds eStfs LVd flusek ?kj esa iznf'kZr
gqbZ FkhA
blls igys ewd fiQYeksa dk nkSj pyk vk jgk FkkA ^vkye&vkjk* us u dsoy fiQYeksa dks cksyuk
fl[kk;k] mUgsa vkokt+ Hkh iznku dh cfYd fiQYeksa esa xhr&laxhr dk pyu Hkh blh fiQYe ls izkjaHk gqvkA
Hkkjr esa flusek ds vkxeu ls iwoZ euksjt a u dk ize[q k lkèku ^ukVd* Fkk] tks vyx&vyx izkra ksa esa
vyx&vyx :iksa esa izLrqr gksrk FkkA ukVdksa dh ijaijk bl ns'k esa 'krkfCn;ksa iqjkuh gSA izkphu Hkkjr us
laLÑr ukVdksa dk Lo.kZ&;qx ns[kk FkkA mlds ckn Mªkek dk fujarj fodkl gksrk x;kA tSl&s tSls vyx&vyx
Hkk"kkvksa dk tUe gqvk rnuqlkj viuh&viuh Hkk"kk dh lekurk,¡ vkSj fo'ks"krk,¡ fy, gq, vyx&vyx
ukV~; 'kSfy;k¡ fodflr gqbAZ laLÑr fFk,Vj ds pyu dks vkBoha 'krkCnh esa ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls dqN èkDdk
yxk ysfdu ,sls le; esa Hkh yksd&ukV~; ftank jgk tks vkxs pydj vkèkqfud fFk,Vj dk vkèkkj cukA
1840 esa fo".kqnkl Hkkos us ejkBh fFk,Vj dh 'kq#vkr dh rFkk lu~ 1850 esa xqtjkr ds ikjlh lainz k; us
eqacbZ esa Ikkjlh fFk,Vj dh 'kq#vkr dhA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye&vkjk* dk
fuekZ.k Hkh ikjlh daiuh us gh fd;k FkkA
Hkkjr esa fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu 1896 esa izkjaHk gqvk tc ^Y;wfe;j cznlZ* dh fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu eqca bZ ds
okVlu gksVy esa fd;k x;k FkkA blds ik¡p lky ckn 1901 esa] gfj'panz l[kkjke HkkrokMsdj us igyh
Hkkjrh; fiQYe ^fn fjVuZ vkWiQ jsxa yj ijkatis* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA blds fy, mUgksua s 1897 esa yanu ls ,d
flus&dSejs dk vk;kr fd;kA Hkkjr dh igyh ^iQqy ysaFk LVksjh fiQYe* dk fuekZ.k èkqaMhjkt xksfoan iQkYds]
ftUgsa vkt nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS us fd;kA ^jktk gfj'panz* uked ;g fiQYe 21
vizy S 1913 dks eqca bZ ds dksjksu's ku flusek?kj esa iznf'kZr gqbZ vkSj ;gha ls ewd lkekftd fiQYeksa dh
'kq#vkr gqbAZ bl fiQYe dks yksxksa us gkFkksa&gkFk xzg.k fd;k vkSj fiQYe ns[kus ds fy, gtkjksa dh HkhM+
meM+ iM+h FkhA ,sls esa pan vkus dk fVdV Hkh 4 #i, rd esa fcdk FkkA iQkYds dh fn[kkbZ jkg ij dbZ
fiQYe&fuekZrk py iMs+ vkSj ,d ds ckn ,d cgqr lh ewd fiQYesa vkrh pyh xb±A

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 7

 Hkkjrh; lekt esa tSl&s tSls vkèkqfudrk vkSj iQS'ku dk u;k lw=kikr gqvk] lekt esa ubZ tkx:drk
vkrh xbZ Hkkjrh; flusek us Hkh rnuqlkj jax Hkjus 'kq: dj fn,A tgk¡ lekt us flusek dks ubZ fn'kk iznku
dh ogha flusek us Hkh lekt dks le;≤ ij izHkkfor fd;k gSA blh rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
^Hkkjrh; ,oa fo'o flusek* fo"k; ij gSnjkckn esa lkfgfR;d ifjlaokn dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA blh fo"k;
ij Hkk"kk dk ;g fo'ks"kkad rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA
Hkk"kk ds bl flusek fo'ks"kkad ds rS;kj djus ds nkSjku leLr fo'o dkWjksuk egkekjh ls vkrafdr gSA
blh chp fganh flusek esa Hkh ,d ds ckn ,d dbZ nq[kn ?kVuk,¡ gqbA± flusek ds izfrf"Br dykdkj bjiQku
[kku] ½f"k diwj vkSj ubZ ih<+h ds lq'kkar flag jktiwr] ljkst [kku] txnhi vkSj jkgr bankSjh dk bl lalkj
ls fonk ysuk] vR;ar nq[knkbZ ?kVuk,¡ jghA fganh flusek esa budk fof'k"V ,oa vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku jgk gSA
Hkk"kk ifjokj budks viuh Jn~èkkatfy vfiZr djrk gSA
Hkk"kk dh lnL;rk dk dk;Z Hkh funs'kky; esa izkjaHk gks x;k gSA lnL;rk gsrq vkosnu izi=k Hkk"kk ds
izR;sd vad ds lkFk layXu fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk vkWuykbu www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in ij Hkh
miyCèk gSA

(MkW- jkds'k dqekj)

8 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

vkys[k
flusek % lekt] lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr
MkW- iwjupan VaMu
fl usek] n`'; ,oa JO; ekè;e gksus ds dkj.k
lekt ds gj oxZ dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
;FkkFkZ vkSj dYiuk dk vn~Hkqr lfEeJ.k flusek dks
jkspd ,oa izjs d Hkh cukrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj flusek
nksuksa gh lekt ds niZ.k gksrs gSAa nksuksa lekt dks
izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj lekt nksuksa dks izHkkfor djrk
gSA lekt dk vPNk&cqjk] mUufr&voufr] mRFkku&iru]
foiUurk&laiUurk lHkh dqN lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa
ds ekè;e ls mtkxj gksrs gSAa lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa
gh lkekftdksa dh Kku&fiiklk dks r`Ir djrs gSAa nksuksa
gh euksjt a u Hkh djrs gSAa nksuksa gh f'k{kk Hkh nsrs gSAa
jk"Vª dk bfrgkl] vktknh dk la?k"kZ] lkaLÑfrd psruk]
ioZ&mRlo] esy&s izn'kZfu;k¡] jhfr&fjokt] fookg&jLes]a
jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] [ksy&O;k;ke] f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k]
n'kZu& euksfoKku] lkekftd leL;k vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
lc dqN gesa lkfgR; rFkk flusek esa mn~?~ kkfVr gksrk
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jktuhfr] iqfyl] Hkz"Vkpkj] pksjh&MdSrh]
vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k] cykRdkj] vU;k;] vO;oLFkk] tUe
O;oLFkk ds fo#n~èk la?k"kZ] csjkstx+ kjh] tula[;k dk
iz d ks i ] ekuoh; detks f j;k¡ ] iz k Ñfrd iz d ks i ]
i;kZoj.k&izn"w k.k] jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; pqukSfr;k¡] vkradokn]
oSpkfjd fojklr] lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dk varj.k vkfn
gesa lkfgR; rFkk flusek esa ,d lkFk ns[kus dks feyrk
gSA
lkfgR; dh rjg flusek Hkh le; lkis{k] fLFkfr
;k ?kVuk lkis{k gksrk gSA ;g lk{kj rFkk fuj{kj]
vYiK rFkk fo'ks"kK] L=kh rFkk iq#"k] ckyd rFkk
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
cqtxq ]Z vehj rFkk xjhc lHkh ds fy, vkÑ"V djus
okyk pk{kq"k ekè;e gSA flusek dyk ls rduhd vkSj
foKku ls izknS ;~ ksfxdh ls Hkh tqM+ jgk gSA lu~ 1936 esa
cuh fiQYe ^vNwr dU;k* gks ;k mUgha fnuksa cuh
fiQYe ^MkW- dksVful dh vej dgkuh*] ftuesa Øe'k%
NqvkNwr dh leL;k dks rFkk ,d MkW- ds R;kx ,oaa
cfynku dh lPph ?kVuk dks vR;ar izHkkoh <ax ls
fiQYek;k x;k gS && lekt ds fy, vk¡[ksa [kksyus]
iqufoZpkj djus rFkk lUekxZ ryk'kus dk dke djrh gSa
nksuksa fiQYesAa
flusek us euq"; txr ds ekuoh;&vekuoh;]
mfpr&vuqfpr] xzkg~;&R;kT;] lgh&xyr ;k vPNs&cqjs
O;ogkj ,oaa vkpj.k dks Bhd mlh rjg fiQYek;k gS
tSls dksbZ tkx:d lkfgR;dkj viuh lkfgfR;d jpuk
ds dFkkud dk rkuk&ckuk cqurk gSA Hkkjrsanq ;qx ls
vn~;ru nkSj rd ds lkfgR; es]a ftl izdkj le; ,oaa
fLFkfr ds cnyko us lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkj dks
cnyk gS] oSls gh flusek us Hkh vius lkekftd
ljksdkjkssa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA Ñf"k izèkku ns'k Hkkjr
dh cM+h leL;k dks ,d rjiQ ^enj bafM;k* mtkxj
djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ ^ihiyh ykbo* blh leL;k
dks vyx rjg ls mn~?kkfVr djrh gSA bfrgkl cksèk
dks vkèkkj cukdj ;fn ^jft+;k lqYrku*] ^fldanj&
,&vkt+e*] ^vukjdyh*] ^eqxy&,&vkt+e*] ^tksèkk
vdcj*] ^yky fdyk* vkfn fiQYeas fufeZr gksrh gSa rks
^iwjc vkSj if'pe* tSlh Hkkjrh; ,oaa ik'pkR; ewY;ksa
ds la?k"kZ okyh fiQYesa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa fiQYeh xhrksa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 9
esa tks jk"Vªh; psruk] tks lkfgfR;d dkO;&eeZ vkSj
mnw&Z iQkjlh dk xhr&xt+y&lkSan;Z] dOokyh] uT+e vkSj
'ksj&vks&'kk;jh vkfn dk tks laLi'kZ gesa feyrk gS og
bu fiQYeksa dh izklafxdrk] ifj"Ñr vfHk#fp rFkk
lekt&lkis{krk dk gh ifjp; nsrk gSA oLrqr% ;fn
lkfgR; vkSj flusek dks ,d gh Ük`a[kyk dh nks dfM+;k¡
eku ysa rks 'kk;n vU;Fkk u gksxkA
dkyt;h lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dh rjg fganh
flusek esa Hkh vusd lkoZtfud fiQYesa gS_a ftuesas
^vkyevkjk*] ^#nkyh*] ^xksnku*] ^xcu*] ^'krjat ds
f[kykM+h*] ^enj bafM;k*] ^yTtk*] ^pd ns bafM;k*]
^fp=kys[kk*] eqx+y&,&vkt+e*] ^CySd*] ^vfHkeku*]
^vkuan*] ^rkjs teha is* vkfn vusd mYys[kuh; ,oaa
Lej.kh; pyfp=k gSa ftudh Hkwfedk vfoLej.kh; gSA
blh kÜ [`a kyk esa ^ln~xfr*] ^nsojkt*] ^ifj.khrk*] ^vuqHko*]
^vadqj*] ^eaFku*] ^lkjk vkdk'k*] ^jtuhxaèkk*] ^xeZ
gok*] ^nkeqy*] ^pØ*] tquwu*] ^vkØks'k*] ^vn~èkZlR;*]
^eksgu tks'kh gkft+j gks*] ^,d #dk gqvk iQSlyk*] ^nks
vk¡[ksa ckjg gkFk*] ^ikdht+k*] ^lkjka'k* tSlh fiQYeksa dks
Hkh Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrk tks lkfgfR;d vkLokn ds
lkFk iznf'kZr dh xbZ gSAa lkfgR; vkSj flusek viuh
vfeV Nki lekt vkSj lkekftd Lrj ij NksM+rs gSaA
lkfgR; vkSj flusek oLrqr% ,d&nwljs ds iwjd cudj
lekt esa mHkjrs gSaA
;fn flusekbZ xhrksa dk bfrgkl mBkdj ns[ksa rks
muesa Hkh lekt] laLÑfr] ewY;] ijaijk] ioZ&mRlo]
jhfr&fjokt+] jLes]a xhrkRed ,oaa izjs d :i esa fpf=kr
fd, tkrs gSAa vusd fiQYeh xhr thou eas deZ ds
egRo dks mtkxj djrs gSAa fganh dh igyh] xhr&laxhr
dk vkxkt+ djus okyh fiQYe Fkh ^vkyevkjk* ftlus
1931 esa 14 ekpZ dks ;g jpukRed igy dh vkSj
rc ls vkt rd fiQYeh xhr&laxhr dh ;g ;k=kk
dfoRo 'kfDr] dkO;&eeZ] d.kZfiz;rk] ekèkq;]Z foeksfguh
'kfDr ls gksrh gqbZ vkt viuh jkg HkVd pqdh gSA
'kkL=kh; f'k{kk izkIr xk;d] uk;d&ukf;dk igys Lo;a
vfHku; vkSj xk;u nksuksa dk;Z djrs FksA v'kksd dqekj
vkSj nsfodk jkuh blds l'kDr mnkgj.k gSaA èkhek
laxhr gksrk Fkk] Hkkjrh; laxhr 'kSyh rc vkt ds
'kksj&'kjkcs okys ik'pkR; iksi laxhr ls vkØkar ugha
FkhA ds-,y-lgxy] dkuu nsoh] vehjckbZ dukZVdh]
10 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
tksgjkckbZ vkfn us vius Lojksa ls] ekèkq;Z Hkjs xhrksa ls
tu&tu dks eksg fy;k FkkA iafMr dsnkj 'kekZ ds
dkO;e; xhrksa us dqN foy{k.k felkysa dk;e dh FkhaA
laxhr esa ,d ;qx dqna uyky lgxy ;qx FkkA 1935 esa
^nsonkl* fiQYe us Hkkjrh; n'kZd&txr dks foeqXèk
dj fy;k FkkA blds ckn 1940 eas ^ftanxh*] fiQj
^èkwi&Nk¡o*] ^èkjrh* vkSj ^'kkgtgk¡* tSlh fiQYeksa us
lkfgfR;d vfHk#fp okys xhrksa ls n'kZdks&a Jksrkvksa dk
eu&eksg fy;k FkkA ml le; ds laxhrdkjkssa esa ukS'kkn
us rFkk 'kk;j vkSj dfo;ksa esa et:g lqYrkuiqjh vkfn
us Hkh th rksM+ lkèkuk dh FkhA ^jru* fiQYe ds xhrksa
us rks ns'k esa èkwe epk nh FkhA tksgjkckbZ vackys okyh
ds eèkqj Lojksa us ,d ls ,d csgrjhu xhr flusek
txr dks fn,A 1943 esa ^fdLer* fiQYe ds xhrksa us
èkwe epk nh FkhA dfo iznhi ds xhr vkSj vfuy
fcLokl dh èkquksa us ,d ubZ xhfr&;kstuk dks tUe
fn;k FkkA 1940 esa cuh fiQYe ^dYiuk* ds rks xhr
gh Nk;koknh fganh dfork ds vkèkkj LraHk lqfe=kkuanu
iar us fy[ks FksA
nwl js fo'o;q n ~è k ds ckn ns ' k dh cnyrh
fLFkfr;ks&a ifjfLFkfr;ksa us flusek vkSj flusekbZ ifjdYiukvksa
dks Hkh u, vk;ke fn,A ns'kHkfDr] jk"Vªh; psruk]
jk"Vªh; xkSjo&xkFkk] lkaLÑfrd psruk] Lokra=; vkanksyu
dh i`"BHkwfe rFkk lkaLÑfrd jk"Vªokn dk Loj xhrksa es]a
laxhr es]a flusekbZ dFkkudksa esa Hkh izdV gksus yxk FkkA
^'kghn* fiQYe ds xhrksa esa ¶oru dh jkg esa oru ds
ukStok¡ 'kghn gks¸ rFkk dfo iznhi fyf[kr xhr ¶nwj
gVks ,s nqfu;k okyks]a fganLq rku gekjk gS¸ ,slh tkxj.k
psruk dk lapkj fd;k fd vkt Hkh vkt+knh ds
volj ij ;s xhr xk,&lquk, tkrs gSAa og fganh
flusek dk ,slk ;qx Fkk tc xhrksa ds fy,] laxhr ds
fy, fiQYe dh iwjh ;wfuV ,d lkFk ?kaVksa] fnuksa vkSj
eghuksa cSBrh Fkh] foe'kZ djrh Fkh] fj;kt+ djrh Fkh]
iz;ksx djrh FkhA xhrksa ds 'kCn] xk;dksa ds ewY;]
dykdkjksa ds fln~èkkar gj rjg ls fiQYe dks Dykfld]
xhr&laxhr dks Lej.kh; vkSj vfoLej.kh; cukuk pkgrs
FksA og ;qx oLrqr% lkèkuksa dk de lkèkuk dk vfèkd
FkkA xk;dksa dks vfHkusrkvksa ls tksMd + j mudh gh
vkokt+ ds fy, vfuok;Z lk cuk fn;k x;k FkkA tc
vej xk;d eqd's k dk LoxZokl gqvk rks pkjksa vksj
ppkZ ;g gqbZ fd egku dykdkj] xzVs 'kks&eSu jktdiwj
dh rks vkokt+ gh pyh xbZA nsokuan] jkts'k [kUuk]
vferkHk cPpu tSls egku vfHkusrkvksa ds fy, fd'kksj
dqekj us tks xk;dh dh gS og foy{k.k gS] vizfre gSA
fnyhi dqekj ds fy,] Hkkjr Hkw"k.k ds fy, egku
xk;d eksgEen jiQ+h us tks Loj fn, gSa mUgsa ns[k&lqudj
rks ;gh yxrk Fkk fd ;s bUgha ds fy, cus gSaA ,d
t+ekuk Fkk tc xqyke eksgEen lkgc] ,l-Mh-ceZu]
ola r ns l kbZ ] ukS ' kkn lkgc] vfuy fo'okl]
'kadj&t;fd'ku] lfyy pkSèkjh] lh- jkepan]z enu&eksgu]
jkS'ku] fp=kxqIr] gsera dqekj] [kÕ;ke lkgc] jfo]
t;nso] vks-ih- uSÕ;j] dY;k.kth&vkuanth] m"kk [kUuk
vkSj jkgqy nso ceZu vkfn us vius dkO;kRed] ekèkq;Z
ls ifjiw.kZ] vkRefoeqXèk dj nsus okys laxhr ls iwjs
fo'o dh ân; raf=k;ksa dks Liafnr dj fn;k FkkA buds
laxhr us dfork vkSj 'ksjks&'kk;jh ds {ks=k esa l`tukRed
;ksxnku dj jgs vusd dfo;ks]a xhrdkjks]a 'kk;jksa vkSj
jpukdfeZ;ksa dks ,d vyx igpku fnyokbZ FkhA ^lksus
esa lqgkxk* tSls ;g xhr&laxhr dk ;ksx] pksyh&nkeu
tSlk ;s fj'rk Hkkjrh; flusek dh èkjksgj cu x;kA
ujsanz 'kekZ] xksiky flag usikyh] dfo iznhi] 'kSysan]z
Hkjr U;kl] banhoj] xksikynkl uhjt] larks"k vkuan]
lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh] dSiQ+h vkt+eh] tk¡&fulkj v[rj]
'kdhy cnk;wu¡ h] vkuan c['kh] jktsna z Ñ".k] gljr
t;iqjh] dej tykykcknh rFkk jktk esg¡nh vyh [kk¡
vkfn egku jpukdkjksa us fganh fiQYeksa ds xhr&txr
dks vfoLej.kh;] fpjLej.kh; cuk fn;k] dkyt;h
cuk fn;kA vkt Hkh yksx bu egku l`tuèkfeZ;ksa ds
xhrksa ,oa laxhrksa dks xkrs&xquxqukrs gSaA ubZ ih<+h ds
cgqr ls ;qok Hkh muds vonku ls vfHkHkwr gSaA ,slh
;knxkj ,oaa dkyt;h fiQYeksa esa ^egd*] ^vkx*]
^vkpj.k*] ^enj bafM;k*] ^vankt*] ^vej*] ^ifrrk*]
^olar cgkj*] ^nkx*] ^fetkZ x+kfyc*] ^xksnku*] ^nks
ch?kk tehu*] ^cafnuh*] ^lqtkrk*] ^HkkHkh*] ^vukjdyh*]
^ukfxu*] ^iQkxqu*] ^rhljh dle*] ^vukM+h*] ^vkj&ikj*]
^lh-vkbZ-Mh-*] ^pkSngoha dk pk¡n*] ^laxe*] ^I;klk*]
^uojax*] ^tgk¡vkjk*] ^u;k nkSj*] ^ikdht+k*] ^vkjkèkuk*]
^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS*] ^xaxk tequk*] ^ge nksuksa*]
^vkjtw*] ^esjs egcwc*] ^ljLorh panz*] ^ghj jk¡>k*]
^lR;e f'koe lqanje~*] ^esjk uke tksdj* vkfn vusd
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fiQYesa gSa ftUgsa Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA
fdarq ik'pkR; laxhr] xk;u 'kSyh] xhrksa dk
cnyrk :i&Lo:i èkhjs&èkhjs bl LofxZd vkuan dk
gR;kjk curk pyk x;kA ekèkq;&Z feBkl lekIr gksrh
pyh xbZA gks&gYYkk vkSj 'kksj&'kjkck xhr ds cksyksa dks
fuxy x;k vkSj mldh vkRek dks ?kk;y djus okyk
cu x;kA vc rks eqUuh cnuke gqb]Z v¡f[k;ksa ls xksyh
ekjs] eSa vkbZ gw¡ ;w-ih-] fcgkj ywVus tSls vusd xhrksa us
cgqr fujk'k fd;k gSA dqN iqjkus xhrksa ds jhfeDl us
jgh&lgh dlj iwjh dj nhA gkyk¡fd fujarj fxjkoV
dk ;g nkSj py jgk gSA fdarq fiQj Hkh chp&chp esa
vkt Hkh dfo ân; ls fudys dqN lqna j] eueksgd
vkSj vuk;kl gksus ij vk cSBus okys xhr fy[ks vkSj
xk, tk jgs gSAa
fganh flusek tc ewd Fkk rc Hkh rFkk tc
lokd gqvk rc Hkh vkSj vc tc 'kksj&'kjkcs okyk gks
x;k rks Hkh ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd deksc's k mldk
lkekftd ljksdkj lekIr ugha gqvkA dqN HkkSMa s dkWeMs h
pyfp=k Hkh cus rks dqN okLro esa mPp Lrjh; gkL;
eueksgd O;aX; okys pyfp=kksa us Hkh viuh lknxh ls
foeqXèk dj fy;kA fganh flusek us gesa ,d ls c<+dj
,d vfHkusrk fn;k vkSj egku ls egku vfHkus=kh Hkh
nhA iwjk ,d bfrgkl gS tks 'krdh; ;k=kk iwjh dj
pqdk gSA dykdkj] dgkuhdkj] laokn&ys[kd] vuqoknd]
funZ's kd] izLrqrdrkZ] forjd] fuekZrk vkSj iwjh ,d
Vhe tc fdlh Hkh fiQYe ls tqMr+ h gS rks fu%langs
;knxkj fiQYessa lekt dks nsus dk dk;Z djrs gSAa
^rhljh dle*] ^lkjk vkdk'k*] ^Hkqou'kkse*]
^jtuhxaèkk*] ^mldh jksVh*] ^Li'kZ*] ^vkØks'k*] ^xeu*]
^vycVZ fiaVksa dks xqLlk D;ksa vkrk gS*] ^nkeqy*] ^36
pkSjaxh ysu*] ^fepZ&elkyk*] ^btkt+r* tSlh dqN fganh
fiQYeksa us fganh flusek dks ,d vNwrw jkg dh rjiQ]
,d ubZ jkg dh rjiQ eksM+ fn;kA vkxs pydj ^pd
ns bafM;k*] ^'kksy*s ] ^naxy*] ^rkjs t+eha ij*] ^jax ns
clarh* vkfn dqN fiQYeksa us Hkh le;&lkis{k u,
fo"k; viuk,] ubZ n`f"V ls dqN Toyar lkekftd&jk"Vªh;
eqn~ns mn~?kkfVr fd,A ^vkuan*] ^vfHkeku*] ^ued
gjke*] ^feyh*] ^okVj*] ^fu%'kCn*] ^CySd* vkfn fiQYeksa
us Hkh tu&lewg dks vkÑ"V vkSj izHkkfor fd;kA
^pqids&pqids* vkSj ^xksyeky* tSlh fiQYessa vkt Hkh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 11
mlh rjg rkt+h vkSj izHkkoh yxrh gSa tSls 30&40 o"kZ
igys yxrh FkhaA
fiQj vkxs pydj ^[kyuk;d* ds uk;d cuus
dh ;k=kk Hkh fganh flusek us r; dhA udkjkRed
fo"k;ksa ij Hkh vusd fiDpjsa cuhaA ^gR;k*] ^eMZj*]
^MVhZ fiDpj*] ^iQS'ku*] ^xqt+kfj'k* vkfn vusd fiQYeksa
us viuh rjg ls leL;kvksa dks mtkxj fd;kA èkhjs&èkhjs
izkarh; flusek us Hkh viuh igpku vf[ky Hkkjrh;
Lrj ij cukuh izkjaHk dhA Mfcax ls] okW;l vksofjax
ls] vuqokn ls] laokn varj.k ls] Hkk"kkarj.k&izfØ;k ls
Hkkjrh; flusek ijLij ;=k&r=k&loZ=k fopj.k djus
yxkA cky&euksfoKku dh dFkkoLrq ij] fdlkuksa dh
leL;kvksa ij] L=kh&foe'kZ lacèa kh leL;kvksa vkSj dqjhfr;ksa
ij] lkekftd foÑfr;ksa ij] jk"Vªh; psruk ds vusd
vk;keksa ij] xjhch ij] csjkst+xkjh ij] lkainz kf;drk
ij] vlekurk ij] vkSn~;ksxhdj.k ij] 'kks"k.k] cykRdkj
vkSj f'k{kk ds u, ek;uksa ij] vukFk leL;k] vuesy
fookg] foèkok leL;k] cqtxq ks± dh leL;k] ekrk&firk
dh mis{kk tSlh leL;k] fgalk rFkk vkradokn vkfn
dh leL;k] 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls bZ'oj iznRr pqukSfr;ksa
dks ysdj] [ksyksa dks ysdj] jkx&n~o"s k vkSj bZ";kZ dks
ysdj] izfrn~ona f~ ork dks ysdj] Hkz"Vkpkj] O;kikj] HkfDr
vkSj izes vkfn dks ysdj vusd izdkj dh fiDpjsa cuha
vkSj yxkrkj cu Hkh jgh gSaA vr% fganh flusek us
lekt] lkfgR;] laLÑfr] bfrgkl vkSj lH;rk vkfn
ls lacafèkr vusd fo"k;ksa dks vkRelkr fd;k gS vkSj
xhrks]a dFkkudks]a laoknksa rFkk laxhr vkfn ds n~okjk
mUgsa vR;ar eeZLi'khZ vfHkO;fDr;k¡ iznku dh gSAa u;k
flusek] lekukarj flusek] dyk flusek] euksjatu flusek]
gkL;&O;aX; dk flusek] nfyr&foe'kZ dk flusek]
vkj{k.k fo"k;d leL;kvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrk flusek]
laons ukRed flusek] U;k;&vU;k; dh leL;k ls tw>rk
flusek] iwt ¡ hoknh O;oLFkk ls la?k"kZjZ r flusek] vaMjoYMZ
dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj leL;kvksa ls tw>rk flusek] LVkj
ifjokjksa ls f?kjk flusek] LVkjMe ds vgadkj ls xzLr
flusek vkSj lsalj dh fxjÝr esa flusek] v'yhyrk ls
xzLr flusek] izn'kZu dh gksM+ eas 'kkfey flusek rFkk
fodkl ,oaa fons'khdj.k ds u, vk;keksa dks mtkxj
djrk flusek] MkWD;weVas jh flusek] uSjfs Vu fiQYeksa ls
esy ksM ª k ek rd igq ¡ prk flus e k] lkFkZ d flus ek]
12 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
jk"Vªh;&varjkZ"Vªh; iqjLdkjksa vkSj vokMks± dh nqfu;k esa
Lisl dks ryk'krk fganh flusek] flusekbZ LoIuksa dk
lkSnkxj flusek] flusekbZ HkxhjFkksa dh ijaijk dh j{kk
ds fy, fpafrr flusek] fp=kdkjks]a u`rdks]a f[kykfM+;ks]a
jktuhfrKksa] jk"Vªuk;dksa] oSKkfudksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh
vkokt+ curk fganh flusek] u;k vFkZ'kkL=k x<+rk vkSj
Loj&laxhr ds f'kYi dks cqurk&rjk'krk fganh flusek
yxkrkj xfr'khy gS] ubZ jkgksa dk vUos"kh cudj
y{;xkeh gSA Økafr dk fcxqy ctkrk] u, n'kZu dk
Ldsp rS;kj djrk] jaxeap dh ubZ rLohj dks mdsjrk
fganh flusek psruk dk foLrkj rks dj gh jgk gS fdarq
dHkh fopkjèkkjk ls HkVdrk Hkh izrhr gksus yxrk gSA
dHkh jksekafVflT+e dh I;kl fy,] dHkh vlyh Hkkjr
dh èkqèa kyh rLohj fy,] dHkh dkxt+h iQwyksa esa [kq'kcw
dh [kkst djrs gq,] dHkh lkearoknh O;oLFkk ds
fo#n~èk la?k"kZ dh [kkst djrs gq,] dHkh lkearoknh
O;oLFkk ds fo#n~èk la?k"kZ djrs gq, vkSj dHkh ekDlZoknh
n`f"V ls 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"kr dh okLrfodrk dks fpf=kr
djrs gq, fganh flusek fujarj vkxs c<+ jgk gSA
dHkh fookg] cafnuh] vkg] tkxrs jgks] cjlkr]
ckWch vkSj izes jksx tSlh fganh fiQYeksa us nsg dh leL;k
dks] fj'rksa dh egÙkk dks mtkxj fd;k gS rks dHkh
fnyhi dqekj] nsokuan vkSj jktdiwj dh f=kewfrZ us]
f=knso cudj fganh flusek dks u, ek;us Hkh fn, gSaA
lp ds ljksdkj] jksekal dh nqfu;k dh vuqHkwfr;k¡]
lqijfgV fiQYeksas dk flyflyk] lkèkkj.k dh egkurk
dh izfr"Bk] izes dh vejrk] laons ukvksa dks Nw ysus ds
u, èkjkry] NksVh lh ckr dk cM+k vkSj vfoLej.kh;
izn'kZu] xhrks]a laoknksa ls [kq'kcw fc[ksjus dh dykRedrk]
fj'rksa dh iM+rky] eqLdqjkgVkas ds ihNs fNis x+eksa dks
i<+ ysus dh varnZ`f"V dk mn~?kkVu] flrkjksa vkSj
vfHkusrkvksa dh VdjkgV] vfHku; dh ubZ lSnè~ kkafrdh
dk 'kkL=k jprk flusekbZ ra=k] vfHku; dh ekSfydrk
vkSj izfrHkk dh vkHkk ls igpku cukrs pfj=k] dHkh
'kksyksa dh fpaxkfj;ksa dk tknw vkSj dHkh ^'kku* ls
'kks&eSu curs gq, flusekbZ tknwxj lHkh us Hkkjrh;
thou] thou&'kSy h] ewY;ksa dh l'kDr ija ijk]
vilaLÑfrdj.k dk ncko] cnyrk Hkjrh; ifjos'k
vkSj dHkh foHkktu dh =kklnh ls tw>rk Hkkjrh;
tu&ekul] lqjksa dh lkfèkdkvksa vkSj lkèkdksa dk yksdksRrj
vonku] dHkh laxhr dk cnyrk ygt+k vkSj dHkh
lkSan;Z ds cnyrs vFkZ rFkk izfreku] lHkh dqN Hkkjrh;
vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fganh flusek us le;&le; ij
mn~?kkfVr dj viuh jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA
bèkj ^ihyw* ;k ^ihiyh ykbo* vkfn fiQYeksa us ,d
u;k flusek&'kkL=k Hkh x<+k gSA Lis'ky biQSDV~l us
^dksbZ fey x;k*] ^jst*] ^èkwe*] ^Ñ"k*] ^jkscksV*] ^jkou*
tSls rduhdh vkSj mRrj vkèkqfud flusek dks Hkh
fo'ks"k igpku fnykbZ gSA
dqy feykdj Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj eq[; :i ls
fganh flusek vusd psgjs cnyrk gS fdarq vkRek
mldh ogh cuh jgrh gSA vHkh Hkh gekjs flusek ls
;g vis{kk gS fd og gesa gekjs xkSjo'kkyh vrhr ls]
lqugjs bfrgkl ls fofèkor~ ifjfpr djk,A gekjs ;qokvksa
dks vkèkqfud rks cuk,] fdarq viuh tM+kas ls u m[kM+us
dh izjs .kk vkSSj f'k{kk Hkh nsA ckt+kjoknh laLÑfr ds
ihNs nkSM+ jgs ;qokvksa dks vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk
drZO; dk] nkf;Ro fuokZg dk] laons ukvksa dh j{kk dk
µ Mh&67] 'kqHke ,UDyso] if'pe fogkj] ubZ fnYyh&110063
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
Hkh ikB i<+k,A leLr dykvksa ds Hkkjrh; Lof.kZe
bfrgkl dh xfjek dk] xkSjokuqHkwfr dk cksèk Hkh djk,A
gesa uSfrd f'k{kk] lkekU;&Kku f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vªh;rk
rFkk jk"Vªh; psruk ds cnys vFkks± ls Hkh voxr djk,A
D;ksafd flusek lokZfèkd izHkkodkjh ekè;e gS tks gj
oxZ ds] gj mez ds] gj {ks=k vkSj jkT; ds n'kZdks&a Jksrkvksa
dks vkÑ"V Hkh djrk gS] foeqXèk Hkh djrk gS vkSj
izsjd Hkh cukrk gSA n'kZdksa dh dPph fnekxh feV~Vh
ij fganh flusek tks cht&oiu djrk gS] og lekt eas
iYyfor&iqf"ir gksrk Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA izdkjkarj
ls flusek ,d ml f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg
djrk gS tks d{kk esa cSBs lSdM+kas fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dk ;fn
Bhd l`tu djrk gS rks os jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fy, izLrqr
gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn og f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk esa foiQy gks
tkrk gS rks rS;kj gksus okyh ih<+h jk"Vª ds fy, ?kkrd
gks tkrh gSA f'k{kk dsoy lSn~èkkafrd ugha gksrh] laLdkjksa
ds fuekZ.k dh Hkh gksrh gSA ogh gksuh Hkh pkfg,A
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 13
 Hkkjrh; flusek dk izkjafHkd nkSj %
,d n`'; pyfp=k Økafr
gfjjke
Hkk jrh; flusek dk mn; fdlh Økafr ls
de u FkkA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud euksjatu
iVy ij u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr FkhA chloha 'krkCnh ds
izkjafHkd nkSj esa fo'kky izdk'keku dh rjg iwjs oSf'od
Lrj ij Hkkjrh; flusek us viuh igpku cuk yhA
vr% lkfgfR;d ukVdksa dk eapu mnkgj.kkFkZ jkeyhyk
eapu] uqDdM+ ukVd bR;kfn euksjatu ds Hkjiwj lkèku
FksA tc Hkkjr esa flusek vk;k rHkh flusek txr us
bUgha lkfgR;dkjksa ds lkfgR; dks fiQYeh dFkk dk
vkèkkj cukdj fiQYesa izLrqr dhA izkjafHkd flusek ds
funs'Z kd ghjkyky lsu vkSj eksrhyky lsu caèkq] gfj'panz
lq[kkjke HkVoMsdj] nknk lkgsc jkepanz xksiky rksj.kks
blds vfrfjDr nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds ledkyhu
vU; funs'Z kd jaxkLokeh uVjkt eqnkfy;j] te'ksn
ÚkWeth enu (enu fFk,Vj)] j?kqifr osadS;k uk;Mw
dh izkjafHkd flusek dks oSf'od igpku fnykus esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA vr% lHkh dk ;ksxnku Hkkjrh;
flusek esa vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA
Hkkjrh; flusek dk mn; fdlh Økafr ls de u
FkkA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud euksjatu iVy ij u, ;qx
dh 'kq#vkr FkhA Hkkjrh; flusek ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa
funsfZ 'kr lHkh fiQYesa èkeZ o ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dks vkèkkj
cukrs gq, cukbZ xbZA lHkh fiQYesa ubZ f'k{kk ds mn~n's ;
ds LraHk dk vkèkkj cuhA izkjafHkd Lrj ij fons'kh
cktkjksa esa Hkkjrh; flus txr dks oSf'od igpku
fnykbZA Hkkjr esa flusek ls iwoZ lkfgR; gh euksjt a u
dk le`nè~ k lalkj FkkA vr% lkfgfR;d ukVdksa dk
14 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
eapu mnkgj.kkFkZ jkeyhyk eapu] uqDdM+ ukVd bR;kfn
euksjt a u ds Hkjiwj lkèku FksA tc Hkkjr esa flusek
vk;k rHkh flusek txr us bUgha lkfgR;dkjksa ds
lkfgR; dks fiQYeh dFkk dk vkèkkj cukdj fiQYesa
izLrqr dhA rRdkyhu le; esa turk fczfV'k vR;kpkjksa
ls =kLr FkhA vr% èkeZ o ikSjkf.kd vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa dks
dkiQh ljkgk x;k vkSj èkeZ o ikSjkf.kd vkèkkj ij gh
flusek txr us viuh ,d ubZ vyx igpku cuk yhA
izkjafHkd nkSj dh fiQYesa ewd fiQYesa gksrs gq, Hkh lHkh
n'kZdksa ds euksjatu dk ,d vkd"kZ.k dk dsanz FkhA
D;ksfa d blls iwoZ n'kZdksa us jaxeap ds ukVd ns[ks Fks]
Hkys gh izkjafHkd fiQYesa dsoy mPp oxhZ; yksxksa rd
lhfer Fkha] ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs ;g lqfoèkk vke turk ds
fy, miyCèk gks xbZA Hkkjrh; flusek ds izkajfHkd nkSj
esa ,d ,sfrgkfld 'kq#vkr ds lkFk 1896 esa ,d
O;kolkf;d Nk;kadu tks Hkkjr gh ugha fo'oHkj es
,d ubZ [kcj cu x;kA ftls eqca bZ esa Y;wfe;j vkSj
jkWcVZ ikWy dh fiQYeksa dks fn[kk;k x;kA lu~ 1898 dks
eqca bZ esa izkis Qslj LVhosUlu n~okjk dykdkjksa us ,d
LVst 'kks ds :i esa fiQYe fn[kkbZ xbZA ftls ^n Ýykoj
vkWiQ if'kZ;k* vFkkZr~ ^iQkjl ds iQwy* (1895) uke
fn;k x;kA dksydkrk esa ghjk yky lsu vkSj eksrh yky
lsu ds lkFk 1899 esa jkW;y ck;ksLdksi daiuh cukbZ
xbZA tgk¡ eap 'kks ij fiQYesa fn[kkbZ xb± vkSj bUgha lsu
caèkqvksa us 1901 ls 1904 rd ^Hkzej*] ^gfj jk;*]
^cqn~èknso*] ^vyhckck* tSlh rRdkyhu le; dh
jksekapdkjh o Hkjiwj euksjt a u dh fiQYesa nhaA mYys[kuh;
;g gS fd bu caèkqvksa dk fiQYeh dkj[kkuk 1913 esa
can gks x;k vkSj dqN gh le; ckn ,d cM+h
vkxtuh esa u"V Hkh gks x;kA lsu caèkqvksa dk flusek
txr dk ,d ,sfrgkfld izkjafHkd dne bfrgkl
cudj jg x;kA Hkkjrh; flusek mn~;ksx fdlh Hkkjrh;
n~okjk 'kwV dh xbZ igyh fiQYe gfj'panz lq[kkjke
HkVoMsdj (ejkBh uke & gfj'panz raxkjke HkVoMsdj)
us ^n jslylZ* vFkkZr~ igyoku (1899) fiQYe cukbZA
;g fiQYe eqca bZ ds gSfa xax xkMZu esa gq, dq'rh eSp dks
n'kkZrs gq, cukbZ xbZ FkhA gfj'panz lq[kkjke HkVoMsdj
ds funsZ'ku esa ^,d vkneh vkSj (1899)] ^mlds
canj* (1899) ^fnYyh njckj* (1903) tSlh liQy
MkD;weVas hª Hkkjrh; flusek dks feyhA o"kZ 1899 esa
nknk lkgsc jkepanz xksiky rksj.ks us ,d ewd ejkBh
fiQYe cukbZ] ftls dksjksu's ku flusek fluseksxzkiQ] eqca bZ
dh vksj ls 1912 esa ^iqMa fyd* uke ls fjyht fd;k
x;kA ;g gekjs Hkkjrh; flusek bfrgkl dh ,d
egRoiw.kZ fiQYe jgh gS D;ksafd bl fiQYe ds fy, ^n
VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k* us 25 ebZ] 1912 dks vius
lekpkj i=k esa ,d cM+s foKkiu ds lkFk izLrqr djrs
gq, fiQYe dks ns[kus dh vihy dh FkhA ;g fiQYe
rRdkyhu le; esa n'kZdksa ds fy, ,d liQy fiQYe
jghA ;g fiQYe eq[;r% ejkBh lkfgR; ukVd ds
vkèkkj ij jph xbZA
Hkkjrh; flusek mn~;ksx esa iw.kkZofèk dh izkjafHkd
fiQYe & nknk lkgsc iQkYds vFkkZr~ èkqMa hjkt xksfoan
iQkYds tks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds cgqHkk"kkvksa ds vPNs
fon~oku FksA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laLÑfr o ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa
dks vkèkkj cukdj lu~ 1931 esa ^jktk gfj'pan*z
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl fiQYe ds lHkh ik=kksa dh
Hkwfedk iq#"kksa us dhA ^jktk gjf'pan*z ,d fiQYe
dksjksu's ku flusek eqca bZ dh vksj ls ,d ehy dk iRFkj
lkfcr gqbZ vkSj O;kolkf;d Lrj ij vikj liQyrk
Hkh izkIr dhA nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks Hkkjrh; fiQYe
mn~;ksx dk firkeg dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd mUgksaus
Hkkjrh; flusek txr esa viuk thou lefiZr djrs
gq, Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k vkSj
fganLq rku flusek daiuh dh LFkkiuk dhA bUgksua s gh
igyh ckj lu~ 1913 esa ^eksfguh HkLeklqj* fiQYe dk
fuekZ.k fd;kA ftlesa efgyk ik=kksa dks Hkh LFkku nsrs gq,
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
,d u;k dne mBk;k vFkkZr~ ^eksfguh HkLeklqj* fiQYe
esa igyh ckj efgyk dykdkjksa dks fy;k x;k FkkA
^lsrq caèku* Hkkjrh; flusek txr dh og igyh
fiQYe Fkh] ftls vkokt nsdj ,d Mcewoh dk igyk
liQy iz;ksx Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA nknk lkgsc ds funs'Z ku
esa ;g igyh Mc ewoh FkhA ogha nwljh vksj igyh
cksyrh fiQYe ^xaxkorj.k* cukbZ xbZ] tks nknk lkgsc
dh vafre fiQYe FkhA nknk lkgsc iQkYds us vius 19
lkyksa ds dWfj;j esa 95 fiQYesa o 27 'kkVZ fiQYesa
cukbZA nknk lkgsc ds flusek txr ds vFkd la?k"kZ ds
bfrgkl vkSj izfr"Bk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr
ljdkj us Hkkjrh; flus txr dks oSf'od igpku
fnykus ds fy, 1969 dks ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj*
dh LFkkiuk dhA izkjafHkd flusek ds funs'Z kd ghjk
yky lsu vkSj eksrh yky lsu caèkq gfj'panz l[kkjke
HkVoMsdj] nknk lkgsc jkepanz xksiky rksj.ks blds
vfrfjDr nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds ledkyhu vU;
funs'Z kd jaxkLokeh uVjkt eqnkfy;j] te'ksn ÚkWeth
enu (enu fFk,Vj)] j?kqifr osadS;k uk;Mw] vnsZf'kj
bZjkuh dh izkjafHkd flusek dks oSf'od igpku fnykus
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA vr% lHkh dk ;ksxnku
Hkkjrh; flusek esa vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA
igyh lokd (cksyrh fiQYe)& vnsfZ 'kj bZjkuh
Ñr ^vkye vkjk* (14 ekpZ] 1931) ,d lokd
(cksyrh fiQYe) fiQYe Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh ;g
igyh fiQYe FkhA tc n'kZdksa us igyh ckj ,d insZ
ij ukprs gq, dykdkjksa dks cksyrs gq, viuh Hkkoukvksa
dks insZ ij mrkjrs gq,] vfHku; dks gw&c&gw viuh
rjg djrs ns[kkA blh o"kZ nf{k.k esa rfey Hkk"kk dh
igyh cksyrh fiQYe ,p- ,e- jsMM~ h+ n~okjk ^dkyhnkl*
(1931) o caxkyh Hkk"kk esa vej pkSèkjh n~okjk enu
fFk;sVj fyfeVsM dh vksj ls ^tekbZ "k"Bh* (1931)
fiQYe cukbZ xbZA ;g Hkkjrh; flusek esa ,d n`';
Økafr dk izFke o oSf'od igpku dk Lo.kZ dne FkkA
nknk lkgsc iQkYds dk Hkkjrh; flusek esa
;ksxnku & ^jktk gfj'panz* (1913) fiQYe esa efgyk
dykdkjksa ds fy, rkjkerh fdjnkj ds fy, nknk
lkgsc iQkYds us vFkd iz;kl fd,] ysf du dksbZ
efgyk dykdkj rS;kj ugha gqbZA vr% nknk lkgsc
iQkYds dh nwjxkeh lksp dks fdlh us ugha le>kA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 15
blds ckotwn rRdkyhu le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
ns[krs gq, os ugha #dsA nknk lkgsc iQkYds Hkkjrh; Fks]
mUgksaus Hkkjrh; flus txr dh oSf'od igpku cukrs
gq, flusek dh vkthou lsok dhA nknk lkgsc iQkYds
rRdkyhu le; esa os Lo;a dSejkeSu Fks] Lo;a gh vkVZ
Mk;jsDVj Fks] Lo;a gh dkWLV;we fMtkbuj Fks] Lo;a gh
,fMVj izkslsl fizaVj Fks] Lo;a gh Msoyij Fks] Lo;a gh
izkt
s Ds V fMLVªhC;wVj Fks vr% lHkh Hkwfedkvksa esa cl
vdsys [kM+s FksA mudk lkFk nsus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA
fiQj Hkh mUgksua s la?k"kZ djrs gq, ^jktk gfj'pan*z (1913)
fiQYe ds fy, fiQYeh efgyk ik=k rkjkerh dh
Hkwfedk esa ,d iq#"k dykdkj dks fy;k vkSj viuh
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA nknk lkgsc iQkYds ds bl
Lof.kZe ;ksxnku dks Hkkjrh; flusek txr viuh
vfoLej.kh; Jn~èkkatfy nsrk gSA tksukFku Øks ds vuqlkj
¶Hkkjrh; xkFkk ls vuqxfz gr fiQYe iq.;dkyhu jktk
dh fpark gS tks vius drZO; ds cksèk vkSj lR; ds izes
ds fy, vius jkT; dk yxHkx R;kx dj nsrs gSAa
funs'Z kd ds izxfr'khy fopkjksa dh bPNkvksa ds ckotwn
fiQYe esa ,d iq#"k dykdkj FkkA jktk gfj'panz esa iwjh
rjg ls xSj is'ksoj dykdkjksa ds pkyd ny dks
fpf=kr fd;kA¸ bl dFku ls ge le> ldrs gSa fd
nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks rRdkyhu le; esa fofHkUu
ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k vkSj muls tw>rs gq,
liQyrk gkfly dhA vkt ds Hkkjrh; flusek dh
oSf'od igpku tks gS] oks nknk lkgsc dh nsu gS nknk
lkgsc ds flusek txr dks oSf'od igpku fnykus ij
1969 dks ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj* dh LFkkiuk
dhA ;g iqjLdkj Hkkjrh; flusek dk lcls cM+k
µ fganh f'k{kd] f'k{kk funs'kky;] jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh] fnYyh&10086
qqq
16 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
iqjLdkj gSA nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds*
ds flusek txr ;ksxnku ij Hkkjr ljdkj ds Mkd
foHkkx us Hkh Mkd fVdV (1971) tkjh djrs gq,
Jn~èkkatfy nhA ¶nknk lkgsc iQkYds¸ ds 148 osa tUe
fnu ij 2018 esa xwxy us Hkh ^MwMy* dbZ ns'kksa esa
vius vkbdu esa nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks ;kn djrs gq,
Jn~èkkatfy nhA vr% Hkkjrh; flusek dk bfrgkl ,d
n`'; pyfp=k Økafr ls de u FkkA ;g ,d vk'p;Ztud
euksjatu iVy ij u, ;qx dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ftlesa
izkjafHkd funs'Z kdksa dks fofHkUu leL;kvksa ls tw>rs gq,
vfeV ;ksxnku ds dkj.k gh vkt Hkkjrh; flusek dk
ijpe fo'o esa lcls Å¡pk gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- fgnh lkfgR; vkSj flusek & foosd nqcs osc
istA
2- lkfgR; vkSj flusek & vt; dqekj pkSèkjh]
fucaèk lkfgR; vkSj flusek] lgk;d izkè;kid] ih ,u
nkl iyrkA
3- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk varl±cèa k& jes'k
pankz ] osc CykWxA
4- flusek fganh lkfgR; & bdcky fjtoh] fganh
le; esa bdcky fjtoh dh jpuk,¡] egkRek xkaèkh
varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofon~;ky;] oèkkZ bZif=kdkA
5- flusek vkSj nfyr lekt & MkW- t; izdk'k
dnZe] (fucaèk) iadt iqLrd eafnj fnYyhA
6- xwxy osc ist & nknk lkgsc iQkYdsA
7- bZif=kdk & n U;w;kdZ VkbEl 5 uoacj] 2012
ls tksukFku Øks dk vkys[kA
 flusek & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] dyk ,oa laLÑfr dk laokgd
MkW- ,e- jkepaæe
Hkk jr nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k fiQYe fuekZrk
gSA vjcksa #i;ksa dh ykxr ls çfro"kZ ,d
gtkj ls vfèkd fiQYesa gekjs ns'k esa curh gSa vkSj
yxHkx jkst nks djksM+ yksx fiQYesa ns[krs gSa vFkkZr~
blesa cgqr vfèkd iSlk yxrk gS vkSj bls cgqr yksx
ns[krs gaSA ,d vksj ;g cgqrksa dks dke nsrk gS rks
nwljh vkSj cgqr cM+s iSekus ij lekt dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA viuh O;kid igqp ¡ ds dkj.k lekt dh
ekufldrk dks cnyus esa ;g cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
blfy, mlds dykRed vkS, lkekftd ljksdkjksa dh
fpark fdlh Hkh lekt ds fy, t:jh gSA 'kk;n ;gh
lkspdj tktZ cukZM 'kkW us chloha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr
esa dgk Fkk fd]& ¶vkfo"dkj ds :i eas flusek fçafVax
çsl ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksxk D;ksafd ;g
f'kf{kr vkSj muds vkpj.k dks çHkkfor djsxkA ns'k
dh psruk] ns'k esa vkn'kZ vkSj vkpj.k dh dlkSVh
ogh gksxh tks flusek dh gksxhA¸ jke euksgj yksfg;k
us Hkh dgk Fkk fd ¶Hkkjr dks nks phtsa cny ldrh
gaS ,d rks xkaèkh vkSj nwljk flusekA¸
ge tkurs gaS fd Hkkjr esa dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa flusek
curs gaS ysfdu lcls vfèkd fiQYesa fganh esa curh gaAS
fganh flusek fliQZ fganh {ks=k esa gh ugha cfYd iwjs
Hkkjr esa vkSj vktdy yxHkx iwjh nqfu;k esa fo'ks"k
dj tgk¡ Hkkjrh; gaS çnf'kZr vkSj ç'kaflr gksrh gSA
fganh flusek viuh 'kfDr vkSj laHkkoukvksa ds dkj.k
Øe'k% varjjk"Vªh; çfr"Bk çkIr djrk tk jgk gS]
dF; ds Lrj ij gkykafd gkyhoqM ls vHkh Hkh dkiQh
ihNs gSA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fganh flusek ds bfrgkl esa jktk gfj'paæ igyh
ewd fiQYe Fkh tks ,d yksdfç; fganw ikSjkf.kd dFkk
ij vkèkkfjr FkhA Hkkjr esa 1912 ls 1930 rd yxHkx
1300 fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA bu esa vfèkdrj
fiQYeksa dh dFkkvksa dk vkèkkj Hkkjrh; thou esa
jps&cls ,sfrgkfld vkSj ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa ds thou vkSj
mlls tqM+h ?kVuk,¡ gh FkhA 1931 esa vknsfZ 'kj bZjkuh us
Hkkjr dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* dk
fuekZ.k fd;k ;g ogh le; Fkk tc Hkkjr viuh
lkaLÑfrd psruk ds laj{k.k ds fy, dksf'k'k dj jgk
FkkA o"kZ 1931 esa gh rfey dh igyh lokd fiQYe
^dkyhnkl* vkSj rsyxq q dh cksyrh fiQYe ^HkDr çgykn*
dk fuekZ.k gqvkA budk çn'kZu o"kZ Hkh ;gh gSA viuh
lkaLÑfrd çfrcn~èkrk ds fy, fo[;kr caxky esa Hkh
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk gks pqdk FkkA U;w fFk;sVlZ us
1931 esa ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa ^paMhnkl* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
xkSj ls ns[kas rks bu fiQYeksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
egRoiw.kZ fgLlk cu pqds ik=kksa dk gh pfj=kkadu gqvk
FkkA
fganh fiQYeksa esa laLÑfr ds foLrkj esa lkfgfR;d
Ñfr;ksa ij cuh fiQYeksa us fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnk dhA
lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ds flusekbZ :ikarj.k us Hkkjrh;
tuekul esa ubZ Hkkoukvksa dk lapkj fd;kA njvly
flusek lekt ds ifjorZudkjh vkanksyuksa dh gh
vfHkO;fDr gSA lkfgR; n~okjk lekt esa thou dk
lR; vuqHko rks çdkf'kr gksrk gh gS ysfdu mldh
viuh dqN lhek,¡ Hkh gaAS tks çLrqrhdj.k ds fy,
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 17
ckèkd Hkh curh gS] tcfd flusek dh igqp ¡ cgqrk;r
yksxksa rd gksrh gS vkSj muesa os lkjs n`'; çLrqr fd,
tk ldrs ga]S ftls lkfgfR;d foèkkvksa ds ekè;e ls
çLrqr djuk vlaHko rks ugha ij nq"dj vo'; gksrk
gSA tc fdlh dgkuh ;k lkfgfR;d Ñfr dk vU;
fdlh Hkh foèkk esa ys[ku gksrk gS rks mls i<+us okyksa
dh la[;k cgqr de gksrh gS vkSj mls yksxksa rd
igqp ¡ kus esa le; Hkh yxrk gS ysfdu flusek n~okjk
bldk foLrkj vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lkB dk n'kd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks vkSj le>us
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA bl n'kd ds vkjaHk esa gh
^eqxy&,&vkt+e* tSlh fo'kky dysoj okyh fiQYe
dk çn'kZu gksrk gSA bl fiQYe us vikj yksdfç;rk
çkIr dhA jksekal] beks'ku vkSj VªstsMh dk HkO; :i
bl fiQYe esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl fiQYe esa
rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA^nks
ch?kk tehu* ^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS* ^vkokjk*
^ifj.khrk*] ^I;klk*] ^xje gok*] ^ifrrk*] ^ge nksuksa*]
^xkbM*] ^xaxk&tequk*] ^tkxrs jgks*] ^lkgc chch vkSj
xqyke* ^cafnuh*] eq>s thus nks vkSj ^nsonkl* tSlh
fiQYesa Hkkjrh; lekt dk lPpk vkbZuk çLrqr djrh
gSAa bu fiQYeksa esa Hkkjrh; tu thou dks cgqr utnhd
ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
lRrj ds n'kd esa nks rjg dh fiQYeksa dk
fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvkA O;kolkf;d vkSj dykRed fiQYesa
;k lekukarj fiQYesa cuus yxh FkhaA lRrj n'kd ds
mRrjkFkZ esa eYVhLVkj fiQYeksa dk Hkh nkSj vkjaHk gksrk
gSA ^nhokj*] ^f=k'kwy*] ^vej vdcj ,aFkksuh*] jes'k
flIih dh 'kksys us fganh flusek dks u;k eqdke fn;kA
vferkHk cPpu ds vkxeu us fganh flusek ds vFkZ'kkL=k
dks gh cny fn;kA vferkHk n~okjk vfHkfur ^tathj*]
^nhokj*] ^[kwu ilhuk*] ^dkfy;k*] ^ijokuk*] ^dHkh&dHkh*]
vej vdcj ,aFkksuh] eqdn~nj dk fldanj tSlh fiQYeksa
us rRdkyhu O;oLFkk vkSj jktuhfr ds cnyrs lehdj.k
dks çLrqr dj turk dh Hkkouk dk nksgu vkjaHk
fd;kA yksx ,slh fiQYeksa dks ns[kus ds fy, ckj&ckj
flusek ?kj rd tkrs FksA gkykafd bu fiQYeksa esa turk
dk O;oLFkk ds çfr tks vkØks'k Fkk] ogh insZ ij
fpf=kr gks jgk FkkA ftls vke turk vius lkFk tqMk+
gqvk ikrh FkhA blds lkFk gh ^lR;dke*] ^eSa rqylh
18 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
rsjs vkaxu dh*] ^esjk xk¡o esjk ns'k*] ^èkekZRek*] ^vk¡èkh*
vkSj ^fdLlk dqlhZ dk* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh cu jgh Fkha
ftuds dsaæ esa Hkkjrh; lekt dh vkLFkk] fo'okl
vkSj vkn'kZoknh Hkkouk ,oa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds çfr
vkØks'k fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA
vLlh ds n'kd esa ^ufn;k ds ikj* uked
fiQYe çlkfjr gqbAZ xksfoan eqful n~okjk funsZf'kr ;g
fiQYe ds'ko çlkn feJ ds fganh miU;kl ^dksgcj
dh 'krZ* ij dsfa ær FkhA ^ufn;k ds ikj* iwok±py dh
laLÑfr ds lekt'kkL=k dks le>us ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
gSA bl fiQYe us iwjs Hkkjr ds tuekul dks bruk
çHkkfor fd;k fd bls ns[kus ds fy, dbZ&dbZ ckj
yksx ifjokj lfgr flusek gky dh rjiQ eq[kkfrc
gq,A
flusek ds vkjaHk ls gh mlesa fganLq rkuh Hkk"kk dk
gh ç;ksx gksrk jgk gSA ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld ik=kksa
ds thou ij cuus ds dkj.k çkjafHkd fiQYeksa dh Hkk"kk
laLÑr fefJr fganh FkhA vkjaHk esa ikjlh fFk;sVj dk
çHkko flusek ij cgqr T;knk Fkk] blds dkj.k mnwZ
vkSj iQkjlh Hkk"kk dk çHkko flusek ij gqvkA ml
le; cacbZ esa vkSj ykgkSj esa ikjlh vkSj mnwZ ukVd
[kwc [ksys tkrs FksA ;s ukVd cgqr yksdfç; Hkh FksA
Hkkjrh; thou esa cls dkYifud ?kVukvksa dks çse vkSj
beks'ku fefJr Hkkoukvksa dks tksMd + j vke turk dk
euksjta u dj mlls iSls dekuk ikjlh fFk;sVj dk ewy
dk;Z FkkA ikjlh fFk;sVj dh yksdfç;rk us fganh flusek
esa Hkh viuk LFkku cuk fy;kA
flusek vkSj Hkk"kk dk lacaèk mlh rjg gS] ftl
rjg nsg vkSj vkRek dkA Hkk"kk flusek dh vkRek gSA
vkjafHkd ewd fiQYeksa esa Hkh lkadsfrd Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx
gksrk FkkA Hkk"kk rks ekuo dh Hkkoukvksa dh okfgdk gS
tks mlds vanj Nqih Hkkouk dks nwljs rd laçfs "kr
djrh gSA flusek Hkh Hkkoukvksa ds laç"s k.k dk l'kDr
ekè;e gSA fganh Hkk"kk fo'o esa lcls vfèkd cksyh
tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA orZeku esa mldh
ekdsfZ Vax dk vkadM+k vjcksa esa gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa Hkk"kk
dh Hkwfedk dks ns[kuk bl vFkZ esa Hkh vko';d gS fd
Hkk"kk gh ik=kksa ds ifjos'k vkSj ?kVukvksa dks iw.kZrk çnku
djrh gSA fganh flusek esa ftu fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gS og dsoy fo'kqnè~ k fganh okys ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ
Hkkjr esa gh ugha] iwjs fo'o esa iQSys fganh le>us vkSj
cksyus okys Hkh mls ns[krs gSAa ftUgsa fganh le> esa ugha
vkrh os Hkh viuh viuh Hkk"kkvksa esa Mfcax ds ekè;e
ls fganh fiQYesa ns[krs gaSA orZeku esa fganh fiQYesa
jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; eqnn~ ksa vkSj foe'kks± dks Hkh
vius vanj lekfgr djus yxh gSaA gky gh esa çlkfjr
^U;wVu*] ^djhc&djhc flaxy*] ^yap ckDl*] ^'kferkHk*]
^jk&ou* tSlh fiQYeksa us fganh Hkk"kk dk u;k lekt'kkL=k
rS;kj fd;k gS ftls ns[kus ds fy, n'kZdksa dk ,d
cM+k oxZ ml vksj vkdf"kZr gqvk gSA Hkkjr dh
laLÑfr] lekt vkSj jktuhfr dks çkekf.kd <ax ls
çLrqr djus esa Hkk"kk dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jgh gS
D;ksafd fcuk fdlh lkFkZd Hkk"kk ds fiQYeksa ds fo"k;
µ çkpk;Z (,iQ-,-lh-)] xouZeVas fMxzh dkyst eydktfxjh] esMp
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkSj ik=k dks vyx djds ns[kuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA
bl çdkj ns[ksa rks flusek fdlh Hkh lekt dh
laLÑfr vkSj Hkk"kk dks vius vanj l¡tks dj j[krh gSA
le; ds lkFk Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds cnyrs :iksa dks
Hkh og çLrqr djrk gSA flusek dh ,d cM+h fo'ks"krk
;g gksrh gS fd og dHkh :<+ ugha gksrkA flusek dh
Hkk"kk mu Hkk"kkxr :f<+;ksa dk mUewyu djrh gS tks
lekt ds fodkl esa fgrdkjh ugha ekuh tk ldrh gaAS
lekt esa gksus okys jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd
ifjorZuksa dks ntZ djrk gqvk flusek vkxs c<+rk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt flusek dh Hkk"kk vkSj mlds
fo"k;&oLrq esa cM+k ifjorZu ns[kus dks fey jgk gS
vkSj ;gh gekjh Hkk"kk dks iq"V vkSj le`n~fèk Hkh çnku
dj jgk gSA
~ y ftyk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 19
 dyk] fganh flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt % ,d oSpkfjd igyw
izoh.k dqekj
iz Lrqr vkys[k dyk] flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt
ds lanHkZ esa gSA blesa dyk dh oSpkfjdh]
dyk vkSj flusek ds lacaèk] mlds ljksdkj vkSj izHkko
ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku esa flusek ds dkj.k mRiUu
ladV vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLÑfr
ij dSlk izHkko iM+ jgk gSA bl vkys[k esa mlds
oSpkfjd igyqvksa dks le>us dk ,d iz;kl gSA
Hkkjrh; flusek vius liQj ds lkS o"kZ ikj dj
pqdk gSA bl liQj esa flusek us vius dbZ izfrekuksa
dks rksMk+ gS vkSj dbZ u, izfrekuksa dks x<+k Hkh gSA x<+k
gh ugha cfYd mls [kM+k Hkh fd;k gSA bl nkSjku lcls
vge ckr ;g gqbZ fd flusek us viuh oSpkfjd
voèkkj.kk ds Lo:i dks cgqr rsth ls cnyk gSA
ftlds dkj.k flusek euksjt a u ds lkèku ls vyx
lekt ds lkeus ,d vkbZuk cudj mHkjk gSA fo'o
iVy ij Úkal esa igyh ckj fiQYe izn'kZu ds ckn
Hkkjr esa 7 tqykbZ 1896 esa igyh ckj ^Y;wf e,j
cznlZ* dh fiQYeksa dk izn'kZu gqvkA lu~ 1913 esa
Hkkjr esa igyh fiQpj fiQYe nknk lkgsc ?kqMa hjkt
xksfoan iQkYds us cukbZA ;g fiQYe Fkh ^jktk gfj'panAz *
;g ,d ewd fiQYe FkhA ewd fiQYeksa dk ;g flyflyk
1931 esa vkdj cnykA lu~ 1931 esa vnsZf'kj ,e
bZjkuh us igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cukbZA
bl fiQYe us flusek dks ,d u, dysoj esa <kykA bl
lanHkZ esa ;g è;ku j[kuk t:jh gS fd ¶ewd fiQYeksa
dh dFkkoLrq vfèkdka'kr% ikSjkf.kd&èkkfeZd vkèkkfjr
gksrh FkhA dqN fiQYeksa esa blls vyx lkekftd
20 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
leL;kvksa dks fpf=kr fd;k tkrk FkkA¸ (Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr% 196) bl rjg Hkkjrh; flusek 'kuS%'kuS%
lelkef;d leL;kvksa dks vius dysoj esa lesVrh
gqbZ vkxs c<+us yxhA
flusek 'kCn tks fd Úsp a Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^fluseVS ksxkz iQ*
ls cuk gSA ;w¡ Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd ;g flusek 'kCn
fluseVS ksxkz iQ dk gh laf{kIr :i gSA vkSj ftls ;wukuh
Hkk"kk esa ^fduseVS ksxzkiQ* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fganh esa bls
^pyfp=k* dgk tkrk gSA bldk bfrgkl cgqr gh
jkspd vkSj la?k"kZ Hkjk jgk gSA ;g la?k"kZ ges'kk ls ,d
rduhdh iz;ksx dj jgk gSA bl rduhdh iz;ksx ds
ekè;e ls gh vkt ,d ?kj esa Hkh iwjs flusek dk
Lo:i rS;kj gks tkrk gSA bl bfrgkl dks MkW- ,l-
vkj- t;Jh us viuh iqLrd ^flusek ,d liQjukek*
esa foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gSA ;gk¡ bl foLrkj dks
vuko';d :i ls c<+kuk mfpr ugha gSA bl i=k dk
mn~n's ; ;g gS fd orZeku esa flusek dks ,d dyk ds
:i esa ns[kk tkrk gS rks bl flusek vkSj dyk esa D;k
lacaèk gS\ D;k flusek us dyk dks lkekftd :i ls
inP;qr fd;k gS\ D;k flusek dk izHkko oSlk gh gS
tSlk dyk dk lekt esa jgk gS\ D;k lkfgR; vkSj
flusek ds chp dksbZ lacèa k gS\ D;k vkt flusek gekjh
laLÑfr dks laØfer dj jgk gS\ blh ds lkFk ;g Hkh
tkuus dk iz;kl gS fd fganh flusek vius liQj esa
fdruk vkèkqfud vkSj fdruk ikjaifjd gS\
loZizFke ge dyk dh voèkkj.k ij fopkj
djrs gSAa dyk dk tUe dSls gqvk vkSj lekt esa dyk
dk egRo dSlk jgk gS vkSj ekuoh; lH;rk ds
fodkl esa dyk dk D;k ;ksxnku jgk gSA dyk dk
lacaèk ekuoh; thou ds HkkoukRed l`tu ls gSA
ekuo tc viuh vuqHkwfr dks HkkoukRed Nfo ;k
fcac ds :i esa izLrqr djrk gS rc tkdj dgha u
dgha og HkkoukRed Nfo dk :i dyk dh laKk ls
tkuk tkrk gSA ftls fy;ks rksYLrks; us ^euq"; dk
HkkoukRed lalxZ dgk gSA* (dyk ds lkekftd mn~xe%
23) ogha bldk ,d nwljk i{k ;g Hkh gS fd dyk
euq"; ds lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd thou ds chp vuqHkwr
?kVukvks]a fopkjks]a Hkkoukvksa dk gh izfr:i gS tks
fofHkUu fcacksa ds chp viuk vkdkj vkSj Lo:i xzg.k
djrk gSA Iys[kkukso ds 'kCnksa esa dgk tk, rks ¶dyk
,d lkekftd ifj?kVuk gSA¸ (dyk dk lkekftd
mn~xe % 30) dyk rc tUe ysrh gS tc euq";
vius bnZ&fxnZ ds ;FkkFkZ ds izHkko ds varxZr vuqHkwr
Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vius Hkhrj iqu% tkxzr
djrk gS vkSj mUgsa fuf'pr fcacksa esa vfHkO;Dr djrk
gSA bls ;w¡ dg ldrs gSa fd dyk thou dh vkSj
thou esa vuqHkwr Hkkoks]a n`';ks]a ?kVukvks]a fopkjksa vkfn
dh vfHkO;fDr vkSj lai"zs k.k gSA ftlds ekè;e fofHkUu
gaS ysfdu ewyr% fofHkUu dykvksa dks fon~okuksa vkfn
dh vfHkO;fDr vkSj laiz{s k.k gSA ftlds ekè;e fofHkUu
gS ysfdu ewyr% fofHkUu dykvksa dks fon~okuksa us vkSj
lekt ds n~okjk Ng Lo:iksa esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
tks fd bl izdkj ls gS&a 1- LFkkiR; dyk 2- ewfrZdyk
,oa fp=kdyk 3- ukV~; dyk 4- laxhr dyk 5- u`R;
dyk vkSj 6- dkO; dykA oLrqr% dyk ds bu :iksa
esa lekt dk thouewY; fufgr gSA ;g ,d dykdkj
dh n`f"V gS tksfd muds thou la?k"kZ dh lkekftd
vuqHkwfr gS vkSj mlls fufeZr muds oSpkfjd ewY;ksa dk
lais"z k.k HkhA bu lc dykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr
fHkUu&fHkUu gS vkSj lekt esa bu dykdkjksa dh lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr vyx&vyx jgh gSA Hkkjr esa bu dykvksa
dk foHkktu fon~;k vkSj mifon~;k esa fd;k x;k gS
tksfd Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk esa O;kIr o.kkZJe èkeZ
dh O;oLFkk dk izfriQyu gSA dkO; dyk dh fon~;k
esa fxurh dh tkrh gS ftldk Vwy gS& v{kj vkSj
ckdh vU; dykvksa dh mifon~;k esa fxurh dh tkrh
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
gS ftlds VwYl Øe'k% Nsuh&gFkkSMh+ ] jax] laokn] Loj&y;
vkSj Hkafxek gSa bUgha VwYl ds ekè;e ls bu dykvksa
dk lkSan;Z mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj og lkSan;Z ds izfreku
dks Hkh LFkkfir djrk gSA oLrqr% ;g foHkktu]
Je&'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld dk foHkktu gSA ftldk
lekt'kkL=kh; vè;;u Hkkjrh; lekt esa dykvksa ds
fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; lekt ds fodkl dk
n~;ksrd gSA ;s lHkh dyk,¡ lekt esa fHkUu&fHkUu
ns'kdky esa viuk egRo j[krh gSAa bu lHkh dykvksa
dks rduhdh ekè;e ls ,d leqPp; Lo:i esa
flusek izLrqr djrk gSA ;k ;¡w dg ldrs gSa fd
vkèkqfud ;qx esa dykvksa dk leqPp; flusek gSA ,d
flusek esa lHkh dykvksa dk n'kZu&fun'kZu gks tkrk gSA
bl vkyksd esa flusek dks dyk O;Dr djus vkSj
mlds lkekftd ljksdkjksa dks turk rd igqp ¡ kus dk
,d e'khuh ;a=k Hkh dg ldrs gSAa ysfdu loky
mBrk gS fd D;k flusek fliQZ dykvksa dk e'khuh ;a=k
ds ekè;e ls izn'kZu gS ;k dqN vkSj Hkh\ fu'p; gh
bl lanHkZ esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd flusek ,d
dyk Hkh gS ftlesa dykdkj viuh xfrfofèk;ksa ds
ekè;e ls thou ds fofoèk jaxksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
bls bl :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS fd flusek dyk
Hkh gS vkSj dyk ds fofoèk :iksa dks turk rd
igqp¡ kus dk ekè;e HkhA bls lHkh yfyr dykvksa dk
dksykt Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA dqN fon~okuksa us bls
(flusek) ^tulapkj* dk ekè;e Hkh dgk gS vkSj mlh
:i es a le>us & le>kus dk iz ; kl fd;k gS A
MkW- cychj dqna jk us Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd lanHkks± esa
flusek dks lokZfèkd yksdfiz; vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh lapkj
ekè;e dgk gS rks ogha :ipan xkSre dk ekuuk gS fd
¶tulapkj ds bl (flusek) ekè;e ls èofu] n`';]
xhr&laxhr] vfHku;] os'kHkw"kk vkfn dk i<+&s fy[ks]
vui<+] vehj&xjhc] cw<]s+ toku vkSj cPpksa ij lhèkk
vlj iM+rk gSA¸ blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd flusek
lHkh oxks±&leqnk;ksa ds chp thou'kSyh ds izcksèku dk
ekè;e cu x;k gSA blh esa flusek ds lkekftd
ljksdkjksa dks Hkh le>k tkuk pkfg, fd vkt lekt esa
gj nkSj ds flusek dk vn~Hkqr izHkko ml ns'kdky esa
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gj ih<+h esa vius&vius vkLokn
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 21
ds vuqlkj mldh O;k[;k] foospu&fo'ys"k.k ns[kus
dks feyrk gSA gj ih<+h ds ;qx esa mlds nkSj ds
flusek dk vuqdj.k gS vkSj mlls og izHkkfor&nzfor
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jktk gfj'panz ds lR;oknh gksus
vkSj cuus dh izfØ;k ls ysdj ek¡ ds okRlY;
dk#f.kd nzou dh fØ;k ls ysdj 21oha lnh ds
^lkM+h ds iQkWy lk dHkh eSp fd;k dHkh NksM+ fn;k
js* rd dk izHkko ;qok tuekul esa lgt gh ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA
oLrqr% iQSaVlh] dYiuk] jksekfu;r] ;FkkFkZ] gkL;]
'kksd] =kklnh] bfrgkl] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; bu lHkh
Hkkoukvksa rFkk fopkjksa dk dykRed :i gS flusekA
bl n`f"V ls flusek ,d lkewfgd dyk gS flusek dks
u rks lkfgR; ls vyx djds ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj
u gh laxhr] fp=kdyk] ewfrZdyk] isfa Vax] vfHku;]
u`R;dyk vkfn lsA lkfgR; dk bu lc dykvksa ls
lacaèk izkÑfrd la;ksx gS vkSj fiQYe fuekZ.k bldk
ifj.kkeA ftldk mn~n's ; euksjt a u ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd
ifjorZu] lkaLÑfrd ewY; vkSj psruk dks lekt esa
fodflr djuk gSA vkt dk flusek vR;fèkd fodflr
,oa oSKkfud rduhdh iz.kkyh ls ;qDr gSA bruk gh
ugha le;&lkis{k flusek dk mn~n's ; cnyrk jgk gSA
orZeku esa flusek dk y{; ekuo thou 'kSyh dks
O;Dr djus ds lkFk lekt dh thou'kSyh dks ifjofrZr
djuk gks x;k gSA og iwjh rjg ls thou dh lathnxh
vkSj laons uk ds fofoèk igyqvksa dks lesVus esa yxk gSA
iwt
a hoknh O;oLFkk vkSj cktkjokn ds chp yksxksa dh
ftanxh dSls cny jgh gS\ dSls yksxksa dk thou
^'kqrq jq eqx*Z dh rjg gksrk tk jgk gS\ thou ds la?k"kZ
vkSj LoIu dks O;Dr djus dk ekè;e cu x;k gSA
^vuqdj.k* vkSj ^laLÑfrdj.k* ds chp cnyrh ftanxh
dk i;kZ; cu x;k gS flusekA lH;rk&laLÑfr dks
ogu djus dk ekè;e cu x;k gSA 'kknh&fookg ds
jhfr&fjoktksa ls ysdj thou ds vU; jLeksa dks flusek
dh rtZ ij lekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;w¡ dg ldrs
gSa fd lH;rk&laLÑfr dks ogu djus ds lkFk&lkFk
lH;rk&laLÑfr ds cnyrs Lo:i dks izdV djus dk
lcls l'kDr ;kaf=kd ekè;e cu x;k gSA lcls cM+h
ckr ;g gS fd flusek viuh izÑfr esa ^jkstxkj* vkSj
22 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
O;olk; dk cM+k IysViQkeZ cu x;k gSA bl IysViQkeZ
ls fdl oxZ&leqnk; dks jkstxkj feyk gS vkSj fey
jgk gS rFkk fdldk O;olk; py jgk gS\ ;g Hkh
fopkj.kh; loky gSA fiQygky ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS
fd flusek dh fo"k;oLrq lkekftd foMacuk] vkn'kZ]
foÑfr;ks]a :f<+okfnrk] ;kaf=kdk] HkkSfrdokfnrk] lkekftd
fodkl] èkkfeZdrk] deZdkaM] tkfrokn] vkradokn]
'kks"k.k] mRihM+u] n~ona ~o &varnZo~ ano~ ] izes ] f'k{kk] euksjt
a u]
vkVZ] HkfDr] ns'kHkfDr] jk"VªfuekZ.k vkfn fo"k;ksa ls
tqM+h gqbZ gSA
dyk vkSj lekt dk lacèa k
dyk lekt dh mit gksrh gS vkSj dyk&lkSan;Z]
mldh laosnuk ,oa ljksdkj lekt ds ifjorZu esa
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk
ldrk gS fd dyk vkSj lekt esa vU;ksU; lacaèk gSA
dyk lekt dk iFkizn'kZd Hkh gS vkSj vuqxkeh HkhA
nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls izsfjr o izHkkfor gksrs gaAS iFkizn'kZd
Hkh lekt ds Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa Ckrkrs gSaA bl lanHkZ
esa dyk ;FkkFkZoknh gksrh gS vkSj dyk dk ;FkkFkZoknh
Lo:i lekt esa D;k gks jgk gS vkSj Hkfo"; esa D;k
gksus okyk gS\ mlls turk dks :&c&: djkrh gSA
mldh iwjh laHkkoukvksa dks izLrqr djrh gSAa vuqxkeh
bl vFkZ esa gS fd dyk lekt ds mUur&fodflr
ewY;ksa dks turk ds lkeus ,d vkn'kZ ds :i esa
mifLFkr djrh gS vkSj turk mldk vuqdj.k djrh
gS vkSj viuh thou&in~èkfr dks csgrj cukus ds fy,
mn~;e djrh gSA
oSls Hkh dyk dh izÑfr ;FkkFkZoknh gS D;ksafd
;FkkFkZ gh dyk dk eq[; lzkrs gksrk gSA dyk dh tM+as
okLrfod thou esa gksrh gS vkSj ;g lkekftd thou
ls gh fu%l`r gksrh gSAa Iys[kkukso ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa ¶rks
dyk dk dk;Z ekuoh; psruk ds fodkl esa enn
djuk gS] ekuoh; lkekftd iz.kkyh dks mUur cukuk
gSA¸ bldk lacaèk l`tukRed mRiknu dh izfØ;k vkSj
JelkSan;Z ls gS blls vyx mn~ns'; dh vkiwfrZ dk
lkèku cukuk pkgs og mn~ns'; fdruk gh Å¡pk D;ksa u
gks_ dyk ds ewY;ksa dh rkSghu gh gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa
;g ckr ges'kk è;ku j[kuh pkfg, fd dyk vius
vki esa ,d mn~n's ; gSA ¶dyk fliQZ thou dh
iquiZLz rqfr gh ugha gS cfYd mldh O;k[;k Hkh djrh
gSA mldh izLrqfr;ksa esa cgqèkk thou dh ifj?kVukvksa
ij iQSlys nsus dk mn~n's ; Hkh fufgr gksrk gSA¸ (dyk
ds lkekftd ljksdkj % 140) og euq"; esa balkfu;r
dh laons uk iSnk djrh gS vkSj vius lekt&jk"Vª esa
,d ukxfjd Hkh cukrh gSA mls ukxfjdrk ls Hkh ySl
djrh gSA ysfdu ;g lc cgqr vklku ugha gksrk gS
D;ksafd ,d gh dykdkj ,d ns'kdky esa ,d ckr dks
izLrqr djrk gS vkSj nwljs ns'kdky esa nwljh ckrA
bldk eryc ;g gqvk gS fd ,d le; esa ,d
dykdj dk n`f"Vdks.k vyx gksrk gS vkSj nwljs
ns'kdky esa nwljkA bls bl izdkj ls Hkh dgk tk
ldrk gS fd ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* fliQZ blh vksj ugha
lkspuk pkfg,A cfYd ¶okLro esa D;k gS vkSj D;k
gksrk vk jgk gS¸ bl ij Hkh è;ku nsus dh t:jr gSA
bldk Hkh [;ky j[kuk pkfg,A ;gha ls lekt esa dyk
dh lkFkZdrk vkSj mlds ljksdkjksa dks ns[kk tkrk gSA
dyk dh lkFkZdrk dk vfHkizk; vkSj mlds ljksdkjksa
dks nks Lrj ij le>k tk ldrk gSA tc ,d dykdkj
viuh dyk dks tUe nsrk gS rc mldk y{; D;k
gksrk gS\ D;k ;g y{; lhèks cktkj ls tqMk+ gqvk gksrk
gS ;k og viuh vuqHkotU; Kku dks fopkjksa esa
fijksdj dyk ds ekè;e ls lekt rd igqp ¡ kuk pkgrk
gSA bl lanHkZ esa tc dyk dh O;k[;k gksrh gS ;k mls
le>us&le>kus dh ckr dh tkrh gS rc ogha ls dyk
ds izfr yksxksa dh n`f"V Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gSA
ftls lkekU;r% dyk ds ewY;kadu ds lanHkZ esa ^dyk
dyk ds fy,* vkSj ^dyk thou ds fy,* le>k
tkrk gS ;g nks n`f"V dyk ds ljksdkj dks LFkkfir
djrh gaS vkSj mldh lkFkZdrk HkhA blls vyx vc
dyk dks le>us dk ,d iz;kl tks gksrk gS og lRrk
ds xfy;kjksa ls fd;k tkrk gS è;ku jgs fd lRrk gj
pht ds izfr viuk utfj;k j[krh gS ftldk edln
fliQZ vkSj fliQZ lRrk esa vius vki dks cuk, j[kuk
gksrk gS blfy, og gj ,d phtksa dks mi;ksfxrkoknh
n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[krh gSA ;g mi;ksfxrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k
Hkys gh vkèkqfud iwt a hokn vkSj cktkjokn dh nqfu;k
dh lksp yxrh gS ysfdu bldk bfrgkl cgqr gh
iqjkuk gS vkSj lRrk ds lkFk ges'kk ls gh bldk
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
xBtksM+ jgk gS ;g ^dyk ds fy,* n`f"Vdks.k dk u;k
Lo:i gSA bl vkyksd esa dyk dh O;k[;k vkSj
mlds ljksdkj dks le>us dk iz;kl gS fd dyk
viuh izÑfr esa ges'kk gh tuoknh jgh gS vkSj og
lRrk ds fojksèk esa [kM+h gksrh gS ysfdu lRrk dyk ds
bl LoHkko dks vius fy, bLrseky djrh gSA mnkgj.k
Lo:i ^jaxjfl;k* fiQYe dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA jaxksa
ds chp tc ,d L=kh dh izfrewfrZ rS;kj dh tkrh gS
rc og dSls dkWLV~;ew ds lkFk nsoh ds :i esa LFkkfir
gks tkrh gS vkSj cktkj mls lekt esa mrkj nsrk gSA
ftlds dkj.k mu dkWLV~;ew dh èkwe cktkj esa ep
tkrh gSA ysfdu tSls gh dykdkj mls thou ds :i
esa ns[kuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA rHkh cktkj mls ,d vyx
txg ns nsrk gS vkSj mls nsoh ls dqyVk L=kh esa rCnhy
dj nsrk gSA ;g ,d mi;ksfxrk ls miHkksDrkoknh lksp
dh ifj.kfr gS ftldk bLrseky jktuSfrd lRrk ges'kk
djrh gSA blh dks vki ^vks ekbZ xkWM* fiQYe esa ns[k
ldrs gaAS blesa ijs'k jkoy ewfrZ dk nqdkunkj gS vkSj
mlus nqdku dk chek djk j[kk gSA chek ds dkj.k og
viuh {kfriwfrZ dh ekax djrk gS vkSj lekt ^Hkxoku*
ds Åij eqdnek nk;j djrk gSA og ,d tuoknh
lksp ls phtksa dks ns[krk gS ysfdu tSls gh og lRrk
dks ijkLr djrk gS rHkh lRrk mls vkxks'k esa ysdj
mls gh viuk gfFk;kj cuk ysrh gSA ;gk¡ mi;ksfxrk ls
miHkksDrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k gSA lksfp,] D;k ,d dykdkj
tc viuh dyk dks ewrZ :i nsrk gS rc og D;k
lksprk gS\ laHkor% ughaA og ,slk dHkh ugha lksprk
gSA og rks fliQZ viuh Hkkoukvksa dks ewrZ dj jgk gksrk
gSA mls D;k irk ftls og ewrZ :i ns jgk gS og
lekt esa bl :i esa gksxkA lekt rks ml dyk dks
vius vkLokn ds vuq:i ns[krk gS vkSj mls izLrqr
djrk gSA ;gha ls dyk ds lkekftd ljksdkj dyk dh
fu%l` r gks u s ls ysd j lekt dh lân;rk ds
izR;{khdj.k&vkLokn rd esa Li"V gksrk gSA izR;{khdj.k
blfy, dguk pkfg, D;ksfa d ;g lc dqN lân; ds
^ewM* ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;gh otg gS ,d flusek
,d lân; dks vkuan iznku djrk gS rks nwljs esa
^mckÅiu* dks tUe nsdj mls cksfjax dh voLFkk esa
igqp¡ k nsrk gSA nwljh ckr dyk dh Hkk"kk lHkh dks
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 23
le> esa ugha vkrh gSA dyk dh Hkk"kk rks mldk Vwy
gksrk gS ftldk ftØ iwoZ esa fd;k tk pqdk gSA flusek
dh Hkk"kk dSejk dk 'kkWV(izfrfcac) gS] lhu(n`';) gS
vkSj lhDosal (vuqØe) gSA ftls la{ksi esa ,l,l,l
(fVªiy ,l) dgk tkrk gSA n`';kRed ekè;e esa
^n`';* dFkkud Hkh gS vkSj Hkk"kk HkhA flusek dh Hkk"kk
dSejs dh Hkk"kk gksrh gS vkSj og n`'; ds ekè;e ls
mHkjrh gSA n`'; tks cksyrk gS n'kZd ogh ns[krk vkSj
le>rk gSA Hkys gh fVªiy ,l fuekZrk dh n`f"V esa
dqN vkSj gks ysfdu n'kZd vkSj cktkj mls vius <ax
,oa vkLokn ls gh ns[krk gSA ;gha ls dyk&flusek vkSj
lekt dk fj'rk curk gSA mldk lacaèk fufeZr gksrk
gSA
dksbZ Hkh dyk lekt ds fcuk vfLrRo esa vk gh
ugha ldrh gSA lekt gh dyk dk vkfn vkSj var Hkh
gSA vkfn vkSj var blfy, gS D;ksafd dykdkj Hkh
,d lkekftd izk.kh gS vkSj lekt ls gh og ÅtkZ
xzg.k dj viuh dyk dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj dyk
lekt esa gh iSBdj vius ewY;ksa dk vkdyu djrh
gSA viuh teha dks LFkkfir djrh gSA dqy feykdj
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dyk lekt ls gh ÅtkZ
vkSj izjs .kk xzg.k djrh gS vkSj viuh voèkkj.kk esa
lekt dks cnyus dh {kerk j[krh gSA fiQYe dh
ÅtkZ] izjs .kk vkSj voèkkj.kk blls vyx ugha gSA ;g
cnyko lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd]
euksoKS kfud Lrj ij ewy:i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
ysfdu bl cnyko esa fiQYe dh oSpkfjdh dks Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g oSpkfjdh xkaèkhoknh] ekDlZoknh]
jk"Vªoknh vkfn ls ysdj vèkqukru vacMs djoknh vkSj
vkfnokfl;r n'kZu ls Hkh izHkkfor gSA ijarq gkf'k, ds
vè;;u (lckYVZu LVMht) ls iwoZ fiQYe dh oSpkfjdh
vacsMdjoknh vkSj vkfnokfl;r n'kZu dk izk;% yksi
gh fn[krk gSA MkW- ,l vkj t;Jh ds vuqlkj]
¶izR;sd n'kd dh fiQYesa ml le; dh lkekftd
uhfr;ks]a :f<+;ksa o Hkkoukvksa dks n'kkZrh gaAS vius
izkjafHkd dky esa flusek èkkfeZd o ,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa
ij vkèkkfjr Fkk] lkFk gh viuh ljy izHkko'kkyh
lais"z k.kh;rk ds dkj.k yksxksa ds fy, vkd"kZ.k dk dsanz
jgkA muesa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh egd Fkh] rFkk fofHkUu
24 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
vk;keksa esa Hkkjrh;rk dk fp=k.k FkkA fczfV'k lkezkT;okn
vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fojksèk] xkaèkhokn] ekuorkokn
vkSj ekDlZoknh lektokn ds n'kZu fiQYeksa esa gksrs
FksA¸ (flusek ,d liQjukek% 156) bruk gh ugha
uotkxj.k ds nkSj ds oSpkfjd la?k"kZ dks Hkh fiQYe esa
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ¶Lora=krk ls iwoZ ds nkSj esa fiQYeksa
dks lsl a j ds Mj ls lhèks rkSj ij vktknh dh yM+kbZ
dk okgd cukuk rks la H ko ugha gq v k] ija r q
ikSjkf.kd&,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls Lora=krk
laxzke dh varoZLrq dh vfHkO;fDr cjkcj nh tkrh
jghA¸ (Hkkjrh; laLÑfr% 196) bl nkSj esa vfèkdrj
ewd fiQYesa cuk djrh FkhaA ftldh dFkkoLrq vfèkdka'kr%
ikSjkf.kd&èkkfeZd gh gqvk djrh FkhA lu~ 1936 esa
^vNwr dU;k* fiQYe cuh FkhA ftldk lacèa k lkekftd
ifjorZu ls jgk vkSj ;g iwjh rjg ls egkRek xkaèkh ds
n'kZu ls izHkkfor fiQYe gSA ysfdu mlh nkSj eas
MkW- vacMs dj dk lkekftd ifjorZu dk vkanksyu py
jgk FkkA ftlls fiQYeh nqfu;k iwjh rjg ls vyx jgkA
blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu ds bl
nkSj vkSj ns'kdky ls fiQYeh txr vNwrk ugha jgkA
vkSj vktknh ds ckn Hkh ;g ifjorZu dk flyflyk
pyrk jgkA Lokèkhurk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lekt tSl&s tSls
ifjorZu vkSj LoIu ds chp xfr'khy gksrk jgkA mldk
izHkko fiQYe esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;g ifjorZu
lhèks rkSj ij fiQYe esa ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA fiQYe esa
;g ifjorZu ok;k ^ifjorZu ds fiQYehdj.k* ls gksdj
vkrk gS tks flusek fuekZrk] funsZ'kd vkSj fiQYeh
dykdkjksa dh lkekftd izfrcn~èkrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS
blh ij fiQYe vkSj lekt dk lacèa k Hkh fuHkZj djrk
gS vkSj og fufeZr Hkh gksrk gS vkSj ;g lc iwjh rjg
ls tqMk+ gksrk gS vkfFkZd ykHkka'k vkSj O;olk; lsA ijarq
;g vkfFkZd ykHkka'k vkSj O;olk; vizR;{k :i ls
lekt ls tqMk+ gksrk gS ysfdu lekt mls euksjt a u ds
rkSj ij gh ns[krk gSA
fuf'pr rkSj ij fiQYe dk ,d edln euksjt a u
djuk gS vkSj og euksjt a u dk lcls lLrk ekè;e Hkh
gSA ysfdu og lcls cM+k O;olk; gSA jkstxkj dk {ks=k
gSA ftls lekt dk vke tu ugha ds cjkcj tkurk gS
og fliQZ euksjatu vkSj lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu
dks vuqdj.k ds :i esa eglwl djrk gSA fiQYe fliQZ
xfr'khyrk vkSj ifjorZu dks ;Fkkor izLrqr gh ugha
djrh gS cfYd mlesa fodkl ds ekxZ dh Hkh izLrqfr
dk loky Hkh fufgr gksrk gSA mlesa lekt dks izfs jr
o izcksfèkr djus dh 'kfDr Hkh gksrh gSA lu~ 1936 ds
Úkst vkWLVu dh ^vNwr dU;k* ls ysdj ^dckyh*]
^fiad* rd ds liQj eas bls lgt gh ns[kk tk ldrk
gS bl fodkl esa fiQYe ds lkaLÑfrd i{k dks
vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA orZeku esa Hkkjrh;
laLÑfr dks O;kid iQyd ij igqp ¡ kus vkSj oSf'od
Lo:i iznku djus esa fiQYe dh Hkwfedk vge jgh gSA
ysfdu ;g lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu o laØe.k ,drjiQk
ugha gSA ;g nqrjiQk gSA fiQYe us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks
nqrjiQk laØfer Hkh fd;k gSA bldk nwljk i{k ;g gS
fd fiQYe us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds LFkkuh; vkSj jk"Vªh;
ifjiz s { ; dks ,d txg ls nw l jh txg rFkk
mRrj&nf{k.k&iwjc&if'pe lHkh LFkkuksa ij igq¡pkus vkSj
mHkkjus dk dke fd;k gSA bl izfØ;k esa laLÑfr ds
ikjaifjd Lo:i rd ds izHkko dks laØe.k ,oa
ifjorZu ds :i esa eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls ;w¡
Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd laØe.k vkSj ifjorZudkeh
laLÑfr esa ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls ysdj ekl
dYpj] ekWy dYpj vkSj fiQj ikWiy q j dYpj rd ds
liQj dks Hkh fiQYeh nqfu;k us viuh dk;ukr esa
lesVk gSA vèkqukru lekt bu dYpjksa dk vuqdj.k
fiQYeksa ds ekè;e ls gh djrk jgk gSA tSls dSiQs
dYpj] Msfue dYpj] baVjVsuesVa dYpj] fyo bu
fjys'kuf'ki dYpj] fiQVusl dYpj] eksckby dYpj
dk ladV] ekWy dYpj] MsfVax dYpj tSls ikWiy q j
dYpj us LFkkfir Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ^dYpj ij
dYpj* iSnk fd;k gS jhfeDl dYpj vkSj foKkiu
dYpj us ftl ubZ laLÑfr dks izpkfyr fd;k gS og
iqjkruiafFk;ksa ds fy, ^vilaLÑfr* gS rks ;qok tuekul
ds fy, ubZ laLÑfr gSA ftls ^ekl dYpj* Hkh dgk
tkrk gSa lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd ^ekl dYpj* esa
dksbZ vkn'kZ ugha gksrk gS vkSj u gh mldk dksbZ Lo:i
ghA* (Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr% 417) ;gh ckr
foKkiu dYpj esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA foKkiu dh
dksbZ fopkjèkkjk ugha gksrh gS og fliQZ iwt a h dh
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
cktkfjd èkkj.kkvksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k
mlesa vkd"kZ.k vkSj vid"kZ.k ds lkFk ^vilaLÑfr*
(Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr% 418) dk Hkh lekos'ku
jgrk gSA bl laLÑfr dks cM+s insZ ls ysdj NksVs insZ
ds lHkh ;kaf=kd midj.k dh lH;rk (eksckby] Vhoh]
flusek vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k vkfn ;kaf=kd midj.k) us
lcls T;knk xfr iznku dh gSA lwpuk Økafr ds bl ;qx
esa ;kaf=kd midj.k dh lH;rk us ;qok tuekul dk
vigj.k dj fy;k gSA blls lekt dh lHkh ih<+h
izHkkfor gSA ;g izHkko vkt ,slk gS fd og thou dk
vfHkUu vax cu x;k gS ;g lc laHko gqvk gS fliQZ
vkSj fliQZ cktkj vkSj ehfM;k dh lkaBxkaB dh otg
lsA bl lanHkZ esa ekl dYpj vkSj iQksd dYpj nksuksa
dks vyx j[kus dh t:jr gSA ;g blfy, fd ekl
dYpj ds ikl viuk dksbZ vkn'kZ ewY; ;k mPp
fopkj ugha gS ogha iQksd dYpj ds vius fcac]
izrhd] vkn'kZ] fo'okl] izFkk,¡] vkpkj&O;ogkj gaAS
vn~;ru flusek esa vfèkdka'kr% ekl dYpj dk izpyu
gS vkSj ;gh og oxZ gS ftldh pkgr fiQYe izknS ;~ ksfxdh
dks lcls T;knk gSA blhfy, vkt ekl dYpj fiQYe
dk ewy dYpj gSA ;gh ckr vkt dh ;qokekul esa
lcls T;knk izpfyr o iYyfor&iqf"ir gks jgh gSA
blhfy, ;g dguk vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd flusek
us ;qokekul dk vigj.k dj fy;k gSA mlds ^LoIu*
dks dSn dj fy;k gS vkSj mls ^miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr*
esa rCnhy dj jgk gSA flusek ds c<+rs bl izHkko ds
dkj.k lekt ds lkeus lcls cM+h pqukSfr;k¡ vk [kM+h
gqbZ gSaA ;s pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj ladV ok;k cktkjokn gS
D;ksfd orZeku esa fiQYe lcls cM+k izknS ;~ ksfxdh {ks=k
gS vkSj bl cktkjokn dk lcls cM+k oxZ miHkksDrkoknh
laLÑfr dh fxjÝr esa vk pqdk gSA cktkj us flusek ds
ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr
esa ifjofrZr dj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks ladV esa Mkyk
gS vkSj Hkkjrh; thou ewY;ksa esa cnyko fd;k gSA
oS'ohdj.k us euq"; ds eu dk cktkjhdj.k fd;k gS
vkSj ftldk lcls l'kDr ekè;e flusek gSA MkW-
t;dkS'ky ds iQslcqd okWy ls 'kCn mèkkj ysdj dgw¡
rks orZeku esa ;g ladV ,slk gS fd ¶flusek lekt ds
vkxs pyus okyh elky gks xbZ gSA¸ ;g ladV bl
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 25
dnj gS fd lkfgR;] lekt vkSj laLÑfr rhuksa gh
blls izHkkfor gaAS vkSj ;g rhuksa ds fy, gh ladV dk
Hkh ladrs gSA bl ij fopkj djus dh t:jr gS vkSj
;gh fpark dk fo"k; gSA [kSj bl lcds ckotwn flusek
us ;qokÚhMe] vfLerk&vfLrRo] ikfjokfjd lacaèk vkSj
mldk VwVuk] mis{kk&vlqj{kk] vuqdj.k&izfrLin~èkkZ] izfrjksèk
ds Loj] tura=k vkSj tuekul ds loky] Hkk"kkbZ
tfVyrk] vuqokn] jhfr&fjoktksa dk cktkjhdj.k] fiQYeh
i=kdkfjrk vkfn igyqvksa dks mBk;k gS vkSj ml ij
fopkj djus] lkspus ij yksxksa dks etcwj fd;k gSA
mldks Hkh le>us dh t:jr gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- fxvksxhZ Iys[kkukso] 2013 dyk ds lkekftd
mn~xe] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
µ lgk;d vkpk;Z] fganh foHkkx] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; tutkrh; fo'ofon~;ky;] vejdaVd]
eè; izns'k&484887
2- MkW- ,l vkj t;Jh] 2015 flusek ,iQ
liQjukek] dsjy ;wfuoflZVh izls ] fr:ouaFkiqje~
3- jktsanz izlkn 'kekZ] ';ke ukjk;.k izèkku]
2015] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] LisDVªe cqDl izk- fy-] ubZ
fnYyh
4- foeys'k dkafr oekZ] ekyrh] 2007] Hkk"kk]
lkfgR; vkSj laLÑfr] vksfj;aV CySdLokWu izk- fy-] ubZ
fnYyh
5- izeksn eh.kk] 2016] fganh flusek% nfyr&
vkfnoklh foe'kZ] vuU; izdk'ku] fnYyh
6- yegh] la-&½fRod jk;] tqykbZ&flracj 2010

qqq

26 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 bDdhloha lnh dk fganh flusek % cnyrs nkSj dk lp
eukst ikaM;
ch loha 'krkCnh dks iwjh nqfu;k esa egku
miyfCèk;ksa dk Lof.kZe nkSj dgk tkrk
gSA bl nkSj esa nqfu;k ds ekufp=k ij vusdkusd
vk;keksa ls vkewy pwy ifjorZu gqvkA lkekftd&
jktuSf rd&lka L Ñfrd deks os ' k leLr Lrjks a ij
ekuo&lekt dh fn'kk gh cny xbZA nqfu;k ds reke
eqYdksa esa vkt+knh vkbZ] Lora=krk dh pkg iQfyr gqbAZ
euq"; vius jk"Vª&jkT; esa xqyke ugha] cfYd vkt+kn
ukxfjdrk dk gdnkj cukA jk"Vªh; vfLerk,¡ izcy
gqbA± nks fo'o ;qnè~ k Hkh blh lnh us >syAs ujlagkj dh
foHkhf"kdk ls ekuork dks dk¡irs gq, Hkh ns[kk x;k vkSj
ubZ jks'kuh ds lgkjs ubZ jkg cukus dh] ryk'kus dh
tn~nkstgn Hkh ;gk¡ fn[khA Kku&foKku dh vuar
miyfCèk;k¡ Hkh ;gk¡ ntZ gqbAaZ Kku&foKku dh pdkpkSèa k
dk euq"; f'kdkj Hkh gqvkA vkèkqfud oSKkfud miyfCèk;ksa
us tgk¡ ,d rjiQ euq"; dks thou dh ubZ jkg fn[kkbZ]
liQyrk dh xxupqca h bekjrsa [kM+h dh] ogha nwljh
rjiQ mls fujad'q k vkSj vgadkjh Hkh cuk;kA foKku ds
lgkjs euq"; dh lc&dqN dks foftr djus dh pkg
us mls izÑfr dk 'k=kq cuk fn;k] mlds vanj euq";rk
dk gj.k gksus yxk] mldh laons uk dk vk;ru fldqMu+ s
yxk] mldh vifjfer egRokdka{kkvksa us mlls ykHk&yksHk
ls ijs lkspus dk oDr gh Nhu fy;kA iQyr% 'krh ds
vafre n'kdksa rd vkrs&vkrs mldh vikj miyfCèk;ks]a
fodkl ds reke vk;keksa ij iz'ufpg~u yxus yxsA
fganh flusek blh nkSj dh nsu gSA fganh flusek
euq"; dh ltZukRed vkdka{kk vkSj oSKkfud vkfo"dkj
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
s
dk ,d ,slk vn~Hkqr :Ik gS tks vius izkjafHkd dky
ls gh euq"; dks pkSd
dks euksjt
a krk vk jgk gSA ;g ^jhy ykbiQ*
a u] Kku] lwpuk vkfn iznku djus dh n`f"V
ls vkfo"Ñr gqbZA igyh ckj 7 tqykbZ 1896 dks eqacbZZ
ds okVlu gksVy es a yqf e,j caè kqv ks a&yqb Zl vkSj
vkxLV&uke ds nks Úkalhfl;ksa us Hkkjrh;ksa dks flusek
ls ifjfpr djk;kA ml fnu yksx cstku rLohjksa dks
pyrk &fiQjrk ns[kdj nax jg x,A fiQYe leh{kd
fouksn Hkkjn~okt crkrs gSa ¶7 tqykbZ 1896 ds fnu
eqca bZZ ds okVlu gksVy esa yqfe,j caèkqvksa dh fiQYe
fn[kkbZ xbZA Hkkjr esa igyh ckj fiQYe foèkk dk tknw
insZ ij ns[kus dks feykA ,d #i, dk fVdV FkkA¸1
Hkkjr esa igyh ewd iQhpj fiQYe ^jktk gfj'panz* cuh
ftldk 3 ebZ 1913 dks eqca bZZ ds dksjksus'ku fFk,sVj esa
izn'kZu fd;k x;kA blds fuekZrk Fks Hkkjrh; flusek ds
tud nknk lkgsc iQkYdsA bl rjg 1913 ls Hkkjrh;
flusek dh 'kq#vkr ekuh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa us
bls dkiQh ilan fd;kA ;g fiQYe egkHkkjr dh dFkk
ij vkèkkfjr FkhA 1931 esa ^vkyevkjk* ds fuekZ.k ls
ewd fiQYe dk nkSj lekIr gqvk vkSj lokd (cksyrh
gqb)Z fiQYe dk nkSj izkjaHk gqvkA vnsfZ 'kj bZjkuh ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh bl fiQYe ds eq[; dykdkj Fks
i`Fohjkt diwj vkSj tqcnS kA ;gk¡ ls flusek ;FkkFkZ dh
vksj vxzlj gqvkA ;g nkSj ns'k ds Lokèkhurk laxkz e
dh iz[kjrk dk Fkk] bu fnuksa vkbZ fiQYeksa us gkykafd
bl fn'kk esa dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k] izk;% euksjt
a u rd
lhfer jgha] vfèkd ls vfèkd lekt&lqèkkj rd dh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 27
pan dksf'k'ksa gh bl nkSj esa ns[kus dks feyhA vktknh
ds ckn yxHkx lu~ 1950 ls 1965 rd dk nkSj fganh
flusek dh cqyafn;ksa dk ekuk tkrk gSA blh nkSj esa
^eqxy&,&vkte*] ^vkokjk*] ^Jh 420*] ^cwV ikfy'k*]
^>k¡lh dh jkuh*] ^uhydey* tSlh fiQYesa vkb± ftUgksaus
ckWDl vkWfiQl ij [kwc èkwe epkbZA flusek bl le;
rd jaxeap ls dkiQh vkxs fudy pqdk FkkA ^'kkWV*]
^lhu* vkSj ^,D'ku* ds rduhdh iz;ksx us flusek dks
lokZfèkd yksdfiz; foèkk cuk fn;kA
uosa n'kd rd fganh flusek esa cgqfoèk iz;ksx
gq,A fo'ks"kdj 50 ls 90 rd vkb± fiQYesa elkyk
fiQYesa Fkha] dkWesMh vkSj lLrh yksdfiz;rk ds fy, Hkh
muesa dbZ ifjorZu gq,] fdarq lkFk gh ;g Hkh dguk
gksxk fd lkFkZd fiQYesa Hkh bl nkSj esa cgqrk;r esa
cuhA lR;thr js] jkt diwj] e`.kky lsu] dsru esgrk]
xksfoan fugykuh] ';ke csuxs y] veksy ikysdj us
flusek dks fof'k"V igpku nhA 'kckuk vkt+eh]
ulh:n~nhu 'kkg] vkseiqjh] fLerk ikfVy] nhfIr uoy]
vferkHk cPpu] èkesn± ]z jktdqekj] fnyhi dqekj] v'kksd
dqekj] ftrsna ]z jkts'k [kUuk] js[kk] izk.k] vkfn us vius
fdjnkj ls flusek dks ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA bl nkSj esa fiQYe
baMLVªh ij O;kolkf;drk iwjh rjg gkoh Fkh] ysfdu
lkekftd izfrcn~èkrk Hkh cph gqbZ FkhA ^izfr?kkr*]
^fiatj*] ^vFkZ*] ^#nkyh*] ^[kaMgj*] ^lqtkrk*] ^ikj*]
^yTtk*] ^tkx mBk balku*] ^ln~xfr*] ^rel*] ^vkØks'k*
vkfn lksnn~ 's ; fiQYesa FkhaA
bDdhloha lnh HkweMa yhdj.k dh eaMh&uhfr ls
'kq: gksrh gS ftldh dsanhz ; voèkkj.kk cktkj vkèkkfjr
miHkksDrk laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsuk gSA ;gha ls n'kZd]
ikBd] ;a=k] inkZ (flusek) dk fj'rk u, fljs ls
ifjHkkf"kr gksus yxrk gSA iwath ds vFkkg izokg] lapkj
Økafr dk foLiQksV] lSVy s kbVksa dh Ñik ls pSuyksa dh
Hkjekj] xk¡o vkSj 'kgj gh ugha] ns'k&ijns'k ds chp
dh ?kVrh (vkSj yxHkx f?klrh&fleVrh) nwjh us
flusek dks u, vk;ke Hkh fn, vkSj ubZ pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh
is'k dhA ^eYVhIysDl^ ds mn; us flusek dk ^n'kZd*
lhfer dj fn;kA vc tSls miHkksx dh oLrq ds
vuq:i flusek us n'kZd dks Hkh miHkksDrk cuk fn;k gS
vkSj u dsoy fiQYe dk mRiknu gh mldh #fp ls
28 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
gks jgk gS] cfYd mldh #fp dks izlLa Ñr djus dk
dk;Z Hkh fiQYe n~okjk fd;k tk jgk gSA vk'kh"k f=kikBh
Bhd dgrs gSa ¶fo'ks"k lkaLÑfrd vfHk#fp esa iys&c<+s
gksus ds dkj.k flusek ls mudh ekax igys ds ikjaifjd
n'kZd ls fHkUu gSA vc fganh flusek esa pk{kq"k lkSna ;Z
(fotq,y ,LFksfVDl) dk vkxzg c<+k gS vkSj [kkl
rjg dk pedwiu ?kVk gSA¸2 dguk u gksxk ;gha ls
fiQYe mn~;ksx jktuhfr] iwt a hifr vkSj ekfiQ;k ds
xBtksM+ dh moZj Hkwfe cuk gSA cs'kd] ;gha ls bldk
pky&pfj=k cnyk gS A lkekftd iz f rcn~ è krk]
lq#fp&laLdkj laoèkZu dk [okc vc liuk gks x;k
gSA bldh txg 'kqn~èk equkiQs us ys yh gSA tkfgj gS
lq#fp&laLdkj fuekZ.k ds fiQYekadu esa rxM+k equkiQk
ugha gks ldrkA ;gh otg gS fd bDdhloha lnh ds
fganh flusek esa esyksMh ds ;qx dk vkxeu gqvk gS
vkSj fiQYeksa esa izes &f=kdks.k] fgalk] uaxkiu] ;kSfudrk]
iQwgM+ laxhrkRedrk c<+h gSA blds ckotwn ;g dguk
gksxk fd ^xnj*] ^yxku*] ^eaxy ikaMs % n jk;ftax*]
^cSfa MV Dohu* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh bl nkSj esa cuh gSa vkSj
flusek dh eq[;èkkjk dk fgLlk jgh gS]a dsoy euksjt a u
izèkku u gksus ds ckotwn bUgksua s ns'k&fons'k esa Hkkjrh;
flusek dh èkkd tekbZ gS vkSj dekbZ ds fglkc ls Hkh
'kh"kZ Øe esa fxuh xbZ gSaA ;g t:j gS fd bl nkSj esa
cktkj fu;ark gks x;k gS] ogh n'kZd dh ilan Hkh r;
dj jgk gSA oS'ohdj.k ds bl nkSj esa ^lcls cM+k
#iS;k* okyh ckr iwjh rjg pfjrkFkZ gks jgh gSA vkt
fiQYe dh liQyrk dk ekinaM gh ckWDl vkWfiQl dh
dekbZ ij dsasfnzr gks x;k gSA
tkfgj gS nks"k egt fiQYeksa dk ugha gS] njvly
;g nkSj gh ,slk gSA mnkjhdj.k ls iuis miHkksDrkokn
us lkjs eku&ewY;ksa dks] jhfr&uhfr dks] lksp&laLdkj
dks ,dk,d cnyus ij etcwj dj fn;k gSA vkt
euq"; esa rkM+ ds isM+ dh rjg ,dk,d cM+s gksu]s
liQy gksu]s vkjkeryc ftanxh thus dh egRokdka{kk
dqN bl dnj cyorh gqbZ gS fd blds fy, og dqN
Hkh djus dks] dqN Hkh dqckZu djus dks rS;kj gSA
ifj.kkeLo:i lekt esa leLr Lrjksa ij fxjkoV vkbZ
gS] gekjh lksp laLdkj vkSj O;ogkj lc&dqN nksgjs
gksrs x, gSAa dyk dksbZ Hkh gks] og lekt esa vkrs
ifjorZuksa dh vuns[kh ugha dj ldrhA ;g Bhd gS
fd mldk ,d i{k&cs'kd] ftEesnkj i{k&euq"; dks
euq";rk ls ifjiw.kZ cukuk Hkh gSA gk¡] ;g lp gS fd
euksjt
a u ds uke ij fiQYeh nqfu;k eksVh dekbZ rd
fleVrh tk jgh gS] ysfdu lkekftd cnyko ds
pyfp=k Hkh blh chp vaèksjs esa jks'kuh dh rjg
;nk&dnk vo'; pepekrs jgrs gSAa dbZ ftEesnkj
fiQYedkj] fuekZrk] funs'Z kd] uk;d] ukf;dk,¡ vHkh
Hkh gSa vkSj lnSo jgsxa h tks cnyrs nkSj esa mEehn
dk;e j[ks gq, gSa vkSj O;kolkf;drk ds lkFk lkekftd
fparkvksa dks] vko';drkvksa dks Hkh mBk jgs gSAa flusek
dks dksjk euksjatu vkSj ^VkbZeikl vk;Ve* dh ctk;
izfrjksèk vkSj gLr{ksi dk dkjxj gfFk;kj Hkh cuk, gq,
gSAa vuqjkx d';i] lat; yhyk Hkalkyh] ;'k pksiM+k]
eèkqj HkaMkjdj] uafnrk nkl] vk'kqrks"k xksokjhdj] dchj
[kku] jkds'k esgjk] fjrqi.kksZ ?kks"k vkfn flusek dh
dykRedrk dks latksrs gq, flusek ds Lo:i dks cny
jgs gSAa flusek ds cnyrs Lo:i ds ckjs esa izgykn
vxzoky us Bhd fy[kk gS] ¶chloh 'krkCnh ds vafre
n'kd esa funs'Z kdksa dh ,d vkSj vR;ar lkeF;Zoku ubZ
ih<+h dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus 21 oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr
ds lkFk gh fganh flusek esa ,d u, Lo.kZ ;qx ds
vkxeu dh inpki lqukbZA vkfnR; pksiM+k] dju
tkSgj ds lkFk gh lkFk lat; yhyk Hkalkyh] jkexksiky
oekZ] vk'kqrks"k xksokjhdj] eèkqj HkaMkjdj] lqèkhj feJk]
tks;k v[rj vkfn vusd funs'Z kdksa us vius utfj, ls
flusek ds tu i{k dks cgqvk;keh cuk;kA izdk'k >k]
vi.kkZ lsu] xksfoan fugykuh u, #>ku ds lkFk vk,A
flusek dk Lo:i gh ,dckjxh iwjh rjg cny x;kA
21 oha lnh esa eYVhIysDl laLÑfr mfnr gqbZA flusek
dh vkSjr cnyh] mlds ifjèkku cnysA uk;d dh
enkZuxh ds iSekus cnysA flYoj] xksYMu tqcfy;ksa ds
tekus gok gq,A ,d ohd Hkh ugha] egt ,d ohd,aM
rhu] pkj] ik¡p fnuksa esa fgV&Ýyki ds iQSlys gksus
yxsA 21 oha lnh dk flusek egkuxjh; vkSj oSf'od
lekt dk flusek gSA¸3
bDdhloha lnh ds fganh flusek dk lp ;g gS
fd ,d rjiQ mls cktkj laLÑfr dh ekax dks rjthg
nsuk gS nwljh rjiQ Hkkjrh; n'kZd dh euksHkkouk dks
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
Hkh egRo nsuk gSA Hkkjr xk¡oksa dk ns'k gS] x¡obZ
ekufldrk dks ,dk,d oSf'od ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
ijar]q ns'k dh yxHkx 60 izfr'kr ;qok tula[;k dh
lksp dks t:j iQksdl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh otg
gS fd fganh flusek bèkj iwjh rjg ;qok Nfo dsafnzr
gksrk x;k gSA mldk y{; ;qok eu dks izHkkfor djuk
gSA ifjokj] lekt vkSj ewY; fpark dh ctk; mlesa
;qok fnyksa ds lius cspus dh izof` Rr blhfy, bu fnuksa
c<+h gSA lkFk gh vizoklh txr dks Hkh fganh flusek
us vius dsna z esa fy;k gSA eksVh fons'kh iwt a h dh pkg
us flusek dk dk;karj.k dj fn;k gSA bldk nq"ifj.kke
;g gqvk fd xzke vkSj xzkeh.k psruk yxHkx xk;c
gksrh xbZ] cph Hkh gS rks dsoy NkSad dh rjg]
;nk&dnk u;ukfHkjke yksdxhrks&a u`R;ksa esa tSls ¶lf[k
lb;ka rks cgqrbZ dekr gS@egaxkbZ Mk;u [kk, tkr gS¸A
bldh txg egkuxjh; pdkpkSèa k c<+h gSA tSls lekt
esa xk¡o 'kgjksa es]a dLcksa esa rCnhy gksrs x, gS]a oSls gh
fiQYeksa esa HkhA dguk u gksxk ;g lkef;d cnyko gS]
oDr ds eqrkfcd ifjorZuh;rk vkrh gh gSA fiQj
f'kdk;r dsoy flusek ls gh D;ksa\ fiQYe leh{kd
vt; czge~ kRet dk dguk lgh gS fd ¶ges'kk
fiNyh ih<+h dks f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd vc u rks og
le; jgk vkSj u oSls yksx- ----- vxj fganh fiQYeksa ds
lacèa k esa ckr djsa rks blh f'kdk;r ds 'kCn cny tkrs
gS-a ------ u rks vc oSlh fiQYesa curh gSa ---- vewrZ
f'kdk;r dh ;g ijaijk ih<+h nj ih<+h vkxs pyrh
jgsxhA bl f'kdk;r ds ckotwn fganh fiQYesa viuh
xfr ls foLrkj dj jgh gSAa mlus Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds
lkFk&lkFk gh fons'k esa cls Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks Hkh
vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA fganh fiQYesa xSj Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa
rd igqp ¡ us yxh gSAa fuf'pr gh bl chp n'kZdksa dh
#fp cnyh gSA¸4
bDdhloha lnh ds flusek dk lp ;g Hkh gS
;gk¡ vkRedsna zh;rk vfèkd gS] ykHk&yksHk vkSj LokFkZ&fgr
ls ijs lkspus dk oDr gh tSls vc ugha cpk gSA
chloha lnh ds egkuk;d vferkHk dh fiQYeksa esa
tcjnLr ekjèkkM+ ^,axzh ;ax eSu* okyh Nfo mHkjh Fkh]
tks vktknh ds ckn ds eksgHkax vkSj uSjk';tfur
fonzksg dks n'kkZrh Fkh] ^tathj*] ^f=k'kwy*] ^nhokj* tSlh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 29
fiQYeksa esa uk;d dk tcjnLr izfrjksèkh rsoj utj
vkrk gS fdarq ifjokj] lekt vkSj laLdkjxr vkLFkk
dk foyksi ogk¡ ugha gqvk Fkk] tcfd bDdhloha lnh
ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa gh cuus okyh fiQYeksa ls ,slk
yxrk gS fd vc tSls ;g lc vrhr ds pyfp=k
cudj jg x, gSaA 'kkg#[k [kku dh ckn'kkgr okyh
fiQYesa ^uk;d* dh ctk; ^izfruk;d* dks mifLFkr
djrh gSAa bl nkSj dh fiQYekas esa vkradokn] lkainz kf;drk]
c<+rh e¡gxkbZ] ;qokoxZ esa c<+rh csjkstxkjh] euksokafNr
dk;Z{ks=k dh deh rnqijkar vkrh dqBa k] fujk'kk] grk'kk]
gkf'k, ds lekt ds izfr cnyrk utfj;k] mUgsa uk;dRo
nsus dh c<+rh ekax] L=kh] nfyr&vkfnoklh] vYila[;d]
fodykax] fHk[kkjh] fuèkZu oxZ dh vuqxat w Hkh fiQYeh
insZ ij ize[q krk ls vafdr gqbZ gSA ^xnj ,d izes dFkk*]
^yTtk*] ^pkan¡ uh ckj*] ^pksjh pksjh&pqids pqids*] ^lRrk*]
^ckxoku*] ^xaxkty*] ^ekr`Hkwfe* ^, us'ku fonkÅV
oqeu*] ^fiatj*] ^CySd*] ^ist Fkzh*] ^dkcqy ,Dlizsl*]
^dkiksZjsV*] ^pd ns bafM;k*] ^VSªfiQd flXuy*] ^jkWd
vkWu*] ^Fkzh bfM;V~l*] ^ihiyh ykbZo*] ^fepZ*] ^xqtkfj'k*
^ek¡ rq>s lyke*] ^e`R;qnaM*] ^feLVj ,aM felst vÕ;j*]
^jax ns clarh*] ^yxku*] ^eqUukHkkbZ ,e-ch-ch-,l-*]
^D;k dguk*] ^dHkh vyfonk u dguk*] ^n MVhZ
fiDpj*] ^ek¡*] ^ghjksbu*] ^iQS'ku*] ^I;kj dk iapukek*]
^#Lre*] ^, fny gS eqf'dy*] ^gkWfyMs* ^rkjs tehu
ij*] ^Vw LVsVl*] ^Vkbxj ftank gS*] ^latw*] ^fgpdh*
tSlh vusd fiQYesa bl nkSj esa vkbZ gSa ftuesa 21oha
lnh ds fofoèk Loj fiQYekafdr gq, gaSA
rduhdh ifjorZu vkSj izfrLièkkZ bl nkSj dh
,d vfeV lPpkbZ gSA tkfgj gS fd fiQYEkdkj dks
tekus ds lkFk pyuk gS rks oSf'od Lrj ij gks jgs
rduhdh fodkl dk lgkjk ysuk gh gksxk] ysfdu
VsDuksykWth ds lkFk ftanxh dh fdrkc ls Hkh lh[kuk
t:jh gSA dsoy rduhd laosnuk vkSj Hkkouk ugha
iSnk dj ldrh] tcfd ekuo ek=k dk lp ;g gS fd
balkuh tTckr gh mls u dsoy ekuoh; cukrk gS
cfYd mls tksMs+ j[krk gSA ^flaxy LØhu Iys ls
^eYVhIysDl* rd ds fodkl esa VsDuksykWth us egRoiw.kZ
;ksxnku fn;k gSA flusek dks tufiz; cukus esa vkSj
tu&tu rd igqp ¡ kus esa dbZ phtsa ,d lkFk lfØ;
30 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSAa xhr&laxhr] vkbVe lkax] eksckby
fjaxVksu ls Hkh dekbZ gks jgh gS] lkFk gh fiQYe dk
izpkj&izlkj HkhA ;gk¡ eq>s yfyr tks'kh dh ;g ckr
dkfcysxkSj yxrh gS fd ¶fganh flusek us tgk¡ ,d
vksj vkÑfr;ksa dh dans hz ;rk] izrhdkRedrk] izn'kZu dh
xhrkRedrk vkSj Hkkokfrjsd ds tfj, mls iwoZ vkèkqfud
dyk :iksa ls tksMk+ gS rks nwljh vksj gkWyhoqM 'kSyh ds
js[kh; laiknu] 'kkWV] fjolZ 'kkWV] vkbZ ykbZu eSp]
IokbZVa vkWiQ O;w] ,fMfVax rFkk ;wjksih; flusek ds uo
;FkkFkZoknh fcac foU;klksa ls laons u;qDr cuk;kA ckWyhoqM
dgyk, tkus ds ckn mlds fy, vkSj Hkh t:jh gks
x;k gS fd u`R;] xhr rFkk Hkkokfrjsd dk <k¡pk
cjdjkj j[krs gq, fo'o flusek ls yxkrkj dqN u
dqN xzg.k djrk jgsA rHkh og yacs le; rd ,d
oSf'od mRikn ds :i esa cktkjksa ij vklhu jg
ldrk gSA¸5
;g Hkh dguk gksxk fd O;kolkf;drk ds lkFk
gh izfrcn~èkrk ds Loj Hkh dHkh&dHkkj vo'; mHkjrs
jgs gSAa dqN fiQYedkj gSa tks Hkkjrh;rk dks cpk;s gq,
ga]S gkykafd tSlk vt; nsoxu vius ,d lk{kkRdkj esa
dgrs gSa ¶Hkkjrh;rk dh fiQYesa curh gSa rks n'kZd
fjtsDV dj nsrs gSAa dgrs gSa ;g rks rhl&pkyhl lky
igys ns[k pqds gSAa ehfM;k Hkh LkiksVZ ugha djrkA vkt
dh ih<+h dks vkBosa n'kd dh phtsa ugha nh tk
ldrhA ge yksx fiQYeksa esa eqn~ns dSls ykrs gSa\ lkrosa
n'kd esa cgw ;k lkl [kyuk;d gksrh Fkh ;k ifjokj
dk dksbZ lnL;A vkBosa n'kd esa rLdj vk x,A ukSosa
n'kd esa jktuhfrK [kyuk;d cusA mlds ckn vaMjoYMZ
vk;k vkSj vc vkradoknh [kyuk;d gSA ledkyhu
leL;kvksa ij gh fiQYesa cusxa h u\ fiQYe dksbZ Hkh gks]
Hkkouk,¡ vkidks Hkkjrh; j[kuh iM+sxhA ge fdruk Hkh
cny tk,¡] ysfdu ewy :i ls Hkkjrh; gSaA loky gS
vki izstsaV dSls djrs gSa\ laLÑfr rks ugha cnyh gS]
ij vkpkj&O;ogkj cnyk gSA dHkh vki jkst firk ds
ik¡o Nwrs gksaxs] vkt ugha NwrsA bldk eryc ;g ugha
gS fd vki vknj ugha djrsA vkt vxj jkst ik¡o Nwrs
csVs dks fn[kk,¡xs rks og udyh yxsxkA vki gh dgus
yxsxa s fd D;ksa ukVd dj jgk gSA¸6 vly esa ;gh
gdhdr gSA lekt esa vk, cnyko ds vuq:i flusek
Hkh cnyk gSA ;n~;fi cktkj dh izÑfr ds vuq:i
cgqr dqN dks viukus ij flusek dks etcwj Hkh gksuk
iM+k gSA ;g lPpkbZ gS fd flusek dk ^VsLV* gh ugha]
^VsDLV* Hkh cny x;k gSA fot; vxzoky bl iwjs
ifjn`'; dh iSekbZ'k djrs gq, dgrs gSa ^^vc fuEu ;k
eè;e oxZ ugha] cfYd mPp ;k mPp eè;eoxZ
fiQYeksa esa fpf=kr gksus yxkA ^rky* vkSj ^ge vkids
gSa dkSu* tSlh fiQYeksa ds xhr vkSj laxhr dHkh&dHkh
;g ?kks"k.kk djrs gq, ekywe iM+rs gSa fd vc yksdxhrksa
rFkk Hkkjrh; laxhr dh okilh gks jgh gS] fdarq 'kh?kz
gh bl ?kks"k.kk dk thoudky cgqr NksVk ekywe iM+us
yxrk gSA u`R; rks yxHkx xk;c gh gks pqds gSAa mldk
LFkku ,;jksfcDl us fy;k gSA ----------,d vPNh ckr
;g gS fd fiQYeksa dh e`R;q dh ?kks"k.kk yxHkx can&lh
gks xbZ gS vkSj n'kZd fFk,Vjksa esa tkus yxs gSAa ;g
y{k.k bDdhloha lnh ds izFke n'kd ds fy, ,d
'kqHk y{k.k dgk tk ldrk gSA¸7 ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk
fd cktkjokn ds ncko ds chp gh dqN ,slh fiQYesa
Hkh le;&le; ij vkrh jgh gSa ftUgksaus viuh rjg
ls Hkkjrh; flusek dks izLrqr fd;k gSA ^ysfdu*]
^yEgs*] ^#nkyh*] ^lyke ckacs*] ^dkelw=k*] ^iQk;j*]
^eEeh*] ^ik* vkfn dks bl Js.kh esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA
^dHkh [kq'kh dHkh xe*] ^bafM;u*] ^ckxoku*]
^Lons'k*] ^ist Fkzh*] ^jax ns clarh*] ^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ*]
^pd ns bafM;k*] ^phuh de*] ^Fkzh bfM;Vl~*] ^fdlku*]
^vfrfFk rqe dc tkvksx*s ] ^yxku*] ^ek¡ rq>s lyke*
tSlh Hkkjrh; tu&thou dks ysdj cuh fiQYeksa dh
iVdFkk vk'oLr djrh gS fd fiQYeksa esa vHkh Hkh
Hkkjrh; ifjokj vkSj mldks LoLFk euksjt a u o dgha&dgha
uSfrd lh[k nsus dk iz;kl vo'; cpk gqvk gSA vkSj
gks u gks] ;gh otg gks tks ;s fiQYesa ckWDl vkWfiQl
rd n'kZdksa dks [khapus esa liQy jgh gkasA ;qok oxZ ds
liuksa vkSj mlds LokHkkfod fonzkgs dks Loj nsus okyh
fiQYe ^vk¡[ks*] ^jsudksV*] ^lyke ueLrs*] ^ykbiQ bu
v esVªks*] ^dkjikssZV*] ^iQS'ku*] ^Fkzh bfM;Vl~*] ^pkal is
Mkal]^ jktuhfr*] ^mM+ku*] ^vkØks'k*] ^ljdkj* rFkk
cky 'kks"k.k dks dsna z es j[kdj cuus okyh ^rkjs tehu
ij*] ^ist Fkzh*] ^ik*] ^ce&ce cksy*s ] esa Hkh lkekftd
cnyko dks yf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
,d vkSj izlxa ds lkFk bl ys[k dk iVk{ksi
djuk pkgwx¡ k] og gS lekt dh vkèkh vkcknh dh
gdnkj L=kh dh mifLFkfrA L=kh dh fiQYe esa 'kq: ls
gh dsna hz ; Hkwfedk jgh gSA uk;d ds lkFk ukf;dk dh
ifjdYiuk igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkyevkjk* ls gh
Li"V gks pqdh FkhA bDdhloha lnh esa L=kh dh fLFkfr
esa mYys[kuh; ifjorZu vk;k gS] fiQYeksa us Hkh bldks
js[kakfdr fd;k gSA gkykafd fir`lRrk dks dM+h pqukSrh
nsu s okyh] mldh dfFkr e;kZn k] uSf rdrk vkS j
;kSu&ifo=krk vkfn dks pqukSrh nsus okyh fiQYesa izk;%
bl nkSj esa Hkh ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA fiQj Hkh ,d
la?k"kZ'khy L=kh dh Nfo x<+u]s mHkkjus esa fiQYeksa dh
t:jh Hkwfedk gSA ^cSafMV Dohu*] ^ist Fkzh*] ^pk¡nuh
ckj*] ^edcwy*] ^yTtk*] ^e`R;qnaM*] ^fiatj* vkfn
fiQYesa ub± L=kh dh Nfo izLrqr djrh gSa tks fir`lRrk
ls Vdjkrh gaS vkSj lerk] Lora=krk] caèkqrk dh i{kèkj
ds :i esa lkeus vkrh gSAa ;s fL=k;k¡ u rks ;FkkfLFkfroknh
gSa u le>kSrkoknh] cjDl blls ;s la?k"kZ djrh gSa vkSj
lg&vfLrRo dh is'kd'k djrh gSaA gkykafd bl nkSj
esa ^n MVhZ fiDpj*] ^ghjkbu*] ^iQS'ku* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh
vkbZ gSa ftUgksua s L=kh dks ^cktk:* :i esa ijkslk gSA
blds ckotwn ;g dguk gksxk fd ¶fiQYeksa esa gh L=kh
vius vfLrRo dks iwjh lexzrk esa j[k ldh gSA og
Lo;a vkSj lekt ls lhèkk lk{kkRdkj insZ ij gh djrh
gSA ;g nwljh ckr gS fd dbZ dkj.kksa ls og vius
c`gRrj lekt ls lhèks :&c&: ugha gks ikrh gSA¸8
ysfdu bDdhloha lnh esa insZ (fiQYe) dk foLrkj
ftl izdkj gqvk] vfHkO;fDr dh vktknh vkSj viuk
gquj fn[kkus dk volj miyCèk gqvk] mlls uwru]
ufxZl] ehuk dqekjh] eèkqckyk] vk'kk ikjs[k] fLerk
ikfVy tSlh vfHkusf=k;ksa dh nch&Nqih dld 'kckuk
vkt+eh] js[kk] vkfn ls gksrs gq, bDdhloha lnh dh
vfHkusf=k;ksa rd [kqydj lkeus vkus yxhA fon~;k
ckyu] fiz;d a k pksiM+k] nhfidk iknqdks.k] ,s'o;kZ jk;
rd cuh ;g Nfo iwjh rjg ls lkekftd cnyko dk
vkgV nsrh gSA
dqy feykdj bDdhloha lnh dh fganh flusek
esa oDrh cnyko vk;k gSA cnyko ,d fujarj xfr'khy
izfØ;k dk urhtk gSA fganh flusek oDr ds lkFk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 31
dnerky djrs gq, c<+k gSA ewd fiQYe ls ysdj
lokd] CySd ,aM OgkbV vkSj fiQj jaxhu vkSj vkt rks
^Fkzh Mh* ls ^,V Mh* biQsDV rd ls Hkjiwj fiQYe dk
tekuk gSA dguk ;g gS fd cnyrs nkSj ds lp dks
fganh flusek us vius rjhds ls c[kwch mn~?kkfVr fd;k
gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- flusek % dy] vkt vkSj dy& fouksn
Hkkjn~okt] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`- 188]
2- izfrjksèk dh VwVrh lk¡l]as vk'kh"k f=kikBh] le;karj
(la-iadt fo"V) iQjojh 2009] i`- 37
3- fganh flusek% vkfn ls vuar&izgykn vxzoky]
lkfgR; HkaMkj] bykgkckn 2014] i`- 19&20]
4- flusek ledkyhu flusek&vt; czge~ kRet]
ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`-7
5- vuHkS] tqykbZ&flracj] 2013] i`- 48
6- flusek dh Lkksp&vt; czg~ekRet] ok.kh
izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`-188
7- fiQYe dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek&
la- deyk izlkn] f'kYik;u] fnYyh] 2010] i`- 233
8- fiQYe dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek&
la- deyk izlkn] f'kYik;u] fnYyh] 2010] i`- 217

µ fganh foHkkx] jk-rq-e- ukxiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] 'kS{kf.kd ifjlj] vejkorh ekxZ]

Ukkxiqj] egkjk"Vª&440033

qqq

32 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa lekt&fgr
vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dk Hkko
MkW- vfer flag
lk fgR; esa lekt izfrfcafcr gksrk gSA ftl
izdkj lkfgR; esa lekt dk vkdyu
fn[kykbZ nsrk gS Bhd oSls gh flusek esa Hkh mldh
Nfo;k¡ mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gSAa nksuksa dh ikBdh;&
n'kZdh; {kerk ds varjkuqlkj fo"k; dh izfriknu
'kSyh esa varj gksuk LokHkkfod gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh
mUufr esa lkekftd lejlrk dk gksuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ
gksrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds ekè;e ls blh izdkj
dh lejlrk ds rkj cqus tkrs jgs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh;
vfLerk dks etcwr djus dk dk;Z bu nksuksa ds ekè;e
ls fujarj gksrk jgk gSA fganh lkfgR; dk cgqr lkjk
ikB fganh flusek dk vkèkkj curk jgk gS] nksuksa
ikjLifjd :i ls vkt ds le; ls lacn~èkrk j[krs gSAa
;n~;fi lkfgR; izFke Js.kh esa xf.kr gksxk rFkkfi
lkfgfR;d ikB dh laons u'khyrk tc flusek ds insZ
ij mrjrh gS rks ,d O;kid tu lewg ds ân; dks
og izHkkfor&nzfor djrh gS vkSj lkfgR; dk ,d
csgrj lans'k tu lewg rd ljyrk ls igq¡p tkrk gSA
gekjs ns'k dh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fooj.k lkfgR;
vkSj flusek nksuksa esa cjkcj fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA tgk¡ ,d
vksj vktknh ls igys ds Hkkjr vkSj xqykeh dh =kkln
fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS ogha nwljh vksj
vktknh ds ckn dk foHkktudkjh ifjos'k] fodflr
gksus dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj eksgHkax dh fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh lkfgR;
vkSj flusek esa nz"VO; gSAa jk"Vªh; vfLerk] fodflr
gksus dh pqukSrh o la?k"kZ] lkainz kf;drk] vkradokn tSls
eqnn~ s Hkh lkFk gh izfrfcafcr gq, gSAa vrhr ds xkSjo ds
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
lkFk gh orZeku dh dlkSVh vkSj Hkfo"; ds izfr
vk'kkoknh Loj fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa geas
fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA fganh flusek esa dHkh&dHkh ,sfrgkfld
vkdyu dks ysdj iz'ufpg~u vo'; gh yxrs jgs gSa
tks bl ckr dks Hkh izekf.kr djrs gSa fd gekjk tkrh;
xkSjo vHkh Hkh gekjs laLdkjksa esa lewpk jpk&clk gSA
jk"Vª ds izfr ÑrKrk vkSj mldh vkarfjd&ckg~;
laiHz kqRrk dh lqj{kk dk Hkko gh gekjk tkrh; xkSjo jgk
gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jguk pkfg,A lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds
varl±cèa k ij fopkj fd;k tk, rks ge ;g ikrs gSa fd
nksuksa ds ikBdh; ,oa n'kZdh; lekt esa ,d cM+k
varj gksrk gS tgk¡ lkfgR; tulewg dk ân; gksrs gq,
Hkh ekl rd ugha i<+k tkrk ogha yksdfiz; gksus ds
dkj.k flusek gj rcds dk n'kZd tqVk ysrk gSA bl
:i esa gj rcds ds lekt dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS tcfd lkfgR; dh viuh
,d vyx Js.kh gks tkrh gS Hkys gh og Hkh gj fdlh
ds fy, xzkg~; gksrk gSA bl :i esa lkfgR; dh igqp ¡
xgu gksrs gq, Hkh yksd rd ml Lrj ij ugha igq¡p
ikrh ftl Lrj ij yksdfiz; gksus ds dkj.k flusek dh
igq¡p gksrh gSA ;g Hkh ,d ekU; rF; gS fd lkfgR;
dks vkèkkj cukdj Hkh cgqr lh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
gqvk gS vkSj fiQYeh xhr rks cgqrjs s gh lkfgfR;d xhrksa
ls vfHkizfs jr gSA fiQYe fLØIV vkSj xhrksa dk ys[ku
fganh lkfgR; ls gh cgqr&lk vkèkkj ysdj fudyk gSA
lSdM+kas o"kks± i'pkr~ dSls lkfgfR;d va'k flusek ,oa
fiQYeh xhrksa dk thoar fgLlk cu tkrk gS vkSj lkFkZd
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 33
cu tkrk gS blds cgqr lkjs mnkgj.k fganh lkfgR;
vkSj flusek esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa oks pkgs izR;{k xzkg~;
gksa ;k vizR;{k ysfdu muesa lkn`';rk cjkcj nz"VO;
gSA lkfgR; vkSkj flusek dh ikjLifjdrk dks bl :i
esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd thou esa dqN ?kVukvksa
ij yksxksa dh izfrfØ;k Hkh lgt :i esa ns[kus dks
feyrh gS fd ^vktdy ,slk gh rks gks jgk gS* bu
nksuksa izfrfØ;kvksa dh ikjLifjdrk ekuo thou vkSj
flusek ds varl±caèk dh ,d:irk dks gh gekjs le{k
j[krh gSA lkfgR; vkSj flusek dh ikjLifjdrk ,oa
varfuZfgr lkn`';rk dks ;gk¡ ,d mnkgj.k ds ekè;e
ls ns[kuk csgrj gksxkA tgk¡ dsoy ,d xhr dh
lkn`'; fLFkfr gh ugha gS cfYd lkekftd fVIi.kh Hkh
mlds lzkrs esas fufgr gSA t;'kadj izlkn us 1914 esa
,d dkO; jpuk ^izse&ifFkd* dk ltZu fd;k ftlesa
,d ik=k pesyh gS ftldk fookg mldh ethZ ds
f[kykiQ fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj ckgj 'kgukbZ ct jgh
gS mlh le; og vanj cSBh Øanu dj jgh gS ysfdu
'kgukbZ ds Loj esa mlds Øanu dks lquus okyk dksbZ
ugha gS vkSj mldk Øanu 'kgukbZ ds Loj esa nc tkrk
gSA ;gk¡ izlkn th us L=kh vfLerk dh ckr dks vius
le; esa mBk;k gS] tks vkt ds csVh cpkvks csVh
i<+kvksa ds le; esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vc ge ns[krs
gSa fd izlkn us pesyh dh bl fLFkfr ij fVIi.kh
Lo:i fdl izdkj dh dkO; iafDr;k¡ izLrqr dh&
:[kk 'kh'kk tks VwVs rks gj dksbZ lqu ikrk gS
dqpyk tkuk ân; dqlqe dk fdls lqukbZ nsrk
gSA1 (izes &ifFkd)
t;'kadj izlkn n~okjk 20oha lnh ds izkjaHk esa
;g iz'u mBkuk cgqr cM+k egRo j[krk gSA vc ge
ckr djrs gSa izlkn dh bu dkO; iafDr;ksa dh fganh
flusek esa miyCèk lkn`';rk ds fo"k; esa ftls ,d
fiQYe ds xhr ds chp esa uk;d n~okjk bl izdkj
xk;k x;k gS&
dgha dksbZ 'kh'kk VwVs cM+h vkokt gksrh gS
exj fny VwVus dh lnk fdls lqukbZ nsrh gSA2
mijksDr iafDR;ksa ds rqjar ckn xkus ds eq[kM+s ds
vkxs c<+krs gq, fiQYe esa v{k; dqekj xkrs gq, dgus
yxrk gS ¶eSa vkokjk] eSa vkokjk] eSa vkokjk] eSa
34 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkokjk¸ ;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd bu iafDr;ksa esa t;'kadj
izlkn dh mijksDr iafDr;ksa dk gh tSls :ikarj gqvk
gSA
vHkh ihNs okLrfod thou dh ?kVukvksa dks
dbZ ckj fiQYe tSlh dgs tkus dh ckr geus dh ,oa
,slk rks fiQYeksa esa gksrk gh gS vkfnA ^nkfeuh* fiQYe
esa vfHkusrk luh nsvksy ,d odhy ds :i esa ,d
yM+dh ds cykRdkj vkSj gR;k dk dsl fcuk iQhl
fy, yM+rk gS ftldh xokg nkfeuh uke dh ,d ik=k
curh gS] dsl thrdj ml yM+dh ij gq, vR;kpkj
dh thr gksrh gS rFkk nks"kh dks ltk feyrh gS ;g ,d
fiQYe dk rF; gS ftls fuHkZ;k ds dsl esa gdhdr ds
:i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tgk¡ lkr lky rd fuHkZ;k
dk dsl ,d L=kh odhy us fcuk iQhl gh yM+k vkSj
varr% nksf"k;ksa dks 20 ekpZ 2020 dh lqcg iQk¡lh nh
xbZA bl :i esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa esa gh thou
dh lPpkbZ ns[kus dks feyrh gSA vkt gekjs jk"Vª esa
lkainz kf;drk dk iz'u jg&jgdj mB [kM+k gksrk gS
vkSj èkeZ tkfr ds uke ij yksx vuko';d :i ls gh
foHkkftr gksus yxrs gSa tks fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh mUufr
esa ,d cM+h ckèkk cu tkrk gSA ,d fganh fiQYe
^vej vdcj ,saFkuh* dk ;g xhr Hkh èkeZ vkfn ds
caèkuksa ls eqDr Hkkouk ds cy ij jk"Vªh; vfLerk dks
vkxs c<+krk xhr fn[kykbZ nsrk gS tgk¡ balkuh ,drk ds
ne ij vugksuh dks gksuh vkSj gksuh dks vugksuh dj
nsus dh felky is'k dh xbZ gS&
vugksuh dks gksuh dj ns] gksuh dks vugksuh ,d
txg tc tek gksa rhuksa vej] vdcj] ,sFa kuh3
oLrqr% fganh lkfgR; esa Hkh ,sls cgqr lkjs
mnkgj.k fn[kykbZ nsrs gSa tks èkeZ&tkfr ds caèkuksa dks
udkj dj ekuork dh thr dks lkeus j[krs gSAa dqN
fiQYeksa esa fganw ifjokj esa tUek eqfLye ifjokj esa
iyrk vkSj I;kj ikrk balku fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA èkeZ ds
uke ij yksxksa ds chp esa tgj ?kksydj jk"Vª ds fy,
pqukSrh [kM+h djuk vkSj fgald o vkradh ifjos'k iSnk
djuk vkt ds le; dh ,d cM+h pqukSrh cu x;k gSA
blhfy, lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa lejlrk ds mnkgj.k
viuk dgha vfèkd egRo j[krs gSAa fiQYeksa esa ;FkkFkZ
ds vkxzg dk mYys[k djrs gq, lR;thr js ds bu
'kCnksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS tgk¡ os fiQYeh insZ ij Hkh
;FkkFkZ ds èkjkry dks ize[q k ekurs gS&a ¶eSa ftl fMVsy
(fooj.k) dh ckr djuk pkgrk gw]¡ foewrZ ekè;e ls
mldk dksbZ okLrk ugha gSA fo"k;oLrq dks izLiQqfVr
djuk ;k Le`nè~ k djuk gh bl fMVsy dk mn~n's ; gSA
LFkku] dky] ik=k] ?kVuk] eu ds Hkko&lc dqN ds
o.kZu esa bl fMVsy dk iz;kstu gksrk gS vkSj f'kYih
dh vuqHkwfr ij gh blds iz;ksx dh lkFkZdrk fuHkZj
djrh gSA gekjs ns'k ds vfèkdka'k Nk;kfp=kksa esa fMVsy
dk nSU ; ns[kdj nq[ k gksrk gS D;ksa f d Hkkjrh;
f'kYi&lkfgR; esa fMVsy dks tks e;kZnk feyh gS] fo'o
lkfgR; esa mldh dksbZ rqyuk ugha gSA ;gk¡ eSa flusek
iwoZ ds ;qx ds f'kYi&lkfgR; dh ppkZ [kklrkSj ij
dj jgk gwA¡ pyfp=k Hkys gh chloha lnha dk dyk
ekè;e gks ] ys f du mldh jpukuhfr esa iz k phu
f'kYi&lkfgR; varfuZfgr gS] bl fo"k; esa dksbZ lansg
ugha gSA¸4
ns'k dh xqykeh dh nklrk ftl izdkj rRdkyhu
lkfgR; esa fn[kykbZ nsrh gS mlh izdkj fiQYeksa esa Hkh
mls cjkcj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fganh fiQYeksa dh dFkk
vkSj muesa iz;Dq r xhr lhèks&lhèks jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls
lacn~èk fn[kykbZ nsrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN xhrksa
dks ;gk¡ izLrqr dj nsuk mfpr gksxkA tgk¡ rd fganh
fiQYeksa esa jk"Vªh; xhrksa dh ckr dh tk, rks ge ns[krs
gSa fd ,sls cgqr lkjs fiQYeh xhr gSa tks jk"Vªh; ,drk
ds Loj dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij&
¶lqu lqu lqu esjs eqUus lqu] lqu lqu lqu esjh
eqUuh lqu
I;kj dh xaxk cgs] ns'k esa ,drk jgs---
[kRe dkyh jkr gks] jks'kuh dh ckr gks
nksLrh dh ckr gks] ftanxh dh ckr gks
ckr gks balku dh] ckr fganLq rku dh
lkjk Hkkjr ;s dgs] I;kj dh xaxk cgs
I;kj dh xaxk cgs] ns'k esa ,drk jgs5¸
fganh flusek esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksr&izkrs ,sls
gh vkSj Hkh cgqr ls xhr gSa ftuesa ls dqN xhrksa ij
;gk¡ è;ku nsuk lehphu gksxkA ,slk gh ,d xhr gS
gdhdr fiQYe dk ftlesa oru ij izk.k U;ksNkoj
djus okys 'kghnksa dks ;gk¡ Jn~èkkatfy nh xbZ gS&
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
dj pys ge fiQnk tku vks ru lkfFk;ksa
vc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ksa
lkal Fkerh xbZ] uCt terh xbZ
fiQj Hkh c<+rs dne dks uk #dus fn;k
dV x, lj gekjs rks dqN xe ugha
lj fgeky; dk geus u >qdus fn;k
ejrs&ejrs jgk ck¡diu lkfFk;ksa
vc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ksaA6
lkaiznkf;drk vkt ds le; dh ,d cM+h leL;k
gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa èkeZ&etgc ls ijs ,d lPps
fganqLrkuh cuus dh vihy fn[kykbZ nsrh gSA ,slh gh
vihy ^èkwy dk iQwy* fiQYe esa eksgEen jiQh n~okjk
xk;k x;k lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh dk ;g xhr èkeZ vkSj
etgc dh nhokjksa ls ijs balkfu;r dks lcls cM+k èkeZ
crykrk gS&
¶rw fganw cusxk uk eqlyeku cusxk] balku dh
vkSykn gS balku cusxkA
vPNk gS vHkh rd rsjk dksbZ uke ugha gS] rq>dks
fdlh etgc ls dksbZ dke ugha gS
ftl bYe us balku dks rdlhe fd;k gS] ml
bYe dk rq> ij dksbZ bYtke ugha gS
ekfyd us gj balku dks balku cuk;k] geus mls
fganw ;k eqlyeku cuk;kA
dqnjr us rks cD'kh Fkh gesa ,d gh èkjrh] geus
dgha Hkkjr dgha bZjku cuk;kA
tks rksM+ ns gj can oks rwiQku cusxk] balku dh
vkSykn gS balku cusxkA7¸
balkfu;r ds lkFk gh jk"Vªh; Hkko fganh flusek
esa ltho :i esa fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa ,sls
vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs xhr gSa ftuesa vktknh ds la?k"kZ ds
vkSj mlds ckn pqukSfr;ksa ds chp mHkjrs jk"Vª&Hkko
dks yhMj fiQYe ds fuEukafdr xhr esa ns[kk tk
ldrk gS&
viuh vktknh dks ge gfxZt feVk ldrs ugha]
lj dVk ldrs gSa ysfdu lj >qdk ldrs ugha
geus lfn;ksa esa ;s vktknh dh user ikbZ gS]
lSadM+ksa dqckZfu;k¡ nsdj ;s nkSyr ikbZ gS
eqLdqjk dj [kkbZ gSa lhuksa is vius xksfy;k¡]
fdrus ohjkuksa ls xqtjs gSa rks tUur ikbZ gS
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 35
 [kkd esa ge viuh bTtr dks feyk ldrs ugha]
viuh vktknh dks ge gfxZt feVk ldrs ughaA8
vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds le{k vius fodkl
dh jkg ij pyuk t:jh Fkk vkSj fodkl dh bl jkg
ij cjrh tkus okyh lkoèkkfu;ksa dh vksj fganh lkfgR;
vkSj flusek nksuksa esa cjkcj è;ku fn;k x;k gSA yacs
le; ls >syh xbZ ;krukvksa vkSj fd, x, la?k"kZ ds
ckn feyh vktknh ds ckn jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Lo;a dks
etcwr djus ds fy, lkewfgd iz;Ruksa dh xqt a kb'k
cjkcj cuh jghA fuEukafdr fiQYeh xhr esa Hkh
lkoèkkuhiwoZd vkxs c<+us dh ckr dh xbZ gS&
ge yk, gw¡ rwiQku ls d'rh fudky ds] bl
ns'k dks j[kuk esjs cPpksa laHkky ds
rqe gh Hkfo"; gks esjs Hkkjr fo'kky ds] bl ns'k
dks j[kuk esjs cPpksa laHkky ds
nqfu;k ds nk¡o isp a ls j[kuk u okLrk] eafty
rqEgkjh nwj gS yack gS jkLrk
HkVdk u ns dksbZ rqEgsa èkks[ks esa Mkydj] bl ns'k
dks j[kuk esjs cPpksa laHkky ds
ge yk, gSa rwiQku ls d'rh fudky dsA9
mijksDr fiQYeh xhrksa esa ftl izdkj ls jk"Vªh;
Hkko >yd jgk gS ,sls gh fganh lkfgR; esa cgqr ls
xhr&dfork,¡ gSa tks vktknh ds fy, fy[kh xbZ gSAa
t;'kadj izlkn ds ukVd ^panxz qIr* esa vk, ,d xhr
dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡&
fgekfnz rqxaq kÜ xà ls izcnqw è~ k 'kqnè~ k HkkjrhA Lo;aiHz kk
leqTToyk Lora=krk iqdkjrhAA
veR;Z ohj iq=k gks] n`<+ izfrK lksp yksA iz'kLr
iq.; iaFk gS] c<s+ pyks c<+s pyksAA10
vktknh ds fy, izk.k U;ksNkoj dj nsus dh n`<+
ladYiuk ek[kuyky prqonZs h dh dfork ^iq"i dh
vfHkyk"kk* dh bu iafDr;ksa esa fn[kykbZ nsrh gS&
eq>s rksM+ ysuk ouekyh] ml iFk ij nsuk rqe
iQsda A
ekr`Hkwfe ij 'kh'k p<+kus ftl iFk tkosa ohj
vusdAA11
lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dks vkèkkj cukdj Hkh cgqr&lh
fganh fiQYesa cuh gSaA lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ij vkèkkfjr
bu fiQYeksa esa lkfgR; dk foLrkfjr :i Hkh ns[kus dks
36 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
feyrk gS D;ksafd mlds n'kZd leqnk; dh ifjfèk
dkiQh nh?kZ gks tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij izes panz ds
miU;klksa vkSj mudh dgkfu;ksa ij dbZ fiQYesa cuh
mudh dgkuh ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* ij ^ghjk&eksrh*
fiQYe cuhA eUuw HkaMkjh dh dgkuh ^;gh lp gS* ij
1974 esa ^jtuhxaèkk* uke ls fiQYe cuhA eksgu jkds'k
dh dgkuh ^mldh jksVh* ij blh 'kh"kZd ls fiQYe
cuhA iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq dh dgkuh ^ekjs x, xqyiQke
miQZ rhljh dle* ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^rhljh dle*
vkbZA dk'khukFk flag ds miU;kl ^dk'kh dk vLlh*
ij ^eksgYyk vLlh* fiQYe dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj blh
izdkj lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dks vkèkkj cukdj cgqr lh
fiQYesa fganh flusek ds insZ ij vkrh jgh gSa ftuesa
lkfgfR;d ikB ds izlkj.k&izn'kZu n~okjk lkekftd&fgr
,oa jk"Vª&Hkko dks cjkcj lkèkk x;k gSA jk"Vª&Hkko ,oa
jk"Vªh; izse dh Hkkouk uo;qodksa esa fujarj cuh jguh
pkfg, fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr tSls jk"Vª esa tgk¡ lokZfèkd
la[;k ;qodksa dh gksA jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk chtoiu ,oa
iYyou pkgs og lkfgR; ds ekè;e ls gks pkgs
flusek ds ekè;e ls ysfdu mldk gksuk egRoiw.kZ gks
tkrk gSA gekjh lkaLÑfrd tMa+s vkSj fojklr ds izfr
uo;qodksa esa yxko dh Hkkouk dks iSnk djus vkSj
cuk, j[kus ds fy, lkfgR; vkSj fiQYeksa esa Hkh mlls
lacn~èk laLdkj dk cus jguk t:jh gSA lkfgR; vkSj
flusek dk izHkko tu ekul ij vo'; iM+rk gSA
21oha lnh dh fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa ds chp Hkkjr esa Hkh
tkx:drk vkSj viuh lgt laLÑfr ds izfr yxko o
mlh ds vuqdwy vkpj.k dh izsj.kk dk gksuk vkt ds
le; dh ekax gS ftldh iwfrZ u dsoy lkfgR; vfirq
fganh flusek ds ekè;e ls Hkh fujarj gksrh jguh
pkfg,A fuEukafdr ftKklk ,oa iz'u blh izdkj dh
iwfrZ dh ekax gekjs lEeq[k j[krh gSa tks egRoiw.kZ Hkh
gS&a ¶vkf[kj ÅtkZ vkSj LiQwfrZ ls ycjst ;qok D;ksa
vius ns'k&lekt] Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr ds ,sls izrhd
ugha cu ikrs ftUgsa gekjh euq";rk dk lgh izfrfufèk
dgk tk ldrk\ bDdhloha lnh esa cuh nks fiQYeksa ds
tfj, ls ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd gekjk ;qok vkt
fdl eksM+ ij gS vkSj mldh ekufldrk D;k gSA dqN
o"kZ igys ^jax ns clarh* fiQYe vkbZ FkhA blesa
fn[kk;k x;k fd fo'ofon~;ky;hu ifjos'k esa eè;
vkSj fuEueè;oxZ dk ;qok fon~;kFkhZ vius bfrgkl ls
bruk dV pqdk gS fd mldks thou ds fdlh è;s;
vkSj mlds vkn'kks± dk vanktk gh ugha gSA mldk
thou ekSt eLrh vkSj lkef;d mnklhurk dk ,slk
lfEeJ.k gS ftlds vius lq[k vkSj nq[k gSaA ----f'k{kk
ds Lof.kZe dky esa og ugha tku ik;k gS fd bl ns'k
dk jktuSfrd Hkfo"; D;k gSA¸12
ihNs geus dqN mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls ns[kk fd
dSls jk"Vªh;&Hkko fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa Li"V
>ydrk gSA jk"Vª dh vkarfjd ckg~; laizHkqRrk cuk,
j[kus dh eaxydkeuk bu mnkgj.kksa esa cjkcj fn[kykbZ
nsrh gS oLrqr% vktknh ds ckn fganLq rku esa fodflr
gksus dh 'ksM esa tks lkaLÑfrd pqukSfr;k¡ gekjs le{k
mB [kM+h gqb± muds o.kZu ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd&
jktuSfrd voljoknh fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh fganh lkfgR; vkSj
flusek esa fn[kykbZ nsrh gS]a ftls eksgHkax ds :i eas
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA oLrqr% ftl cqfu;kn ,oa liuksa dks
ysdj vktknh dh yach yM+kbZ yM+rs gq, Hkkjrekrk ds
lSd
a M+k&sa gtkjksa ohj liwrksa us viuh tku dh ckth
yxkbZA vktknh ikus ds ckn ns'k esa fodflr gksus ds
lkFk gh eksgHkax dh fLFkfr cuus yxhA lekt vkSj
jktuhfr nksuksa Lrjksa ij LokFkZ O;kIr gksus yxk vkSj
vktknh dh dher dks cgqr gYds esa vk¡duk 'kq: dj
fn;k ftlds dkj.k ns'k dh mUufr esa ckèkk curh jghA
fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek nksuksa esa gh le;&le; ij
jktuSfrd fonziw rk vkSj lkekftd fo"kerk ij rh[kh
fVIif.k;k¡ Hkh cjkcj gksrh jghaA tgk¡ ,d vksj eSfFkyh'kj.k
xqIr ^Hkkjr&Hkkjrh* esa vrhr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh
ydhj [khaprs gq, iz'ukafdr djrs gS&a
¶ge dkSu Fks] D;k gks x, gSa vkSj D;k gksxa s vHkh
vkvks fopkjsa vkt feydj ;s leL;k,¡ lHkhA¸ 13
ogha nwljh vksj fganh flusek esa ^midkj*] ^djek*]
^jkstk*] ^iwjc vkSj if'pe*] ^n ghjks* vkfn fiQYeksa esa
ns'k ds izfr izse Hkko >ydrk fn[kykbZ nsrk gSA ;gk¡
;g Hkh è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ftl izdkj lekt
vkSj jktuhfr dh fonziw rk us Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekufldrk
dks izHkkfor fd;k gS mlh izdkj ifjofrZr Hkkjrh;
ekulfdrk ls gh n'kZd tqVkus okys flusek us Hkh
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
euksjta u dks dbZ ckj viuh fiQYeksa dh dsna hz ;rk
iznku djuk 'kq: fd;k] ftlls lkekftd Lrj ij jk"Vª
,oa thou ds izfr vko';d ,oa ewY;oku lans'k
v{kq..k iM+ tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa flusek dks Hkh
eè;eekxZ ls dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gS D;ksfa d
cktkjokn ds nkSj esa Lo;a dks fVdkÅ cuk, j[kus ds
fy, ,slk djuk ,d etcwjh Hkh cu tkrk gS ysfdu
mls detksjh ugha cuus fn;k tkuk pkfg,A lekt esa
fgalk dk gksuk gkfudkjd gS] pwf¡ d og lekt esa gS rks
lkfgR; vkSj izn'kZudkjh dykvksa ds :i esa flusek esa
Hkh mls txg feyrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g è;ku nsus
dh ckr gS fd flusek esa vfèkd mRrstuke; ,oa
fgald n`';ksa dh Hkjekj n'kZdksa dks vfHkHkwr djus ds
fy, iz;ksx esa ugha ykuh pkfg,A ekuo thou dh
csgrjh ds fy, tks vko';d gks mls gh jkspd o
euksjta d :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lkfgR;
vkSj flusek dh vn~;ru ,oa lkef;d fLFkfr ij ckr
dh tk, rks ge ikrs gSa fd nksuksa {ks=kksa esa vius le;
dh lPpkbZ dks mdsjk tkrk gSA vktdy oSf'od Lrj
ij phu ls iQSys dksjksuk ok;jl dk vkrad iQSyk gqvk
gS vkSj gtkjksa dh la[;k esa yksx ekSr dk f'kdkj gks jgs
gSAa gekjk Hkkjr Hkh vc bldh pisV es vk pqdk gSA
iwjs ns'k esa ykWdMkmu dh fLFkfr gS ysfdu Jfed oxZ
egkuxjksa ls iyk;u dj vius xk¡o&?kj (fo'ks"kdj
mRrj izn's k vkSj fcgkj) esa ykSVus ds fy, lM+dksa ij
vk x, gSa tks bl egkekjh ds le; fpark dk fo"k;
gSA bl egkekjh vkSj lkFk esa gks jgs iyk;u ij lks'ky
ehfM;k vkSj Vh- oh- ij yksxksa ds fopkj cjkcj ns[kus
dks fey jgs gSAa
ftls vkus okys le; esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa
Hkh ns[kk tk ldsxk vkSj yksxksa dks bu ekè;eksa ls
tkx:d o laosnu'khy Hkh fd;k tk,xkA
lekgkj :i esa dgk tk, rks fganh lkfgR; vkSj
flusek nksuksa esa gh le;&le; ij lkekftd fgr Hkko
ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vª&Hkko Hkh cjkcj izlkfjr gqvk gSA
izLrqr 'kksèk i=k esa fganh lkfgR; ls fn, x, mnkgj.kksa
ds vykok ,sls gh vkSj lSdM+kas mnkgj.k ;gk¡ izLrqr
fd, tk ldrs gSa tks vius le; dh ekax dks
jpukRed :i esa izLrqr djrs gSAa lkfgR; vkSj flusek
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 37
nksuksa esa gh ekuo thou ds dY;k.k dk ekxZ izLrqr 5- www.bhajanganga.com
gqvk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh vkrk jgsxkA Hkkjrh; vrhr ds 6- kavitakosh.org
xkSjo] orZeku dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdy
w 7- https//geetmanjusha.com
fparu&euu o Hkfo"; ds izfr vk'kkoku o izsjd 8- https//kaavyaalaya.org
fLFkfr;ksa dks cukus esa fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk 9- kavitakosh.org
;ksxnku lnSo izLrqr jgsxk blh 'kqHksPNk ds lkFk---A 10- panxz qIr&t;'kadj izlkn
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 11- https//kaavyaalaya.org
1- izes &ifFkd&t;'kadj izlkn 12- lkfgR; vkSj flusek % varl±caèk& izks- jru
2- https//mhindimala.net ikaMs;
3- https//gaana.com 13- Hkkjr&Hkkjrh % eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
4- thou dks x<+rh fiQYes&a iz;kx 'kqDy

µ lgk;d vkpk;Z] fganh foHkkx] ';keyky dkWyt

s (lkaè;)] fnYyh

qqq

38 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 lkfgR;] flusek vkSj lekt dk varl±cèa k
oqQaryk nRr
vk èkqfud ;qx rFkk lH;rk dk vn~Hkqr peRdkj
gS flusek ;k pyfp=k] ftls vkt fiQYe]
fiDpj] ewoh vkfn ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ekuo
lH;rk dks foKku dk fn;k gqvk ;g vueksy vkSj
I;kjk lk migkj flusek vly esa funsZ'kd ds gkFk dk
[ksy gSA rHkh rks lsVl ~ ij [kM+s lHkh yksx muds
^ykbV] ,D'ku] dSejk* ds funs'Z k dh izrh{kk esa #ds
gq, gksrs gSAa flusek lcls igys euksjt a u dk ekè;e]
lekt ds udkjkRed 'kfDr;ks d a s fo#n~èk vkokt
cqyan djus dk ekè;e] lR;&izse& lqanjrk vkSj
ekuoh;rk dks loksPZ p LFkku nsus dk ekè;e gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk XySej vkSj iQS'ku dh ,d nqfu;k clkus dk
ekè;e Hkh gSA
fo"k;&izo's k ls igys cpiu esa lquk gqvk ,d
xkuk ckj&ckj esjs dkuksa esa xwta us yxk gS ¶vksgjs----
rky feys unh ds ty es@a unh feys lkxj es@a lkxj
feys dkSu ls ty esa dksbZ tkus uk¸ dgus dk rkRi;Z
;g gS fd lkxj&egklkxj cus fo'o flusek] Hkkjrh;
flusek vkSj unh&rky :ih izknsf'kd flusek ds lekt
ij iM+s O;kid izHkko dks bl dVksjs esa dSls lesVk
tk,] tks gkWyhoqM] ckWyhoqM] VkWyhoqM vkfn ds :i
èkkj.k fd, gq, gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt ;kuh yksxksa ds
fnyks&a fnekx esa flusek bl dnj Nk;k gqvk gS fd os
flusek dks [kkus&ihus] mBus&cSBus] ltus&l¡ojus] ckrphr
djus vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lkspus&fopkjus ds <ax esa Hkh
'kkfey fd, gq, gSaA bl ij ge tSls lkèkj.k yksx
ugha] cfYd euksoSKkfud Lrj ij lksp&fopkj fd;k
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
tk ldrk gSA ge rks dHkh&dHkh ;g lkspus ij etcwj
gks tkrs gSa fd ;s flusek] ;s fiQYeh laxhr u gksrs rks
D;k gksrk\ ftanxh fdruh iQhdh&iQhdh vkSj uhjl
yxrhA yksx cl gkFk&ik¡o fgykrs gq, cstku dBiqrfy;ksa
tSls utj vkrsA vr% ge dg ldrs gaS fd flusek
:ih ;g lkekftd dyk ge tSls lkèkkj.k yksxksa ds
ân; vkSj eu&efLr"d esa ,sls tM+ iQSyk, cSBh gSa fd
bls m[kkM+uk eqf'dy gh ugha cfYd ukeqefdu gSA rks
;gk¡ ge Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa dks gh
lkeus j[kdj viuh ckrsa tkjh j[ksaxs vkSj lkfgR; Hkh
lekt dks izfrfcafcr djus okyk vkSj ekuo thou ij
O;kid izHkko NksM+us okyk ,d lkekftd dyk gSA ij
gtkjksa lkyksa ls budk ftruk izHkko lekt ij iM+k gS]
blds eqdkcys esa flusek us dsoy lkS lkyksa esa gh
Hkkjrh; lekt dks thus dh ,d ubZ 'kSyh nhA fparu
esa ,d u;kiu vFkkZr~ vkèkqfudrk ykbZ] ftlls lekt
esa ,d ubZ ygj&lh iSnk gqbAZ blds ekus ;g drbZ
ugha fd lkfgR; dk ekuo thou esa ;k lekt esa dksbZ
egRo ughaA lkfgR; dk ekuo thou rFkk lekt esa
,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ftlesa ekuo lekt
vkSj lH;rk dk bfrgkl lek;k gqvk gS] blfy,
lkfgR; dks ekuo lekt vkSj lH;rk ds vrhr ls
ysdj orZeku rd ds fyf[kr nLrkost ds :i esa
vfHkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl rjg ls ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd lkfgR; vkSj
flusek lekt ls tqM+h nks lkekftd dyk,¡ gSAa ij bu
nksuksa dykvksa dks lekt rd igqp ¡ kus dk ekè;e
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 39
vyx&vyx gksus ds dkj.k nksuksa dk izHkko Hkh
vyx&vyx gksrk gSA ,sls ns[kk tk, rks flusek Hkh
,d izdkj dk lkfgR; gh gS ij n`';&JO; ekè;e
gksus ds dkj.k flusek ^n'kZd* vkSj lkfgR; ys[ku
ekè;e gksus ds dkj.k ^ikBd* iSnk djrs gSAa ,d
vPNs ikBd cuus ds fy, fliQZ lk{kj gksuk gh dkiQh
ugha gS] cfYd mUgsa lkspus&le>us dh xgu eu%fLFkfr
vkSj ys[kd lekt dks ys[ku ds ekè;e ls tks lan's k
nsuk pkgrs gSa mls xzg.k djus dh 'kfDr gks rks ikBd
viuh euu'khyrk] vuqHkwfr vkSj dkYifud 'kfDr ls
ys[kd ds oDrO; dks ij[kdj vius thou esa mrkjrs
gSa vkSj lekt&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa iz;kstu vuqlkj
dk;kZfUor djrs gSaA vr% ikBdksa ij lekt fuekZ.k dk
Lo;a laLdkj dk xaHkhj nkf;Ro O;kIr jgrk gS] ftlesa
os lekt ls reke cqjkb;ksa dks gVkdj ,d LoPN
lekt dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaA blds foijhr n'kZdksa dks
pkfg, cl n'kZu ;ksX; nks vk¡[ksa] fliQZ pan #i, vkSj
nks ls rhu ?kaVas dk le;] u fd ikBdksa tSlh fnekxh
dljr vkSj dbZ fnuksa ;k eghus dh [kirA rks cl
¶iSls iQsd
a ks vkSj rek'kk ns[kks ¶og pkgs fnYyh&vkxjk
dk dqrcq ehukj] rktegy gks] yanu] isfjl dk bofuax
gks] yo bu Vksfd;ks gks] VkbVSfud ;k tqjkfld ikdZ
gks] lrh lkèoh flanjw &eaxylw=k vkSj vU; vkHkw"k.kksa ls
ynh djokpkSFk dk ozr ikyu djrh gqbZ Hkkjrh; ukjh
gks ;k dksB s&dScjs okyh urZd h ;kuh dyafduh
[kyukf;dk gks ] vPNs ekrk&firk] Hkzk rk&Hkfxuh]
nksLr&nksLrkuk] HkkbZpkjk] ns'kHkfDr] usrk&jktusrk] jktuhfr]
'kklu&vi'kklu] dq'kklu] èkuh&fuèkZuh] xk¡o&'kgj
lkekftd ncko] izse&fojg] thou&e`R;q] gkL;&Øanu]
izse vkSj vkn'kZ ds uke ij ej feVus okyk uk;d gks
;k 'kjkch] tqvkjh] fgalk&cnyk&vijg.k] ywVekj&MdSrh]
naxk&iQlkn ls tqMs+ [kyuk;d gksAa bl rjg flusek
ftanxh ds gj igyw dks Nwrk gqvk n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ rk
gS vkSj n'kZd vius vkidks mu igyqvksa esa dgha u
dgha eglwl djus yxrs gSaA blh rjg flusek n'kZdksa
dks >d>ksj nsus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA rks ;g tkfgj gS fd
flusek ds n'kZdksa ds eqdkcys lkfgR; dk ikBd
vR;ar lhfer gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk izHkkfor HkhA lkfgR;
esa fHkUu&fHkUu ikBd ,d gh ik=k ;k pfj=k dks viuh
dYiuk'kfDr ds tfj, fHkUu :i ls ns[krs gaS vkSj
40 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
le>rs Hkh gSAa blds foijhr flusek esa lcds fy,
lc fdjnkj ,d leku gksrs gSa] ogk¡ tks dqN fn[kk;k
tkrk gS lc ,d tSls gh ns[krs gSaA blfy, lkfgR;
vkSj flusek nksuksa lkekftd dyk gksrs gq, Hkh jsy dh
iVfj;ksa dh rjg vkl&ikl gksdj Hkh viuh&viuh
fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k dHkh ,d ugha gks ikrs ij ftl
rjg jsyxkM+h dks larfq yr j[kus ds fy, nksuksa iVfj;ksa
dks lgh txg ij gksuk vR;ar vko';d gksrk gS] Bhd
mlh rjg dgkfu;ksa ;kuh lkfgR; dk lgkjk fy, fcuk
flusek dHkh ifjiw.kZ ugha gks ldrkA vusd dykvksa
dks vius vki esa lekfgr fd, gq, flusek vkSj
lkfgR; lekt dks larfq yr j[kus esa yxs gq, gSAa
oSls ikSjkf.kd dky ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt esa
ukV~;&ijaijk ds vkèkkj ij xhr&laxhr] u`R;&ukfVdk]
uqDdM+&ukVd] Lokax&;k=kk] dBiqrfy;ksa dk u`R;] ukSVd
a h]
vkstkikfy] vkys[; vkSj vle ds egku lar egkiq#"k
Jher 'kadjnso n~okjk iangz oha lnh esa gh bZtkn fd;k
gqvk ^Hkkvksuk* tks èkkfeZd dgkfu;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa_
bu lHkh dk lekt esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS]a Ñ".k&dUgS;k
dh yhyk ij vkèkkfjr jkl&Hkkvksuk tgk¡ nq"Vksa dk
neu vkSj lar ds ikyu dk vkn'kZ LFkkfir djrh gS]
;s lc ukV~;&lkfgR; dk gh vax gS] tks lekt dks
lqèkkjus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh vkbZ gS vkSj
vle esa Hkh cnyrs gq, le; esa ubZ&ubZ lkekftd
leL;k,¡ vkSj eqn~ns dks ysdj tufiz;rk ds f'k[kj ij
p<+h gqbZ pyk;eku ;k eksckby fFk,Vj us n'kZdksa dks
Hkjiwj euksjatu nsus ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dks ubZ fn'kk
nsus esa leFkZ gq, gSa] tgk¡ c[kwch rduhdh iz;ksx ls
LVst ij gh ^VkbVSfud* tSls ukVd dks eapLFk dj
n'kZdksa ds chp rgydk epk fn;k FkkA vle ds
vykok ,sls ukV~;&ijaijk 'kk;n gh vkSj dgha gksA
blds vfrfjDr eap ;k LVst ukVd] jsfM;ks ukVd Hkh
yksx cM+s pko ls ns[krs&lqurs gSa vkSj blh ukVd dk
fodflr :i gh flusek ;k pyfp=k gS] ij flusek
f'kYi bu lcls vyx gksus ds dkj.k lcls vfèkd
yksdfiz; cuk gqvk gSAa
lkfgR; dh vkSj ,d egRoiw.kZ foèkk gS xhr
ftuds fcuk Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dh dYiuk gh ugha dh
tk ldrhA D;ksfa d Hkkjrh; laxhr vkSj fiQYeksa dk
vkil esa pksyh&nkeu dk lkFk gS vkSj ;g fj'rk nksuksa
us c[kwch fuHkk;k Hkh gSA ,d rjiQ fiQYeksa us
xhrdkj&laxhrdkj] xk;d&xkf;dk vkSj muds n~okjk
xk, x, eèkqj xhr] 'kkL=kh;&laxhr] y?kq& laxhr]
x+ty + &dOokyh dks iuius vkSj iQwyus&iQyus dh txg
nh gSa] vkSj nwljh rjiQ Hkkjrh; ik'oZ xk;d&xkf;dkvksa
us viuh lqjhyh vkokt+ dk tknw fc[ksjdj laxhr
izfs e;ksa dks ea=keqXèk dj flusek?kjksa rd igqp ¡ us ij
etcwj dj fn;k gS vkSj ,sls cgqr ls flusek gSa tks bu
euHkkou xhrksa dh cnkSyr gh lqijfgV cus gSAa
vkt Hkkjrh; flusek ftl eqdke ij igqp ¡ k gSA
bl xxupaqch bZekjr dh uhao dh igyh b±V Mkyh xbZ
Fkh nknk lkgsc iQkYds th ds vFkd Je vkSj iz;kl
ls fganh ds igys xn~;&ys[kd Hkkjrsna t q h dh ukfVdk
ls izsfjr gksdj èkkfeZd dgkfu;ksa ds vkèkkj ij 21
vizy S lu~ 1913 esa cukbZ xbZ igyh fiQYe ^jktk
gfj'pan*z ds uke ls rks igys cuh ewd vFkkZr~ fuokZd
fiQYe] ^vkye&vkjk* rd lokd curs&curs ckbLdksi
ls VkWdh vkSj u,&u, oSKkfud vkfo"dkj vkSj rduhdh
midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls cuh vkèkqfud vkSj ';ke&'osr
:i cnydj jaxhu cuh fiQYe dks flusek ds uke ls
tkuk tkus yxkA
flusek vkSj lkfgR; dk nk;jk vkSj Lo:i
vyx&vyx gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa dk lacèa k lekt ls gh
tqMs+ gksus ds dkj.k rhuksa esa ,d varl±cèa k curk gS]
ftl lacèa k ls vyx gksdj bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh dk
Hkh vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ ldrk gSA ij pwf¡ d flusek
dbZ rduhdh dykvksa dk lfEeJ.k gS] rks ogk¡
lSdM+k&as gtkjksa dykdkjksa dk Je tqMk+ jgrk gSA blh
otg ls flusek ds lkFk ctV] ekdsVZ ] O;olk; vkfn
'kCn tqM+rs x, vkSj ;g ,d O;kolkf;d dyk curk
x;k] rks lkfgR; dk gw&c&gw izfriQyu flusek esa
vlaHko lk gks x;kA O;olk; dh n`f"V ls flusek esa
fuekZrkvksa dks elkyk ;kuh fFkzy] jksekal] lSDl] lLisl a èkes±n dh tcjnLr vuqjkxh gS vkSj viuh dYiuk dh
vkfn dk rM+dk yxkuk iM+rk gSA ,sls esa lkfgR; esa
foÑfr vk tkrh gS] rks ys[kd dk ukjkt gksuk LokHkkfod
gS vkSj tgk¡ lkfgR;] eap vkSj jh;y ykbiQ esa dgha
Hkh ^jh&Vsd* dh xqt a kb'k ugha] ogha flusek esa ^jh&Vsd*
ls lc dqN vR;qRre fd;k tk ldrk gSA n'kZdksa dks
[kq'k djus dh gj dksf'k'k fiQYeesdj tkjh j[krs gSaA
bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd lkfgfR;d&flusek ugha cukA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
miU;kl lezkV eq'kh izsepan dk ^xksnku*] ^lsoklnu*]
^x+cu*] ^Lokeh*] ^'krjat ds f[kykM+h*] 'kjrpanz pVthZ
dk ^nsonkl*_ ftl ij rhu ckj fiQYesa cuh igyh
vle ds izeFks'k c#vk n~okjk] nwljh foey fe=k
n~okjk] rhljh lat; yhyk Hkalkyh n~okjk] eUuw HkaMkjh
dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr ^jtuhxaèkk*] Hkxorh pj.k
oekZ dk ^fp=kys[kk*] panzèkj 'kekZ xqyjs h dk ^mlus
dgk Fkk* ^js.kq dh rhljh dle*] Hkh"e lkguh dk
^ns'k&foHkktu* ij fy[kk x;k ekfeZd miU;kl ^rel*]
ve`rk izhre dk ^fiatj* ij ^xnj ,d izse dFkk*]
;qok oxZ ds tufiz; ys[kd psru Hkxr dk ^Fkzh
bfM;V~l* vkfn ds vykok Hkh ^ifr iRuh vkSj oks*]
^ekSle*] ^vk"k<+ dk ,d fnu*] ^fguk*] ^vk¡èkh* vkfn
vusd lkfgfR;d fiQYesa cuha ij dqN gh n'kZdksa dh
dlkSVh ij [kjh mrj ikb±A
pw¡fd flusek ,d O;kolkf;d dyk gS rks fuekZrk
dHkh&dHkh n'kZdksa dks ykykf;r dj flusek?kjksa rd
ykus ds fy, vtc&xtc ukeksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSAa ,slk
,d mnkgj.k gSA ^jkeiqj dk y{e.k* ,sls esa èkkfeZd
flusek dh izrh{kk dj jgs n'kZdksa dk rkark yx tkrk
gSA lgt ljy n'kZdksa dks var rd muds n'kZu ugha
gksr]s ftUgsa ns[kus os vk, FksA ckn esa os vU; yksxksa ds
lkeus gkL;&fouksn dk dkj.k Hkh curs gSaA
flusek ds fy, ges'kk ubZ&ubZ dgkfu;ksa dh
ryk'k gksrh jgrh gS bldk lekt ij dSlk izHkko
iM+rk gS vkSj fiQYeksa ds nhokus fdl rjg fiQYeksa ds
lgkjs vius thou ds lius cquus yxrs gaS vkSj thou
ds dVq okLro dk lkeuk mUgsa fdl rjg djuk iM+rk
gS ,sls fo"k; dks ysdj Hkh dbZ fiQYesa cu pqdh gSAa
^xqM~Mh* vkSj ^ckacs Vw xksok* ,slh gh dgkuh dks ysdj
cuh gqbZ fiQYe gSA tgk¡ xqM~Mh dk fdjnkj fuHkkrh gqbZ
t;k HkknqMh+ tks Ldwy tkrh gqbZ fd'kksjh gS og ghjks
mM+ku Hkjdj vius thou laxh ds :i esa ikuk pkgrh
gSA ij viuh txg ij tc fdlh fiQYe dh 'kwfVax
ds nkSjku og èkesn± ls feyrh gS]rks mls okLrfodrk
dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA ogha ,d fiQYe&nhokuk ;qod ds
:i esa vljkuh dks fn[kk;k x;k] tks viuk ?kj
NksMd + j ckWyhoqM igqp ¡ k vkSj dksbZ jksy ikus dh vkl
fy, ;gk¡&ogk¡ ds pDdj dkVrs gq, HkVdus yxkA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 41
blh rjg flusek n'kZdksa dks liuksa dh nqfu;k dh lSj
djkrk gS vkSj ,sls ukle> dgha ds ugha jg tkrs] u
?kj ds u ?kkV dsA blh rjg ,d gkL; izèkku fiQYe
gS ^ckacs Vw xksok* tgk¡ fiQYeh fgjksbu cuus ds pDdj
esa nq"V&pØ esa iM+h vkSj f'kdkj cuh ,d xqejkg vkSj
fcxM+h gqbZ ;qorh ds :i esa v#.kk bjkuh vius ?kj ls
cgqr lkjs #i, ysdj xksok Hkkxrh gS vkSj mlh cl esa
,d lqy>s gq, ;qod ds :i esa vfHkrkHk cPpu us
mls jkLrk fn[kk;k vkSj nq"Vksa ds fcNk, gq, tky ls
fudkydj lgh jkg ij yk;kA lekt dks lh[k nsus ds
fy, fiQYe&fuekZrk ,slh fiQYesa cukrs jgrs gSa rkfd os
dHkh fdlh dqpØ esa u iQals vkSj dYiukyksd esa u
[kks tk,¡] okLrfodrk dk è;ku j[ksa vksj fliQZ euksjatu
ds fy, flusek ns[ksa vkSj gks ldsa rks bldk iQk;nk
mBk,] u fd [kqn dks ghjks&fgjksbu ;k foysu&oSia
le>us yxsAa
fiQYe&txr ds vanj vkSj ckgj ,sls vufxur
fdLls&dgkfu;k¡ gSa ftuds dkj.k gkWyhoqM ds vuqdj.k
ls ckWyhoqM cuh fiQYeh uxjh eqca bZ èkhjs&èkhjs ek;kuxjh
curh xbZA gk¡ ,slh ek;kuxjh ftldh rjiQ yksx
[kqn&c&[kqn [khaps pys vkrs gS]a pkgs ml f[kapko dk
dkj.k jksth&jksVh dh ryk'k gks ;k vius gquj dks ,d
igpku nsus dh [okfg'k gksA blfy, yksx ufn;k¡]
nfj;k] lkxj gksrs gq, bl xgjs tke esa Mwcus pys vkrs
gSa vkSj bl u'khyh nqfu;k esa [kks tkrs gSAa bl is'ks esa
tks u'kk gS blh otg ls vkt Hkkjrh; fiQYe baMLVªh
ls izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls yk[kks&a djksMk+ as yksx tqMs+
gq, gSAa LVwfM;ks&a flusek?kjksa ls ysdj fiQYe&baLVhV~;Vw
vkSj fon~;kfFkZ;ks]a iQS'ku&VsduksykWth] ekWMfyax] C;wVh&
dkWUVsLV] gj jkT; esa laxhr&u`R; ds vufxur dykdkj]
fj;fyVh 'kks] Vhoh ds flusek vkSj fiQYe laxhr ds
fdrus pSuy vkSj D;k&D;k\ iQSal DyCl] fiQYe&laxhr
ds jsfM;ks fyLulZ DyCl] fiQYeh nhokuksa ds vius
fiz; vfHkusrk dh udy mrkjus dk LVst ijiQkWel ±s
vkSj muls tqM+s n'kZd] gkL; dykdkjksa ds ehehØh ls
NksVs insZ ds n'kZdksa dk euksjt a u] 'kks] fiQYeh leh{kk
lkfgR;] fiQYe eSxthUl ifCyds'kal] fMfLVªC;w'ku]
izeks'ku oxSjg&oxSjgA vius fiz; dykdkjksa dh udy
;qok oxZ ds izk;% lHkh yksx djuk ilan djrs gaS vkSj
42 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
fiQYeh xIisa gk¡drs jgrs gSaA èkes±nz ds ¶dqRrs&dehus--
--eSa rsjk [kwu ih tkÅ¡xk¸] 'k=kq?u ds ¶[kkeks'k---¸]
jkts'k [kUuk dh vk¡[kksa dk b'kkjk] vferkHk cPpu dk
¶rsjs ikl D;k gS\¸ vkSj tckc esa 'k'kh diwj dk
¶esjs ikl ek¡ gS¸ fdax [kku 'kkg#[k dk ¶dddfdj.k-
---¸ lUuh dk ¶<kbZ fdyks dk gkFk¸ fdls ekywe ugha
gSa\ blh izdkj n'kZdksa dks Hkkjrh; flusek vius
eksfguh ea=k ls ckaèk ds j[krk gS ftrus Hkh rukoxzLr
os D;ksa u gks] eqg¡ ij ,d galh dh >yd vk gh tkrh
gSA egku Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS fganh fiQYeksa us fganh Hkk"kk
ds tfj,A Hkk"kk dh lh[k nsus ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh;
,drk] v[kaMrk] ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk dwV&dwVdj
Hkj nh gS Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds fny esAa ;gk¡ ,d jkt dh
ckr crkš tc dHkh Hkh gesa Hkk"kkxr fyax&fu.kZ; esa
eqf'dysa vkbZ gS rc fiQYeha xkuksa us gesa cgqr lgkjk
fn;k gSA
efgykvksa esa vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk] LokfHkeku]
lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs neu&mRihM+u ds fo#n~èk
vkokt mBkus dh 'kfDr flusek us Hkkjrh; ukjh dks nh
gSA lkFk gh lkFk dbZ dqiFz kk,¡ lrhnkg] ckyfookg]
ngst ij dBksj vk?kkr igqp ¡ k;k gS Hkkjrh; flusek usA
ukfj;ksa ds izfr lekt dh ghuHkkouk dks nwj djus ds
fy, Hkkjrh; flusek us ges'kk vkokt cqyan j[kh vkSj
ukjh dks lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[kkA blh rjg lkfgR;
dh gh Hkk"kk dqN vyx <ax ls fu:fir dj lekt
dks dqN gn rd cnyus esa l{ke gq, gaS Hkkjrh;
flusekA ge Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa dks vkSj Lo;a gesa ukjh
gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; flusek ij xoZ gSA
;gk¡ dqN ,slh fiQYeksa dk uke ysuk mfpr gksxk]
ftudk Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekufldrk esa ifjorZu ykus esa
;ksxnku jgkA bueas ^vNwr dU;k*] ^xksnku*] ^tkx`fr*]
^vukM+h*] ^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^gdhdr*] ^feyu*]
^Jh 420*] ^u;k nkSj*] ^enj bafM;k*] ^f[kykSuk*]
^midkj*] ^czg~epkjh*] ^lkfgc choh vkSj xqyke*]
^vkneh vkSj balku*] ^vk¡[ksa*] ^esjk lk;k*] ^esjk uke
tksdj*] ^gkFkh esjk lkFkh*] ^lekt dks cny Mkyks*]
^u;k tekuk*] ^ikfdt+k*] ^dVh irax*] ^vkuan*] ^liQj*]
^nq'eu*] ^vej izse*] ^gjs jkek gjs Ñ".kk*] ^iwjc vkSj
if'pe*] ^dqok¡jk cki*] ^tathj*] ^ifo=k ikih*] ^vkidh
dle*] ^lkSnkxj*] ^vekuq"k*] ^balkiQ dk rjktw*] ^vkuan
vkJe*] ^'kksys*] ^vk¡èkh*] ^eklwe*] ^ued gyky*]
^fudkg] #nkyh*] ^vkf[kj D;ksa*] ^nkfeuh*] ^yxku*]
^rkjs tehu ij*] ^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ*] ^Fkzh bfM;V~l*]
^Ñ"k*] ^CySd*] ^ik* vkfn buesa izeq[k gSaA
flusek ds bl fo'kky txr dh dksbZ ifjfèk ugha
gSA vr% ge fo'o esa lj mBkdj dg ldrs gSa fd
Hkkjrh; flusek us fnyhi dqekj] lR;thr js] jkt
diwj tSls vfHkusrk&funs'Z kd] dksfdy&daBh yrk th]
vk'kk th ds lkFk&lkFk jiQh] eqd's k] fd'kksj th] eUuk
Ms] egsna z diwj tSls vkokt ds tknwxj] vusd euHkkou
xhrksa ds xhrdkj&laxhrdkj] jkts'k [kUuk tSl lqijLVkj]
gh eSu èke±ns ]z Vªt
s Ms h Dohu ehuk dqekjh] gsek ekfyuh
tSlh MªhexyZ] 'kehZyh 'kehZyk] lcds fnyksa ij jkt
djus okyh ,ojxzhu js[kk] Jhnsoh] gky gh esa vfHku;
thou dk ipklok¡ lky iwjs fd, gq, ^lnh ds
egkuk;d* vfHkrkHk cPpu] ijiQSD'kfuLV vkehj [kku]
fdax [kku 'kkg#[k] liuksa dk jktk lyeku] ,D'ku
ghjks v{k; dqekj vkSj fdruksa dks vius eqdke ij
igq¡pk;k gSA
;g flusek gh gS ftudh cnkSyr gesa Hkkjrh;
flusek dk tud :idkso¡j T;ksfrizlkn vkxjokyk]
vfHkusrk] fuekZrk&funsZ'kd izeFks'k c#vk] nknk lkgsc
µ ½f"kds'k vikVZeVas ] U;w xqokgkVh] ih- vks- uwuekVh] ftyk&dke:i(esVkª )s ] vle&781020
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
iQkYds iqjLdkj fotsrk&HkkjrjRu&lqèkkdaB MkW- Hkwisu
gtkfjdk] laxhrdkj ftrq&riu] fuekZrk&funs'Z kd tkg~uq
c#vk] fo'oLrjh; vfHkusrk vkfny gqluS ] cSfa MV
Dohu [;kr vfHkus=kh lhek fo'okl] fuekZrk&funs'Z kd]
la x hrdkj&uk;d&vfHkus r k tq f cu&tfru&ikiu]
ljy&xzkE; thou dks ljy <ax ls miLFkkfir djus
okyk fo'oizfln~èk fuekZrk&funsZ'kd fjek nkl ugha
feyrsA èkU; gS Hkkjrh; flusek!
fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd foKku dh
izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk eksckby] baVjusVa ds ;qx esa cnyrs
gq, ifjn`'; esa gesa ;g vk'kk j[kuk fd lc dqN
igys tSlk gks tk,--- dgk¡ rd laxr gksxk ;g dguk
eqf'dy gSA vkt flusek esa lSDl] jsi] vigj.k]
naxk&iQlkn] ywVikV vkfn dh Hkjekj gksrs gq, Hkh
n'kZdksa dks lrdZ jguk gksxk fd ge eD[kh ;k
eèkqeD[kh cus] xjy ;k ve`r pquAs
varr% gesa fiQYe&fuekZrkvksa ls fouez fuosnu gS
fd ;a=kks]a rduhdh iz;ksxksa ds chp jgrs&jgrs vkSj
ctV] cktkj dk dSydqy's ku djrs&djrs ekuoh;
laosnukvksa dks u Hkwy tk,¡---lekt ds izfr os vius
mRrjnkf;Ro dks u Hkwyas vkSj lekt dks fcxkM+us ds
ctk, lok¡jus dk dke djsAa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 43
 flusek vkSj lekt
MkW- vpZuk >k
fl usek ân; vkSj efLr"d] Hkko vkSj fopkj ds
lkFk&lkFk lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd lkfgfR;d
ifjos'k dk thoar jkxkRed ltZuk gSA lkfgR; Hkh
vius ifjos'k vkSj lekt ds dSuokl ij mdsjk tkrk
gS] ogha nwljh rjiQ flusek Hkh vius le;] ;qxcksèk
ifjos'k dk lkekftd izfrfcac gS tks tqMr+ k gS ân;
dh ^jkxkRedrk* ds lkFk&lkFk efLr"d dh ckSn~fèkdrk]
lkSan;kZRed jkx&fojkx ds lkFkA flusek ekuo] thou
dh vk'kk&fujk'kk] g"kZ&fo"kkn] mRd"kZ&vid"kZ] dqaBk
,oa =kkl dk ,d lexz fp=k.k gS] n`';&JO; ekè;e
ds :i esAa
orZeku lekt esa uSfrdrk ,oa ewY;ks dh mis{kk]
ekuoh; lacèa kksa ds izfr mnklhurk] ifjofrZr lkekftdrk]
laLdkj] laLÑfr lkfgR; esa Hkh èofur gS] rks Hkyk
flusek dSls vNwrk jg ldrk gSA flusek Hkh ^dFkkud*
lekt vkSj lkfgR; ls ysrk gSA Dykfld Hkkouk vkSj
ewy laons uk dks lesVs gq, dbZ fiQYesa cuh gS]a tks
lkekftd ifjiz{s ; esa ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqbZ gSAa
;qxhu flusek vkt fdlh ,d yhd ;k ifjikVh
esa caèkh gqbZ ugha gSA cfYd og O;fDr ,oa thou ds
reke Nq,&vuNq, igyqvksa] uSfrdrk ,oa otZukvksa dh
f[kykiQr djrs gq,] xzkg~; ,oa vxzkg~; dh uohu
ifjHkk"kk x<+rs] gq,] mHk;i{kh fcanqvksa dks vkRelkr~
djrk pyrk gSA O;fDr dh ckg~; leL;kvksa dks gh
ugha cfYd vkarfjd euksxfaz Fk ls :c: gksrs s gq, ,d
[kqjnjs ;FkkFkZoknh lkSan;Z'kkL=k dks fiQYeksa ds dF; esa
<kyk x;k gSA
44 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
fiQYeksa dh ;g ;k=kk ^tkx`fr*] ^nks ch?kk tehu*]
^iwjc if'pe*] enj bafM;k] vk¡[ks] xkbM] rhljh
dle] nsonkl] fp=kys[kk vkfn fiQYeksa ds fopkjcksèk]
vkn'kZoknh ;FkkFkZ ls xqtjrs gq, ,d u, flusekbZ
uhfr] lkSna ;Z'kkL=k dks viukrk gS tgk¡ osnuk&laosnuk
ds xhys vk¡lw u gksdj ifjos'kxr] O;fDr ds Ågkiksg]
eksgHkax] dqaBk] vjktdrk] ewY;] jhfr&uhfr lHkh viuh
lai.w kZrk ds lkFk flusek ds dF; cuus yxsA vkèkqfudrk
ds rduhdh ;kaf=kdrk ls xqtjrk gqvk euq"; miHkksDrkoknh
vkSj ;kaf=kd gksrk x;kA ^Fkzh bfM;V~l* fiQYe ^liQyrk*
dh n{krk ds dkxth vkadM+kas dh ikjaifjd lksp dh
iksy [kksy dj j[k nsrh gSA ,d uhfrokD; dgk x;k
gS fd] gj euq"; ds vanj vyx&vyx rjg dh
izfrHkk gSA gj euq"; esa dksbZ ,d fof'k"V izfrHkk gksrh
gSA ijarq vkt ds lekt esa O;fDr izfrLièkkZ ,oa
izfr;ksfxrk ds ;qx esa thrk gSA tgk¡ cPpksa ds fy,
igys ls gh ek¡&cki mudk dSfj;j] in] eqdke lksp
ysrs gSa vkSj mlh ds vuq:i cPps dks >kad s nsrs gSa ml
xyk&dkV izfrLièkkZ esa tgk¡ og vius vareZu dh
vkokt u lqu ldsA bldk lw{e vadu ^rkjs tehu
ij* fiQYe esa fd;k x;k gSA
vrhr esa Hkh ^dFkkud* dF;] Hkko&fopkj dks
#igys dksjh dYiukRedrk ,ao Hkkoqdrk ls fudkydj
bls O;fDr] lekt] laLÑfr ds ,d l'kDr izfrfufèk
ds :i eas vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;kA ^vadjq *] ^vkØks'k*]
^vn~èkZlR;*] ^lkjka'k*] nks vk¡[ks ckjg gkFk] ^Lons'k*
^fganh ehfM;e*] ^osMulMs* tSlh fiQYesa gSA
 ^ifjorZu* izÑfr dk 'kk'or fu;e gSA ;g
ifjorZu l`f"V ds ewy esa gj {ks=k esa gSA lekt flusek
dk cgqvk;keh varl±caèk gS ftudk ,d&nwljs ij
izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k izHkko iM+rk gSA ;gh otg gS fd
flusek dk ^dF;* Hkh buls izHkkfor gksdj gh vius
lajpukRed rkus&ckus dks cqurk gSA vkt f'k{kk txr
esa jktuhfr] HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn] voljokfnrk iQy&iQwy
jgh gS vkSj HkksFkjs pkdw ls ;ksX; vkn'kZoknh f'k{kdksa
dk xyk jsr fn;k tkrk gSA ^pkd ,u MLVj* fiQYe esa
lekt ,oa f'k{kk txr ds dks<+ dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
f'k{kk dk eafnj Hkh iSlk cVksjus] uke dekus dk lgt
lkèku O;kikj cudj jg x;k gSA fcYdqy rktk ,oa
;FkkFkZ ds rkus&ckus ls cquh bl fiQYe dk ^dF;*
csckd] foospu fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, f'k{kk txr ds
reke L;kg iUuksa dks ijr nj ijr [kksyrh pyrh gS
cxSj fdlh ykx&yisV dsA bldh vkaf'kd >yd gesa
Jhyky 'kqDy ds ^jkxnjckjh* miU;kl esa n`f"Vxkspj
gksrh gSA
flusek lekt dk niZ.k ekuk tkrk gSA tc ns'k
dh ljteha ds VqdM+s gksrs gSa rks ;g foHkktu u dsoy
gekjh tehu dks ck¡Vrk gS cfYd gekjs fnyksa fnekx eas
,d ,slk uklwj cuk fn;k tkrk gS ftldh Vhl lM+kaèk
ds :i esa ljteha ds lkFk ekul esa Hkh iQSyrh jgsA
bl =kklnh dks Hkkjrh; fganh flusek ds jtriV ij
c[kwch fpf=kr fd;k x;kA 1947 ^vFkZ* fiQYe gks ;k
';ke csusxy dh ^eEek* ftldh ukf;dk ^egewnk* ds
varZeu dks Hkh foHkktu ^foHkkftr* gksus ij etcwj
djrh gSA foHkktu dh =kklnh dks 'kjhj vkSj eu ij
>syrh gqbZ ^fiatj* dh ukf;dk iwjksA vkt ds bl
rFkkdfFkr vkèkqfud lekt esa èkeZ ds uke ij ;qokvksa
dks my>krs cgdkrs rFkkdfFkr laHkzkar èkkfeZd yksxksa
dh cf[k;k mèksMr+ h ^gs jke* fiQYeA ^xnj ,d izes
dFkk* esa 'kk'or lai.w kZ izes dks Hkh foHkktu vkSj
etgch rjktw esa rkSy fn;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªiesz vkSj
O;fDrxr izes dh LFkkiuk ds chp dk n~ona o~ csgn gh
lw{e ,oa rkfdZd gSA tgk¡ jk"Vª ds vku&cku&'kku dk
èot ygjkrs gq, izes dh 'kk'orrk ,oa ifo=krk dh
Hkh j{kk dh tkrh gSA ;qxhu lanHkZ ds gaqdkj] yydkj
,oa psruk ds lkFk ,d lan's k nsrk gS fd] jktusrkvksa
dh LokFkZ yksyiq rk] ladh.kZrk vkSj xyr fu.kZ; fdrus
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
eklwe yksxksa dh tku ys ysrk gSA prqjlsu 'kkL=kh ds
miU;kl ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^èkeZi=q k* ,d u, n`f"Vdks.k
ds vkyksd esa x<+h tkrh gS tks u dsoy foHkktu ds
;FkkFkZ igyqvksa dks fn[kkrh gS cfYd fgan&w eqfLye
,drk dks u;k vklek¡ Hkh nsrh gS fd] ,d eqfLye
dk uotkr f'k'kq] fganw ds ?kj esa iydj fganw curk gSA
okLrfodrk gS fd] tUe ls ge dsoy balku gksrs gSAa
fgalk&izfrfgalk] lkainz kf;drk dk tgj bu lcds ewy
esa LokFkhZ jktuhfrd] ealwcs vkSj èkek±èkrk gSA blh nnZ
dks [kq'koar flag dh fy[kh dgkuh ^Vªus Vw ikfdLrku*
ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe cukbZ xbZA bl fiQYe dk ,d
Mk;ykWx& ¶eSa u fl[k gw¡] u eqlyeku] u fganwA eSa rks
Mkdw gw¸¡ ] iwjh fiQYe ds dF; dks O;Dr dj nsrk gSA
foHkktu dh ihM+k fganw gks ;k eqlyeku nksuksa i{k lgrs
gaS ^ikVhZ'ku* fiQYe Hkh foHkktu ds =kkl dks fn[kkrh
gS fd] ;g foHkktu jk"Vª] ekuoh;rk vkSj izse dh
ifjHkk"kk gh dyafdr dj nsrk gSA ,d iQkSth ikfdLrkuh
;qorh dh ^vLer* dh j{kk djrs gq, viuh dkSe ls
Vdjk dj mls vius ?kj esa iukg nsrk gSA ,d lPpk
flD[k vkSj iQkSth cudj mldh j{kk djrk gS gj
dne ijA vutkus gh mls izes djus yxrk gS bl izes
dh j{kk gsrq og mnkjeuk èkeZ dh ladh.kZrkvksa ls ijs
mBdj izes dh izfrLFkkiuk djrk gSA
foHkktu ls brj d'ehj esa fganw iafMrksa ds
foLFkkiu ds csgn laons u'khy eqnn~ s dks ^f'kdkjk*
fiQYe eas foèkq fouksn us fpf=kr fd;k gSA d'ehj dh
okfn;ksa esa f'ko vkSj 'kkafr dk izes ijoku p<+rk gS
ijarq dkykarj esa d'ehj dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ck:nh xaèk
?kqyus yxrh gSAa vyxko] vkradokn dh ,slh fpaxkjh
iQwVrh gS fd] mlesa d'ehjh iafMrksa dks viuh cgw ,oa
csVh dh vkc: cpkuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gS ,sls le;
esa f'ko vkSj 'kkafr dks viuk vkf'k;kuk NksMu+ k iM+rk
gS] fdrus tn~nkstgn ,oa eqf'dyksa dks >syuk iM+rk
gSA viuh tku cpkrs gq, os Hkkjr vk tkrs gSa ijarq
vius fny&fnekx esa vius ml vkf'k;k¡ dks clk,
jgrs gSAa 30 o"kks± rd os bl mEehn esa jgrs gSa fd
,dckj os d'ehj dh okfn;ksa esa ykSV tk,¡xAs vius
vkf'k;k¡ dks clk,xs ijarq ,slk gksrk ugha gS] ;g gS
rRdkyhu d'ehj dk lekt'kkL=kA ftls csgn ân;Li'khZ
dFkkud] Hkko ds lkFk jtr iV ij mdsjk x;k gSA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 45
 lkfgR; gks ;k flusek buds dF;] ifjos'k fdlh
ljgn ls caèks ugha gksrs gSa cfYd ;s lhèks tqMr+ s gSa
lekt ,oa ifjos'k lsA ^rkfycku* fiQYe esa viQxkfu;ksa
ds thou dh csclh vkSj rkfyckfu;ksa ds vfrØe.k]
vR;kpkj ds chp ,d viQxkuh ;qod ls izes esa iQalh
Hkkjrh; yM+dh ds izse] eksgHkax =kkl] dqaBk dh ,d
l'kDr vfHkO;fDr gSA fiQYe n`'; JO; ekè;e gS]
ftldk dFkkud] lans 'k mn~n s' ; izR ;{kr% gekjs
fnyks&fnekx ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA jk"Vªh; psruk ,d
fopkj] Hkko gS tks lai.w kZ ekr`Hkwfe ds izfr] izse]
leiZ.k] vknj] lsok ds Hkko geesa Hkjrk gSA ;g ,d
fopkj] lefiZr LohÑfr gS] tks ns'k ds lkFk gesa
HkkoukRed :i ls lkekftd laLÑfr ds lkFk tksM+rh
gSA ;g tqMk+ o fiQYeksa ds ekè;e ls mlds dF;]
laokn] xhr&laxhr ls xqtjrh gqbZ gekjs ân; dks
mn~osfyr djrh gSA ^23 ekpZ 1931&'kghn* fiQYe
ftlls gesa 'kghn Hkxrflag ds thou ds ckjs esa irk
pyrk gSA ns'k ds fy, ej feVus okys Økafrdkjh
cVqd's oj nRr] lq[knso] jktxq# tSl uo;qod tc
ns'k ds fy, g¡lrs&g¡lrs ¶esjk jax ns clarh pksyk¸
xquxqukrs gq, tc iQk¡lh ds iQans ij >wy tkrs gSa rks ;g
n`'; Hkkjrh; ;qokvksa esa vkst&rst vkSj ekr`Hkwfe ds
fy, ej feVus dk tTck iSnk djrk gSA ;g tTck dksbZ
Hkh mins'k iSnk ugha dj ldrk gSA ^iwjc vkSj if'pe*
fiQYe esa ^Hkkjr* vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dks ftl rjg misf{kr
dj jgs uk;d ij O;aX; fd;k tkrk gS og efLr"d
dks >d>ksjrk gSA blh fiQYe esa fons'kh èkjrh ij tc
^Hkkjr dk jgus okyk gw¡ Hkkjr dh ckr lqukrk gw¡ dh
Lojygjh xwt a rh gS rks ^fo'oxq#* Hkkjr dh xfjek
vku&cku] lH;rk] laLÑfr gokvksa esa xwt a rh gSA bl
xkus esa lH;rk] laLÑfr dk tks lkSna ;kZRed fp=k.k gS
og dsoy eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS&
ped mBk flanjw xxu es]a
if'pe rd ykyh NkbZ nqYgu pyh]
gk¡] igu pyh rhu jax dh pksyh
^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^tkx`fr*] ^lR;kxzg* tSlh
fiQYeksa esa jk"Vª izse] lkekftd ln~Hkkouk ds ikB ge
i<+rs gSAa flusek dsoy eu dks gh ugha Nwrk gS] cfYd
gekjs xkSjo Økafrohjksa ds ckjs esa Hkh gesa crkrk gS tks
bfrgkl ds iUuksa esa Hkh misf{kr jg x,A ftuds xkSjo
46 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
yksd daBks esa dgha&dgha lqjf{kr rks gSa ijarq ftl
Lo.kkZ{kj esa fy[kk tkuk pkfg, Fkk ogk¡ mnklhurk]
mis{kk fn[kkbZ xbZA ^dsljh* fiQYe bldk ,d l'kDr
mnkgj.k gS ftlesa dslfj;k ixM+h dh vku vkSj
cfynku] 'kkS;Z] rst dh laiw.kZ xkFkk dks jtriV ij
mdsjk x;k gSA xkus dh iafDr Hkh jk"Vªh;rk dh ,d
Lo.kZ bfrgkl fy[krh gS&
¶ryokjksa is lj okj fn,
vaxkjksa esa ftLe tyk;k gS
rc tkds dgha geus lj is
;s dsljh jax ltk;k gS¸
ogha ij ohj ^dsljh* viuh vkjtw xquxqukrk gS
bu iafDr;ksa es&a
¶rsjh feV~Vh esa fey tkoka
xqy cuds eSa f[ky tkoka
rsjh ufn;ksa esa cg tkoka
rsjs [ksrksa esa ygjkoka
bruh lh gS fny dh vkjtwA¸
;qxhu ifjos'k esa flYoj LØhu dk ;g lalkj
dsoy yqHkkouk] vkd"kZd gh ugha gS cfYd csckd]
[kksth] vUos"k.kkRed dFkkud ds ;FkkFkZ dks lekt ds
lkeus ykus dk iz;kl djrk gSA lqHkk"kpanz cksl vktkn
fgan ds laLFkkid Økafrdkjh] Hkkjr ds iq=k dh ftanxh
dks vkf[kjh le; ,d fdaonarh cukdj xqeuke dj
fn;k tkrk gSA ^xqeukeh* fiQYe esa u dsoy vktkn
fgan iQkSt dk laLFkkid] Økafrdkjh gS cfYd fiQYe esa
muds thou ds Kkr&vKkr igyqvksa dks cM+h csckdh
ls vuqlaèkukRed n`f"Vdks.k ls foosfpr fo'ysf"kr dj
ns'k ds lkeus] turk ds lkeus ftl rjg ls vfHkO;Dr
fd;k gS ;g gekjs fy, ,d èkjksgj gSA fiQYe vfHkO;fDr
dk og lkèku gS tks Hkwr] Hkfo";] orZeku lHkh ds
okrk;u gekjs lkeus [kksy nsrk gSA
lekt ,oa O;fDr ds lksp&fopkj dk izHkko
fiQYeksa ij Hkh iM+rk gSA tc dksbZ ijaijk,¡ vkSj
ekU;rk,¡ èkhjs&èkhjs [kafMr gksrh gSa rks u, izfreku x<+s
tkrs gSAa lkfgR; vkSj lekt nksuksa ds ewy mRl esa L=kh
gSA fganh flusek txr esa vrhr esa ewd cfèkj xk; dh
Nfo esa L=kh dks vkcn~èk dj fn;k x;kA tgk¡ 'kjkch]
tqvkjh] voSèk lacèa kksa esa fyIr ifr Hkh ijes'oj FkkA
lekt dh reke ekU;rk,¡ ijaijkvksa dks fuHkkrh gqbZ
bl L=kh dks ^vkn'kZ* dh pk'kuh esa yisV dj ijkslk
x;kA dkykarj esa cnyrs ifjos'k vkSj ekU;rkvksa us
flusek dks izHkkfor djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA flusek esa
dF; cnyus yxs ftlds iQyLo:i ^enj bafM;k*]
dkxt ds iQwy] ^eèkqerh*] ^dVh irax* tSlh fiQYesa
L=kh ds izfr fdafpr ifjofrZr n`f"Vdks.k ds lkFk vkb±A
^lqtkrk*] ^vfHkeku* tSlh fiQYeksa us dksjs vkn'kZokn
ds #igys lalkj dks insZ ij ugha mdsjk cfYd ukjh
thou ds O;kogkfjd i{kksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;kA
uCcs ds n'kd esa flusek ds #igys insZ ij
L=kh&thou dh euksnfS gd folaxfr;ksa] n~oan~o] dqaBk
vkfn dks fpf=kr fd;kA ^nkfeuh*] cSafMV Dohu] ^tqcSnk*]
^D;k dguk] ^fiad* tSlh fiQYeksa us ,d u, vk;ke
is'k fd,A ^fiad* tSlh fiQYe laHkzkra oxZ ds lkearoknh]
fujad'q k lksp&fopkj dks ijr&nj&ijr mlds ân; ls
ysdj efLr"d rd dks [kaxkyrh pyrh gSA L=kh ds
Hkko] fopkj ,oa mldh futrk ds u, ekunaM fuèkkZfjr
djrh gSA lekt dh lai.w kZ otZuk,¡ vkt Hkh L=kh ds
fy, gSAa bl lp dks ^gkbZo*s fiQYe esa fn[kk;k x;k
gSA ohjk ,d laiUu ifjokj dh csVh gS tgk¡ [kks[kyh
vku&cku&'kku gS ijarq fj'rksa dh e;kZnk tgk¡ rkj&rkj
gksdj fc[kjrh gSA tc ohjk dk ;kSu&'kkS"k.k firk ds
cM+s HkkbZ ds n~okjk gksrk gSA ;gk¡ j{kd gh Hk{kd cu
tkrk gSA ohjk dh ek¡ tks Lo;a ,d L=kh gS] og bls
Hkwydj pqi jgus ds fy, dgrh gSA D;ksfa d mudh
fu;fr Hkh vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k lguk gSA ^rqylh*
fiQYe lekt ds lkeus ^ekr`Ro* dh ,d vyx gh
jokuxh is'k djrh gSA tc rqylh dks irk pyrk gS
fd] og vc T;knk fnu rd ftank ugha jgsxh rks vius
cPpksa ds fy, ek¡&cki <w<¡ rh gS tks cPpksa dks xksn
ysdj mUgsa lqugjk Hkfo"; ns vkSj og pSu ls ej
ldsA
dyk fiQYeksa ds fo'kqnè~ k vkn'kZokn Hkh L=kh ds
lges gq, ;FkkFkZ ls :c: gksdj ml la?k"kZ dks
ygwygq ku [kjksp
a ks ls xqtjrs gq, muds vfLrRo ,oa
igpku dks jtriV ds ekè;e ls lekt dh rFkkdfFkr
ekU;rkvksa dks fc[ksjrh gqbZ ^#nkyh*] ^fp:Fk eaMh*]
^vFkZ* dh reke ukf;dk,¡A ^ckt+kj* dk fo'kqnè~ k cktkjokn
ftlds lk, esa ph[kksa dks nckrh izes esa iM+h gqbZ
^utek* ds lkeus ls tc cktkj ra=k dh dhys m[kM+rh
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
gaS rks mldk eksgHkax gksrk gS vkSj tUe ysrh gS oks
utek tks L=kh&laons uk] izes dks mlds vfLrRo ls
tksMr+ h gS vkSj Lo;a dh igpku dsoy ,d L=kh ds
:i esa cukrh gSA
lekt pkgs lkearokn dh vD[kM+rk ;k iwt a hokn
dh pdkpkSèa k] cktkjokn ;k ;kaf=kdrk dk gks rFkkdfFkr
lkekftd lajpuk L=kh dks ^oLrq* ls O;fDr ;k ekuoh
le>us dk tksf[ke mBkuk ugha pkgrk gSA ^neu*
^yTtk* tSlh fiQYesa bu Ny&Nn~eksa dks pqukSrh nsrh
gqbZ jtr iV ij vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSAa dHkh fyo bu
fjys'kuf'ki dks lekt ds lkeus ykus dk iz;kl
^lyke ueLrs* fiQYe ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gaSa
dHkh ^bf'd;k* vkSj ^CySd* tSlh fiQYesa vius dFkkud
ds n~okjk lekt dks jk; cnyus ds fy, etcwj djrh
gSAa
dkykarj esa fo'kqnè~ k dyk fiQYe vkSj dkWef'kZ;y
fiQYe dk izR;{k ikfjHkkf"kd Hksn feVus yxk vkSj
[kqjnjs ;FkkFkZ dk lkSna ;kZRed vadu fiQYeksa ds dF;
cuus yxsA ;g ^dF;* dYiuk dh moZj Hkwfe dh nsu
u gksdj O;fDr dh euksHkwfe] egkuxjksa dh can f[kM+fd;k¡]
xk¡o ds iyk;u [kafMr&fo[kafMr vkLFkk ls Vdjkrh
tw>rh gqbZ dFkkud dk mikax curs gSa vkSj fiQj tUe
gksrk gS ,sls flus dFkkdkjksa dk tks fganh fiQYeksa dks
,d u,] ifjos'k esa <kyrk gS vkSj cqurk gS mlesa
[kqjnjk ;FkkFkZ] cktkjokn] eksgHkax] dqaBk] iz'kklfud
ra=k dh iklA ^CySd ÚkbZM*s ftlesa ce&foLiQksVksa dh
lkft'k ,oa mldh ;a=k.kk dks mHkkjk x;kA ^xSaXl vkWiQ
oklsijq * fiQYe dk dFkkud ml vkSifuosf'kd lkearoknh
lekt ls fy;k x;k tgk¡ ;g ?kVrk gS ,d =kklnh ds
:i esaA flusek ds jtriV ij ;g xaxkty èkks Mkyrk
gS mu lHkh dqfRlrrkvksa dksA ^osMulMs* tSlh fiQYe
lekt dks lan's k nsrh gS fd vke turk D;k dj
ldrh gS\ ^eqUukHkkbZ ,e-ch-ch-,l-* tSlh fiQYesa
mlh lekt ls yh tkrh gSa tgk¡ euq"; ;a=k cu x;k
gSA dkxt dh fMfxz;k¡ cl iSlk dekus dk ,-Vh-,e-
e'khu cu xbZ gSaA
tgk¡ laons uk] Lusg] drZO;] izes gkf'k, ij gaAS
dgha ij izÑfr dk 'kk'or lR; fd ftanxh nks fnu
dh gS blfy, orZeku dks ldkjkRed j[ksA ^ftanxh uk
feysxh nksckjk* tSlh fiQYe esa bldk lkSan;kZRed
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 47
vadu gS tks O;fDr dks ,d lan's k nsdj tkrk gSA
^fganh ehfM;e* ^bafXy'k ehfM;e* tSlh fiQYesa laHkzkar
oxZ dh rFkkdfFkr lksp] vkRedsafnzdrk dks rkj&rkj
dj nsrh gaSA vkt Hkkjrh; lekt fn'kkghu dsoy
if'peh ped&ned dk eksgrkt cudj jg x;k gSa
bl lp dks ^bafXy'k ehfM;e* tSlh fiQYesa ifjHkkf"kr
djrh gSa jtriV ij] lekt ds chpA
;qxhu fiQYeksa us lekt dks mn~ofs yr fd;k] Fkes
gq, ty esa ygj iSnk fd;k rkfd] cus&cuk, fdukjksa
dks dkV dj O;fDr ,oa lekt ,d O;kogkfjd jkLrk
ryk'k dj ldsA D;ksafd ;g vrhr] orZeku] Hkfo";
rhuksa dk fp=k.k djrk gSA ^jft;k lqYrku*] ^tksèkk
vdcj*] ^vukjdyh*] ^Hkkx feY[kk Hkkx*] ^eSjh dkWe*
tSlh fiQYesa gesa vius vrhr] foLe`r orZeku ls
tksMr+ h gSa ^esjk uke tksdj* tSlh fiQYeksa ds dFkkud
vkSj laxhr ljgn ikj Hkh yksxksa dks xquxqukus ij
etcwj djrs gS]a rks dFkkud ftanxh dk 'kk'or lkejL;
ikB i<+krk gSA ^tkx`fr* tSlh fiQYeksa ds xkus&^ge yk,
gSa rwiQku ls d'rh fudky ds* xkus dh xwt a lekt esa
;qodksa dks txkrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ fldanj&,&vkte
dk xkuk& ¶tgk¡ Mky&Mky ij lksus dh fpfM+;k
djrh gS clsjk] og Hkkjr ns'k gS esjk¸] geesa ,d
vkRexkSjo] jk"VªxkSjo ds Hkko Hkjrk gSA ^izse* tks
thou dk 'kk'or lR; gS mls Hkh ^jtriV* ij
lkSan;kZRed HkkoHkwfe ds lkFk mdsjk x;k izes ds mnkRr
:i ls ysdj lekt dh ladfq pr voèkkj.kk ds lkFkA
^ySyk&etuw*¡ ] ^ghj&jka>k*] ^jksfe;ks twfy;V*] ^'khjh
iQjgkn*] ^xnj*] ^vukjdyh* vkfn fiQYesa HkkokRed]
jkxkRed jksekal dh ,d vyx gh HkkoHkwfe x<+rh gSAa
µ izoDrk] lsaV ,Ul dkWyst iQkWj owesu] esagnhiVue
qqq
48 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
euksoKS kfud n`f"Vdks.k ls ge ns[ksa rks ikrs gSa fd
n`';&JO; ekè;e gksus dh otg ls ;g gekjs
eu&efLr"d ij fo'ks"k izHkko Mkyrk gSA flusek thou
ds laiw.kZ lR;] dYiuk] LofIuy lalkj vkSj okLrfod]
izk;ksftr lkSna ;Z] izes dks fpf=kr djrk gS ijarq foMacuk
;g gS fd vkt dk lekt] O;fDr udkjkRedrk]
xyr Hkko] fopkj ls tYnh izHkkfor gksrk gSA og
uk;dRo ls T;knk [kyuk;doknh izo`fRr dk f'kdkj
gks jgk gSA Ñf=ke] vLFkk;h] okluktU; izse ân; eas
iyus yxs gSAa ^Lora=krk* LoPNanrk cudj vktknh dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus yxs gSAa bu lcds ewy esa flusek dk
iw.kZ fo'kqnè~ k O;kolkf;d gksuk gSA vkt laxhr Hkh
iQwgM+] gkL;kLin] dkuiQksM+ gksus yxs gSa tks ân; dks
Nwrs ugha gSA fiQYe fuekZ.k] forj.k esa dsoy iQk;nk
uqdlku dh ydhjsa [khaph tk jgh gaAS vkt ;g dsoy
,d mn~;ksx gS] tgk¡ cktkj dh f[kM+fd;k¡ gSa u fd
lekt] dyk laLÑfr dh ey;kfuy lehjA
vko';drk vkt bl ckr dh gS fd fiQYe
fuekZ.k] forj.k lsalj cksMZ bu lcds fy, ,d ^vkbZuk*
cuk;k tk, tgk¡ lcdqN lkiQ&lkiQ fn[kkbZ nsA ;g
^dyk* gks mRikn ugh] fuekZ.k gks lekt dk vkaf'kd
uk'k ugha gks] xyh] uqDdM+] pkSjkgs vkSj pkSiky gksA
eqUuh cnuke u gks] ugha ranjw h eqxhZ gksA fiQYe turk
dh vkokt] lkekftd ifjos'k] dyk dh lkt] ;FkkFkZ
dk vadu] eksgHkax] =kklnh] fo"kerk dk pfj=kkadu dj
lekt] O;fDr] laLÑfr] lH;rk dks LoLFk ,oa fopkjoku
cuk, rkfd Hkfo"; esa Hkh ;g var%lacaèk ,d u;k
vè;k; fy[ksA
 fganh flusek vkSj lkekftd ljksdkj
MkW- vydk vkuan
Hkk jrh; flusek ds vkfoHkkZo dk Js; LoxhZ;
nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks tkrk gS ftUgksaus 3
ebZ 1913 dks vius n~okjk fufeZr vkSj funsfZ 'kr fiQYe
^jktk gfj'pan*z dk lkoZtfud izn'kZu fd;kA ;g
fiQYe yksdfiz; ikSjkf.kd dFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl
fiQYe dk fuekZ.k ewy fiQYe ds :i esa fd;k x;kA
bl fiQYe ds i'pkr~ gh Hkkjr esa fiQYe fuekZ.k dh
fofèkor~ 'kq#vkr gqbAZ Bhd blds 18 o"kks± ds i'pkr
vnsfZ 'kj bZjkuh dh igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk*
lu~ 1931 esa insZ ij vkbZA blh ds lkFk rfey dh
igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^dkyhnkl* vkSj rsyxq q dh igyh
cksyrh fiQYe ^HkDr izgy ~ kn* dk izn'kZu fd;k x;kA
blds lkFk gh Hkkjr esa dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa lokd fiQYeksa
ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k rst gks xbZA ijarq ;g è;ku nsus
;ksX; ckr gS fd lu~ 1913 ls ysdj 1933 rd
lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls tqMs+ fo"k;ksa ij cuus okyh
fiQYeksa dh la[;k dkiQh de FkhA ysfdu blh nkSj esa
ckcwjko isVa j ,d ,sls fiQYedkj ds :i esa mHkjs
ftUgksaus flusek dks èkkfeZd ,oa ikSjkf.kd èkkjk ls
eksMd + j lkekftd ljksdkjksa ls tksMk+ vkSj ,d ubZ
ijaijk dh 'kq#vkr ^lkodkjh* uked fiQYe ls dh tks
fdlkuksa ds ½.k leL;k ij vkèkkfjr FkhA lu~ 1940
rd vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa us Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks Nwuk
'kq: dj fn;kA blesa fo"k; ds :i esa lekt dh
laons ukvksa dks ize[q krk iznku dh xbZA blh ;qx dh nsu
ds :i esa oh- 'kkarkjke ljh[ks dbZ fiQYedkjksa dk
vkfoHkkZo gqvk ftUgksaus flusek dks ,d ubZ Å¡pkbZ
iznku dhA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
Hkkjrh; flusek ds 100 o"kks± ds bfrgkl esa
fganh fiQYeksa us u dsoy Hkkjr dh lkekftd] jktuSfrd
,oa lkaLÑfrd psruk dks txkus dk dk;Z fd;k vfirq
fo'o iQyd ij fganh flusek dks LFkkfir djus dk
Hkh dk;Z fd;kA
Hkkjrh; flusek dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk thou
esa O;kIr gj rjg dh laosnukvksa dks n'kkZuk jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj mlds lkekftd ljksdkjksa ij
ppkZ djrs le; ;g Hkh è;ku nsus dh t:jr gS fd
vkf[kj Hkkjrh; flusek us tgk¡ ls izHkko xzg.k fd;k
mlds cht rRo dgk¡ Fks\
19oha lnh ds mRrjkn~èkZ esa ftl yksdfiz;
jaxeap dh 'kq#vkr ikjlh fFk;sVj ds :i esa gqbZ mlh
ijaijk dks Hkkjrh; flusek us Hkh vkjaHk esa viuk;kA
ftlesa Hkkjrh; yksd ijaijk tgk¡ ,d vksj vius
lkdkj Lo:i esa e`R;q xhr o laxhr dh mifLFkfr Fkh
ogha nwljh vksj ikjlh fFk;sVj us cksypky dh ,d
,slh Hkkf"kd ijaijk LFkkfir dh tks fganh vkSj mnwZ dh
ladh.kZrkvksa ls ijs Fkh ftls ckn esa fganLq rkuh ds uke
ls tkuk x;kA bl ^fganqLrkuh* tqcku us gh fganh
flusek dks xSj&fganh Hkk"kh n'kZdksa ds chp yksdfiz;
cuk;k1A tgk¡ rd fo"k; ds :i esa ikSjkf.kd] èkkfeZd
vkSj ,sfrgkfld fo"k;ksa dk pquko dk vkjksi vktknh
ds iwoZ ds fganh flusekvksa ds Åij yxrk jgk gS
bldh eq[; otg ;g Fkh fd os T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa
rd viuh fiQYeksa dks igqp ¡ kuk pkgrs FksA mudk
ekuuk Fkk fd tu&tu ds chp èkkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd ,oa
,sfrgkfld dFkk,¡ izpfyr gSa vr% muds chp ;g
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 49
fo"k; Lohdk;Z gksxk vkSj os flusek&?kjksa rd pydj
vkuk ilan djsaxsA ;g cgqr gn rd lp Hkh lkfcr
gqvkA
vktknh ls igys dh fiQYeksa ds eq[; fo"k;
Lora=krk laxkz e] vaxstz h jkT; ls eqfDr ds iz;kl vkSj
ns'kHkDr ohjksa ds cfynku dh dFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr
FkkA fganh fiQYeksa dk izFke nkSj ,sfrgkfld vkSj èkkfeZd
fiQYeksa dk FkkA bl nkSj esa fuekZrk funsZ'kd vkSj
vfHkusrk lksgjkc eksnh us fldanj vkSj >kalh dh jkuh
tSlh fiQYesa cukbZA bu fiQYeksa us yksxksa ds fy, ns'kizes
dh Hkkouk dks mn~nhIr djus dk ekgkSy cuk;kA
ekuoh; uotkxj.k ls izfs jr ,oa izHkkfor gksdj fiQYedkjksa
dh n`f"V Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa
vkSj dqiFz kkvksa dh vksj xbZ] ifj.kker% lqèkkjoknh
fiQYeksa dk vkfoHkkZo Hkh vktknh ls igys gks pykA
lekt dh lPph rLohj dks flusek?kjksa esa fn[kk;k tkus
yxkA
ipkl dk n'kd fganh flusek dk Lo.kZ ;qx FkkA
bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k fiQYedkjksa dh lkekftd
izfrcn~èkrk FkhA mu fnuksa lkekftd leL;k ds izfr
,d bZekunkj laons u'khyrk vkSj mu leL;kvksa ls tqM+s
lekèkku dh ryk'k ,oa mls n'kZdnh?kkZ rd igq¡pkus
dh vnE; ykylk fiQYedkjksa esa ns[kus dks feyhA
ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; ek=k O;kolk;hdj.k u gksdj
lekt esa tkx:drk iQSykuk FkkA ftlds n~okjk :f<+;ksa
ls eqfDr ds lkFk&lkFk LoLFk euksjt a u] lans'kkRedrk
,oa fouksnkRedrk dks izJ; nsuk FkkA ,sls fiQYedkjksa
esa lksgjkc eksnh] i`Fohjkt diwj] Ogh- 'kkarkjke] rkjkpan
cM+tkR;k] xq#nRr] foeyjk;] egcwc [kku bR;kfn
vkrs FksA mlh nkSj ls lR;ftr js vkSj psru vkuan Hkh
caxky esa Hkkjrh; lekt ds oafpr tulewg ds thou
vkSj mudh vkdka{kkvksa ij fiQYe fufeZr dj jgs FksA
Ogh- 'kkarkjke fganh flusek dks lkekftd ljksdkj
ls tksMu+ s okys ,d l'kDr fiQYedkj ds :i esa mHkjsA
ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; flusek dks ,d lkFkZd fn'kk iznku
dhA lkekftd :f<+;ksa ds fo#n~èk u, ;qx dk vkg~oku
djus okyh fiQYeksa esa ^nqfu;k u ekus* (1937)
mYys[kuh; gSA blesa csesy fookg dks vkèkkj cuk;k
x;kA ;gk¡ L=khRo dh xfjek dks csgn [kwclwjr vankt
50 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
es ais'k fd;k x;kA Ogh- 'kkarkjke dh ,d vU; fiQYe
^nks vk¡[ksa ckjg gkFk (1957)* Hkh ,d lans'kkRed
fiQYe gSA ftlesa os ltk;kÝrk eqtfjeksa ds pfj=k esa
cnyko ykus ds fy, mUgsa can dkjkxkjksa ls ckgj
fudky dj eqDr xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa [ksrhckM+h djokdj
mlesa ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djrs gSaA
19oha lnh ds vkf[kjh n'kdksa esa dbZ fiQYedkjksa
us ikSjkf.kd vkSj ,sfrgkfld dgkfu;ksa ds ekè;e ls
Hkkjrh; turk dh lkekftd ,oa èkkfeZd vkdka{kkvksa
ds lkFk&lkFk jktuSfrd lanHkks± dks tksMd + j vfHkO;fDr
iznku dhA blesa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk og
xfjeke; fp=k is'k djus dh dksf'k'k dh ftlds dsna z
esa os uk;d Fks ftUgksua s jk"Vªfgr dks loksiZ fj ekuk vkSj
vkØkarkvksa dks yksgs ds pus pcok,A ftldk Js; jk.kk
izrki vkSj f'kokth tSls yksxksa dks tkrk gS ml le;
tu uk;dksa ds lkFk&lkFk osn iqjk.kksa esa mn~èk`r ,oa
larksa ds Åij Hkh fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA èkeZ
dh egRrk ij cy fn;k x;k vkSj mlds ekè;e ls
jktuSfrd lan's k dk izlkj Hkh fd;k x;kA ijarq fiQYe
fuekZ.k ls tqMs+ gq, yksx O;olk;h Fks] blfy, mUgksua s
fiQYe fuekZ.k dks Hkh O;olk; ds :i esa gh ns[kuk
'kq: dj fn;kA
fiQj Hkh dqN ,sls funs'Z kd vo'; Fks ftUgksua s
O;olk;hdj.k dh vaèkh&nkSM+ esa Lo;a dks 'kkfey ugha
fd;kA ,sls gh fiQYe ds mnkgj.k ds :i eas izHkkr
fiQYel ds n~okjk fufeZr ^mn;dky* uked fiQYe gS
tks f'kokth ds thou ij vkèkkfjr FkhA ml le; ds
lkfgR;dkjksa us Hkh bl lR; dks igpkuk fd lkfgR;
dh vusd foèkkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk flusek ds :i esa
lkfgfR;d dFkkvksa dk fiQYekadu Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksxkA
;gh otg jgh fd izes pan ljh[ks jpukdkjksa us Hkh
flusek ds fy, iVdFkk fy[khA ysfdu izes pan ân;
vkSj opu nksuksa ls lPps lkfgR;dkj FksA vr% mUgsa
flusekbZ txr dk O;olk;hdj.k jkl ugha vk;kA
mUgksua s vius dqN fe=kksa ds i=kksa esa ;g ppkZ dh fd
^flusek lkfgfR;d vkneh ds fy, Bhd txg ugha
gSA¸2 izsepan jfpr ^etnwj* fiQYe dqN gn rd
etnwjksa ds thou ,oa dfBukbZ;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyus esa
dke;kc jghA
 ml nkSj ds fiQYedkjksa us u,&u, dFkkudksa ij
vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ml nkSj esa dbZ
O;fDr;ksa dks ize[q krk feyh rks muls tqMs+ dbZ lkekftd
eqnn~ s Hkh mHkjdj fiQYedkjksa ds le{k vk,A vacMs dj
,oa xkaèkh ljh[ks usrkvksa dh lksp dh otg ls tkfr]
èkeZ] fyax] ukjh] nfyrksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr bR;kfn
ls mRiUu èkkfeZd fLFkfr;ksa us tgk¡ ,d vksj lkfgR;dkjksa
dks izsfjr fd;k ogha nwljh vksj fiQYedkjksa us Hkh
viuh fnypLih fn[kykrs gq, lkfgR;dkjksa n~okjk jph
xbZ jpuk ds vkèkkj ij ^vNwr*] ^jktjkuh*] ^ehjk*]
^paMhx<* bR;kfn fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g lHkh
dgkfu;k¡ izrhdkRed Lo:i dks xzg.k fd, gq, Fkh tks
ml le; dh jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekax FkhA
vfxze iafDr ds usrkvksa us Hkh bl lan's k dk izlkj
djus dh dksf'k'k dh fd vHkh fyax] tkfr&Hksn
bR;kfn ls Åij mBdj jk"Vªfgr esa lkspus dh t:jr
gSA fL=k;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh tc jktuSfrd :i ls t:jh
gks xbZ rks mUgksua s jktjkuh ehjk tSls izjs d ik=kksa dk
lgkjk fy;kA vr% ehjk ij dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa
fiQYesa cukbZ xb±A bl nkSj esa ukjh leL;k ij vkèkkfjr
dbZ fiQYesa cuha ftlesa ize[q k uke gS& ^vHkkfxu*]
^lsoklnu*] ^vkSjr* bR;kfnA bl nkSj esa ukjh ds
vykok vNwrksa ,oa fdlkuksa dh leL;k Hkh ize[q k jghA
vNwr dU;k uked fiQYe esa ,d mPp tkfr ds
yM+ds ,oa ,d vNwr yM+dh ds izse dgkuh dks
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blh izdkj fon~;kifr] lar rqdkjke]
lar Kkus'oj] ehjk] paMhnkl] lar iksruk vkfn ij cuh
fiQYeksa dk edln èkeZ dk izpkj djuk ugha Fkk cfYd
èkkfeZd dV~Vjrk vkSj :f<+okn ds fo#n~èk èkkfeZd
lfg".kqrk] tkfr vkSj èkeZ dh ladh.kZrk ls Åij mBdj
,drk HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ij cy nsuk FkkA
lekt esa O;kIr dqlxa fr;ksa dks dsna z esa j[kdj
Hkh dbZ fiQYedkjksa us vusd fiQYesa cukb± tks foèkok
fookg] cky fookg] os';k&o`fRr] fdlku] etnwj]
csjkstxkj vkfn ds thou ij dsfa nzr FkhaA lkfgR; dh
dbZ jpukvksa dk fiQYekarj.k fd;k x;kA cafdepan]z
johanuz kFk ds lkFk&lkFk izes pan] tSuasnz vkfn dh jpukvksa
ij Hkh fiQYe cuuh 'kq: gks xbZA bl nkSj esa ukjh ds
vykok vNwrksa ,oa fdlkuksa dh leL;k Hkh ize[q k jghA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
ejkBh] ckaXyk] fganh] mnwZ vkfn dbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa fiQYesa
cuus yxhaA ^nsonkl* (1935)] ^x`gnkg* (1936)]
^vukFk vkJe* (1937)] ^gejkgh* (1944) vkfn
fiQYesa mlh dM+h dh nsu gaAS blh nkSM+ esa dbZ ,slh
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk tks csjkstxkjh vkSj jksVh dh
leL;k ij vkèkkfjr FkhA eksgu Hkoukuh dh ^etnwj*
(1934) vkSj ^tkxj.k* (1936) blh izdkj dh
fiQYe FkhA egcwc [kku us ^jksVh* (1942) tSlh
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA tks lkekftd ljksdkj dks
n'kkZrh FkhA Bhd blds lekukarj jk"Vªoknh izHkko dks
O;Dr djus okyh fiQYesa ^badykc*] ^eqDrh*] ^èkjrh
ekrk*] ^iqdkj*] ^R;kxHkwf e*] ^oans ekrje~*] ^vktkn
èkjrh ds yky*] ^uhpk uxj* bR;kfn fiQYesa cu jgh
FkhaA fdlkuksa dh tehu dks ysdj cuus okyh ize[q k
fiQYe ^èkjrh ekrk* (1938) FkhA ftlesa xk¡o ds yksxksa
dks eqf[k;k ds 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykus dk iz;Ru
fn[kk;k x;k gSA blh izdkj dh ,d iz[;kr fiQYe ^nks
ch?kk tehu* (1953) dks fcey jk; us fufeZr fd;k
ftlesa xzkeh.k ,oa Ñ"kdksa dh tehu dks gM+ius dh
dksf'k'k fn[kkbZ xbZA bl le; dqN ,slh fiQYeksa dk
Hkh fuekZ.k py jgk Fkk ftlesa fdlkuksa dks ½.k
leL;k ls eqDr djokus gsrq lkewfgd [ksrh dh izèkkurk
dks Lohdkjk x;kA og fiQYe Fkh ^èkjrh ds yky*A
ftls ns[kus ds i'pkr~ cjcl gh izes pan dh ,d
iafDr è;ku gks vkrh gSA izes pan lkfgR; ds mn~n's ; ls
fy[krs gS&a ¶tks nfyr gS] ihfM+r gS] oafpr gS] pkgs
og O;fDr ;k lewg] mldh fgek;r ;k odkyr
djuk iQtZ gSA¸3
izes pan us ftl iQtZ vnk;xh dh ckr dh Fkh
og ^èkwy dk iQwy*] ^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^cwV ikWfy'k*]
^xkbZM*] ^ftl ns'k esa xaxk cgrh gS*] ^cafnuh*] ^I;klk*]
^ge nksuks*a ] ^lkèkuk* tSlh fiQYeksa esa lkekftd psruk
ds :i esa eq[kfjr gqbAZ xq#nRr dh fiQYe ^viuk gkFk
txUukFk* esa lekt dh fu"Bqjrk vkSj Je dh egRrk
dks O;aftr fd;k x;k gSA
fu'p; gh fganh flusek esa lkekftd ljksdkjksa
dh vfHkO;fDr n~okjk uotkxj.k dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh;
dk;Z fd;k tk jgk FkkA ;gh otg gS fd lu~ 1950&60
dk nkSj Hkkjrh; flusek ds fy, Lo.kZ;qx dk fganh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 51
flusek esa lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj lkekftd psruk dks
vkèkqfud lanHkks± esa O;k[;kf;r djus okys ch- vkj-
pksiM+k dh fiQYe ^,d gh jkLrk* (1958) dks ugha
Hkwyk tk ldrk tks ml le; dh Toyar leL;k
foèkok&fookg ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl fiQYe esa ,d u,
n`f"Vdks.k dk vkjaHk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tgk¡ ,d
foèkok dh 'kknh mldk è;ku j[kus okys fdlh vU;
iq#"k ls djok nh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ,d LoLFk lqèkkjoknh
n`f"Vdks.k dk vkjaHk ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bUgha ds
funs'Z ku esa ^èkwy dk iQwy* uked fiQYe Hkh vkbZA
blesa vfookfgr ijarq ekr`Ro dh leL;k ls tw>us
okyh fL=k;ksa ds thou ds fc[kjko vkSj mldh ifj.kfr
dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSa ;g ,d cgqr gh laons u'khy fo"k;
jgk gS] ijarq ch- vkj- pksiM+k us fiQYe ds ekè;e ls
lekt ds lEeq[k bls izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
oxZ oS"kE; dks feVkus okyh fiQYe jktdiwj
n~okjk fufeZr ^izsejksx* jghA blesa vkfHktkR; ifjokj
dh foèkok L=kh dk fookg fdlh vU; oxZ ds lkekU;
;qod ls djok fn;k tkrk gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d vksj
oxZ la?k"kZ gS rks nwljh vksj vkfHktkR; ifjokjksa esa
izPNUu :i ls izpfyr L=kh&'kks"k.k dk f?kukSuk :i Hkh
vuko`r gqvk gSA izdk'k >k Ñr ^nkeqy* (1985)]
^e`R;qnMa * bR;kfn fiQYesa Hkh lekt dks >d>ksj nsus
dk dk;Z djrh gSaA
fiQYe txr esa ,d nkSj ,slk Hkh vk;k tc
Mkdqvksa ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa cuus yxh ^eq>s thus nks*]
µ ,l-ih-,e- dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq
52 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
^xaxk&tequk*] ^cSafMV Dohu* bR;kfn fiQYesa lekt ds
lp dks Hkh mtkxj dj jgh FkhaA
L=kh iq#"k ds lacèa kkssa dh O;k[;k djus okyh
fiQYeksa esa ^vfHkeku*] ^ued gjke*] ^pqids&pqids*]
^vkuan*] ^ckophZ*] ^eSa rqylh rsjs vkaxu dh*] ^nqYgu
ogh tks fi;k eu Hkk,* bR;kfn fiQYesa cuha tks iwjh
rjg Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vuqdwy FkhA
eq[;èkkjk fiQYeksa ds lekukarj dyk fiQYeksa us
Hkh vLlh ds n'kd esa viuh Bksl txg cukbZA ftlesa
^vFkZ*] ^rel*] ^Vªsu Vw ikfdLrku*] ^vEew* bR;kfn
fiQYesa gSa tks leL;kvksa ds izfr lpsr vkSj lkspus dks
foo'k djrh gSaA
uCcs ds ckn ds n'kdksa esa vkradokn vkSj
lkaiznkf;d oSeuL; ds nq" ifj.kke dks ysdj cuus
okyh fiQYeksa esa ^ckacs*] ^jkstk*] ^CySd ÚkbMs*] ^gkbt+d
S *]
^ekfpl*] ^dekZ*] ^fe'ku d'ehj* bR;kfn gSaA ftUgksus
u dsoy varjjk"Vªh; [;kfr izkIr dh cfYd oru dh
j{kk gsrq ej feVus okys lsukfu;ksa dks Hkh lPph
Jn~èkkatfy vfiZr dhA tks Hkkjrh; flusek ds lkekftd
ljksdkjkas dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gh otg gS fd vkt flusek
dks lkekftd ljksdkjksa dk izoDrk Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] i`"B 61
2- dye dk flikgh] i`"B 580
3- lkfgR; dk mn~ns';] i`"B 13
 xqyt+kj ds xhrksa esa ftanxh ds jax (Hkkf"kd lanHkZ)
MkW- dju flag ÅVoky
dks l dksl ij cnys ikuh
pkj dksl ij ckuh
;g lcus lquk gksxk vkSj ;g ckr ykxw Hkh gksrh
gSA
Hkkjro"kZ esa igys oSfnd Hkk"kk Fkh] fiQj laLÑr]
fiQj çkÑr] fiQj ikyh rRi'pkr viHkz'a k vkSj vc
[kM+h cksyh vkfnA
,sls gh fiQYeh xhrksa dh Hkk"kk esa Hkh ifjorZu
gqvk gSA tks LokHkkfod gSA tSls ukVdksa esa ik=kkuqdy w
Hkk"kk gksrh gS ,sls gh xhrksa dh Hkk"kk esa Hkh ik=k vkSj
ifjos'k ds vuqlkj Hkk"kk esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA
Hkkjr ns'k ,d lkaLÑfrd ns'k gSA ;gk¡ dh
laLÑfr çR;sd {ks=k esa le`nè~ k gS bl laLÑfr dks
vfHkO;fDr nsus okys xhr gSaA ;gk¡ tUe ls ysdj e`R;q
rd 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk laLdkj gks ftlesa xhr 'kkfey
uk gks] fiQj pkgs og yksdxhr gks ;k 'kkL=kh; laxhr
ij vkèkkfjr xhr gksA
vkt fiQYeh xhrksa us lHkh çdkj ds xhrksa dks
vius esa lesV fy;k gSA pkgs og yksdxhr gks] 'kkL=kh;
laxhr ij vkèkkfjr xhr gks] dOokyh gks] Hktu gks ;k
fdlh vkSj çdkj ds xhr gksA lHkh xhr fiQYeksa esa
fey tk,¡xsA
vxj funs'Z kd ds :i esa xqytkj dh ftanxh dk
liQj ns[ksa rks ^esjs vius* ls mudk ^ifjp;* gqvk
mudh ^dksf'k'k* ls ^vpkud* ,d ,slh ^vkaèkh* vkbZ
tks vius lkFk <sj lkjh ^[kq'kcw* ykbZ ftlls ^ekSle*
[kq'kuqek gks x;k tSls Mwcrs dks ^fdukjk* fey x;kA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
tgk¡ cSBdj ^fdrkc* i<+us dk etk vk x;kA ^ehjk*
ds Hktu dk vkuan vk x;k esok esa ^vaxjw * vkSj
^uedhu* dk Hkh Lokn p[kkA ,d rjg ls yksxksa ls
yksxksa dks [kq'k djus dh ^btktr* yh muds vuqlkj
^fyckl* cnyk ^ysfdu* vkxs c<+rs jgsA yksxksa dks
vkdf"kZr djrs jgs ^ekfpl* ds ekè;e ls vkradokn
ij jks'kuh Mkyh vkSj ^gq rw rw* ls viuh ftanxh esa
thrrs pys x,A
mUgsa 7 ls vfèkd jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj fey pqds gSa
1- loZJs"B iVdFkk % dksf'k'k (1972)
2- loZJs"B funsZ'ku % ekSle (1976)
3- loZJ"s B xhr % esjk dqN lkeku& btktr
(1988)
4- loZJ"s B xhr % ;kjk flyh flyh& ysfdu
(1991)
5 loZJs"B fiQYe % ekfpl (1996)
6- loZJ"s B o`Rrfp=k iafMr Hkhelsu tks'kh vkSj
mLrkn vetn vyh [kku (1990)
xqytkj lkgc dks 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk lEeku gS
tks uk feyk gks jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj] fiQYeiQs;j iqjLdkj]
vkWLdj iqjLdkj] ykbiQVkbe vphoesVa iqjLdkj] nknk
lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj vkfn lHkh lEeku xqyt+kj
lkgc dks fey pqds gSAa
xqyt+kj lkgc vius vki esa baæèkuq"k ljh[ks gSAa
os lkfgR;dkj Hkh gSa] funsZ'kd Hkh ga]S laokn ys[kd Hkh
gSa] fiQYedkj vkSj xhrdkj Hkh gSAa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 53
 vkt ge fo'ks"kdj muds xhrksa dh ppkZ djsxa s xkf;dk% çhfr lkxj ;s xhr rks lkjk gh vaxt sz h
xqytkj njvly ,d cqyna h dk uke gSA yksxksa ds esa FkkA
fnyksa esa muds fy, vyx gh lEeku gSA xqytkj yksxksa ekbZ gkVZ bt+ chfVax
dh ul&ul ls okfdiQ gaS mudks irk gS fd yksxksa dks dhIl vkWu fjihfVax
dc D;k pkfg,A muds xhrksa esa ,d ls ,d xaHkhj vkb ,e osfVax iQkWj ;w-----
fo"k;ksa ds lkFk lkFk jksekal vkSj gYds&iQqYds fo"k;ksa 4- vej vdcj ,aFkksuh (1977) % xhrdkj%
dh fofoèkrk gS vkuan% c{kh] laxhrdkj% y{ehdkar I;kjsyky
xqytkj us tc igyk xhr fy[kk FkkA esjk xksjk xk;d% vferkHk cPpu o fd'kksj dqekj
vax ybZ ys eksgs ';ke jax nsb ns--- bl xhr esa lanHkZ ekb use bt+ ,aFkkWuh xksl a kyfol eSa nqfu;k esa
ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k Hkk"kk dh [kq'kcw gSA vdsyk gw-¡ --
ge le>rs gSa fd vkt xhrksa esa vaxt sz h ds 'kCnksa 5- ,d nwts ds fy, (1981) % xhrdkj%
dk tksj gSA fganh dk LFkku bafXy'k us ys fy;k gSA dqN vkuan% c{kh] laxhrdkj% y{ehdkar I;kjsyky] xk;d
gn rd ;g lgh Hkh gSA ysfdu ;g Hkk"kk dk ifjorZu vkSj xkf;dk% yrk vkSj ,l- ih- ckylqcgz e~ .;e
xhrksa esa ugha cfYd lekt esa gks jgk gS vkSj mlh ge cus rqe cus ,d nwts ds fy, ---2
dkj.k ls xhrksa esa Hkh Hkk"kk cny jgh gSA jgh ckr mldks dle yxs tks fcNM+ ds--- ge cus--
vaxst
z h 'kCnksa dh] fganh xhrksa esa ;g cgqr igys ls gks gs vkb MksVa uks g~okV ;w ls vkb MksVa uks g~okV
jgk gSA ;w ls
dbZ cM+&s cM+s xhrdkjksa us Hkh vaxtsz h 'kCnksa dk igys fiQYeh xhrksa esa vaxtsz h 'kCn rks Fks ysfdu
ç;ksx fd;k gSA ftlesa d+ej tykykcknh] gfjaæukFk èkqu mldh gekjh gksrh FkhA vkSj os vaxst z h 'kCn
pV~Vksikè;k;] vkuan c{kh vkfn gS]a muds xhr gSa fganhe; gks tkrs FksA ysfdu vkt gekjs fganh cksy Hkh
tSl%s vaxt sz h èkqu esa vaxt
sz he; gks tkrs gSAa tSls jSi xhrksa esa
1- gkoM+ k fcz t(1950) xhrdkj % d+ e j gksrk gSA
t y ky k c k nh ] l a x h r d kj % vks - ih u Õ ;j ] jSi D;k gS\
xkf;dk% xhrk nRrA ;g ,d çdkj dk rhoz y;;qDr laxhr gS
esjk uke fpu fpu pw fpu fpu pw ckck fpu ftlesa xk;d xkus ds LFkku ij rhoz xfr ls cksyrk gSA
fpu pw jkr pkanuh eSa vkSj rw gSyks feLVj gkm Hkkjr dk igyk jSi 1968 esa vkbZ fiQYe vk'khokZn
Mw ;w Mw esjk uke fpu fpu pw--- ls gS ,slk ekuk tkrk gS ftls v'kksd dqekj us xk;k Fkk
2- fnYyh dk Bx (1958) xhrdkj% et#g jsyxkM+h] jsyxkM+h
lqYrkuiqjh] laxhrdkj% jfo] xk;d vkSj xkf;dk% fd'kksj jsyxkM+h] jsyxkM+h
dqekj rFkk vk'kk Hkkslys Nqd Nqd Nqd Nqd
lh , Vh dSV] dSV ekus fcYyh vkj , Vh jSV] Nqd Nqd Nqd Nqd
jSV ekus pwgk vjs fny gS rsjs iats esa rks D;k chp okys LVs'ku cksys
gqvk #d #d #d #d
,e , Mh eSM] eSM ekus ikxy ch vks ok; #d #d #d #d
ckW;] ckW; ekus yM+dk vjs eryc bldk rqe bls fy[kk Fkk gfjaæukFk pV~êksikè;k; vkSj laxhr
dgks rks D;k gqvk --- 2 olar nslkbZ us fn;k FkkA
3- tw y h (1975) xhrdkj % gfja æ ukFk vkt ,sls gh jSi xhrksa dks ysdj dgk tkrk gS
pV~Vksikè;k;] laxhrdkj% jkts'k jkS'ku fd xhr vaxt sz he; gks x;s gSa tSls

54 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 ,
1- ywaxh Mkal--- psUubZ ,Dlçsl (2013)
xhrdkj] laxhrdkj o xk;d% ;ks ;ks guh
flag
2- pkj ct x, ysfdu ikVhZ vHkh ckdh gS]
iQkyrw (2011)
xhrdkj% lehj] laxhrdkj% ftxj lfpu] xkf;dk%
gkMZ dkSj
3- viuk Vkbe vk,xk] xyh ckW; (2019)
xhrdkj% fMoSu vkSj vadqj frokjh] laxhrdkj%
d'kZ dkys] xk;d% j.kohj flag
4- 'kadj egknsou dk czFs kysl
5- rqe gh gks caèkq l[kk rqEgh] dkWdVsy (2012)
xhrdkj% bj'kkn dkfey] laxhrdkj% çhre
pØcrhZ
bu xkuksa esa cksy dk ugha ik'pkR; èkquksa dk
çHkko gS fd gesa fganh xhr Hkh le> ugha vkrs ojuk
vkt Hkh fcYdqy fganh esa xhr Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa
tSls %&
1- ;s eksg eksg ds èkkxs rsjh maxfy;ksa ls tk
my>s--- ne yxk ds gkb'kk (2015)]
xhrdkj% o:.k xzksoj] laxhrdkj% vUuw efyd
xk;d vkSj xkf;dk ikiksu o eksukyh Bkdqj
2- rsjs uke geus fd;k gS thou viuk lkjk
lue--- rsjs uke (2003)
xhrdkj% lehj] laxhrdkj% fges'k js'kfe;k
xk;d vkSj xkf;dk% mfnr ukjk;.k rFkk vYdk
;kfXud
jksekafVd xhr
1- ,d lwjt fudyk Fkk] dqN ikjk fi?kyk Fkk]
tc fny ls vkg fudyh Fkh fny ls & fny ls
2- vktk ekfg;k& fiQtk
3- vkidh vk¡[kksa esa dqN egds gq, ls jkt gSa&
?kj
4- cksy uk gYds gYds &>we cjkcj >we
5- gedks ekywe gS b'd eklwe gS &tkuseu
6- geliQj esjs geliQj ia[k rqe &iwf.kZek
yksd èkquksa ij vkèkkfjr xhr
1- dslfj;k ckyek vks th ièkkjks Egkjs nsl&
ysfdu
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
2- pIik pIik pj[kk pys& ekfpl
nk'kZfud xhr %
1- vkus okyk iy tkus okyk gS &xksyeky
2- ,d vdsyk bl 'kgj esa jkr esa vkSj nksigj
esa vkcks nkuk <wa<rk gS& ?kjkSna k
3- ,s ftanxh xys yxk ys &lnek
4- rq>ls ukjkt ugha ftanxh gSjku gw¡ eSa &eklwe
xty
1- tc Hkh ;s fny mnkl gksrk gS &lhek
çkFkZuk xhr %
1- gedks eu dh 'kfDr nsuk eu fot; djsa
&xqMM~ h
ns'k HkfDr xhr %
1- , esj s I;kjs oru ,s esjs fcNM+ s peu
&dkcqyhokyk
2- ,s oru oru esjs vkckn jgs rw &jkt+h
eLrh Hkjs xhr %
1- chM+h tykbZ ys ftxj ls fi;k& vksedkjk
2- tqcka ij ykxk ued b'd dk &vksedkjk
3- NS;k NS;k &fny ls
4- cjlks js es?kk es?kk& xq#
5- dtjkjs dtjkjs &caVh vkSj ccyh
cPpksa ds xhr %
xqytkj us cPpksa ds fy, Hkh xhr fy[ks gSAa tks
cPps dHkh Hkwy ugha ikrsA
1- taxy taxy ckr pyh gS irk pyk gS pM~Mh
igu ds iQwy f[kyk gS &taxy cqd èkkjkokfgd
2- ydM+h dh dkBh] dkBh is ?kksM+k ?kksM+s dh
nqe is tks ekjk gFkkSMk+ &eklwe
xqytkj ds xhrksa ds fcac fcYdqy u, gksrs gSAa
muds xhrksa esa fnu dHkh [kkyh crZu gks tkrk gS] rks
dHkh [kkyh lM+dksa ij èkqvk¡ vk¡lw cu tkrk gSA dHkh
fny èkM+dus dh ctk; vlfe;k esa gwe gwe djrk gS]
dgha flyh&flyh fcjgk dh jkr tyrh gS] dgha g¡lh
lqu lqudj iQly idus yxrh gSA dHkh iRrs fny
cu tkrs gSAa
bl rjg mudh dYiuk esa u,&u, fcac mHkjrs
gSaA os vfHkèkk ls vfèkd y{k.kk vkSj O;atuk n~okjk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 55
vius xhrksa dks vfHk;qfDr çnku djrs gSaA muds xhrksa
dh Hkk"kk ik=kksa ds vuqdwy gksrh gSA blhfy, dgha
eksjk xksjk vax ysb ys] rks dgha
chM+h tykbZ ys rks dgha
NS;k NS;k gSA
dgha vkradokn dh ekfpl dks n'kkZrs gSa fd
blls dgha vkx HkM+d uk tk,] rks dgha gYds ls
chM+h dks Hkh tykrs gSAa os vkt ds ;qok oxZ dh
[okfg'k ls Hkh okfdiQ gSAa blhfy, dgha dtjkjs uSuks
dh ckr djrs gS]a rks dgha ued b'd dk p[kkrs gSAa
mUgksua s xqMM~ h esa tks xhr fy[kk ¶gedks eu dh
'kfDr nsuk¸ vkt vusd Ldwyksa esa çkFkZuk xhr ds :i
esa xk;k tkrk gSA ftanxh dks ns[kus dk xqytkj dk
viuk fnyd'k vankt gSA
muds xhr yksxksa dks lkspus ij etcwj djrs gSAa
muds xhr vfèkdrj yksxksa dh dgkuh gksrs gSAa muds
xhrksa esa mudh laosnu'khyrk çdV gksrh gSA mudh
lksp dh xgjkbZ dk irk pyrk gS tSls %&
1- rqEgsa ftanxh ds mtkys eqckjd& iwf.kZek
2- oks 'kke dqN vthc Fkh& [kkeks'kh
3- geus ns[kh gS bu vka[kksa dh egdrh [kq'kcw
&[kkeks'kh
4- rq>ls ukjkt ugha ftanxh gSjku gw¡ eSa &eklwe]
vkSj Hkh cgqr ls xhr gSa ftuesa gesa ftanxh ds fofoèk
igyqvksa ds n'kZu gksrs gSAa
xhr ds fgV gksus dk Js; os xhr dh èkqu dks nsrs
gSa ;g mudk cM+Iiu gS os dgrs gSa fd xhr dh èkqu
?kksMs+ dh rjg gS ftl ij xhr ds cksy yxke dk dke
djrs gSa vkSj xhr dk n`';kadu lokj dk dke djrk
gSA bu rhuksa ds feys&tqys vlj dk tknw yksdfç;rk
dh dqath gSA fiQj Hkh dksbZ xhrdkj ;k laxhrdkj ;g
ugha crk ldrk fd mldk xhr ;k mldh èkqu
yksdfç; gksxh ;k ughaA vxj ;g crk ikuk laHko gksrk
rks xhrdkj rks ihj cu tkrs vkSj lcdk Hkfo"; crkus
yxrsA
oSls rks xqytkj ds cgqr ls xhr loZJs"B gSaA
ysfdu tks iqjLdkj nsus okyksa dks loZJ"s B yxs vkSj
fiQYe iQs;j iqjLdkj çnku fd, x, os gSa &
1- nks nhokus 'kgj esa &?kjkSank (1977)
2- vkus okyk iy tkus okyk gS& xksyeky
56 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
(1979)
3- gtkj jkgsa eqM+ ds ns[kh& FkksMh+ lh csoiQkbZ
(1980)
4- rq>ls ukjkt ugha ftanxh gSjku gw¡ eS&a eklwe
(1984)
5- esjk dqN lkeku rqEgkjs ikl iM+k gS &btktr
(1988)
6- NS;k NS;k &fny ls (1988)
7- ;kjk flyh flyh fcjgk dh jkr dk tyuk&
ysfdu (1991)
8- lkfFk;k &lkfFk;k (2002)
bu xhrksa esa
1- esjk dqN lkeku rqEgkjs ikl iM+k gS &btktr
(1988) rFkk
2- ;kjk flyh flyh fcjgk dh jkr dk tyuk&
ysfdu (1991)
bu nks xhrksa dks fiQYe iQs;j ds lkFk&lkFk
jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj Hkh çnku fd, x, gSaA vkSj tks nqfu;k
dk lcls cM+k vkWLdj vokWMZ ekuk tkrk gS] og
vkidks 2009 esa ^t; gks* xhr ij feykA
ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k ds fon~oku lSeqvy Vsyj
dkWysfjt (1772&1834) dgrs gSa gekjh dYiuk tks
dyk esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA og fojksèkh vkSj vyx&vyx
phtksa dk [kwclwjr la;kstu dj nsrh gSA muesa dksbZ
varjax lacèa k ugha gksrk gS ysfdu ys[kd dh dYiuk
mUgsa tksM+ nsrh gS tSls xqytkj lkgc us xhr fy[kk gS
1- pqUuh ysds lksrh Fkh deky yxrh Fkh 2
chck chck os
ikuh esa tyrk fpjkx yxrh Fkh
chck rsjh ;kn uk Vys
;gk¡ ikuh esa tyrk fpjkx vkSj ukf;dk dk
pqUuh ysdj lksuk nks vyx&vyx phtsa gSAa ysfdu
mudks ,sls tksM+ fn;k gS tSls fd og mlh dk çrhd
gSA
nqfu;k ifjorZu'khy gS vkSj lHkh txg ifjofrZr
gksrk jgrk gS vkSj xqytkj oDr ds lkFk&lkFk pyus
okys xhrdkj gSAa blfy, mUgksua s vkt dh ;qok ih<+h
ds fy, Hkh ,sls xhr fy[ks ftlds dkj.k vkt dh
ih<+h ds Hkh pgsrs xhrdkj gSAa muds xhr lqudj vkt
Hkh ;qok ih<h fFkjdrh gS tSls %&
1- rw gh rw] rw gh rw lrjaxh js& fny ls
2- lius esa feyrh gS vks dqMh+ esjs lius es&a
lR;k
3- eV: dh fctyh &eV: dh fctyh
4- dtjkjs dtjkjs rsjs dkjs dkjs uSuk& caVh vkSj
ccyh
vkSj
5- t; gks&t; gks
vkt Hkh os bruk ftankfny gS fd fy[krs gSa
fny rks cPpk gS thA
bl rjg [kqn 'osr jax esa jgdj yksxksa dks
ftanxh ds jax ck¡Vrs jgrs gSAa
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- esjk dqN lkeku& xqyt+kj
2- ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL=k nsoasæukFk 'kekZ
3. fofdihfM;k
4. https//geetmanjusha.com>lyrics

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"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 57

 'kSynas z ds xhrksa dk lkfgfR;d egRo
MkW- fiz;adk
fl usek txr esa 'kSynas z ds xhrksa dh ,d
fof'k"V igpku jgh gSA flusek ds xhrksa
dh Hkk"kk ij ftl le; mnwZ 'kSyh dk lokZfèkd izHkko
vkSj opZLo Fkk] ml le; BsB fganh rFkk xaobZ 'kSyh
dk iz;ksx dj 'kSysanz us flusek dks ,d u;k eqgkojk
fn;kA flusek ds xhrdkj gksus ls igys os lkfgfR;d
nqfu;k esa ,d dfo ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks pqds FksA
ysfdu foMacuk gS fd flusek ds xhrdkj ds :i esa
igpku cuus ls muds flusek ds fy, fy[ks xhr gh
ugha mudh dfork,¡ Hkh lkfgfR;d txr esa misf{kr
jg xb±A tc rd os ^bIVk* vkSj ^izyl s * ls tqMs+ jgdj
dsoy dfork,¡ fy[krs jgsa rc rd rks lkfgR; esa mUgsa
FkksMk+ &cgqr lEeku feyk] mudh dfork,¡ i=k&if=kdkvksa
esa Hkh izdkf'kr gksrh jgha] ysfdu T;ksga h mUgksua s flusek
dk #[k fd;k] lkfgR; txr us vius bl laHkkouk'khy
dfo dks Hkqyk fn;kA bl rjg dh mis{kk dk dkj.k
laHkor% lkfgR;dkjksa dh flusek ds izfr mis{kk jghA
vkt Hkh tu vkanksyuksa esa tks ,d ukjk& ¶gj tksj
tqYe dh VDdj esa gM+rky gekjk ukjk gS¸ cgqr
mRlkg ds lkFk yxk;k tkrk gS] mlds ltZd dks Hkh
lkfgR; dh izxfr'khy vFkok tuoknh èkkjk dh dfFkr
vkykspuk eas dHkh dksbZ LFkku gkfly ugha gqvkA
lkfgR; ds dfFkr iqjksèkkvksa us lkfgR; dks ges'kk ,d
lhfer lk¡ps esa ckaèks j[kk vkSj ftlus Hkh bl lk¡ps dks
rksMd+ j u;k jkLrk cukuk pkgk] mls vDlj ?kksj mis{kk
dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA
58 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
flusek ds xhrksa n~okjk lkfgR;] laLÑfr lkekftd
ewY;] nk'kZfudrk rFkk tu&psruk tSls rRoksa dks izokfgr
djus okys xhrdkjksa esa 'kSysna z dk LFkku 'kh"kZLFk gSA os
Lora=krk ds mijkar cu jgs u, lekt ds xhrdkj gSAa
ekuork dks viuk ije èkeZ le>us okys 'kSysna z us
thoui;±r ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks gh vius lkfgR; esa
vfHkO;fDr nhA ,d lkFk fonzksg] mRlkg] izes ] ftthfo"kk
vkSj vk'kkokfnrk dks dyecn~èk djus okys 'kSysna z us
vius thou dk è;s; gh] ^dke u, fur xhr cukuk@xhr
cuk ds tgk¡ dks lqukuk*1 ;kuh l`tu dks ekuk vkSj
;gh ugha mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks& ^dksbZ u feys
vdsys esa xkuk*] ;kuh l`tu gh mudk loZLo jgkA
flusek ds fy, xhr fy[kus ds lkFk gh lekukarj
:i ls os dfork,¡ Hkh fy[krs jgasA bldk gh ifj.kke
Fkk_ 1955 esa izdkf'kr gqvk mudk in~; laxzg ^U;kSrk
vkSj pqukSfr;k¡*] tks ihiqYl ifCyds'ku gkml2 ls
izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk blesa 1945 ls 1953 rd dh
mudh jpuk,¡ ladfyr FkhaA3 flusek ds vfrfjDr
mUgksuas tks dfork,¡] xhr fy[ks Fks os lc bl laxgz esa
ladfyr FksA bls fganh lkfgR; dk nqHkkZX; gh dguk
pkfg, fd muds bl ladyu dk fganh ds vkykspdksa
us izk;% uksfVl ugha fd;k vkSj lkfgR; dh og Ñfr
ftls dSiQh vkt+eh us ¶izkxs fsz lo fyVjspj dk [kkl
nLrkost dgk Fkk¸4 ,d rjg ls xqeuke gksdj [kks
xbZA
^izysl* vkSj ^bIVk* ds ekè;e ls 'kSysanz ds
dfo O;fDrRo dks ,d ldkjkRed fn'kk feyh FkhA
blus mudh vfHkO;fDr ds cgqr lkjs jkLrs [kksyAs
viuh Hkkoukvkas dks ns'k dh turk dh Hkkoukvksa esa
cny nsus dk t”ck feykA Hkh"e lkguh us 'kSysanz ds
fo"k; esa fy[kk gS& ¶'kSynas z ds vk tkus ds ckn ,d
ubZ vkokt lqukbZ iM+us yxh FkhA ;g vktknh ds fey
tkus ij Hkkjr ds u, 'kkldksa dks lacksfèkr djus okyh
vkokt FkhA bldk rsoj dqN vyx FkkA cM+h csckd]
pqukSrh Hkjh vkokt Fkh] blesa n`<r+ k Fkh] tq>k:iu Fkk]
ij lkFk lkFk vius ns'k dh turk ds izfr vxkèk izes
Hkh FkkA bu xhrksa esa ,drk dk lan's k Fkk] n`<k+ xzg Fkk]
^,d lkFk gS dne] tgk¡ lkFk gS@ dkexkj lkFk gS]
fdlku lkFk gS* ij lkFk gh lkFk 'kkldksa ls nks Vwd
iwNk Hkh x;k&yhMj] u xkvks xhr jke jkt dk] bl
Lojkt dk@ D;k gqvk fdlku dkexkj jkt dk\* bu
xhrksa esa jl Fkk] Hkk"kk lgt cksèkxE; Fkh vkSj ;s fny
dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa ls fudys mn~xkj FksA¸5
lkfgR; ds lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro ds izfr 'kSysanz
'kq: ls gh ltx jgs FksA muds fe=k vfuy ljkiQ us
fy[kk gS& ¶os dkyZ ekDlZ ls csgn izHkkfor Fks vkSj
mudh ^nkl dSfiVy* iqLrd i<+us dk vkxzg djrsA
blh ij vkèkkfjr fganh esa izdkf'kr ^n~oan~okRed
HkkSfrdokn* dks i<+dj lqukrs Fks vkSj dgrs Fks bleas
lkjh nqfu;k dk lkj Nqik gSA dkyZ ekDlZ ls izHkkfor
gksrs gq, Hkh os fgalk ;k [kwu&[kjkck esa fo'okl ugha
j[krs FksA cfYd vfgalk o xkaèkhoknh fopkjksa dks
vfèkd egRo nsrs FksA os viuh ys[kuh ds cy ij
Økafr ykus ds i{kèkj FksA¸6 ekDlZ ij mUgksaus dfork
Hkh fy[kh gS & ¶lkS lyke ml dkyZ ekDlZ dks ftlus
eqfDrekxZ fn[kyk;k] feV~Vh ds iqryksa dks ftlus iQkSyknh
balku cuk;kA nqfu;k ds etnwj ,d gks tkvks] ,d
vL=k gekjk gS] egkea=k cu x;kA vkt ,axYl vkSj
ekDlZ dk ukjk gSA¸7
'kSysna z dk thoukuqHko i;kZIr le`nè~ k FkkA muds
ys[ku esa mudk Hkksxk gqvk ;FkkFkZ lcls vfèkd
vfHkO;Dr gqvkA ;gk¡ rd fd mudh cM+h fo'ks"krk
;g jgh gS fd fiQYe dh r; fLFkfr;ksa esa caèkdj
fd;k x;k mudk ys[ku Hkh thou&;FkkFkZ ls tqMk+ gqvk
gksrk FkkA muds iq=k 'kSyh 'kSyasnz us fy[kk gS& ¶ckck
dk cpiu cgqr rdyhiQksa vkSj vHkkoksa Hkjk Fkk muds
firk jgus okys rks fcgkj ds Fks] ij jkoyfiaMh esa
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkehZ dSVa hu pykrs FksA ogha ckck dk tUe gqvk FkkA
c¡Vokjs ds ckn muds firk lkjs ifjokj dks ysdj
eFkqjk pys vk, FksA u jgus dk fBdkuk] u [kkus dkA
dbZ&dbZ fnu Hkw[ks lksuk iM+rk FkkA fiQYe ^mtkyk* esa
ckck us ,d xhr fy[kk Fkk& ^lwjt tjk vk ikl] vk
vkt liuksa dh jksVh idk,¡xs ge] pwYgk gS BaMk iM+k
vkSj isV esa gS vkx] xjekjxe jksfV;k¡ fdruk glhu
[okc*---A ;g njvly muds cngkyh ds fnuksa dh
gh ;knsa FkhaA¸8
flusek txr esa 'kSynas z dk izo's k ,d rjg dk
la;ksx gh Fkk vkSj mldh i`"BHkwfe Hkh fnypLi dgh
tk ldrh gSA jktdiwj tc flus txr ds u, psgjksa
esa 'kqekj Fks] rc okeiaFkh laxBuksa ^bIVk* vkSj ^izyl
s *
dh dkO; xksf"B;ksa esa vDlj vius firk i`Fohjkt
diwj ds lkFk tk;k djrs FksA ogha mUgksua s igyh ckj
'kSynas z dks lquk Fkk] tc os dfork ¶esjh cfx;k esa vkx
yxk, x;ks js xksjk ijnslh¸9 iwjs tks'k ds lkFk xk jgs
FksA jktdiwj us blls izHkkfor gksdj ogha rRdky mUgsa
viuh fiQYe ^vkx* ds fy, xhr fy[kus dk izLrko
fn;kA rc flusek txr ds izfr iwokZxgz ds dkj.k
'kSysanz us lkiQ budkj dj fn;k Fkk] ysfdu tYnh gh
mUgsa vkfFkZd ijs'kkfu;ksa ds dkj.k jktdiwj ds ikl
tkuk iM+k vkSj ;gha ls muds fiQYeh xhrdkj cuus ds
liQj dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA lkfgR; ls flusek dh vksj
'kSynas z Hkys gh vkfFkZd etcwfj;ksa ds pyrs x, gks]a
ysfdu flusek txr u fliQZ mUgsa jkl vk x;k cfYd
fiQj os vkthou blh dyk ekè;e ds gksdj jg x,A
flusek mUgsa vfHkO;fDr dk rFkk turk rd viuh
ckr igq¡pkus dk csgn l'kDr ekè;e yxkA
lcls igyk xhr tks 'kSynas z us flusek ds fy,
fy[kk] og Fkk fiQYe ^cjlkr* (1949) dk xhr &
¶cjlkr esa gels feys rqe ltu rqels feys ge]
cjlkr es¸a A igys gh xhr ls 'kSynas z us flus txr esa
viuh igpku cuk yhA ;g xhr csgn yksdfiz; gqvkA
bls fganh fiQYeksa dk lcls igyk ^VkbVy xhr* gksus
dk Js; izkIr gS] blls iwoZ fiQYeksa esa VkbVy xhr dh
ijaijk ugha FkhA bl xhr ds lkFk 'kq: gqbZ og ijaijk
vkt rd tkjh gSA
'kSynas z igyh gh fiQYe ds fy, vius xhr ls
pfpZr gks x, FksA jktdiwj ds rks os fiz; xhrdkj cu
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 59
x, FksA tc rd thfor jgs jktdiwj dh fiQYeksa
[kkldj uk;d jktdiwj ij fiQYek, tkus okys yxHkx
lHkh xhr 'kSynas z us gh fy[ksA bldk ,d cgqr cM+k
dkj.k jktdiwj vkSj 'kSynsa z dh vkilh le>nkjh vkSj
muds chp vPNs rkyesy dk gksuk FkkA
^cjlkr* dh liQyrk ls mRlkfgr gksdj jktdiwj
us ,d vkSj fiQYe ^vkokjk* dk fuekZ.k 'kq: fd;kA
^vkokjk* 1951 esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ ^vkokjk* ds xhrksa us
'kSynsa z dks varjjk"Vªh; Lrj dk xhrdkj cuk fn;kA
blh fiQYe us jktdiwj dks Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
:fl;ksa dk Hkh pgsrk dykdkj cuk fn;k FkkA ;g
fiQYe dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfYd :l] phu vkSj
vjc ds dbZ ns'kksa esa [kwc ljkgh xbZA blds xhr
¶vkokjk gw¡] ;k xfnZ'k esa gw¡ vkleku dk rkjk gw¡]
vkokjk gw¸¡ yksxksa us [kwc ilan fd;kA 'kSynas z us bl
xhr esa etnwjks]a dkexkjks]a fdlkuks]a xjhcksa ds nq[k&nnZ
dks Hkh vfHkO;Dr fd;k& ¶?kjckj ugha lalkj ugha
eq>ls fdlh dks I;kj ughaA¸ MkW- bant z hr flag dgrs
gS&a ¶bl dkyt;h xhr dks esgurd'k etnwjksa vkSj
loZgkjk oxZ ds thou dk lPpk nLrkost dgsa rks
vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA ;g xhr :l esa bruk vfèkd
yksdfiz; gqvk fd 1955 esa iafMr usg: tc igyh
ckj :l x, (rc lksfo;r la?k Fkk) rks :lokfl;ksa ds
HkO; Lokxr ls Hkko fog~oy gks mBsA ,d jktuSfrd
lHkk esa tc Jksrkvksa us iafMr usg: ls ^vkokjk* fiQYe
ds 'kh"kZd xhr dks lqukus dh ekax dh rks mUgsa
jktdiwj dh yksdfiz;rk vkSj 'kSynas z dh dye ds tknw
dk ,glkl gqvk¸10
'kSynas z us ;fn etnwjks]a esgurd'kksa ds fy, dfork,¡
fy[kha rks flusek esa Hkh oSls xhr fy[ksA mudh
dforkvksa ls vfèkd ekfeZdrk vkSj lgtrk muds
xhrksa esa jghA 'kSynas z ds xhrksa esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk
lkSna ;Z gS tks mUgsa vius ledkyhu lkfgfR;d xhrdkjksa
rFkk flusekbZ xhrdkjksa esa fof'k"V cukrk gSAa fganh dh
dfFkr lkfgfR;d fDy"Vrk vkSj mnwiZ jLrh ls cgqr gn
rd cprs gq, 'kSynas z us tks xhr fy[ks] fo'ks"kdj mRrj
izn's k vkSj fcgkj dh yksd Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa ls lts
muds xhrksa dh Hkk"kk dk viuk fof'k"V lkSan;Z gS&
¶ltuok cSjh gks x, gekj@fpfB;k gks rks gj dksbZ
ckps¸11 ;k ¶vcds cjl Hkst HkS;k dks ckcqy] lkou
60 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
esa yhtks cqyk, js@ ykSVsaxh tc esjs cpiu dh lf[k;k¡
nhtks lan's kk fHktk, js¸12
tSls xhr muds yksdthou ds eeZK gksus dh Hkh
iqf"V djrs gSAa
'kSynas z ds xhrksa esa euksHkkoksa ds lw{e fp=k ns[kus
dks feyrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, L=kh euksHkkoksa dks
mUgksua s cgqr gh [kwclwjr vkSj laons u'khy vfHkO;fDr
nh gSA pkgs og iz.k; Hkkouk dh vfHko;fDr& ¶iy
Hkj tks mèkj eqg iQsjs vks pank-- eSa muls I;kj dj ywx¡ h
ckrsa gtkj dj ywx¡ h¸13 gks ;k L=kh eqfDr dh Hkkouk
¶dk¡Vksa ls [khap ds ;s vk¡py rksM+ ns caèku ckaèks
ik;y14 dh L=kh dk tSlk Lora=k vkSj iz[kj :i muds
xhrksa esa >ydrk gS] og ml le; lkfgR; esa Hkh de
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
cky euksfoKku esa Hkh mudh xgjh iSB FkhA
mudh [kkfl;r ;g Hkh Fkh fd thou ds NksVs&NksVs
dk;Z O;kikjksa esa ls os fy[kus ds fy, lkexzh tqVk ysrs
FksA 'kSynas z dh iRuh Jherh 'kdqra yk 'kSynas z us fy[kk
gS& ¶nSfud thou esa ?kVus okyh ?kVuk,¡ ;k fLFkfr;k¡
gh mUgsa xhr fy[kus dh izjs .kk fn;k djrh FkhaA felky
ds rkSj ij csVs caVw dh tUedqMqa yh cuokus ds fy,
ckr pyh rks mUgksua s dqMa yh cuokus dk fojksèk fd;kA
mUgsa bu ckrksa ij fo'okl u Fkk] tc fd esjs ?kjokys
pkgrs Fks fd cPps dh tUedqMa yh vo'; cukbZ tk,A
blh okn&fookn us mUgsa ^uUgsa eqUus cPps rsjh eqVB~ h esa
D;k gS* tSlk xhr fy[kus dh izsj.kk nhA ckn esa ;g
xhr fiQYe ^cwV ikfy'k* ds tfj, izfln~èk gqvkA
cPpksa dks lqykrs&lqykrs os lgt esa dbZ yksfj;k¡ x<+
ysrs Fks tks fiQj fiQYeksa esa ys yh tkrh FkhaA¸15 'kSysanz
n~okjk cPpksa ds fy, fy[kh xbZ dbZ yksfj;k¡& ¶ukuh
rsjh eksjuh dks eksj ys x,¸16] ¶pqu&pqu djrh vkbZ
fpfM+;k¸17 vkfn [kwc yksdfiz; gqbZA
fiQYe vfHkusrk jktdiwj us muds ckjs esa fy[kk
gS& ¶mUgksua s iSls ds yksHk esa xhr dHkh ugha fy[ks---
xhr fy[kus ds fy, tc rd muds vius varHkkZoksa
dh xwt a ugha mBrh] rc rd os u fy[krs Fks¸18 ¶os
tks dqN fy[krs Fks] og mudh varjkRek ls fudyrk
FkkA [kqn dh le> esa ugha vkrk rks dkVdj cny nsr]s
ysfdu tc ,d ckj xhr mUgsa tp tkrk rks fiQj muls
dqN cnyok ysuk ukeqefdu gksrk FkkA mUgksaus rqdcanh
dHkh ugha dh] muds xhrksa esa xhrk ds n'kZu dh Nk;k
feyrh gSA fganh Hkk"kk dks fiQYeksa esa lEeku fnykus ds
ckjs esa Hkh mUgksua s de egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ugha fd,¸19
vkxs mUgksaus fy[kk gS& ¶jktdiwj dh varjjk"Vªh;
[;kfr ds ihNs 'kSysanz ds xhrksa dk cgqr cM+k gkFk gS]
mu xhrksa dks dHkh ugha Hkqyk;k tk ldsxk¸20 vkokjk
gw¡*] ^esjk twrk gS tkikuh*] ^lc dqN lh[kk geus*]
^ltuck cSjh gks x, gekj*]& jktdiwj ij fiQYek,
bu xhrksa esa okLro esa xgjk eeZ fufgr gSA
izgykn vxzoky ds vuqlkj & ¶oSls rks 'kSysanz
ds xhr jktdiwj dh fiQYeksa dh cgqr cM+h 'kfDr ga]S
ysfdu ^cwV ikfy'k* ds nks xhrksa esa rks bruh lgt
vkSj okLrfod fcac jpuk dh gS fd mUgsa xhrdkj
dgk gh ugha tk ldrk& mUgsa dfo gh dguk gksxk¸21
og nks xhr gS&a ^pyh dkSu ls nsl xqtfj;k rw lt èkt
ds* vkSj ^uUgsa eqUus cPps rsjh eqV~Bh esa D;k gS*A vkxs
os fy[krs gS&a ¶fganh {ks=kksa esa ;g [kq'kiQgeh ges'kk
cuh jgh ;k cukbZ j[kh xbZ fd flusek ls tqMk+ tks
dqN Hkh gS og ?kfV;k gSA gekjk rFkkdfFkr laHkzkr
lekt gj dke dks Nqikdj djus dh izo`fRr dks
rgthc ekudj flusek ij ppkZ djuk] muds egRo
dks vkaduk xSj t:jh ekurk jgk gSA blfy, flusek
ds nq"ifj.kke gh gekjs lkeus vk ldsA mldh vlkèkkj.k
{kerk dk jpukRed mi;ksx ugha gqvkA chloha 'krkCnh
esa dyk dk ;g ekè;e bruh iz[kjrk ls tuO;kih
gqvk fd vU; :i èkwfey iM+ x,A blfy, blds
vR;ar O;kid izHkko {ks=k dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, bldh
mis{kk dj nsuk oLrqr% gekjk rqPN vagdkj gh gksxkA
'kk;n ;gh dkj.k jgk fd 'kSysanz ds ÑfrRo dk fganh
lkfgR; esa dksbZ ewY;kadu ugha gqvkA muds xhr
mRÑ"V dkO; ds mnkgj.k gSa_ ysfdu os lnSo misf{kr
jgs] ges'kk fiQYeh xhrdkj gh jgsA¸22
mnwZ lkfgR; bl ekeys esa fganh lkfgR; ls cgqr
vfèkd izxfr'khy ekuk tk ldrk gS lkfgj yqfèk;kuoh]
'kdhy cnk;wua h] gljr t;iqjh] dSiQh vkt+eh tSls
fiQYeh xhrdkjksa dks mnwZ lkfgR; esa Hkh mruk gh
lEeku izkIr gS] ftruk fd flusek dh nqfu;k esAa
lkfgR; esa Hkh os yksx dfo;ksa ds :i esa i<+&s i<+k,
tkrs gS]a fdarq fganh ds xhrdkjksa dh rks fganh lkfgR;
esa ?kksj mis{kk gh gqbAZ dfo iznhi] uhjt] 'kSysna ]z
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
;ksx's k] xqytkj tSls mPp Js.kh ds xhrdkjksa dks Hkh
Lrjh; lkfgR; fy[kus okyksa esa LFkku ugha fn;k x;k]cfYd
mUgsa O;kolkf;d ekudj lkfgfR;d txr ls nwj gh
le>k x;kA
'kSynas z us flusek ds fy, xhr ys[ku dks dsoy
euksjatu dk ekè;e gh ugha ekukA os Lo;a vius le;
ds cgqr ls xhrdkjksa ds xhrks dks vPNk ugha ekurs FksA
mudh ut+jksa esa 'kksj&'kjkck gh xhr&laxhr ugha FkkA os
flusek ds xhrksa esa py jgh HksM&+ pky dks ilan ugha
djrs Fks& ¶Vhu duLrj ihV&ihV dj xyk iQkM+
fpYykuk@;kj esjs cqjk eku ;g xkuk gS u ctkuk gSA¸23
'kSynas z vius nkSj ds dbZ xhrdkjksa ls blfy, Hkh
vyx gS]a D;ksfa d mUgksua s dHkh vius jpukRed fln~èkkarksa
ds lkFk le>kSrk ugha fd;kA fiQYe ds fy, xhr
fy[kuk Hkh muds fy, fdlh vU; lkfgfR;d jpuk
djus tSlh fu"Bk ls izfs jr dk;Z FkkA fiQYe xhr ys[ku
dh rduhd ij ckr djrs gq, [kqn 'kSynas z us fy[kk
gS& ¶fiQYe ds fy, xhr fy[kuk vDlj cgqr vklku
le>k tkrk gSA lhèks&lkns 'kCn] f?klh&fiVh rqdsa] dgk
tkrk gS fd fiQYe&xhr&jpuk esjh le> ls ,d
fo'ks"k dyk gS] pw¡fd gekjh fiQYesa 'kr&izfr'kr xhr
izèkku gksrh ga]S xhr muesa gksrs gh gSa] blfy, xhr tSls
ik=kksa ds laokn dk dke djrs gSa] vU;Fkk xhr dgkuh
dks jksdsxk vkSj Bwl ¡ k gqvk ekywe gksxkA blfy, Hkkouk
vkSj 'kCnksa dk pquko dgkuh ds vuqlkj cM+h lkoèkkuh
ls djuk gksrk gSA¸24 blfy, mUgsa dHkh&dHkh fdlh
ifjfLFkfr ds fy, xhr fy[kus esa cgqr le; yx tkrk
FkkA vius xhrksa esa 'kCnksa ds p;u dks ysdj os cM+s
ltx jgrs FksA muds izR;sd 'kCn dk viuk vFkZ gksrk
Fkk] viuh xfjek gksrh Fkh fiQj pkgs os & ¶pkgs eq>s
dksbZ taxyh¸25 ;k ¶igys eqxhZ gqbZ fd vaMk¸26 ;k
¶rqEgkjh Hkh t;&t; gekjh Hkh t;&t;¸27 tSls xhr
gksaA os 'kCnksa ds p;u ds lkFk dHkh le>kSrk ugha
djrs FksA ^Jh 420* dk ,d yksdfiz; xhr gS& ^I;kj
gqvk bdjkj gqvk* blds varjs dh ,d iafDr& ^jkras
nlksa fn'kkvksa esa dgsxa h viuh dgkfu;k¡* ij laxhrdkj
t;fd'ku us vkifRr dhA mudk [;ky Fkk fd n'kZd
^pkj fn'kk,¡* rks le> ldrs gSa ^nl fn'kk,¡* ugha]
ysfdu 'kSysanz ifjorZu ds fy, rS;kj ugha gq,A mudk
n`<+ earO; Fkk fd n'kZdksa dh #fp dh vkM+ esa gesa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 61
mFkysiu dks mu ij ugha Fkksiuk pkfg,A dykdkj dk
;g drZO; Hkh gS fd og miHkksDRkk dh #fp;ksa dk
ifj"dkj djus dk iz;Ru djsa vkSj mudk ;dhu xyr
ugha FkkA¸28 laHkor% blh fo'okl vkSj jpukRed
bZekunkjh dh cnkSyr os vke tu ds chp bruh
O;kid LohÑfr vftZr dj ldsA
'kSysanz dk fj'rk eè;dky ds mu lar&HkDr
dfo;ksa ls Hkh curk gS] ftUgksua s :f<+;ksa ds fo#n~èk
vkokt mBkbZ vkSj turk dks tkx`r lpsr djus dk
vn~Hkqr iz;kl fd;kA izes ds izfr mudk n`f"Vdks.k
Bhd oSlk gh jgk tSlk bu larksa dkA mnkgj.k ds fy,
dchj dgrs gSa& ^gfj eksjs iho eSa rks gfj dh cgqfj;k*
vkSj 'kSyasnz us fy[kk& ¶vki gq, esjs ckye eSa rqEgkjh
gqbZ¸29] dchj us dgk& ^lc [kyd l;kuh eSa ckSjk*
rks 'kSynas z us dgk& ¶lp gS nqfu;k okyks fd ge gSa
vukM+h¸30A ;gh ugha nk'kZfudrk vkSj thou ds izfr
mudk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh mUgsa larka&s HkDr dfo;ksa ds fudV
ys vkrk& ¶dgrs gaS Kkuh nqfu;k gS iQkuh] ikuh is
fy[kh fy[kkbZ@ gS lcdh ns[kh gS lcdh tkuh] gkFk
fdlh ds uk vkbZ] dqN rsjk uk esjk] eqlkfiQj tk,xk
dgk¡¸31A lwiQh larks]a iQdhjksa dh lh ckuxh muds xhrksa
ds vFkZ esa fNih jgrh gSA muds xhrksa esa thou ds izfr
Hkjiwj vkLFkk vkSj jkx ds lkFk&lkFk oSjkX; Hkh >ydrk
gS& ¶ogk¡ dkSu gS rsjk eqlkfiQj tk,xk dgk¡] ¶ltu js
>wB er cksyks [kqnk ds ikl tkuk gS¸] ¶gj fiQØ dks
èkq,¡ esa mM+krk pyk x;kA¸32 fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa os
euq";rk dks gh loksZifj ekurs Fks& ¶ekuk viuh tsc
ls iQdhj gSa] fiQj Hkh ;kjksa fny ds ge vehj gaS¸33
'kSynas z esa xgu nk'kZfud lR; dks Hkh lhèks&ljy 'kCnksa
esa O;Dr djus dk vn~Hkqr dkS'ky FkkA ;s rRo mUgsa
Js"B jpukdkjksa dh Js.kh esa [kM+k djrs gSAa
'kSynas z vius ;qx dks eq[kfjr djus okys jpukdkj
FksA Lora=krk ds mijkar fLFkfr;k¡ lq[kn gksus dh ctk;
vkSj vfèkd nq:g gksus yxh FkhaA csjkstxkjh] xjhch]
?kVus dh ctk; c<+ jgh Fkh_ ;qokvksa dks i<+&fy[k
dj Hkh ukSdfj;k¡ ugha fey jgh Fkh] bl fLFkfr dk
o.kZu os ^ukSdjh (1954)* fiQYe ds xhr esa dwN ;w¡
djrs gSa ¶dqN vkSj tks ek¡xw rks xqugxkj gw¡ eS]a ,d
NksVh lh ukSdjh dk rycxkj gw¡ eS]a ,d lkS vkBoha
vthZ esjs vjekuksa dh] dj yks eatjw fd csdkjh ls
62 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
cstkj gw¡ eS*a A f'kf{kr ;qokvksa dks ukSdjh u feyus dh
leL;k vkSj csdkjh dks ;g xhr cgqr laons u'khyrk
ds lkFk Loj nsrk gSA nq[kn :i ls orZeku esa csjkstxkjh
dh leL;k igys dh rqyuk esa vkSj vfèkd Hk;kog
gqbZ gS vkSj ,sls eas 'kSysanz dk fy[kk ;g xhr vkSj
vfèkd izklafxd yxrk gSA
'kSynas z ds flusek ds fy, fy[ks xhrksa dks flusek
dh fLFkfr;ksa ls dkVdj ns[kk tk, rks Hkh mudk egRo
de ugha gksrk] cfYd vkSj c<+ tkrk gSA mudh viuh
Lora=k b;Rrk gSA ¶dqN rsjk u esjk eqlkfiQj tk,xk
dgk¡¸35 ,sls xhrksa ds fufgrkFkZ okdbZ cgqr O;kid gSaA
xqyt+kj us 'kSynas z ds fo"k; esa ;g Hkh dgk gS fd&
¶fiQYeksa ds ekgkSy esa jgrs gq, Hkh 'kSynas z ds xhrksa esa
fyVjspj eqlye egdrk jgkA,d vke vkSj ekewyh
fdLe dh flpq,'ku dks xkus esa lkfgR; dk ntkZ ns
nsuk] ,d vnc cuk ysuk] 'kSyasnz dh cM+h [kkfl;r
FkhA¸36
fganh ds izfrf"Br dfo ukxktqZu us mudh izfrHkk
dks le>k FkkA ukxktquZ us mUgsa viuh dfork esa ;kn
djrs gq, fy[kk gS& ¶lp crykÅ¡ rqe izfrHkk ds
T;ksfriqat Fks] Nk;k D;k Fkh] Hkyh&Hkkafr ns[kk Fkk eSaus]
fny gh fny Fks dk;k D;k FkhA¸37 ysfdu fganh ds
leh{kdksa us muds izfr mnklhurk cjrh_ gkykafd ;g
mnklhurk 'kSysna z dh izfr"Bk dks rks izHkkfor ugha dj
ldrh] mudh txg yksxksa ds fnyksa esa gS] ysfdu bl
mnklhurk vkSj mis{kk ds dkj.k fganh lkfgR; vkSj
vfèkd le`nè~ k gksus ls t:j oafpr jg tkrk gSA
'kSynas z ds n~okjk flusek ds fy, fy[ks xhrksa dks
fdlh mRÑ"V ekuh tkus okyh lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ds
le{k j[kdj ;g riQlhy dh tk ldrh gS fd muds
xhr dgha ls derj ugha gSa dksbZ xhr fiQYe ds fy,
fy[ks tkus dh otg ls vlkfgfR;d ugha gks tkrkA
lkfgfR;d Lrjh;rk dk fu.kZ; djrs gq, tks leh{kd
mlds fiQYeh xhr gksus dks Lrjghurk dk vkèkkj ekurs
gks]a mudh lkfgfR;d le> ij lansg djuk vko';d
gSA 'kSynas z ds n~okjk flusek ds fy, fy[ks x, xhr
Hkkjrh; tuthou dk fgLlk jgs gaAS bu xhrksa ls lqduw
vkSj izjs .kk ikus okys vkSj bUgsa vius eu] viuh ihM+k
vkSj leL;kvksa dh vfHkO;fDr ekuus okys yksxksa dh
cM+h la[;k gSa fuf'pr rkSj ij 'kSynas z vius fiQYeh
xhrksa dh lkFkZdrk vkSj lgtrk ds dkj.k ges'kk ;kn 15- ufyu ljkiQ n~okjk ladfyr fdrkc ^lqgkuk
fd, tkrs jgsxa As liQj vkSj ;s ekSle glha* esa 'kkfey Jherh 'kadrq yk
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 'kSynas z dk ys[k ^dgk¡ rd muds ckjs esa fy[kw\¡ * i`-
1- fiQYe & ^ftl ns'k es xaxk cgrh gS*] 1965 la& 83
2- ufyu ljkiQ (ladyudrkZ)% lqgkuk liQj 16- fiQYe & ^eklwe*] 1962
vkSj ;s ekSle glha] i`- la- 9% thou izHkkr izdk'ku] 17- fiQYe & ^vc fnYyh nwj ugha*] 1957
eqac bZ& 400058 18- MkW- banzthr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc
3- eSaustj ikaMs; % fganh dfork dk vrhr vkSj ^tudfo 'kSysan*z esa ladfyr jktdiwj dk ys[k& ^rqe
orZeku] i`- la-& 162 % ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh vxj gks] vius xhrksa esa vej gks esjs nksLr*] i`- la&13
110002 19- ogh] i`- la& 13
4- MkW- bantz hr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc ^tudfo 20- ogh] i`- la-&15
'kSynas *z esa ladfyr dSiQh vkt+eh dk ys[k ^vkt fiQj 21- izgykn vxzoky% jktdiwj vkèkh gdhdr
thus dh reUuk gS*] i`- la& 37 % ve`r ifCyf'kax vkèkk i+Qlkuk] i`- la& 61% jkèkkÑ".k izdk'ku izk-fy-]
gkml] fnYyh& 110035 fnYyh&110002
5- MkW- bant
z hr flag n~okjk ladfyr fdrkc ^tudfo 22- ogh] i`- la&61&62
'kSysna *z esa 'kkfey Hkh"e lkguh dk ys[k ^dfojkt 23- fiQYe & ^yo eSfjt*] 1959
'kadj 'kSynas *z ] i`- la& 2&3 24- Lo;a 'kSynas z n~okjk fyf[kr ys[k ^eSa esjk
6- ufyu ljkiQ dh fdrkc ^lqgkuk liQj vkSj dfo vkSj esjs xhr* dk ,d va'kA ;g ys[k ewy :i
;s ekSle glha* esa ladfyr ys[k* vks tkusokys] gks ls èkeZ;qx_ 16 ebZ] 1965 esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA
lds rks ykSV ds vkuk*] i`- la- 15 nsf[k,& czt Hkw"k.k frokjh % xhrksa dk tknwxj
7- jek Hkkjrh n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc ^vanj dh 'kSysanz] i`- la& 223 % ubZ fnYyh 10002
vkx*] esa ladfyr dfork ^isfjl dE;wu*] i`- la- & 25- fiQYe & ^taxyh* 1961
41% jktdey izdk'ku izk- fy&ch] usrkth lqHkk"k ekxZ] 26- fiQYe & ^djksM+ifr*] 1965
ubZ fnYyh&110002] izFke laLdj.k&2013 27- fiQYe & ^nhokuk*] 1967
8- ^lgkjk le;* esa 10 flracj 2005 dks izdkf'kr 28- izgy
~ kn vxzoky % jktdiwj vkèkh gdhdr
fnus'k 'kadj 'kSynas z dk ys[k ^ge rks tkrs vius xk¡o*] vkèkk iQlkuk] i`- la& 151
izLrqrdrkZ&f'kf'kj 'kekZ 29- fiQYe & ^djksM+ifr*] 1961
9- MkW- banzthr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc 30- fiQYe & ^vukM+h*] 1959
^tudfo 'kSysan*z esa ladfyr jktdiwj dk ys[k ^rqe 31- fiQYe & ^xkbM*] 1965
vej gks vius xhrksa esa vej gks esjs nksLr*] i`- la&10 32- fiQYe & ^vkg*] 1953
10- ^vktdy*] tuojh 2005 esa izdkf'kr 33- fiQYe & ^vukM+h*] 1959
bant
z hr flag dk ys[k ^dkyt;h xhrksa ds jpf;rk 34- fiQYe & ^xkbM*] 1965
'kSysan*z ] i`- la& 42 35- fiQYe & ^rhljh dle*] 1956
11- fiQYe & ^rhljh dle*] 1966 36- MkW- banzthr flag n~okjk laikfnr fdrkc
12- fiQYe & ^cafnuh*] 1963 ^tudfo 'kSysanz* i`- la&49
13- fiQYe & ^vkokjk*] 1951 37- ufyu ljkiQ n~okjk ladfyr fdrkc ^lqgkuk
14- fiQYe & ^xkbM*] 1965 liQj vkSj ;s ekSle glha esa* 'kkfey ukxktquZ n~okjk
'kSynas z ij fy[kh dfork ^izfrHkk ds iqt a *] i`- la&110
µ ch&55] Lo.kZ ikdZ] eqaMdk] fnYyh& 110041
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 63
 flusek & vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e
nhid nhf{kr
v fHkO;fDr dk vFkZ
ifjfLFkfr] Kku rFkk bPNkvksa ds le; izHkko
esa fujarj gekjs fopkj cnyrs jgrs gSAa fopkjksa dk ;g
cnyko Hkkoukvksa ds tUe dk dkj.k curk gSA gekjh
Hkkouk,¡ Hkh vfèkd le; rd fLFkj ugha jgrhaA vius
vanj gq, bl cnyko dks ge nwljksa rd igqp ¡ kuk
pkgrs gSa vkSj vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa ls ck¡Vuk pkgrs
gSaA efLr"d n~okjk lapkfyr vkSj 'kjhj n~okjk dh tkus
okyh bl izfØ;k dks gh vfHkO;fDr dgrs gSaA
vfHkO;fDr dk vFkZ gS vius eu esa Nqis fopkj rFkk
Hkko dks izdV djuk ;k lkoZtfud djukA
izkphu dky esa xhr] ukVd] ukSVd a h] dBiqryh
vkfn ekè;eksa ls vfHkO;fDr dks mHkkjk x;kA ianzgoha
'krkCnh esa fizfa Vax&izl
s vkus ls blesa ,d u;k vk;ke
tqMk+ vkSj iqLrd rFkk i=k&if=kdk,¡ pyu esa vkb± tks
'kCn vkSj fp=kksa dk lgkjk ysdj lc ij Nkus yxhaA
ukVdksa esa dFkk vkSj fo"k;oLrq ds lkFk gh n`';kRedrk
rFkk èofu ,oa okrkoj.k vkfn ds mi;ksx ls izHkkodkjh
vfHkO;fDr dh laHkkouk,¡ rks c<+h ij mudk eapu
lhfer n'kZdksa rd gh laHko Fkk vkSj ;g eap ij ,d
ckj esa dsoy ,d gh LFkku ij fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
tgk¡ lHkh dykdkjksa dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z FkhA nwljh
vksj iqLrdsa rFkk i=k&if=kdk,¡ vklkuh ls yksxksa rd
igqp¡ ldrh gS]a ij mudk vkuan dsoy i<+k&fy[kk
oxZ gh ys ldrk Fkk tks lhfer FkkA blds vfrfjDr
fdlh vke O;fDr ds fy, i<+us dh izfØ;k ,d
uhjl vkSj mckÅ izfØ;k FkhA
64 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
flusek dk mn;
dSejs ds vkfo"dkj ls tgk¡ fp=kksa dks dkxt ij
dSn djuk laHko gqvk ogha py&fp=k ;k flusek ds
vkfo"dkj us iwjs ds iwjs ukVd dks gh lsyqykbM dh
fiQYe ij vafdr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k] ftls lqfoèkkuqlkj
dgha Hkh vkSj fdruh gh ckj ,d ijns ij fiQj ls
ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA ;g u;k ekè;e ukVd vkSj
iqLrdksa dh lhfer vfHkO;fDr ds csgrj fodYi ds
:i esa tuekul esa nwj&nwj rd izpfyr gqvkA vkjaHk
dh 'osr&';ke rFkk ewd fiQYeksa ds nkSj ds ckn èofu
rFkk jaxksa dks Hkh oSKkfudksa us dBksj ifjJe djds
fiQYe ;k flusek esa lekfgr dj fy;k vkSj vc
bldh yksdfiz;rk vkleku Nwus yxhA xzg.kh gks ;k
edSfud] fon~;kFkhZ gks ;k vè;kid] lSfud gks ;k
O;olk;h gj dksbZ bldk nhokuk gks x;kA blds pkgus
okyksa esa gj mez ds yksx tqMr+ s x,] fiQj pkgs os cPps
gksa ;k ;qod@;qorh gksa ;k fiQj meznjkt cqtxq Z gh D;ksa
u gksAa
vkt rks bysDVªkfW uDl esa vikj vuqlèa kkuksa ds
dkj.k gesa flusek dk cgqr gh mUur :i ns[kus dks
feyrk gS] ftlesa daI;wVj tfur izHkkoksa ds ne ij
foLe;dkjh rjhds ls ?kVukvksa dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj fiQj vc rks flusek ds fy, flusek gkWy rd Hkh
tkus dh vko';drk ughaA vki vius ?kj ij Vhoh ij
;k vius eksckby dh LØhu (ijns) ij bldk vkuan
ys ldrs gaAS vkt ds flusek esa xhr vkSj eèkqj laxhr
Hkh lekfgr gSA fdlh vkSj Hkk"kk esa cus flusek dks Hkh
vki viuh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn dh gqbZ Mfcax ;k viuh
Hkk"kk ds 'kh"kZd ds lkFk ns[kdj mldk vkuan ys
ldrs gSAa flusek us gj fdlh dks vius eksg&ik'k esa
ckaèk j[kk gSA u,&u, xhrksa ds lkFk pfpZr yksdxhrksa
dk fiQYekadu bldh lqna jrk c<+krs gSA gj cgqpfpZr
miU;kl dk fiQYekadu Hkh nsj&losj ns[kus dks fey
gh tkrk gSA
flusek dk vFkZ
flusek 'kCn Úkalhlh Hkk"kk ds cinematographe
ls vkrk gS tks ewyr% ,d ;wukuh 'kCn Kinema ij
vkèkkfjr gS] ftldk vFkZ gS xfr ;k gjdrA1 flusek
ds fy, vaxt sz h ds ewoh 'kCn dk Hkh vDlj mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS tks move dk viHkz'a k gSA vaxt sz h 'kCn
fiQYe dk Hkh lkekU;r% bUgha vFkks± esa mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA uke pkgs tks Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk,] vfHkO;fDr
dh bl foèkk esa cgqr ls fp=kksa dks ,d xfr nsdj ijns
(LØhu) ij ,d fo'ks"k izHkko mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS]
'kk;n blfy, fganh esa bldks pyfp=k dk uke fn;k
x;k gSA
izHkkodkjh ekè;e
gekjh ik¡p Kkusfa nz;k¡ gS&a vk¡[ksa tks n`';ksa dks
ns[kus dk dke djrh ga]S dku tks vkoktksa dks lquus
dk dke djrs gS]a ukd tks lw?a kdj xaèk dks igpkurh
gS] ftg~ok ;k thHk tks p[kdj Lokn dk vkuan ysrh
gS vkSj gekjh Ropk tks Li'kZ n~okjk vuqHko djrh gSA
gekjs efLr"d esa tkus okyh lwpukvksa dk lcls cM+k
Hkkx n`';ksa dk gksrk gSa2A tc ge iqLrd i<+rs gSa rks
fliQZ gekjh vk¡[ksa gh izHkkfor gksrh gSa vkSj tc ge
dksbZ èofu ;k xhr lqurs gSa rks fliQZ gekjh Jo.k
'kfDr vFkkZr~ lquus dh 'kfDr gh izHkkfor gksrh gSA ij
flusek gekjh vk¡[kksa rFkk dkuksa dks ,d lkFk gh
izHkkfor djrk gSA ;gh ugha vR;kèkqfud rduhd ls
cus vusd flusek?kjksa esa gekjh Li'kZ 'kfDr rFkk Jo.k
'kfDr dks Hkh izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
dnkfpr vkus okys le; esa ge oSKkfud iz;klksa ls
flusek n~okjk Lokn dk Hkh vkuan ys ldsaA ,slk gksus
ij flusek iw.kZ vuqHkwfr dk ,d vn~forh; ekè;e cu
tk,xk vkSj vU; lHkh ekè;e blds lkeus ckSus gks
tk,xsA viuh orZeku fLFkfr esa Hkh ;g n'kZdksa ds fy,
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
vuqHkwfr dk vkSj blds l`tudrkZvksa ds fy, vfHkO;fDr
dk ,d csgn l'kDr ekè;e gSaA
fdldh vfHkO;fDr\
vkt dh nqfu;k esa dyk ds bl l'kDr ekè;e
(flusek ;k fiQYe fuekZ.k) ds l`tu dk dk;Z vR;ar
nq:g gSA nks ?kaVs esa ns[kh tk ldus okyh ,d
O;kolkf;d fiQYe dks cukus esa eghuksa (dHkh&dHkh
o"kks)± yx tkrs gSa vkSj Ñfr dks vusd fØ;kvksa rFkk
laLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA ;g foèkk
dsoy blds ys[kd ;k dykdkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr ugha
cfYd vusd yksxksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk lzksr gSA buds
vykok laxhrdkj vkSj xhrdkj bl foèkk ds izeq[k
jpukdkj gSAa lkFk gh iQksVksxkz iQj ds egRo dks Hkh ugha
vk¡dk tk ldrk vkSj bldks fof'k"Vrk iznku djus
okyksa esa rduhdh fo'ks"kdj daI;wVj vkèkkfjr rduhdfon~
dk ;ksxnku Hkh gSA oSls dgus ds fy, fiQYe dks
mlds funs'Z kd dk ekè;e dgk tkrk gS ij vktdy
vfHkO;fDr ds bl tfVy vkSj pfpZr ekè;e ds lkFk
fdruh gh vU; foèkk,¡ iui jgh gSa tSl&s dksfjvksxzkiQj]
fluseVs ksxzkiQj] laiknd] vfHkdYidkj vkfnA bu foèkkvksa
ls tqMs+ O;fDr bUgsa dyk dh ,d lEekutud foèkk
dk LFkku fnykus esa iz;kljr gSa] ogha O;olk;h cqn~fèk
ds yksx bUgsa O;olk; ds :i esa izpfyr dj jgs gSAa
lewgxr l`tu
tSls dksbZ ys[kd viuh jpuk dks lqna j cukus ds
fy, ;k fp=kdkj vius fp=k dks cukus ds fy, mlesa
viuh tku Mky nsrk gS oSlk gh fiQYe fuekZ.k Hkh
,d l`tu dk dke gSA ij vke rkSj ij ;g ,d
O;fDrxr dk;Z u gksdj lewgxr dk;Z vFkok VheodZ
gSA blds fuekZ.kdehZ feydj blds gj ,d Úse dks
lqnaq j cukus ds fy, ,M+h pksVh dk tksj yxk nsrs gSAa
lkFk gh ;g Hkh è;ku j[krs gSa fd mudh ykxr de
gks vkSj equkiQk vfèkdA vfHkO;fDr ds vU; ekè;eksa
dh rqyuk esa flusek ds ekè;e ls dYiuk dh dgha
vfèkd Å¡ph mM+ku Hkjh tk ldrh gSA fiQYe fuekZ.k
mn~ ;ks x bles a dk;Zj r yksx ksa ds dBks j ifjJe]
mn~;e'khyrk vkSj jpukRedrk ds dkj.k ,d liQy
O;olk; ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd blls
tqMs+ eq[; O;fDr lekt esa vfr pfpZr gksrs gSAa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 65
 flusek vkSj laLÑfr
fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k Hkk"kk dk flusek ml ns'k ;k
leqnk; dh laLÑfr dh >yd vkSj lqaxèk fy, gksrk
gSA fo'o esa vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa vkSj vusd ns'kks esa
fofoèkrk fy, gq, gj o"kZ gt+kjksa fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gS ij vejhdk ds gkWyhoqM fiQYe O;olk; dks
viuh mRre rduhd vkSj c`gr O;kikj o equkiQs ds
dkj.k 'kh"kZ LFkku ij ekuk tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa Hkh
n'kdksa ls eqca bZ ls cgqr vfèkd ek=kk esa fganh fiQYeksa
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k mls ckWyhoqM dk
uke fn;k tkus yxk gSA3 O;olk; vkSj rduhd dh
n`f"V ls fiNys dqN o"kks± esa gekjh fiQYeksa dh xq.koRrk
esa rst xfr ls fodkl gqvk gS vkSj vusd fiQYeksa dks
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU;rk vkSj lEeku Hkh feyk gSA
blds lkFk gh ckaXyk] rsyxq ]q rfey] dUuM] Hkkstiqjh]
ey;kye] iatkch vkfn vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa fiQYe
fuekZ.k dk dk;Z Hkh [kwc iui jgk gSA flusek dk
mi;ksx vizR;{k :i ls lekt esa psruk ;k fo'ks"k
lan's k nsus dk dke Hkh izHkkoh <ax ls fd;k tkrk jgk
gSA flusek ds ekè;e ls Hkh vaxt sz ksa ds 'kklu dky esa
Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa us cM+h prqjkbZ vkSj izHkkodkjh <ax
ls tu ekul esa Lora=krk laxkz e dh psruk dks txkus
dk dke fd;k FkkA
dyk ;k O;olk;
dqN yksx flusek dks dyk dk ,d ekè;e
ekurs gSa rks dqN ds fy, ;g ,d fo'kqn~èk O;olk;
gSA lp rks ;g gS fd dksbZ fiQYe fdruh gh cM+h
dykÑfr D;ksa u gks] mls n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ kus ds fy,
èku dh vko';drk gksrh gh gSA blds foijhr dksbZ
fiQYe fdrus gh O;kolkf;d mn~ns'; ds fy, cukbZ
xbZ gks] mlesa dykdkj gh tku Mkyrs gSAa
D;kasfd flusek mRiknu dk dke ,d cgqr
egaxk dke gS vkSj bl ij ,d cM+h jde nkao ij
yxrh gSA vr% ,d funsZ'kd vkSj mlds lkFkh dykdkjksa
dks fuekZrk ;k foRr&nkrk ds cuk, x, caèkuksa ds Hkhrj
jgdj gh viuk dke djuk gksrk gSA vDlj ;s nksuksa
oxZ (dykdkj vkSj O;olk;h) ,d lkFk dnerky
djds gh bl Ñfr dks tUe nsrs gSa vkSj n'kZdksa rd
66 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
igqp
¡ krs gSa ij lkFk gh dykdkj vkSj O;olk;h ,d
nwljs dh vkykspuk Hkh djrs lqukbZ nsrs gSAa
fdlh flusek dks cukus esa gkykafd fuekZrk@funs'Z kd
vkSj muds ny dks fo"k; oLrq dh iw.kZ Lora=krk gksrh
gS ij O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksrk gS fd
muds fopkj ;k dYiuk n'kZd oxZ dks Lohdkj gksxa As
blds vfrfjDr ,d O;kolkf;d flusek dks lkoZtfud
izn'kZu ls igys lsl sa j (fu;a=kd) ds ekudksa ij Hkh
[kjk mrjuk gksrk gSA
tgk¡ ,d vksj O;kolkf;d flusek dk fuekZ.k
fnuksafnu eagxk gksrk tk jgk gS] ogha u,&u, bysDVªkWfud
midj.kksa ls fMftVy rduhd n~okjk fdlh fiQYe dks
cuk ysuk vkSj iznf'kZr djuk csgn vklku vkSj lLrk
Hkh gks x;k gSA flusek 'kCn dk mi;ksx vke rkSj ij
O;kolkf;d flusek ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ij vxj
bldks c`gr vFkks± esa fdlh Hkh mn~n's ; ls cuk,
pyfp=k ekudj ns[ksa rks vkt vusd vO;kolkf;d
pyfp=k Hkh cuk, tkrs gSa tks O;fDrxr mi;ksx ;k
vkuan ds fy, ;k fiQj fdlh vO;oklkf;d laLFkkxr
mi;ksx ds fy, gks ldrs gSAa cfYd baVjusV vkSj
eksckby iQksu dh lqfoèkk ds izlkj ds ckn lks'ky
ehfM;k ij rks budh ck<+&lh vk xbZ gSA dksbZ Hkh ,d
lkèkkj.k ls eksckby dk mi;ksx dj feuVksa esa ,d
fiQYe cuk ldrk gS tks rduhdh n`f"V ls lHkh
ekudksa ls ,d fiQYe gh dgyk,xh vkSj vxj bl
fiQYe dks lks'ky ehfM;k ds IysViQkWeZ tSls ;wV;~ cw ]
iQslcqd ;k V~foVj vkfn ij Mky fn;k tk, tgk¡ ls
foKkiuksa ds n~okjk vkenuh Hkh gks ldrh gSA bl
lanHkZ esa ;g Hkh ,d fopkj dk fo"k; gS fd D;k bls
,d O;kolkf;d fiQYe ekuk tk,xk\
flusek&vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e
fiQYe fuekZ.k dks O;olk; ekus ;k dyk] bldk
,dek=k mn~n's ; rks n'kZdksa dk euksjt a u djds muls
iz'kalk vFkok ljkguk ikus dk gS vkSj blds fy,
blds fuekZ.kdrkZ@fuekZ.kdrhZ viuh l`tuèkfeZrk ds
u,&u, mnkgj.k izLrqr djds bl foèkk dks u fliQZ
izpfyr cukus esa cfYd bls ,d mn~;ksx dk ntkZ
fnykus eas liQy jgs gSAa vfHkO;fDr ds bl l'kDr
ekè;e dk lqanj mi;ksx djus ds fy, mu lHkh 3. https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/
O;fDr;ksa dks lkèkqokn ,oa èkU;oknA vk'kk gS] vfHkO;fDr english-hindi/Bollywood/Bollywood-meaning-
dh ;g l'kDr foèkk Hkfo"; esa fnu nwuh vkSj jkr in-hindi
pkSxuq h mUufr djsxhA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cinema
2. https://hi.wiipedia.org/wiki/Kkusfa nz;

µ ÝySV uacj&410] Cykd&2] th ds izkbM] ckykth uxj jksM ;izky] fldanjkckn]

esMpy] rsyaxkuk&500087

qqq

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 67

 lkfgR;] flusek vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k
MkW- foiqy dqekj
20 oha lnh ds vafre nks n'kdksa dks bfrgkl
esa nks ckrksa ds fy, ;kn j[kk tk,xkA
igyk & vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k rFkk nwljk & lapkj
ØkafrA ftl izdkj 15oha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksi ls vU;
egkn~ohiksa dks tksMu+ s ds fy, leqnhz ekxks± dh [kkstksa us
vkfFkZd mifuos'kokn dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k] mlh
izdkj bu vafre nks n'kdksa esa lwpuk ekxZ ds vkfo"dkj
us vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd mifuos'kokn ds fy, jkLrk
[kksy fn;kA
lwpuk Økafr ,d tytys ds :i esa vkbZA Hkkjr
dk eè;oxZ èkhjs&èkhjs lwpuk dk ^daiu* vius vanj
eglwl djrs&djrs] ml ^daiu* dh fxjÝr esa ^okbZcsVz *
(Liafnr) gksrk pyk x;kA lwpuk ds bl nkSj esa
cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa us vius njokts [kksys vkSj Hkkjr
ljdkj us bls vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dh laKk nhA
vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k us lekt dh ;FkkFkZ le> dks vkSj
l?ku cuk fn;kA lekt ds fofHkUu oxks± ds ikjLifjd
lacèa kks]a la?k"kks± vkSj rukoksa dk Lo:i cnyrk pyk x;k
vkSj mlh ds vuq:i ;qxhu ;FkkFkZ Hkh cnyrk jgkA
fujarj cnyus okys ;FkkFkZ dks izR;sd oxZ vkSj
izR;sd O;fDr us vius oxhZ; cksèk vkSj oS;fDrd
laons ukvksa ds vkèkkj ij xzg.k fd;k gSA blh nkSj esa
iqjkus ewY; lekt ds fodkl ds lkFk ugha py ik jgs
Fks vkSj u, ewY;ksa dh jpuk esa iqjkus ewY;ksa dh otg
ls #dkoV vk jgh FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc Hkh
rFkkdfFkr u, ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir djus okyh dksbZ ckr
lkeus vkrh rks lekt gM+cM+h esa mls yid ysrkA bl
68 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
rjg dh gM+cM+h dk dkj.k u, jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd]
lkaLÑfrd] èkkfeZd vkSj oSpkfjd ifjiz{s ; jgsA flusek
blh :i esa ;FkkFkZ dk ,d vax Hkh gS vkSj mleas
gLr{ksi HkhA
fiQYe ,d pk{kq"k ekè;e gSA tc ge fiQYe
dks insZ ij ns[krs gS]a rc thou geas Bhd oSlk gh
ut+j vkrk gS] tSlk fd gesa fiQYe esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
viuh bl 'kfDr ds dkj.k gh flusek dk izHkko fdlh
vU; dyk foèkk ds eqdkcys dgha T;knk gSA flusek
lekt ds jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd thou
dks dbZ :iksa esa vkSj dbZ <ax ls vfHkO;Dr vkSj
izHkkfor dj jgk gSA ;s izHkko u rks iwjh rjg udkjkRed
gSa vkSj u gh ldkjkRedA
orZeku nkSj miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr dh fxjÝr esa
gSA ;gk¡ ^mRiknu&miHkksx* lacaèk dk cM+k yphyk vkSj
djrch fu;e ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gkykafd lkfgR;
ds lekt'kkL=kh ¶dyk vkSj lkfgR; dh Ñfr;ksa dks
lkekftd mRiknu ekurs gSaA¸1 bl fglkc ls dgkuh
dh dksbZ fdrkc ;k miU;kl ,d lkekftd mRiknu gS
nwljh rjiQ] fiQYe Hkh u dsoy lkekftd mRikn gS]
cfYd bldk y{; Hkh lekt gh gS] iSlk dekus ls
ysdj lkekftd lan's k nsus rdA dksbZ jpukdkj lkfgR;
jpuk Lokar% lq[kk; Hkh dj ldrk gS] fdarq fdlh
fiQYedkj ds fy, ,slh ckr csekuh ekuh tkrh jgh gSA
,sls esa tc dksbZ fiQYe fuekZrk fdlh lkfgfR;d Ñfr
dks vkèkkj cukdj fiQYe fuekZ.k djrk gS] rc mldk
mn~ns'; ;k rks lkfgfR;d jpuk dh yksdfiz;rk dks
Hkqukuk gksrk gS ;k og lkfgfR;d jpuk ds cjDl Js"B
ewY;ksa ,oa u, iz'uksa dks lekt ds lEeq[k j[kus dk
iz;Ru djrk gSA fiQYedkj dk mn~ns'; mi;qDZ r nksukas
esa ls dqN Hkh gks] ysfdu og orZeku nkSj dh
lkekftd] oSpkfjd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd l?kurk
ls izHkkfor vo'; gksrk gSA
bl nkSj ds vafre n'kd esa igyh ckj fdUujksa
ij rhu fiQYesa iznf'kZr gqb±& ^reUuk*] ^njE;ku* rFkk
^nk;jk*A blh n'kd esa dqN ,slh Hkh fiQYesa vkb±]
ftUgsa ;fn 'kqnè~ k dyk fiQYesa u dgk tk lds rks Hkh]
mUgsa iwjh rjg O;kolkf;d fiQYesa Hkh ugha dgk tk
ldrkA ^yEgs*] ^#nkyh*] ^lyke ckWEcs* vkfn dks bl
Js.kh esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA
vaxszth ls Mc dh gqbZ dqN fiQYesa fganh esa vkb±
vkSj mUgksua s viuh liQyrk ls fiQYedkjksa dks pkSd a k
fn;kA ^tqjkfld ikdZ*] ^xkWMftyk* rFkk ^VkbVsfud*
fiQYeksa dks Hkkjrh;ksa us dkiQh ilan fd;kA blh izdkj
dqN fiQYesa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ls Hkh Mc gksdj fganh esa
vkb±A buls Hkh ,d ubZ izof` Rr dh 'kq#vkr gqbAZ
efgyk fiQYedkjksa dh igpku dh LFkkiuk bl
nkSj dh ,d fo'ks"k izo`fRr dgh tk ldrh gSA bl
vafre n'kd esa u dsoy efgyk funs'Z kdksa dh la[;k
esa gh o`nf~ èk gqb]Z cfYd mudh fiQYeksa dh jk"Vªh; ,oa
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ljkguk Hkh gqbAZ lbZ ijkatis dh
^fn'kk* ,oa ^lkt*] ruqtk panzk dh ^la?k"kZ*] dYiuk
ykfteh dh ^#nkyh* ,oa ^njE;ku*] vi.kkZ lsu dh
^ijek*] ^lrh* ,oa ^fe- ,aM felst vÕ;j*] ikesyk
:Dl dh ^Vªsu Vw ikfdLrku* vkSj vizoklh efgyk
fiQYedkjksa esa ehjk uk;j dh ^dkelw=k*] ^ekulwu
osfMax* rFkk nhik esgrk dh fiQYe ^iQk;j*] ^vFkZ&1947*]
rFkk ^okVj* dkiQh ljkgh xb±A
orZeku nkSj dk fganh flusek HkweaMyhdj.k]
miHkksDrkokn] cktkjokn vkSj mRrj vkèkqfud lanHkks± ls
cuk vkSj iznf'kZr gqvk_ Bhd mUgha lanHkks± esa n'kZdksa us
bu fiQYeksa dks ilan&ukilan fd;kA ;kuh] orZeku nkSj
dk fganh flusek Øe'k% jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj oSpkfjd ifjizs{; ls xqtjrk gqvk vkt dh fLFkfr
esa jpukRedrk ds fofoèk vk;keksa dks izLrqr dj jgk
gSA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
HkweMa yhdj.k ledkyhu fo'o dh fof'k"Vrkvksa
esa ,d gS bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx eq[;r% vkfFkZd lanHkZ
esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl n`f"V ls] HkweMa yhdj.k eqDr
cktkj dh fLFkfr esa fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds
,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls fo'o us
mUuhloha lnh ds mRrjkn~èkZ vkSj chloha lnh ds izkjaHk
esa Hkh vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k dk vuqHko fd;k FkkA ysfdu
fo'o;qnè~ kks]a vkfFkZd eanh vkSj yksxksa ds vkokxeu ij
jksd ds dkj.k yxHkx 1970 bZ- rd bl izfØ;k esa
vojksèk jgkA HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k us chloha
'krkCnh ds 8osa n'kd ls u, izkRs lkguksa n~okjk fodkl
ik;kA
HkweMa yhdj.k ds bl LoHkko ls Hkkjr nks fgLlksa
esa c¡V x;kA ,d yxkrkj vkfFkZd rjDdh djrk Hkkjr]
nwljk yxkrkj vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+rk HkkjrA 21oha
'krkCnh rd Hkkjr eas ^ufn;k ds ikj* dk panu viuk
Ñ"kd :i [kksrk pyk tkrk gS vkSj ^ge vkids gaS
dkSu* dk izes uoèkuk<~; oxZ ls gksus ds dkj.k
liQyrk ds dhfrZeku jprk pyk tkrk gSA
flusek tUe ls gh futh {ks=k ds gkFkksa esa jgk gSA
futh iwath dh bl Hkwfedk us fiQYeksa dh varoZLrq ij
Hkh 'kq: ls gh xgjk vlj Mkyk gSA pwf¡ d vkBosa
n'kd ds ckn ls iwath izèkku ;qx [ke Bksd dj [kM+k
gqvk] blfy, fuosf'kr iwath ds Mwc tkus ds Mj us
fiQYedkjksa dks lnSo bl ckr ds fy, izfs jr fd;k fd
os dfFkr tu Hkkoukvksa dk è;ku j[kdj fiQYe
cuk,¡A fiQYeksa esa yksdfiz; dykdkjksa dks j[kus ds lkFk
lrgh dFkkud gkL; ds fNNys izlxa ] vuko';d
ukp&xkus] HkO; lsV vkSj ekj&èkkM+ ds mRrstd n`';
O;kolkf;d fiQYeksa ds fy, vfuok;Z ls jgs gSaA
urhtru elkyk@iQkewy Z k tfur fiQYesa pyrh de]
fiVrh T;knk gSaA ,sls esa] lkfgR; dk :ikarj.k fiQYeksa
ls laLÑfr ds ikjaifjd lkfgfR;d laons ukvksa dh
fp=kkuqHkwfr dks lq[kn vglkl ds :i esa j[krk gSA
Úkalhlh fuekZrk&funs'Z kd vkLrqd dk dguk gS fd
¶fy[ks gq, 'kCnksa dh rjg flusek Hkh ,d Hkk"kk gS
ftls fy[kus vkSj i<+us ds fy, u, n`f"Vdks.k dh
t:jr gSA¸2 orZeku nkSj dh fiQYeksa us lekt vkSj
ckt+kj ds ncko dks vius f'kYi vkSj dkS'ky ls ,slk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 69
jpk fd lkfgfR;d Ñfr fiQYe :ikarj.k u gksdj
fiQYedkj dk u;k l`tu yxus yxhA fiQYedkjksa us
dyk vkSj jpukRedrk ds vk;ke dks deksc's k vius
eqrkfcd fn[kk;k ysfdu HkweaMyhdj.k ds nkSj esa
O;kolkf;d flusek dk lkfgR; ls ljksdkj mruk gh
gS] ftruk dgkuhiu dks cpk, j[kus ds fy, t:jh
gksA muds fy, lkfgR; dgkuhiu ls vfèkd dqN Hkh
ugha gS vkSj dgkuh esa Hkh cktkj ds eqrkfcd tks
t:jh rRo gSa] dsoy mudks gh 'kkfey djuk mudk
eq[; y{; gSA
HkweMa yhdj.k ds nkSj esa gekjs ;gk¡ ,d ubZ
O;oLFkk fodflr gks xbZ gS & fiQYeksa ds izn'kZu dks
ysdjA ;g gS eYVhIysDl dYpjA ;fn eupkgh fiQYe
dk fVdV u fey ik, rks nwljh] rhljh vkSj pkSFkh
LØhu esa Hkh yxh fiQYesa ns[kus dk fodYi lkeus
gksrk gSA vkt fiQYe ns[kuk ,d eg¡xk miØe gSA bu
lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkyksd esa lkfgR; dks O;kolkf;d
flusek ls tksM+ ysa rks Hkh] O;kolkf;d flusek brus
nckoksa ls curk gS fd lkfgR; ds lkFk og U;k; ugha
dj ldrkA lkfgR; ls og vkèkkjHkwr dFkkud ;k
lkexzh ys ldrk gS] ij insZ ij mldk Lo:i cnyk
jgrk gSA rHkh vkt dk ^nsonkl* dksydkrk ls vk,xk
rks n'kZd ij og izHkko ugha iM+xs k] tks mls yanu ls
okil vkrk fn[kykus ij iM+rk gSA
1980 bZ- ds ckn ls O;kolk;hdj.k ds dkj.k
fiQYeksa ls Hkkjrh; laLÑfr xk;c gks jgh gSA fiQYeksa
esa lkaLÑfrd LFkyksa dk LFkku nqdkuksa vkSj ekWyksa us ys
fy;kA HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k HkkSxksfyd nwfj;k¡ feVha]
iwjh nqfu;k djhc vkbZ] ysfdu fiQYeksa esa bldk izHkko
lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk ds FkksMk+ feVrs :i esa vk;kA
lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa gh bl nkSj esa Hkkjr ds
flusek dh igpku cpkdj j[k ikb± gSaA
1980 bZ- ds ckn lkfgR; vkSj fiQYe dk fj'rk
dBksj ckSn~fèkdrk vkSj lkfgfR;d Ñfr rFkk fiQYe
fuekZ.k dh varoZLrq dh izfrdwyrk esa my>dj jg
x;kA tcfd] bl nkSj esa Ñfr;ksa ls T;knk liQy
fiQYesa jghA ^dksgcj dh 'krZ* miU;kl ls dgha T;knk
yksdfiz;rk ml ij cuh fiQYeksa] ^ufn;k ds ikj* vkSj
^ge vkids gaS dkSu* us vftZr dhA dkj.k Li"V Fkk
70 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
fd vkSn;~ ksfxd izfØ;k esa O;kolkf;d ncko ds pyrs
fiQYeh mRiknu dks lkfgfR;drk vkSj Ñfr dh laosnuk
ds cjDl euksjt a u ds ik'oZ esa rS;kj fd;k x;kA
njvly chloha lnh ds var vkSj bDdhloha lnh ds
izkjaHk ds o"kks± esa bfrgkl us ubZ djoV yhA gekjs
lkspus&le>us vkSj thus ds rjhds rduhd] ehfM;k
rFkk cktkj dh 'kfDr;ksa ds ncko esa cny jgs gSa ;k
cny fn, tk jgs gSAa ,sls esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk
ikjLifjd lacèa k vius le;] vkxs vkus okys le;
rFkk iwooZ rhZ le; (ftls oSpkfjd 'kCnkoyh esa Kkuksn;
rFkk vkèkqfudrk laKk ls iqdkjk tkrk gS) dh n~ona o~ kRedrk
esa ,d jkspd ruko djus okyk vuqHko gSA
cktkj us miHkksDrk laLÑfr dks tUe fn;k gSA
miHkksx gh vkt lcls cM+k ewY; cu x;k gSA oSf'od
vFkZO;oLFkk ekax dsfa nzr u gksdj] miHkksx dsfa nzr gSA
cktkj T;knk ls T;knk miHkksx dh izof` Rr dks c<+kok
ns jgk gSA 'kgjh eè;oxZ miHkksx dh mn~;e ykylk
dk f'kdkj gks x;k gSA cktkj ds lrr fodkl dk ewy
dkj.k gh ;g miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr gSA cM+h daifu;k¡
jkst u,&u, mRiknksa ds :i esa ubZ&ubZ bPNk,¡ iSnk
djrh gSAa foKkiu muds egRoiw.kZ 'kL=k gSAa gj jkst
vla[; u,&u, foKkiu miHkksDrk ds fnekx ij
pkSrjiQk geyk djrs gSAa ;s foKkiu lkFkZdrk vkSj
fujFkZdrk dh ubZ&ubZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ izLrqr djrs gSAa
cktkj ,d ,slh laLÑfr dks tUe ns jgk gS] tgk¡
ikjaifjd ewY; cktkj n~okjk rksM+s tk jgs gSa vkSj cktkj
lqfoèkk ds vuqlkj u, fljs ls ikfjHkkf"kr fd, tk jgs
gSAa ,sls esa ,d vke Hkkjrh; dh fLFkfr fueZy oekZ ds
'kCnksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS& ¶chloha lnh ds vafre
n'kdksa esa eq> tSls Hkkjrh; dks dHkh&dHkh ;g yxrk
gS fd eSa ,d ,sls ,sfrgkfld ukVd dk xwxa k n'kZd gw¡
;k mlls Hkh cnrj mldk n;uh; f'kdkj gw¡] ftldh
fLØIV fdlh nwljs us fy[kh gS vkSj ml ij esjk dksbZ
vfèkdkj ugha gSA¸3
D;k dkj.k gS fd chloha 'krkCnh ds vafre
n'kd esa turk dh #fp ,d ckj fiQj ikfjokfjd
fiQYeksa dh vksj eqM+ xbZA bl ekax dks iwjk djus ds
fy, ^eSus I;kj fd;k*] ^ge vkids gSa dkSu* vkSj
^fnyokys nqYgfu;k¡ ys tk,¡x*s tSlh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k vkSj ;s Hkkjrh; ikfjokfjd lacèa k Bhd ogh
ugha gS]a tks gekjs jkstejkZ ds thou esa vuqHkwr gksrs gSAa
;s lacaèk cgqr dqN liuksa dks cspus tSls gSaA ;s lqugjs
lius ogh gS]a ftUgsa ge miHkksDrk ds :i esa rCnhy
gksrs gq, [kksrs tk jgs gSAa
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks pV[k jax esa ijkslk tkus
yxk] rHkh fot;nku nsFkk dh Ñfr ^nqfoèkk* bl ;qx
esa ^igsyh* cu tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dh ekax
fons'kkas esa ^Hkkjrh;rk* ds bl Nn~e :i ls c<+hA
'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; dk nsonkl chloha lnh ds
vkf[kjh n'kd esa baXySaM fjVZu nsonkl gS tks 2010
rd vkrs&vkrs ^nso&Mh* tSls gkbZ&iQkbZ uke ls izfln~èk
gks tkrk gSA
miHkksDrk laLÑfr ds bl nkSj esa tks fdrkc
cktkj esa liQy gks tkrh gS] mldh yksdfiz;rk dks
Hkqukus ds fy, ml ij fiQYe cukbZ tkrh gSA tSls ts-
ds- jkWfyax dh jpuk ^gSjh ikWVj* ij fiQYe lhjht
cuh ;k tSls ehjk uk;j us >qia k ykfgjh dh jpuk
^uses lsd* ij blh uke ls fiQYe cukbZ] psru Hkxr
dh yxHkx lHkh yksdfiz; jpukvksa ij fiQYesa cuh gSAa
vkt nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh Dykfld lkfgR; ij fiQYesa
uke ek=k gh curh gaSA Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA
fiQYe ^ge vkids gSa dkSu* ds'ko izlkn feJ
ds miU;kl ^dksgcj dh 'krZ* ij vkèkkfjr FkhA
egkuxjhdj.k] miHkksDrk laLÑfr ds pdkpkSèa kh; laLdj.k
ds :i esa ;g fiQYe 1994 bZ- esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ bl
fiQYe dh liQyrk ;g n'kkZrh gS fd ;g vkèkqfudrkokn
ls vkxs c<+k gqvk dne FkkA vkèkqfud thou 'kSyh us
ifjokjksa dks rksM+k vkSj fookg dh jLesa vkSipkfjdrk
Hkj jg xb±A bl fiQYe us cktkj vkSj miHkksx dh
laLÑfr esa mRlofiz;rk dks iqu% vkg~ykfnr fd;k vkSj
urhtk] bl ij MkWyjksa rFkk ikSMa ksa dh cjlkr gqbAZ
fiQYe O;olk; us Hkkjrh;rk ds eLds ds lkFk
miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr ds pLds dks iQyus&iQwyus fn;k
vkSj O;kikj ds u, jkLrs fn[kk,A fiQYeksa us HkO; lsVksa
dh i`"BHkwfe] laiUu ifjokj esa ok;oh dh izfrcn~èkrk]
mRÑ"V laxhr ds tfj, dFkk&rRo vkfn dk la;kstu
le; ds vuq:i fd;kA vizoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp
vkfnR; pksiM+k vkSj dju tkSgj us 'kkg#[k dks
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
c<+k&p<+kdj [kwc iSlk vkSj uke dek;k rFkk Hkkjrh;rk
dks ^izkMs DV* ds :i esa cspkA
^dksgcj dh 'krZ* miU;kl ij loZiFz ke ^ufn;k
ds ikj* fiQYe xksfoan eqfu'k ds funs'Z ku esa 1982 bZ-
esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ ^ufn;k ds ikj* esa ekSu eqgCcr dh
feBkl vkSj xzkeh.k thou dh jkxkRexdrk] fiQYe ds
,d&,d Úse esa clh gqbZ gSA fuekZrk&funsZ' kd us
ys[kd ds'ko izlkn feJ ds miU;kl ds iwokZnè~ kZ dks
cgqr gh dq'kyrkiwod Z ,d vkn'kZoknh fiQYe esa
:ikarfjr dj fn;k gSA eqca bZ esa igys izn'kZu ij rks
bldk n'kZdksa n~okjk BaMk Lokxr gqvk] ysfdu tc
eè; Hkkjr vkSj mRrj Hkkjr esa bldk izn'kZu gqvk]
rc n'kZd meM+ iM+As NksVh txgksa ij Hkh bldh
flYoj@xksYMu tqcyh gqbAZ lgh vFkks± esa ;g xzkeh.k
ifjos'k dh fiQYe Fkh] ftlesa ;gk¡ dk tuthou]
jLeks&fjokt iwjh thoarrk vkSj rktxh ds lkFk mHkjdj
vk;k FkkA miHkksDrk laLÑfr ds vkjafHkd n'kdksa esa]
tc jpukRedrk ds Åij foRrh; iwt a h gkoh gks jgh
Fkh] rc ^ufn;k ds ikj* us lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds
lkFkZd lacèa k dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gks jgs fganh flusek
vkSj lkfgR; ds vkilh lacaèkksa dks eq[kj fd;kA
^ufn;k ds ikj* NksVh lh lkèkkj.k dgkuh ij
cuh vlkèkkj.k fiQYe gSA fiQYe dk yksdthou ls
tqMk+ ekuoh; i{k] jgu&lgu dk Lrj] os'kHkw"kk] xhrksa
dh yksdèkqu] 'kCn&foU;kl] lgt&ljy&lhèks laokn
vkSj x¡obZ laosnuk gh bldh 'kfDr vkSj liQyrk dk
dkj.k gSA¸4 bl fiQYeh yksddFkk us tks [kq'kuqek
xzkeh.k ifjos'k jpk vkSj liQyrk ikbZ] og 1980 bZ-
ds ckn ds nkSj esa nwljh fiQYe n~okjk laHko ugha gks
ikbZA dkj.k Li"V Fkk fd HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa
miHkksDrk laLÑfr us xzkeh.k ifjos'k dks izLrqr dj
foRrh; ykHk ds vklkj dks ugha ekukA cktkj rFkk
miHkksDrk laLÑfr dk izfrjksèk djrh gqbZ ;g fiQYe
dgha&u&dgha ,d lkfgfR;d fiQYe dk cf<+;k mnkgj.k
gSA
1991 bZ- ls ns'k esa dbZ ifjorZu gq, gSaA
fu;af=kr ,oa vkarfjd n`f"V j[kus okyh vFkZO;oLFkk
ckg~; n`f"V okyh gks jgh gSA vfèkdka'k dk;Z{ks=kksa eas
jkT; dk LFkku futh mn~;e ys jgs gSaA jk"Vªh; cktkj
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 71
dk fodkl cktkj ds fln~èkkarksa ds vkèkkj ij fo'o
O;oLFkk ls ,dhÑr gksrk gSA cktkj O;oLFkk ges'kk
equkiQs dh [kkst esa yxh jgrh gSA eqDr izfr;ksxh cktkj
dk;Zd'q kyrk dh xkjaVh rks ns ldrk gS] ysfdu vfuok;Z
:i ls lekurk dks lqfuf'pr ugha j[k ldrkA blfy,
cktkj O;oLFkk esa ^bu vn`'; gkFkksa* ij vikj fo'okl
fo'o dks vlguh; vlekurk ds vusd Lrjksa dh
vksj <dsy jgk gSA
fganh flusek esa mPp eè;oxZ dks gh vfHkO;fDr
fey ikbZA lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa ij cuh fiQYeksa dk
f'kYi Hkh mPp eè;oxZ dks yqHkkus ds fy, rS;kj
fd;k x;kA vkeksy ikysdj] lwjt cM+tkR;k vkfn
cktkjokn ds vUos"k.k esa liQy gq, vkSj mUgksaus
lkfgfR;d flusek dh viuh vyx Hkk"kk dk vkfo"dkj
fd;kA ^ukSdj dh deht*] ^lwjt dk lkrok¡ ?kksM+k*]
^nkeqy*] eksgunkl vkfn lkfgfR;d Ñfr;k¡ fiQYeh
:ikarj.k ls dgha vfèkd Js"B gSAa
fot;nku nsFkk dk dguk gS fd ¶fganh flusek
dh bl O;kolkf;drk ds u'ks ij gekjs ;gk¡ dh ,d
dgkor lVhd cSBrh gSA NksVs Bkdqj tc 'kkSp ds
fy, [ksr&eSnku tkrs Fks rks muds yksVs ds ikuh esa
viQhe feyk nh tkrh FkhA bl rjg cpiu ls gh xqnk
ekxZ ls viQhe muds 'kjhj esa tkrh Fkh vkSj cM+s gksdj
og ml u'ks ds vknh gks tkrs FksA gekjs fiQYe fuekZrk
blh rjg O;kolkf;drk ds u'ks ds vknh gks pqds gaAS
vHkh geus nsonkl dk gJ ns[kk gSA bleas ftl rjg
ekèkqjh nhf{kr vkSj ,s'o;kZ jk; tSlh nks LVkj ghjksbuksa
dks fy;k x;k] rks lkjh fiQYe mUgha dh VDdj esa
pyh xbZA nsonkl ds lkFk 'kjrckcw dh Hkh gR;k gks
xbZA¸5
fganh flusek vkt ds nkSj esa ,d O;kolkf;d
dyk gSA bldh fufeZfr ds fy, izpjq èku pkfg,A ,sls
esa lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ksa dk :ikarj.k ,d iS'ku] lkekftd
ftEesnkjh Hkh gS] rkfd vkt ds viQykrwuh [kjhn&csp
ds le; esa fdLlkxksbZ dh ewy laons uk ftank jg ldsA
^igsyh* ds funs'Z kd us orZeku nkSj dh cktkjokfnrk esa
lkfgfR;drk dks vksNs <ax ls cpk;kA ysfdu euksjt a u
ds ekè;e ls iSlk dekuk fiQYe fuekZ.k dh cqfu;knh
'krZ Hkh gSA
72 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
mRrj vkèkqfudrk dh foospuk ds Øe esa]
^vkèkqfudrk* gekjk vkèkkj rS;kj djrh gSA vkèkqfudrk
ds ftu fopkjksa ls mRrj vkèkqfudrk dk >xM+k gS]
muesa loZiez [q k gS&a rkfdZdrk] fdlh Hkh rjg ds Hksn
ls Åij mBdj ekuo&ekuo esa vuqHko dh ,drk]
egko` RRkka rks sa dh ize q[ krk] O;fDr dh Lok;Rrrk]
liQyrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k] lkoZHkkSfed lR; dh dYiuk
vkSj Hkk"kk dh ikjnf'kZrkA bUgha >xM+kas ls mRiUu gks
nsonkl mRrj vkèkqfud lanHkks± esa ^nso&Mh* esa ifj.kr
gksrk gSA rkfdZdrk dks ijs j[kdj dgk tkrk gS fd ¶rw
eqf[kok dks ekjdj nkeqy ij dkgs ugha p<+yjsA¸
liQyrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds fojksèk esa ^ukSdj dh deht*
miU;kl vkSj fiQYe ckj&ckj i<+us vkSj ns[kus dh
vihy djrh gSA ;g gj ckj gekjs fy, fopkj djus
dk ,d u;k Lisl fufeZr djrh gS] tks igys okys
Lisl ls ,dne fHkUu gksrk gSA O;fDr dh Lok;Rrrk
rFkk egko`Rrkarksa dh ize[q krk ds fojksèk esa ^lwjt dk
lkrok¡ ?kksM+k* fiQYe dk fuekZ.k ,d egRoiw.kZ mRrj
vkèkqfud lanHkZ gSA ^lwjt dk lkrok¡ ?kksMk+ * dbZ
?kqekonkj dFkkudksa dks ysdj pyrk gSA miU;kl ,oa
fiQYe] nksuksa esa O;fDr dh Lok;Rrrk ckj&ckj [kafMr
gksrh gS] buesa NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa ds tfj, eè;oxZ
ds thou ds fofHkUu Hkkoksa dks mdsjk x;k gSA 'kek
tSnh us èkeZohj Hkkjrh ds bl miU;kl dh iVdFkk dks
lkFkZd :i fn;k gSA dFkk ds fofHkUu ewM uk;dRo ds
ifjos'k dks dHkh mRiUu ugha gksus nsrAs dgkuh ds
vanj dgkuh dh fdLlkxksbZ 'kSyh egko`Rrkar dh voèkkj.kk
dks èoLr djrh gSA
mRrj vkèkq f ud foe'kZ Hkkjrh;&lka LÑfrd
voèkkj.kk esa FkksMk+ Bw¡lk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA blfy,
tulapkj ds fofHkUu ekè;eks]a tSls Vsyhfotu] v[kckj
vkfn esa eè;;qxhu ekufldrk ds èkkfeZd izopu]
nsoh&nsorkvksa dh efgek dk xku djus okys lhfj;Yl
fn[kk, tkrs gSAa bl ij Hkh] eè;;qxhu ekufldrk
n~ona o~ esa mRrj vkèkqfud foe'kZ lkfgR; vkSj flusek
n~okjk nfyr eqfDr] L=kh Lokèkhurk vkSj euq"; dh
Lora=krk dh iSjoh djrk fn[krk gSA
mRrj vkèkqfudrk vfrfodflr lekt ds lkFk
lacn~èk dh tkrh gSA ,slh vuqdy w fLFkfr;k¡ fo'ks"kr%
Hkkjr ds egkuxjksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa ekl ehfM;k
n~okjk laons uk'kwU; cuk nsus okyk ikWiy q j dYpj ijkslk
tk jgk gSA buds lg;ksx ls fodflr gqbZ miHkksDrkoknh
la L Ñfr bfrgkl] pfj=k] rkfdZ d rk] uS f rdrk]
ewY;&O;oLFkk dks [kafMr dj jgh gSA ;g vkt ds
'kgjh eè;oxhZ; Hkkjrh; lekt dh lPpkbZ izrhr gks
jgh gSA ,sls nkSj esa fganh fiQYesa Hkh vNwrh ugha jgh gSaA
^jax ns clarh* uO; ,sfrgkfld foe'kZ dks dykRed
:i esa izLrqr djrh gS rks ^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ* xkaèkhokn
dks iquO;kZ[;kf;r djrh gSA njvly bl rFkkdfFkr
mRrj vkèkqfud ifjos'k esa chloha lnh ds vafre
n'kd ls gekjh laLÑfr ewyr% ,d ^flusekbZ laLÑfr*
gksrh pyh tk jgh gSA
mRrj vkèkqfud lanHkks± ds dkj.k uDlyokn]
vkradokn] lkekftd&vkfFkZd] oxhZ; pfj=k dh lPpkbZ
vkfn iQyd ij vkuk 'kq: gksrh gS]a tks vfr&vkSn;~ ksfxd
vkèkqfudrk dh nsu gSA izdk'k >k fganh fiQYeksa ds
ekè;e ls ^nkeqy* ls ysdj ^vigj.k* rd dh ;k=kk
dks fcgkj dh jktuSfrd ;k=kk ds izfjiz{s ; esa ns[krs gSAa
Øe'k% ^nkeqy*] ^e`R;qnaM*] ^xaxkty* vkSj ^vigj.k*
fiQYesa fcgkj ds rhu n'kdksa dh jktuSfrd ;k=kk dks
n'kkZrh gSAa bu lcesa jktuhfr ds lkFk&lkFk gj leL;k
ds ewy eas dgha u dgha vkfFkZd izHkko Hkh gSA
dFkkdkj 'kSoky dh dgkuh ^nkeqy* ij cuh ^nkeqy*
fiQYe nfyr&fiNM+ksa vkSj lkearksa ds vkilh Vdjko
dks n'kkZrh gSA 1970 bZ- ds ckn fcgkj ds Hkwfeghu
fdlku lkearksa ds paxqy ls fudyus ds fy, NViVkus
yxsA blh nkSj esa uDlyokfn;ksa dk izHkko foLrkj
ik;kA blh i`"BHkwfe esa ^nkeqy* dh dFkk fu:fir gS]
tks vius dFku] vfHku; {kerk] vn~Hkqr i`"BHkwfe ds
jpko ls dykRedrk dk n'kZu djkrh gSA
µ lgk;d izoDrk (fganh foHkkx)] eksrhyky usg: dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
mRrj vkèkqfudrk dh fopkjèkkjk ls izHkkfor
gksdj ^ukSdj dh deht* (1999 bZ-) dk fuekZ.k ef.k
dkSy us fd;kA ^ukSdj dh deht* Hkk"kk dh ikjnf'kZrk
ds vkèkqfud ekunaM dks rksMr+ h gSA bl fiQYe dk
laokn & ¶lkgc dh deht iguus ls dksbZ lkgc ugha
gksrk vkSj ^ukSdj dh deht* iguus ls dksbZ----A¸
^dksbZ* ds ckn laokn ekSu gks tkrk gSA ^dksbZ* 'kCn bl
n`'; eas ^gkL;* vkSj ^ruko*] nksuksa mRiUu djrk gS
vkSj xgjs vFkZ dh O;atuk djrk gS] tks n'kZd vius&vius
ifjos'kxr vkSj LoHkkoxr ekufld voLFkk ls xzg.k
dj ldrs gSaA
fiQYe ,d Lisl dk fuekZ.k djrh gS vkSj
dsanzh;rk dh voèkkj.kk dks èoLr djrh gSA dyk
ekè;e gksus ds lkFk&lkFk flusek dks cktkj ds mRiknu
ds lalkèkuksa vkSj rkdrksa dk bLrseky djds n'kZdksa
rd igqp ¡ uk gksrk gSA n'kZdksa rd igqp
¡ us ds fy, mls
ftl izfØ;k dk bLrseky djuk gksrk gS] og izfØ;k
ogh gksrh gS] tks vU; mRiknksa ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSA
flusek dks oSls Hkh vkerkSj ij mn~;ksx dh Js.kh esa
j[kk tkrk gSA bl n`f"V ls ns[kus ij flusek ,d
mRikn gS] ysfdu ;g dyk&mRikn gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- eSut s j ikaM;s ] lkfgR; ds lekt'kkL=k dh
Hkwfedk] i`- 124
2- egsna z feRry] Hkkjrh; pyfp=k] i`- 2
3- fueZy oekZ] iRFkj vkSj cgrk ikuh] i`- 61
4- olaèq kjk 81] (la-) Lo;a izdk'k] jktsna z 'kekZ]
i`- 417
5- vkmVyqd] (la-) vkyksd esgrk] flracj 2007
i`- 24
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 73
 flusek % vkt vkSj dy
MkW- Jo.k dqekj
t ;'kadj izlkn us ^bM+k lxZ* esa fy[kk gS&
ml jE; iQyd ij uoy fp=k lh] izdV
gqbZ lqanj ckykA
ml u;u egksRlo dh izrhd] vEyku ufyu
dh uoekykAA1
dkek;uh ds bM+k lxZ esa fy[kha ;s iafDr;k¡
flusek ds Lo:i ij lVhd fVIi.kh djrh gSaA uoy
izÑfr ds O;kikj dks ge insZ ij ns[k jgs gSAa flusek
dk bfrgkl dqN&dqN ¶iQ+yd ij uoy fp=k lh
izdV gqbZ uockyk¸ ds leku jgk gS vc og izk<S +
ifjiDo gks xbZ gSA vkb, tkus bldh foy{k.k ;k=kk&
flusek ds lkS o"kZ
flusek chloha lnh dh dyk gSA okYVj csatkfeu
us fy[kk gS& ¶vkèkqfud dyk,¡ mu ijaijkxr dykvksa
ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrh gSa tks vius pkjksa vksj ,d
^izHkkeaMy* vkSj ,d ^vfèkdkj* Hkkouk j[krh gSaA
ysfdu vkt dh dyk,¡ [kklrkSj ij fiQYesa bl rjg
dk dksbZ izHkkeaMy ugha j[krhA turk bu dykvksa ls
xgjs :i ls tqMh+ jgrh gSA yksx buls euksjt a u gh
gkfly ugha djrs cfYd buds lkFk dgha xgjk lacaèk
gksrk gSA¸2 cst
a kfeu fiQYeksa dks ^jktuSfrd tukanksyu*
dk lcls izHkko'kkyh ekè;e ekurs gSaA
flusek dk tUe Úkal esa gqvkA vkèkqfud dykvksa
dh tuuh Úkal esa 1839 esa ,d Úkalhlh us Nk;kadu
dh rduhd dk vkfo"dkj fd;k] uke Fkk& yqbZ nqxkjsA
bl vkfo"dkj us flusek ds Hkfo"; dks ysdj dbZ
laHkkouk,¡ iSnk dhA dSfyiQksfuZ;k ds xouZj yhySMa dh
74 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ftKklq izof` Rr rFkk lSu ÚkaflLdks ds Nk;kdkj ,MoMZ
esfa czt ds Nk;kadu lacèa kh iz;ksx us ^izDs lhuksLdksi*
vkSj ^dkbusVksLdksi*3 dks tUe fn;kA gkykafd 1882 esa
^izDs lhuksLdksi* dks ,feyh fjukMZ rFkk VkWel vYok
,fMlu us ^dkbusVksLdksi* dk vkfo"dkj dj mUgsa
iathÑr djk;k FkkA fMdlu] ,fM'ku ds lg;ksxh Fks
vkSj ,fM'ku dh Hkwfedk ek=k O;kikjh dh FkhA blds
iwoZ 1873 esa IysVksa dh e'kgwj nwjchu ^iQsukfdLVksLdksi*
ds fln~èkkar ij Úkal ds dYiuk'khy Nk;kdkj isjs
twYl fl”kj tkWulu us ,d vn~Hkqr dSejs dk fuekZ.k
fd;k ftls ^iQksVksxzkfiQd jkbiQYl* ds uke ls tkuk
x;kA4 mUgksua s vius blh vn~Hkqr dSejs ls 'kqØ xzg dh
;k=kk dks cgRrj lsdMas esa vM+rkyhl Nk;kfp=kksa n~okjk
dSn fd;kA ;g flusek ds tUe dh vksj ,d vkSj
egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA 29 vDrwcj] 1888 dks ,d ,sls
dSejs dk vkfo"dkj gqvk tks ,d lsdMas esa dqy rhl
fp=kksa dks dSn dj ldrk FkkA blds vkfo"dkjd Fks&
fpfdRld elhZA 1890 esa tkWtZ bZLVeSu n~okjk
^lsY;wykbM* ds O;kolk;hdj.k us pyfp=kksa ds fodkl
dh izfØ;k esa tku iQwd ¡ nhA blh Øe esa tktZ tSfeuh
us 1893 esa dqN y?kq fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
bl iz;ksxkRed nkSj esa dbZ izpfyr ukeksa ds
ckotwn Úkal ds yqbl Z Y;wejs dks flusek dk tud
ekuk x;kA Y;wesj O;olk;h O;fDr FksA mudh daiuh
^Y;wejs daiuh* ds uke ls yksdfiz; FkhA 22 ekpZ]
1895 esa yqbl Z Y;wejs us viuh izFke dFkk fiQYe ^fy
vjkstjs vjks”k* dk izn'kZu dj lcdks pkSadk fn;kA5
bl izn'kZu us fo'o flusek esa Økafr dk lw=kikr fd;kA
fiQYe ds izn'kZu us Y;wejs ,oa muds lkfFk;ksa dks
^Y;wejs caèkqvks*a ds uke ls izfln~èk dj fn;kA Y;wejs
caèkqvksa ds O;kolkf;d izn'kZuksa us flusek ds Hkfo";
dks lqugjk cuk fn;kA ;FkkFkZ ,oa dYiuk dk u;k
lalkj [kM+k dj fn;kA uksokxknZ ds lekjksg esa ^ckx esa
ikuh nsrk ekyh* fiQYe ns[kus ds ckn izflnèk dFkkdkj
eSfDle xksdhZ us fVIi.kh dh Fkh& ¶dy jkr eSa
Nk;kvksa ds lkezkT; esa Fkk--- vkSj eSua s Y;wejs ds
fluseVs ksxkz iQ n~okjk iznf'kZr pyfp=k ns[ks-a --- bu fcacksa
dk izHkko vlkèkkj.k] foy{k.k] tfVy vkSj cgqvk;keh
FkkA eq>s ugha yxrk eSa bl izHkko ds lHkh igyqvksa dh
Li"V O;k[;k djus esa leFkZ gks ik¡Åxk--- rqe lksprs gks
fd ;g ckSNkj lhèks rqEgkjs psgjs ij Hkh iM+xs h vkSj rqe
rsth ls ihNs gV tkrs gks--- rqe Hkwy tkrs gks fd rqe
dgk¡ gksA vn~Hkqr dYiuk,¡ rqEgkjs fnekx esa izo's k djus
yxrh gSaA eq>s iwjk ;dhu gS fd cgqr tYnh gh bu
fiQYeksa ds LFkku ij vyx rjg dh fiQYesa fn[kkbZ
tkus yxsaxhA¸6 xksdhZ dh ;g vkykspukRed fVIi.kh
flusek ds Hkfo"; dks cM+h ckjhdh ls idM+ jgh FkhA
mudh ;g fVIi.kh flusek dh laHkkoukvksa dks ryk'krh
gSA flusek vkt mlh :i esa gekjs lkeus [kM+k gS
ftlds ckjs esa xksdhZ lksp jgs FksA flusek gekjh
dYiukvksa dks ia[k ns jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa flusek
Hkkjr esa flusek dh 'kq#vkr mruh gh jkspd gS
ftruh fd ;wjksi esAa Hkkjr esa 7 tqykbZ] 1896 esa
pyfp=kksa (flusek) dk igyk izn'kZu gqvkA ;g izn'kZu
eqca bZ ds okVlu gksVy esa gqvkA Y;wejs caèkqvksa ds bl
fiQYe izn'kZu ij ^VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k* us fy[kk
¶,d 'kfDr'kkyh ykyVsu dh enn ls okLrfod
thou ls feyrs&tqyrs cgqr ls n`'; insZ ij fn[kkbZ
x,A ftl izdkj izR;sd ik=k dh HkkoHkafxek vR;ar
Li"Vrk ls izLrqr dh tk ldh] mlls irk pyrk gS
fd Nk;kadu dh dyk vkSj tknqbZ ykyVsu dk xBtksM+
fdl mUur fLFkfr rd igqp ¡ pqdk gSA ,d feuV esa
yxHkx lkr&vkB lkS Nk;kfp=k insZ ij izdk'keku gksrs
gSaA bu n`';ksa dks n'kZdksa us csgn ilan fd;kA¸7 Hkkjr
esa fiQYe dk vkxeu fdlh peRdkj ls de ugha FkkA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
bl izn'kZu us Hkkjr esa n'kZdksa dk utfj;k cny fn;kA
^uksosYVh fFk,Vj* ukVd ds izn'kZu ds fy, bLrseky
gksrk Fkk] vc ogk¡ 'kke dks Ng cts ds ckn fiQYeksa
dk izn'kZu gksus yxkA Hkkjr esa 'kq#vkrh fiQYe izn'kZu
,oa fuekZ.k dk dk;Z fonsf'k;ksa us laHkkykA 1898 esa
^gekjk Hkkjrh; lkezkT;*] ^y[kuÅ dk egku bekeckM+k*]
eqacbZ LVs'ku ij jsyxkM+h dk vkxeu* tSlh dbZ
lwpukRed fiQYesa cuhaA8 bu fiQYeksa dks izk;% fonsf'k;ksa
us gh cuk;k FkkA
1912 esa Hkkjr dh igyh iQhpj fiQYe cuh&
^iqaMfyd*A ftls la;qDr :i ls vkj-th- rks.ksZ vkSj
,u-th- fp=ks us cuk;kA9 ysfdu bls iw.kZ Hkkjrh;
fiQYe ugha ekuk x;k D;ksfa d blds fuekZrk ,oa Nk;kdkj
fons'kh FksA Hkkjr dh igyh fiQYe ^jktk gfj'pan*z FkhA
;g gj dks.k ls ,d Lora=k ,oa lai.w kZ iQhpj fiQYe
Fkh] ftls Hkkjrh; fuekZrk n~okjk Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa ds
fy, cuk;k x;kA10 dFkk dgus vkSj fn[kkus dh igyh
'kq#vkr ^jktk gfj'pan*z ls gqbZ ftls 1913 esa nqfMjkt
xksfoan iQkYds vFkkZr~ nknk lkgsc iQkYds us cuk;k tks
13 ebZ] 1913 dks eqca bZ ds dksjksu's ku flusek?kj esa
iznf'kZr gqbAZ nknk lkgsc iQkYds us yxHkx lkS fiQYeksa
dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ftuesa ls egt pkj fiQYesa gh
jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj esa laxg` hr gSaA nknk lkgsc iQkYds
ds bUgha iz;klksa us mUgsa ^Hkkjrh; flusek dk tud*
cuk fn;kA 1931 esa vknsZf'kj bZjkuh dh igyh lokd~
fiQYe ^vkye&vkjk* ds cuus ls iwoZ ckjg lkS vV~Bklh
ewd fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk FkkA ckjg lkS vV~Bklh
fiQYeksa esa ls eg”k rsjg fiQYesa gh jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj
esa miyCèk gaAS 11 ftuesa iQkYds dh ^dkfy;kenZu*]
^jktk gfj'panz*] ^JhÑ".ktUe* rFkk ^yadkngu*] fgeka'kq
jk; dh ^izes laU;kl*] ^fljkt* vkSj ^iziap ik'k*] th-
ih-iokj dh ^fnysj ftxj* vkSj ^xqykeh dk iru*]
gfjyky ,e- HkV~V dh ^fir`izse* rFkk ih-,u- jko dh
^ekr±M oekZ* ize[q k gSaA buds vfrfjDr ^lar rqdkjke*
rFkk ^HkDr izgykn* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh ;gk¡ laxg` hr gSAa
1931 esa vknsZf'kj bZjkuh] vCnqy vyh vkSj
;qlwiQvyh us igyh cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye&vkjk*
cukbZA bl fiQYe us Hkkjr fuekZ.k ijaijk dks cnykA
èkkfeZd fo"k;ksa dh vis{kk lkekftd eqn~nksa ij fiQYesa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 75
cuus yxhaA rhl&pkyhl ds n'kd esa gkWyhoqM dk
Hkkjrh; flusek ij izHkko fn[kus yxrk gSa ifj.kkeLo:i
fganh flusek lkekftd ,oa ekuoh; lacèa kksa ij ckr
djus yxkA bl nkSjku eè;dkyhu larksa ij Hkh dbZ
fiQYesa cuha] ftuesa ^lar rqdkjke*] ^HkDr dchj*] ^lar
rqylhnkl*] ^lar Kkus'oj*] ^ujlh esgrk* vkfnA mn~n's ;
Fkk& buds R;kx] vkilh izse] ln~Hkko] lkekftd
lejlrk ls tqMs+ O;fDrRo dk izn'kZuA ftlls lekt
esa vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldsA
lokd~ fiQYeksa us Hkkjrh; flusek dks igyh ckj
xhr fn,A ^vkye&vkjk* esa dqy lkr xhr FksA12 1943
esa cuh ^fdLer* fiQYe ds ns'kHkfDr xhrksa us Hkkjrh;
Lora=krk laxkz e esa tku iQ¡d
w nhA dfo iznhi dk fy[kk
xhr& ^nwj gVks ,s nqfu;kokyksa fganqLrku gekjk gS* us
yksdfiz;rk ds f'k[kj dks Nqvk vkSj u, vk;ke
LFkkfir fd,A bl xhr us ukStokuksa esa izk.k iQwd
¡ fn,A
Lora=krk vkanksyu dks fn'kk nsus ds fy, flusek dk
Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k x;kA bl izdj.k esa dbZ fiQYesa
izfrcafèkr dh xb±A ftlesa n~okjdknkl lair dh 1921
esa cuh fiQYe ^HkDr fonqj* ize[q k FkhA bl fiQYe esa
HkDr fonqj dks ^xkaèkh* dh rjg fn[kk;k x;k Fkk rFkk
^nhoku cgknqj* ds f[krkc dks ^MkWdh cgknqj* dgdj
O;aX; fd;k x;k FkkA13
vktknh ds ckn
15 vxLr] 1947 dks Hkkjr vktkn gqvkA vktknh
ds miy{; esa ^bIVk* us ^vktknh dk mRlo* uked
fiQYe cukbZA14 blh o"kZ lh- jkepanz ds laxhr funsZ'ku
esa cuh fiQYe ^'kgukbZ* dk xhr ^vkuk esjh tku laMs
ds laMs* vkt Hkh jsfM;ks ,oa foKkiuksa dk fgLlk gSA
blh fiQYe ls fd'kksj dqekj us viuk fiQYeh liQj
'kq: fd;k FkkA 1948 esa vehjh&xjhch ds chp ds
varj dks vkSj mlls izHkkfor gks jgs ukStokuksa dh ihM+k
dks vkèkkj cukdj jktdiwj us ^vkx* fiQYe cukbZA
;g og ukStoku Fkk tks csgrj ftanxh dh mEehn esa
th jgk FkkA blh o"kZ fiQYe fuekZ.k daiuh ^tSfeuh* ds
cSuj rys cuh ^fp=kys[kk* tks vc rd dh lcls
egaxh vkSj fiQYe bfrgkl dh lcls fgV fiQYe
lkfcr gqbZA
1949 ds ckn ds o"kZ xhrksa ds o"kZ jgsA bl
nkSjku lqijfgV E;wft+dy fiQYesa vkb±A ftuesa 1950
76 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
dh ^ckcqy* rFkk ^ckojs uSu* dk laxhr vR;ar yksdfiz;
jgkA ^lekfèk* fiQYe Hkys gh u pyh gks ijarq mlds
xhr ^xksjs&xksjs vks ckads Nksj*s vkSj ns'kHkfDr xhr
^dne&dne c<+k, tk* vkt Hkh gekjs tsg+ u esa gSAa
1951 esa i=kdkj ls funsZ'kd cus ch- vkj-
pksiM+k us ^viQlkuk* fiQYe ls 'kq#vkr dh vkSj fganh
flusek dks dbZ èkkjnkj fiQYesa nhaA mudh fiQYeksa esa
^u;k nkSj*] ^lkèkuk*] ^oDr*] ^voke*] ^e”knwj* vkSj
^fudkg* tSlh dbZ lqijfgV fiQYesa FkhaA 1951 esa cuh
^cjlkr* ,oa ^vkokjk* us Hkkjrh; flusek dks varjjk"Vªh;
igpku nhA 1951 esa fiQYe ^ck”kh* vkbZ vkSj xq#nRr
tSlk izfrHkk'kkyh funs'Z kd lkeus vk;kA 1952 dh
lqijfgV E;wft+dy fiQYe ^cStw ckojk* us laxhr ds
lkjs fjdkWMl Z~ rksM+ MkysA
1964 ls 1977 ds chp Hkkjrh; jktuhfr
vfuf'prrk ds nkSj ls xqtjhA Hkkjrh; flusek ij Hkh
bldk vlj fn[kkA blh n'kd esa flusek esa ,d vkSj
Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gqvkA fiQYesa 'osr&';ke ls jaxhu
gks xb±A fiQYe cukus dk [kpkZ c<+ x;kA bl n'kd dh
'kq#vkrh jaxhu fiQYeksa esa ^xaxk&tequk*] ^taxyh* ize[q k
FkhaA 1960 esa fiQYe foRr fuxe dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ 15
fiQYe foRr fuxe dh lgk;rk ls e`.kky lsu] foey
jk;] xq#nRr] lR;thr js] ½f"kds'k eq[kthZ] je.k
nslkbZ tSls jpukRed fiQYedkj lkeus vk,A blh Øe
esa ge ';ke csuxsy] igyk”k fugykuh dks Hkh j[k
ldrs gSaA
lRrj dk n'kd ^;ax ,axzh eSu* vFkkZr~ vferkHk
cPpu dk jgkA izdk'k esgjk dh ^tathj* fiQYe ls
fganh flusek dks O;kolkf;d fn'kk feyhA ^tathj*]
^nhokj*] ^'kksys*] ^vej vdcj ,aFkuh* us fiQYeh
vFkZ'kkL=k dks ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA lRrj ls vLlh ds n'kd
esa vferkHk cPpu Nk, jgsA 1990 esa vkbZ ^eSua s I;kj
fd;k* ftlus fiQYe esa fiQj ls izes ,oa laxhr dks
iquLFkkZfir fd;kA vafre n'kd HkweaMyhdj.k ysdj
vk;k vkSj blus nqfu;k ns[kus dk utfj;k cny fn;kA
fiQYesa ck”kkj vkSj fo'ks"k oxZ dks è;ku esa j[kdj
cukbZ tkus yxhaA fiQYekadu ns'kh yksd's ku dh vis{kk
fons'kh yksds'ku esa gksus yxkA Hkkjrh; ikfjokfjd
ewY;ksa esa cnyko fn[kus yxsA ^fnyokys nqYgfu;k ys
tk,¡x*s bldk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k gSA bl fiQYe esa
vki HkweMa yhdj.k dk izHkko ns[k ldrs gSaA bl nkSj
dh fiQYeksa us euksjt a u ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa
dk cktkjhdj.k 'kq: dj fn;kA gkykafd vkt dk
flusek vis{kkÑr T;knk fj;fyfLVd gqvk gSA
flusek dk lekt ;k lekt dk flusek
flusek euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk ,d yksd ekè;e
Hkh gSA loky ;g gS fd flusek vius vki esa lekt
gS ;k lekt dk izfrfcacA le; ds lkFk flusek us ;g
fln~èk dj fn;k fd ,d Lora=k dykRed foèkk gksus
ds ckotwn lekt dh Nfo;k¡ gh mlds insZ ij pyrh
gSaA gkykafd fiQYe leh{kd tojheYy ikj[k ekurs
gS&a ¶flusek vkèkqfud ;qx dh lkewfgd tu dyk gSA
og yksd dykvksa dh rjg turk dh lPph vkSj
fuLlax Hkkoukvksa dh jpukRed vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e
ugha gSA flusek dh jpuk turk ds fy, gS ysfdu
turk n~okjk ughaA¸16 os ekurs gSa fd flusek turk dks
^miHkksDrk* esa cny nsrh gSA O;kolkf;d flusek ds
lanHkZ esa mudh ;g ckr lksyg vkus lp gS ijarq
lekukarj flusek ds lanHkZ esa mudh ;g ckr lgh ugha
dgh tk ldrhA
flusek dk tUe Hkys gh euksjt a u ds ekè;e ds
:i esa gqvk gks vkSj izkjafHkd nkSj esa ;g ckr lgh Hkh
Bgjrh gSA flusek dh 'kq#vkr èkkfeZd fiQYeksa ls gksrh
gS ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs fiQYesa ^fo"k;* dks ysdj xaHkhj gks
tkrh gSAa 1936 esa nfyr leL;k ij fiQYe cuh&
^vNwr dU;k*A bl fiQYe esa Hkkjrh; lekt dh ,d
dM+oh lPpkbZ fn[kkbZ xbZA flusek tu&Hkkoukvksa dks
lgh fn'kk nsus dk dke djrk gSA lkekftd eqnn~ ksa ij
cuh xaHkhj fiQYeksa us viuk dke c[kwch fd;kA ^vNwr
dU;k* ls ysdj ^lqtkrk* (1959)] ^eaFku* (1976)]
^e`x;k* (1976)] ^vkØks'k* (1980)] ^ln~xfr*
(1981)] ^nkeqy* (1984)] ^cSafMV Dohu* (1995)
tSlh dbZ vU; fiQYeksa us flusek dk lkekftd i{k
lkeus j[kkA blds iwoZ 1950 esa Ogh- 'kkarkjke dh
fiQYe ^ngst* us L=kh eqfDr dh leL;k dks mBkdj
flusek dks tulaidZ ls tksM+kA bl Js.kh dh vkxs dh
fiQYeksa esa ^enj bafM;k*] ^lkgsc choh vkSj xqyke*]
^I;klk*] ^eaMh*] ^nkfeuh*] ^nk;jk*] ^pkanuh ckj* tSlh
dbZ egRoiw.kZ fiQYesa gSAa 'kq#vkrh flusek fdlkuksa ,oa
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
etnwjksa dks ysdj lrdZ Fkk ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs ;s eq[;èkkjk
dh fiQYeksa ls xk;c gksrs x,A ^nks ch?kk tehu*] ^u;k
nkSj*] ^enj bafM;k*] ^xaxk tequk*] tSlh fiQYeksa esa
xk¡o] fdlku vkSj etnwj ekStnw FksA vc ns'k dh lRrj
izfr'kr vkcknh fiQYeksa ls yxHkx xk;c gks pqdh gSA
lkfgR; vkSj flusek
lkfgR; dks lekt dk niZ.k dgk tkrk gS rks
flusek dks ml niZ.k dh izfrPNk;kA lkfgfR;d Ñfr;k¡
fiQYeksa ds fy, ges'kk izjs .kklzkrs jgh gSAa izkphu egkdkO;ksa
vkSj jpukvksa ij fiQYesa cuha rks lkfgfR;d foèkkvks]a
tSl&s dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd vkfn ij Hkh fiQYesa
cuh gSAa izes pan us vius izfln~èk ys[k ^flusek vkSj
thou* esa lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds lacèa k dks dqN bl
<ax ls le>k;kA mUgksaus fy[kk& ¶lkfgR; tu#fp dk
iFkizn'kZd gksrk gS] mldk vuq;k;h ughaA flusek
tu#fp ds ihNs pyrk gS] turk tks dqN ekaxs ogh
nsrk gSA¸17 izes pan ^tu#fp* ds vkèkkj ij lkfgR; vkSj
flusek dks ,d ugha ekursA ge lc tkurs gSa fd
^gal* if=kdk dks pykus ds fy, izes pan us fiQYe
ys[ku Hkh fd;k FkkA ijarq ogk¡ os vliQy jgsA ;g
ys[k muds fiQYe ys[ku ds vuqHkoksa dk fupksM+ gSA
vliQy gksus dh mudh ihM+k bl ys[k esa Li"V
fn[krh gSa blhfy, mUgksus flusek dh rqyuk ^rkM+h* ls
vkSj lkfgR; dh rqyuk ^nwèk* ls dhA18 izes pan fiQYeksa
dks ^fuEu Hkkoukvksa dh fo'ks"k r`fIr19 dk lkèku ekurs
gaAS vius le; ds lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds chp ds
varj dks izes pan c[kwch le>rs Fks gkykafd os nksuksa ds
,d:i gksus dh laHkkouk Hkh ns[krs gSAa os fy[krs gS&a
¶vHkh og tekuk cgqr nwj gS tc flusek vkSj
lkfgR; dk :i ,d gksxkA yksd#fp tc bruh ifj"Ñr
gks tk,xh fd og uhps ys tkus okyh phtksa ls ?k`.kk
djsxh rHkh flusek esa lkfgR; dh lq#fp fn[kkbZ iM+
ldrh gSA¸20 izsepan dh Hkfo";ok.kh fujFkZd lkfcr
ugha gqbAZ e`.kky lsu] foey jk; rFkk lR;thr js us
flusek vkSj lkfgR; ds dykRed varj dks de
fd;kA fu%langs xaHkhjrk dh n`f"V ls lkfgR; chl
Bgjsxk ijarq yksdfiz;rk dh n`f"V ls flusek lc ij
Hkkjh gSA xqytkj us vius ys[k ^flusek ,oa lkfgR;* esa
fy[kk ¶flusek ds ckjs esa nwljh jkspd ckr n'kZdksa dh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 77
Hkkxhnkjh gSA lkfgR; esa ikBdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ugha
gksrhA flusek ds ikl [ksy ds n'kZdksa dh rjg gj
fLFkfr ds fy, lq>ko gksrs gSAa flusek dk n'kZd lsV]
iks'kkd] dykdkj vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ctV ij Hkh
cgl djrk gSA¸21 bl varj ds ckotwn xqytkj ekurs
gSa fd flusek us vius vkjafHkd pj.k esa vkSj viuk
Hkfo"; laokjus ds fy, lkfgR; ls gh izk.krRo xzg.k
fd;kA22 lkfgR; ds ikl flusek ds fy, vikj HkaMkj
gSA ;gk¡ rd fd lkfgfR;d xhrks]a x”kyksa dOokfy;ksa
dks fiQYeksa esa i;kZIr LFkku feykA xkfyc dh x+”ky
^gtkjksa [okfg'ksa ,slh* uke ls 2003 esa lqèkhj feJk us
,d fiQYe Hkh cukbZ FkhA
lkfgR; vkSj flusek esa ,d cM+k varj dykRed
vfHkO;fDr dk gSA nksuksa vyx&vyx foèkk,¡ gSAa dSejs
dh Hkk"kk lkfgR; dh Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gS vkSj laHkor
blh dkj.k dHkh&dHkh lkfgR; dk fiQYekarj.k lgh
:i esa ugha gks ikrkA tSls egk'osrk nsoh dh dgkuh
^#nkyh* ij cuh fiQYeA ^#nkyh* ds fiQYekadu ls
egk'osrk nsoh lar"q V ugha FkhaA fiQYe fdlh Hkh n`f"V
ls dgkuh ls de ugha cuhA viuh lhekvksa ds
ckotwn ^#nkyh* ,d csgrjhu fiQYe gSA blh izdkj
foey fe=k ds caxkyh miU;kl ^lkgsc] choh vkSj
xqyke* ij cuh fiQYe us lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds chp
ds varj dks dkiQh de dj fn;kA fcHkwfrHkw"k.k
caèkksikè;k; ds miU;kl ^ikFksj ikapkyh* ij lR;thr js
us fiQYe cukbZA ^ikFksj ikapkyh* vkt foHkwfrHkw"k.k
can~;ksikè;k; ls T;knk lR;thr js dh fiQYe ekuh
tkrh gSA izsepan dh dgkfu;ksa ^ln~xfr* ,oa ^'krjat
ds f[kykM+h* ij lR;thr js us csgrjhu fiQYesa cukb±A
izes pan ds miU;kl ^xksnku* ij dbZ iz;klksa ds ckotwn
izHkko'kkyh fiQYe ugha cu ldhA blds vfrfjDr
'kjrpanz pV~Vksikè;k; ds miU;kl ^nsonkl*] ^ifj.khrk*]
jktLFkku ds lkfgR;dkj fot;nku nsFkk dh dgkuh
^nqfoèkk* rFkk jfLdu ckWUM dh dgkuh ^n Cyw vacy sz k*
ij fiQYe cu pqdh gSA ^nqfoèkk* dgkuh ij veksy
ikysdj us ^igsyh* rFkk ^n Cyw vacy zs k* ij fo'kky
Hkkjn~okt us fiQYe cukbZA ,slh fiQYesa flusek vkSj
lkfgR; ds LokHkkfod fj'rs dks fn[kkrh gSaA
78 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
flusek dk cktkj% cktkj dk flusek
fiQYe dk lacaèk O;kolkf;drk ls gSA mldk
,d :i lkekftd nkf;Ro dk Hkh gS fczfV'k lkezkT;okn
vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fojksèk ls flusek us lkfgR;
dh rjg lkekftd ifjorZu dk dk;Z fd;kA flusek
dk mn~ns'; iSlk dekuk] euksjt a u djuk rFkk lkFk gh
lan's k izpkfjr djuk FkkA okYVj cst
a kfeu bls ^jktuSfrd
tukanksyu dk izHkko'kkyh ekè;e* ekurs gSaA lekukarj
flusek ,oa dykRed ds lanHkZ esa ;g ckr iw.kZr% lR;
lkfcr gksrh gSA flusek fu%langs ck”kkj ds fy, gS vkSj
ck”kkj flusek ds fy,A dqN fiQYe fo'ks"kK ekurs gSa
fd flusek lkaLÑfrd mRikn gS ftldh ladYiuk
O;olk; ,oa ck”kkj dh t:jrksa ls r; gksrh gSA23
blds cjDl vfHkus=kh 'kckuk vkteh ekurh gSa fd
O;kolkf;d flusek viuh lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k
djus ds ckotwn lekt ls tqMk+ gqvk gksrk gSA24
def'kZ;y fiQYeksa dh yksdfiz;rk dh cM+h otg ;g
Hkh gS fd mls cktkj n~okjk rS;kj fd;k x;k n'kZd
fey tkrk gSA ,slk n'kZd ftldh #fp >kj[kaM ds
vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ij ugha gksxhA 'kckuk
vkteh dyk ,oa O;kolkf;d flusek nksuksa esa varj
djrh gSAa ijarq pfj=k vfHkusrk dqyHkw"k.k [kjcank nksuksa
dks eg”k O;olk; ekurs gSAa 25
lPps vFkks± esa flusek ds fy, ^O;kolkf;d*
'kCn dk iz;ksx uCcs ds n'kd esa gqvkA tc igyh ckj
gkWyhoqM dh rtZ ij fganh flusek dks ^ckWyhoqM* dgk
tkus yxkA ^ckWyhoqM* 'kCn gkykafd dkiQh igys vk
pqdk Fkk ysfdu uCcs ds n'kd ds ckn fganh flusek ds
fy, bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx vfèkd gksus yxkA vkt
fiQYe ds fgV lqijfgV dks mldh dekbZ ls tksMk+
tkus yxk gSA gkykafd dqN fiQYedkj ,sls Hkh gaAS tks
O;kolkf;drk vkSj dyk ds chp vn~Hkqr leUo; dj
jgs gSAa lqèkhj feJk] eèkqj HkaMkjdj] lat; yhyk
Hkalkyh] jktdqekj fgjkuh] uhjt ikaM;s dk uke ;gk¡
fy;k tk ldrk gSA
21oha lnh dk flusek% ifjorZu ,oa iz;ksx
dk nkSj
21oha lnh vfr fodflr rduhdh dh lnh gSA
flusek vc mPp rduhdh ds Lrj rd igqp ¡ pqdk
gSA Vhoh 'osr&';ke ls vks,ybZMh (OLED) rd dk
liQj r; dj pqdk gSA lkèkkj.k Vhoh] iQksu vc LekVZ
gks pys gSAa vlxj otkgr fy[krs gSAa & ¶lkS lky ckn
vkt fganh flusek vius Lo:i vkSj O;olk; esa
fcYdqy cny pqdk gSA vkt ls ipkl lky igys dh
fganh flusek ds lacèa k esa LFkkfir ekU;rk,¡ VwV pqdh
gSaA¸26 vlxj otkgr bl rjg ds igys cnyko dks
n'kZdksa ds ^izkis Qkby* esa ns[krs gSAa 21oha lnh dk
n'kZd fiQYesa ^eYVhIysDl* esa ns[kus yxk gSA u,
^miHkksDrk laLdkj* us n'kZdksa dh #fp ,oa joS;s esa
cnyko yk fn;k gSA iqjkus gkWy esa n'kZd rhu Jsf.k;ksa
esa fiQYesa ns[krk Fkk& igyh] nwljh rFkk rhljh Js.khA
flusek vc Js.kh cny pqdk gSA og vc eè;oxhZ;
flusek cu x;k gSA ck”kkj us ^flusek miHkksDrk*
cuk;kA ;g ^flusek miHkksDrk* ekWy esa 'kkWfiax djrk gS
vkSj ogha fiQYe ns[krk gSA
21oha lnh ds flusek dk varjjk"Vªh;dj.k gqvkA
HkweMa yhdj.k us ^20oha lsp a jq h*] ^iQkWDl vkSj ^fM”uh*
tSlh cM+h daifu;ksa dks flusek ds {ks=k esa fuos'k dk
volj fn;kA ;s daifu;k¡ fganh flusek fuekZ.k esa #fp
fn[kkus yxh gaSA fganh flusek dk ck”kkj varjjk"Vªh;
ck”kkj cu pqdk gSA fganh fiQYesa Hkkjr ls ckgj vPNh
dekbZ dj jgh gSAa dgk tkrk gS fd Je vkSj iwt a h
ogha tk,¡xh] tgk¡ mls vfèkd Hkqxrku vkSj ykHk dh
laHkkouk utj vk,xhA iwt a h vius lkFk vius fo"k;
ykrh gS] os fo"k; ck”kkj r; djrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i
fiQYeksa ls dqN t:jh fo"k; NwV tkrs gSAa gqvk ;g fd
vc xk¡o] fdlku] etnwj insZ ls xk;c gksus yxsA
mldh txg vk;k mPpeè;oxhZ; ifjokj vkSj ,slk
oxZ ftldk lacèa k vkSj O;olk; ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk
ls gSA dqN t:jh fo"k; iwath ds ncko esa NwVrs utj
vk jgs gSAa dqN vioknksa dks NksM+ fn;k tk, rks fiQYesa
ckt+kj dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh cukbZ tk jgh gSAa
VkWdht cuke eYVhIysDl
21oha lnh ^eYVhIys Dl* dh lnh Hkh gSA
eYVhIysDl ^izkbosV LØhfuax* dk etk nsrk gSA fMftVy
nqfu;k ls vkidk ifjp; djkrk gSA eYVhIysDl ds
vius n'kZd gS]a ftudh nks Jsf.k;k¡ gS&a ,d vkfFkZd
:i ls csgn laiUu ftls vPNh lqfoèkkvksa ds ,ot esa
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
[kpZ djus ls xqjts ugha] nwljk vis{kkÑr de vkfFkZd
laiUu tks eghus esa ,d ;k nks ckj gh eYVhIysDl
tkrk gSA ^eYVhIysDl dYpj* ds lanHkZ esa tojheYy
ikj[k fy[krs gSa& ¶eYVhIysDl egt+ bekjr ugha oju~
ml ekWy laLÑfr dk fgLlk gS tks egkuxjksa vkSj 'kgjksa
esa rsth ls mHkjk gSA¸27 VkWdht NksVs dLcks&a 'kgjksa dh
nsu gS tcfd eYVhIysDl egkuxjksa ,oa cM+s 'kgjksa
dhA nksuksa dh thou 'kSyh vkSj [kpZ djus dh rkdr
vyx&vyx gSA eYVhIysDl esa ^vfHktkR;iu* dk
cksèk gSA NksVs dLcksa dk n'kZd vkt Hkh VkWfdt dk
vkuan ysrk gSA lqj{kk] rduhdh ,oa 'kkWfiax ds fygkt
ls VkWdht dk n'kZd Hkh vc eYVhIysDl dh vksj
#[k djus yxk gSA
VkWdht vkSj eYVhIysDl flusek ds ^fo"k;* esa
Hkh varj gSA VkWfdt ds eqdkcys eYVhIysDl vfèkd
izklafxd fo"k; dks ijkslrs gSAa ;gk¡ euksjt
a u ds ijaijkxr
fo"k; ds lkFk&lkFk lelkef;d fo"k;ksa dks Hkh fn[kk;k
tkus yxk gSA flusek vkSj eYVhIysDl nksuksa vc u,
n'kZd dks è;ku esa j[kdj cuk, tk jgs gSAa
VkWdht ds eqdkcys eYVhIysDl esa O;olk;
vfèkd gSA fVdV VkWfdt ls ik¡p ls nl xquk egaxkA
blds ckotwn eYVhIysDl esa tkuk yksx vfèkd ilan
djrs gSaA bldh cM+h otg eYVhIysDl dk vkd"kZ.k]
mldh cukoV] VkWdht ds eqdkcys n'kZdksa dh lhfer
la[;k] n'kZdksa dk O;ogkj rFkk j[kj[kko gSA lqj{kk]
rduhdh] [kkuiku rFkk 'kkWfiax dh ckr ge igys Hkh
dj pqds gSAa VkWdht lhfer ,oa e¡>ys vk; okyksa dh
txg gS tcfd eYVhIysDl mPp vk; okyksa dhA
gkykafd eYVhIysDl vc gj vk; okyksa dh txg cu
pqds gSaA yksx vklkuh ls ,d fiQYe ds fy, pkj lkS
ls ik¡p lkS #i, [kpZ dj jgs gSa vkSj miHkksDrk ck”kkj
dk fgLlk cudj cjkcjh eglwl dj jgs gSaA
jhfeDl dk tekuk gS tukc
21oha lnh jhfeDl dh nqfu;k Hkh dgh tk
ldrh gSA O;kolkf;drk dk ncko gh gS fd iqjkuh
lqijfgV fiQYeksa dks vkèkqfud rduhd ls laiUu dj
^u;k* cuk;k tk jgk gSA csgrj fiDpj DokfyVh]
csgrj lkmaM ds lkFk mls n'kZd ds lkeus ijkslk tk
jgk gSA ½f"kds'k eq[kthZ dh ^xksyeky* ds rtZ ij
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 79
jksfgr 'ksV~Vh ^xksyeky* dh ,d iwjh lhjht+ gh cuk dh Hkwfedk vf[+r;kj dj yh gS vkSj og lekt dks
Mkyrs gSAa ^'kksys ds rtZ ij jkexksiky oekZ ^vkx* lgh fn'kk ns jgk gSA mlus viuh lkFkZdrk ik yh gSA
cukrs gSaA ^?kk;y* dks luh nsvksy ^?kk;y oal vxsu* lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
ds uke ls nksckjk cukrs gSAa jktdqekj fgjkuh ^eqUuk 1- dkek;uh (bM+klxZ)] Hkkjrh; xzaFk fudsru]
HkkbZ* dh lhjht+ cukdj xkaèkhoknh n'kZu dks u, 1990] i`"B&58
vankt esa is'k djrs gSAa 2- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] tojheYy ikj[k]
fiQYeksa ls vfèkd xkuksa ds jhfeDl bu fnuksa xzaFk f'kYih (bafM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM] izFke laLdj.k]
[kwc py iM+s gSAa ^vkt fiQj rqeis I;kj vk;k gS*] 2006] i`"B&21
^ySyk eSa ySyk*] ^lkjk tekuk* tSls iqjkus fgV Mhts dh 3- fganh flusek dk bfrgkl] eueksgu pM~<k]
jhfeDl nqfu;k esa èkwe epk jgs gSAa ;gk¡ rd fd lfpu izdk'ku] 1990] i`"B&36
guqeku pkyhlk dk jhfeDl Hkh vk x;k] gky gh dh 4- Hkkjrh; flusek % ,d vuar ;k=kk] izlwu
fjyht+ fiQYe& ^lkaM dh vk¡[k* esa ftu iqjkus fgV flUgk] uVjkt izdk'ku] izFke laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&16
xhrksa ls ubZ ih<+h ifjfpr ugha gS] vkt ogh xhr Å¡ps 5- ogh] i`"B&18
gkbZ DokfyVh fMftVy lkmaM ds lkFk ct jgs gSAa 6- fganh flusek dk bfrgkl] eueksgu pM~<k]
^fMftVy nqfu;k* us jhfeDl dh nqfu;k dks vkSj lfpu izdk'ku] 1990] i`"B& 40
jkspd vkSj euksjatd cuk fn;k gSA 7- ogh] i`"B&40
milag kj 8- ogh] i`"B&41
flusek dk lkS lky dk bfrgkl ;g izekf.kr 9- fganh flusek dh ;k=kk] laiknu& iadt 'kekZ]
djrk gS fd flusek egt euksjt a u dk lkèku ugha] vuU; izdk'ku] laLdj.k 2018 i`"B&13
vfirq og lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd cnyko 10- laons & HkweMa yhdj.k ds nkSj esa fganh
dk okgd Hkh gSA flusek dyk ,oa euksjt a u nksuksa gSA flusek] laiknu & fd'ku dkyt;h] o"kZ&7] vad&1]
O;kolkf;drk ds ckotwn lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dk fp=k.k tuojh] 2015] i`"B&218&219
mldk mn~ns'; gS flusek gj ;qx dh lPpkbZ dks 11- ogh] i`"B&13
dykRed <ax ls gekjs lkeus izLrqr djrk gSA flusek 12- ogh] i`"B&222
dk bfrgkl ftruk euksjatd gS] mruh gh mldh 13- ogh] i`"B&213
izLrqfrA gj ;qx dh leL;k dks mlus csckdh ls izLrqr 14- Hkkjrh; flusek% ,d vuar ;k=kk] izluw
fd;kA bl vkys[k esa flusek ds bUgha fcanv q ksa ij flUgk uVjkt izdk'ku] izFke laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&96
foLrkj ls fopkj fd;k x;k gSA flusek dh Hkwfedk 15- fganh flusek dk bfrgkl] eueksgu pM~<k]
rFkk lekt vkSj lkfgR; ls mlds lacèa k dks O;kogkfjd lfpu izdk'ku] 1990] i`"B&404
<ax ls bl vkys[k esa ij[kk x;k gSA flusek ckt+kj ds 16- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] tojheYy
fy, gS] ;g Hkh O;kogkfjd lR; gSA flusek vkSj ikj[k] xzaFk f'kYih (bfM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM] izFke
ckt+kj ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa vkSj ckt+kj fdl rjg laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&91
flusek dks izHkkfor dj jgk gS] bl fcanq dks bl 17- fganh flusek dk lp] laiknu&e`R;qt a ;]
vkys[k esa egRoiw.kZ <ax ls mBk;k x;k gSA u, vkSj ledkyhu l`tu] dksydkrk] vad&17] o"kZ& 1997]
iqjkus <ax dh n'kZd nh?kkZ] bDdhloha lnh ds flusek i`"B&17
esa gks jgs ifjorZu ,oa u, iz;ksx dks Hkh bl vkys[k 18- ogh] i`"B&16
esa ns[kk ij[kk x;k gSA flusek us viuh dykRed 19- ogh] i`"B&16
{kerk ls mu lkjh pqukSfr;k¡ dks ikj dj fy;k gS tks 20- ogh] i`"B&13
fiNys lkS o"kksZ esa mlds lkeus [kM+s FksA mlus ekxZn'kZd 21- ogh] i`"B&48

80 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 22- ogh] i`"B&46
23- fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k] tojheYy
ikj[k] xzaFk f'kYih (bafM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsM] izFke
laLdj.k] 2006] i`"B&103
24- fganh flusek dk lp] laiknu&e`R;qt a ;]
ledkyhu l`tu] dksydkrk] vad&17] o"kZ&1997]
i`"B&58
25- ogh] i`"B&62
26- fganh flusek dh ;k=kk] laiknu& iadt 'kekZ]
vuU; izdk'ku] laLdj.k] 2018] i`"B&107
27- laons & Hkwea Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa fganh flusek]
laiknu& fd'ku dkyt;h] o"kZ&7] vad&1] tuojh]
2015] i`"B&147

µ lgk;d izkè;kid (fganh)] fnYyh Ldwy vkWiQ tuZfy”e] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

qqq

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 81

 Ckky eu ij vkèkkfjr fganh flusek
MkW- fouhrk dqekjh
fga nh flusek esa cPpksa dh Hkh ,d nqfu;k
'kkfey gSA cky eu cM+k gh Hkkoqd vkSj
laons u'khy gksrk gSA bl voLFkk esa mldh viuh ,d
dkYifud nqfu;k gksrh gS] tks ;FkkFkZ ls dgha nwj gksrh
gSA mldk ;g dkYifud lalkj cM+k gh tknqb]Z jksekapd
vkSj banèz kuq"kh gksrk gSA cky eu lnSo bl tknqbZ
vkd"kZ.k ds ihNs erokyk jgrk gSA cky eu dksjh
LysV dh rjg gksrk gSA mUgsa tSlh f'k{kk iznku dh
tkrh gS] tSls laLdkj fn, tkrs gS]a tSlk ifjos'k feyrk
gS] os mlh :Ik esa <y tkrs gSAa cPpksa dh blh
ekufldrk dks ns[krs gq, cPpksa dks ewY; vkèkkfjr
euksjta u nsus ds fy, Hkkjr ds izFke izèkkuea=kh tokgjyky
usg: n~okjk 11 ebZ] 1955 dks cky fp=k lfefr dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;g Hkkjr ljdkj dh ,d uksMy
laLFkk gS tks cPpksa ds fy, muds euksjt a u ds vfèkdkj
dks U;k;iw.kZ ekurs gq, fiQYe vkSj Vsyhfotu ds
ekè;e ls lai.w kZ euksjt a u djrh gSA dsoy cPpksa dk
euksjatu djuk gh bl laLFkk dk mn~ns'; ugha gSA og
,slh cky fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] tks euksjt a u ds
lkFk&lkFk lan's k ,oa f'k{kk Hkh iznku djrh gSaA lwpuk
,oa izlkj.k ea=kky; ds varxZr ;g ,d Lok;Rr laLFkk
gSA bldk eq[; vkWfiQl eqca bZ esa gSA fnYyh vkSj
psUubZ esa bldh 'kk[kk,¡ gSAa bl laLFkk n~okjk 260 cky
fiQYesa ns'k dh 15 izkra h; Hkk"kkvksa esa cukbZ xbZA
cPpksa ds fy, cPpksa dh blh ekufldrk dks
ns[krs gq, eq[; èkkjk dh fiQYeksa ds lkFk&lkFk ckWyhoqM
us cPpksa ds fy, Hkh fiQYesa cukbZA ,d vksj tgk¡
82 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ckWyhoqM esa cPpksa dks dYiukyksd esa ys tkus okyh
fiQYesa ^vyknhu dk fpjkx*] ^ukuh ek¡*] ^vkcjk dk
Mkcjk*] ^tknw*] ^djkekrh dksV*] ^HkwrukFk*] ^Hkwr vady*
vkfn tknqb]Z fryLeh] ijhyksd esa ys tkus okyh]
Mk;u] Hkwr&izsrks ls lacafèkr fiQYesa cukbZ xbZ rks nwljh
vksj cPpksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ekufld] 'kSf{kd
leL;kvksa ls tqMh+ fiQYesa Hkh cukbZ xbZ tks u dsoy
cPpksa ds fy, euksjt a d gksrh gSa vfirq muls cPpksa
dk mRlkgoèkZu Hkh gksrk gS] muesa vkRefo'okl tkx`r
gksrk gS] laosnu'khyrk vkrh gS] f'k{kkizn gksrh gSa vkSj
vkxs c<+us ,oa thou esa dqN u;k ,oa mRlkgiw.kZ djus
dh izjs .kk Hkh tkx`r djrh gSAa feFkd vkèkkfjr fiQYesa
^x.ks'k*] ^ekb ÚsMa x.ks'kk*] ^?kVksRdp*] ^guqeku* fiQYesa
Hkh cukbZ xbZ vkSj cPpksa dks vaèkfo'oklksa ls nwj jgdj
panez k] rkjs vkfn dh oSKkfud tkudkjh nsus ds fy,
^èkwedsrq* tSlh fiQYesa Hkh cukbZ xbZA
fganh flusek txr esa jktdiwj ls ysdj vkfej
[kku rd us cPpksa ds euksfoKku dks dsna z esa j[kdj
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;s fiQYesa fliQZ euksjatu gh
ugha djrh vfirq cPpksa dh vusd leL;kvksa dh vksj
Hkh lekt dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djrh gSAa cky eu ij
vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa esa ekuoh; lacèa kksa vkSj lg;ksx] cky
leL;kvksa dks fofoèkrkiw.kZ ,oa euksoSKkfud èkjkry
ij fiQYek;k x;k gSA lu~ 1954 esa ckWyhoqM esa
^tkx`fr* fiQYe cuh] ftlesa cPpksa dks ijaijkxr rjhds
ls i<+kbZ djus ds rjhds ls gVdj O;kogkfjdrk ds
vkèkkj ij i<+us dh ,d ubZ lksp fodflr djus dh
izsj.kk nh xbZA blds Ik'pkr~ jktdiwj dh ^vc fnYyh
nwj ugha* cky fiQYeksa esa mYys[kuh; fiQYe dgh tk
ldrh gSA ;g fiQYe cky ekufldrk dk cgqr lqna j
,oa lgt fp=k.k djrh gSA bl fiQYe ds xhr Hkh
cPpksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[ks x, gSaA ,d vkSj
fiQYe ^cwV ikfy'k* tks 1954 esa cuh] mlesa vukFk]
cs?kj cPpksa dh leL;k dks mBk;k x;kA ,slk èkuh
oxZ] tks fuLlarku gS] vkJ;jfgr cPpksa dks xksn ysdj
mudk Hkfo"; l¡okj ldrs gSa] bl fo"k; ij cuh bl
fiQYe us Ik;kZIr yksdfiz;rk gkfly dh FkhA bl
fiQYe dk ,d xhr ^uUgs&eqUus cPps rsjh eqVB~ h esa
D;k gS* vkt Hkh xquxquk;k tkrk gSA lu~ 1980 ds
n'kd esa ^feLVj bafM;k* fiQYe cuh] tks vn`';
ekuo dh ladYiuk dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ FkhA bl
fiQYe ds dsna z esa Hkh cPps gh FksA fiQYe dk uk;d
,d vukFk vkJe pykrk gS] ftls fuèkZurko'k mu
vukFk cPpksa dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk u
dj ikus ds dkj.k [ksn gksrk gSA ,d fnu mls
vpkud xk;c dj nsus okyh ?kM+h feyrh gS] ftls
gkFk esa ck¡èkus ls og vn`'; gks tkrk gS vkSj og lHkh
dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ikrk gSA dF; vkSj izLrqfr nksuksa
gh euksjatd gSA ;g fiQYe n'kZdksa n~okjk cgqr ljkgh
xbZ vkSj O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls Hkh ;g fiQYe liQy
jghA blds Ik'pkr~ fo'kky Hkkjn~okt n~okjk funsZf'kr
fiQYe ^edM+h* us fganh cky flusek ds izfr lekt
dh èkkj.kk dks cnykA ^feLVj bafM;k* ds ckn cky
fiQYeksa dk nkSj tSls Bgj lk x;k Fkk] ftls fo'kky
Hkkjn~okt dh fiQYe ^edM+h* us iquthZfor fd;kA
blesa nks tqMo+ ka cgusa ,oa ,d pqMy S+ dh dgkuh cM+s
jksekapd ,oa euksjt a d <ax ls vfHkO;Dr dh xbZ gSA
edM+h dh liQyrk ls izfs jr gksdj dbZ uohu fo"k;ksa
dks vkèkkj cukdj ckWyhoqM ds dbZ tkus&ekus fuekZrk
funs'Z kd cky fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k dh vksj izfs jr gq,
vkSj dbZ fiQYesa cukb±] tks n'kZdksa esa Ik;kZIr yksdfiz;
Hkh gqb± vkSj mudh ljkguk Hkh dh xbZA ckWyhoqM
fiQYe baMLVªh esa bu fiQYeksa us viuh ,d vyx
igpku cukbZA buesa ls dqN fiQYeksa dh ppkZ djuk
bl ys[k esa vko';d gS &
CySd & lat; yhyk Hkalkyh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh
;g fiQYe] ftlesa ,d NksVh vaèkh vkSj xwxa h&cgjh
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
yM+dh dh dgkuh FkhA jkuh eq[kthZ us bl yM+dh dk
vfHku; fd;k vkSj vferkHk cPpu us ml vaèkh
cPph ds dBksj f'k{kd ds :Ik esa izHkko'kkyh vfHku;
fd;kA bl fiQYe dks cgqr ljkguk feyh vkSj loZJs"B
fiQYe ds dbZ iqjLdkj Hkh feysA n'kZdksa ij bl
fiQYe dk cgqr vfèkd izHkko iM+k vkSj bl izdkj ds
cPpksa ds izfr lekt esa laons u'khyrk tkx`r djus esa
;g fiQYe liQy jghA lat; yhyk Hkalkyh dks
loZJ"s B funs'Z kd dk fiQYeiQs;j iqjLdkj feyk] vferkHk
cPpu dks loZJs"B vfHkusrk vkSj jkuh eq[kthZ dks
vaèkh] xwaxh&cgjh yM+dh dk loZJ"s B vfHku; djus
ij fiQYeiQs;j vokMZ ds vfrfjDr vkbZ- vkbZ- ,iQ-
,- iqjLdkj ,ao th flus iqjLdkj Hkh feysA
n Cyw vacy sz k & fo'kky Hkkjn~okt] ftUgksaus
^edM+h* tSlh ,d liQy vkSj yhd ls gVdj cky
fiQYe cukbZ Fkh] muds funs'Z ku esa cuh bl fiQYe dks
loZJs"B cky fiQYe ds us'kuy vokMZ ls lEekfur
fd;k x;kA ;g fiQYe iz[;kr ys[kd jfLdu ckaM dh
,d dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d
lkèkkj.k NksVh yM+dh fcfu;k dk eeZLi'khZ fp=k.k gS]
tks uhys jax dk ,d tkikuh Nkrk [kjhn dj ykrh gS
vkSj vius xk¡o esa vkd"kZ.k dk dsna z curh gSA ,d
nqdkunkj uanfd'kksj mldh Nrjh ysuk pkgrk gS]
ysfdu fcfu;k bls nsus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA ,d
fnu Nrjh pksjh gks tkrh gS] fcfu;k dks nqdkunkj uanw
(uanfd'kksj) ij 'kd gksrk gSA ryk'kh ysus ij Hkh
Nrjh uanw ds ikl ugha feyrhA iwjh fiQYe fcfu;k
vkSj uanw ds chp Nrjh dks ysdj mRiUu gq, ruko
dh dgkuh gSA ;g fiQYe cPpksa dh fu'Ny nqfu;k
dh lqna j ,oa eksgd Nfo fn[kkrh gSA cky dykdkj
Js;k us bl fiQYe esa cgqr lqna j vfHku; fd;kA
FkSaDl ek¡ & funsZ'kd bjiQku dey us bl
fiQYe esa eqca bZ dh >qXxh&cfLRk;ksa ds vkokjk vkSj
vukFk cPpksa ds ekè;e ls vèkwjs cpiu dh ekfeZd
dFkk n'kkZus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d
vukFk cPpk gSA og Lo;a dks lyeku [kku dgykuk
ilan djrk gSA nwljs vkokjk vkSj vukFk cPpksa ds lkFk
og ikWdsVekjh dj viuk xqtkjk djrk gSA og vius
thou esa ek¡ dh deh dks cgqr eglwl djrk gS vkSj
mldh ;gh bPNk gS fd fdlh fnu og viuh ek¡ ls
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 83
feysA cky lqèkkj x`g ls Hkkxrs le; mls nks fnuksa dk
,d uotkr cPpk feyrk gS] og mldk ykyu&ikyu
djrk gSA vius fe=kksa dh lgk;rk ls og ml cPps
dh ek¡ rd igqp ¡ us esa liQy gks tkrk gSA ijarq tc mls
irk pyrk gS fd mldh ek¡ us gh mls ogk¡ NksM+k Fkk
rks og vk'p;Zpfdr jg tkrk gSA fiQYe ds vuqlkj
ns'k esa 270 cPps izfrfnu vukFk NksM+ fn, tkrs gSAa
bu cPpksa dh ftanxh 'kgj dh xqeuke xfy;ksa esa
xqtjrh gS vkSj dqN cPps vijkèk ds jkLrs ij py
iM+rs gSAa bl fiQYe esa eqca bZ dh >qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa ds
vkokjk vkSj vukFk cPpksa ds ekè;e ls vèkwjs] vHkkoxzLr
cpiu dh ekfeZd n'kk dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA
Rkkjs teha ij & bl fiQYe dk fuekZ.k vkfej
[kku izksMD'ku ds rgr gqvk gS vkSj bl fiQYe ds
fuekZrk Hkh vkfej [kku gSa vkSj eq[; Hkwfedk Hkh
vkfej [kku us gh fuHkkbZ gSA fMLySfDl;k ls ihfM+r
cPps fdl izdkj ifjokj] fon~;ky;] lekt ls tw>rs
gSa vkSj u os viuh leL;k crk ikrs gSa vkSj u gh
lekt mUgsa le> ikrk gS] bl fo"k; dks dsna z esa
j[kdj cky euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d ,slh
fiQYe gS] ftlus dbZ dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd,A ekrk&firk
dks izfrLièkkZ vkSj bZ";kZ dh vaèkh nkSM+ esa u iM+dj
vius cPps dh leL;k dks le>uk pkfg,] mUgsa vius
cPps ij viuh egRokdka{kkvksa dks yknuk ugha pkfg,A
ekrk&firk viuh larku dks izFke LFkku ij gh ns[kuk
pkgrs gSaA izFke LFkku u vkus ij Lo;a rks rukoxzLr
gksrs gh gS]a cPps ds cpiu dks Hkh [kRe dj nsus esa
rfud Hkh ladksp ugha djrsA ;g fiQYe mu fiQYe
fuekZrkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d lcd gS] tks cky fiQYeksa
ds uke ij dqN Hkh ijksl nsrs gSAa ckWyhoqM esa cgqr
de ,slh cky euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa cuh gSa]
tks ,d vksj lkekftd vkèkkj ij oSpkfjd gksa] dykRed
:Ik esas lkFkZd gksa vkSj O;kolkf;d :Ik ls Hkh liQy
vkSj yksdfiz; gkaAs ^rkjs teha ij* fuLlangs ,slh gh
fiQYe gS] ftlus cky fiQYeksa ds {ks=k esa Hkkjrh;
flusek dk u dsoy ns'k es]a vfirq fons'kksa esa Hkh xkSjo
c<+k;kA blh izdkj fiztfs j;k fcekjh dh leL;k dks
ysdj ^Ikk* fiQYe cuhA bl fiQYe esa vferkHk cPpu
us bl fiztfs j;k fcekjh ls xzLr cPps dk vfHku;
c[kwch fuHkk;kA
84 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
Cke&ce cksys & fiz;n'kZu n~okjk funsZf'kr bl
fiQYe esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps iyus okys ,d ,sls
ifjokj dh dgkuh gS] ftlesa nks NksVs HkkbZ&cgu gSAa
,d fnu xyrh ls HkkbZ ls viuh cgu ds twrs xqe gks
tkrs gSaA ekrk&firk ds Mj ls og mUgsa crkrs ugha gSaA
vc muds ikl ,d gh tksMk+ twrk jg tkrk gSA os nksuksa
twrk lk>k djus dk fu.kZ; djrs gSa fd lqcg cgu og
twrk igudj Ldwy tk,xh vkSj 'kke dks HkkbZ og twrk
igudj Ldwy tk,xkA HkkbZ baVjus'kuy Ldwy eSjkFku
jsl esa blfy, Hkkx ysrk gS D;ksfa d rhljs LFkku ij
vkus okys fon~;kFkhZ dks twrs feysxAas og bl jsl esa
rhljs LFkku ij vkus ds fy, gh Hkkx ysrk gS ijarq og
jsl esa fot;h gksdj izFke LFkku dks izkIr djrk gSA
mls vkxs dh i<+kbZ ds fy, LdkWyjf'ki feyrh gSA
mls [kq'kh ugha gksrh vfirq jsl esa thr dj Hkh og
vius vki dks gkjk gqvk ekurk gSA bl fiQYe dk ;g
ekfeZd izlxa gSA ;g fiQYe mu vuNq, igyqvksa ls
voxr djkrh gS] ftUgsa vDlj vkt dh Hkkx&nkSM+
dh ftanxh esa ge vuns[kk dj nsrs gSAa bl fiQYe esa
HkkbZ&cgu ds lkFk muds ekrk&firk ds la?k"kZ dh Hkh
dgkuh pyrh gSA firk bZekunkj vkSj lH; ukxfjd
gksrs gq, Hkh fuèkZurk ,oa csjkstx+ kjh ds dkj.k vkradoknh
le> fy;k tkrk gSA xjhch ds vfHk'kki dks bl
fiQYe esa c[kwch n'kkZ;k x;k gSA n'khZy liQkjh] ftlus
^rkjs teha ij* fiQYe esa vfHku; fd;k Fkk] mlh cky
dykdkj us bl fiQYe esa Hkh Js"B vfHku; fd;kA
blh dgkuh ij iz[;kr fiQYedkj ekftn eftnh us
^fpYMªu vko gsosu* cukbZ] fganh esa [kkfyn ckbZ
ckVyhokyk us ^lyke cPps* uke ls ;g fiQYe cukbZA
vkb ,e dyke & funsZ'kd uhyuk ekèko ikaMk
dh ;g fiQYe jktLFkku ds ,d xjhc yM+ds NksVw dh
dgkuh gS] tks jk"Vªifr vCnqy dyke dk cgqr cM+k
iz'kald gS vkSj muls feyuk pkgrk gSA fiQYe dk
dF; xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou clj dj jgs uUgsa
cPps NksVw ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk gSA og ,d ckj Vsyhfotu
ij jk"Vªifr vCnqy dyke dk Hkk"k.k lqurk gSA bl
Hkk"k.k esa og vius ckjs esa crkrs gSa fd cpiu esa
muds ikl Ldwy dh iQhl Hkjus ds fy, Hkh iSls ugha
FksA os v[kckj ck¡V dj viuh f'k{kk ds fy, iQhl dk
bartke djrs FksA os dgrs gSa fd balku vius deZ ls
viuh ftanxh cny ldrk gSA thou esa liQyrk izkIr
djus ds fy, pkj pht+sa vko';d gSa & 1- ftanxh esa
y{; r; djuk 2- f'k{kk 3- dM+h esgur 4- èkS;AZ
dyke ds bl Hkk"k.k ls NksVw dk thou ds izfr
n`f"Vdks.k cnyrk gSA igys mls lc NksVw ds uke ls
tkurs FksA fiQj og Lo;a dks dyke le>us yxrk gS
vkSj fdlh ds n~okjk uke iwNs tkus ij og viuk uke
dyke dgrk gSA <kcs ij fnuHkj ifjJe djus ds
ckn og 'kke dks fdrkcsa i<+rk gS vkSj viuh i<+kbZ
iwjh djus dh gj laHko dksf'k'k djrk gSA NksVw dks
fo'okl gS fd ,d fnu og dyke tSlk cM+k vkneh
cusxkA bl fiQYe esa cky eu dh lgt ,oa LokHkkfod
vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA
xV~Vw & jkts'k [kkslk n~okjk funsfZ 'kr ;g fiQYe
,d 10 o"kZ ds cPps xV~Vw dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gS]
tks prqj gS vkSj mls irax mM+kus dk cM+k 'kkSd gSA og
vius pkpk ds lkFk jgrk gS] ftldk dckM+h dk dke
gS vkSj og xV~Vw dks Hkh dckM+ ds dke esa gh fuiq.k
cukuk pkgrk gSA ijarq xV~Vw dk eu dckM+ ds dke esa
fcYdqy ugha yxrkA vkdk'k esa ,d dkyh irax
lcls Å¡ph mM+rh gS] ftls vkt rd dksbZ ugha dkV
ik;k FkkA dksbZ ugha tkurk Fkk fd og irax fdldh gSA
xV~Vw ml dkyh irax dks dkVus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
og viuh lw>&cw> vkSj prqjkbZ ls Ldwy esa nkf[ky
gks tkrk gSA Ldwy ds rhu cPpksa dks dkYifud dgkuh
dk vkJ; ysdj vius lkFk feyk ysrk gS vkSj Ldwy
dh Nr ij tkdj ml dkyh irax dks dkVus esa
liQy gks tkrk gSA ysfdu ckn esa Ldwy ds fizfa liy
dh Mk¡V ls xV~Vw viuh xyrh Lohdkj djrk gSA xV~Vw
dh eklwfe;r vkSj mldh lw>&cw>] rst fnekx dks
ns[krs gq, fizfa liy mls Ldwy esa nkf[kyk ns nsrs gSAa
viuh n`<+ fu'p;&'kfDr vkSj lw>&cw> ls gj dfBu
dk;Z dks laHko cuk;k tk ldrk gS] ;g lan's k bl
fiQYe ds ekè;e ls fn;k x;k gSA
LVsuyh dk MCck & ;g fiQYe veksy xqIrs
n~okjk funsfZ 'kr gSA bl fiQYe esa Ldwy esa i<+us okys
ukS o"khZ; LVsuyh dh dgkuh gSA LVsuyh vius nksLrksa
ds lkFk jkst+ [kkuk [kkrk gS] og viuk MCck ugha
ykrkA ,d fnu ,d f'k{kd dh ut+j muds [kkus ds
MCcksa ij i<+ tkrh gS] rc mls irk pyrk gS fd
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
LVsuyh rks MCck ykrk gh ughaA f'k{kd ckcwjke LVsuyh
ij viuk MCck ykus ds fy, ncko Mkyrk gS vkSj
dgrk gS fd vxj og MCck ugha yk;k rks mls Ldwy
esa ?kqlus ugha fn;k tk,xkA ;gha ls LVsuyh ds MCcs dh
ryk'k 'kq: gksrh gSA fiQYe ds var esa tc n'kZdksa dks
tkudkjh feyrh gS fd LVsuyh vukFk gS vkSj og
vius [kM+l w pkpk ds jgeks dje ij th jgk gS rks
n'kZdksa dh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk tkrs gSAa ;g fiQYe
Ldwy esa vè;kidksa vkSj fon~;kfFkZ;ksa ds vkilh lacèa kksa
dh ijrksa dks [kksyrh gSA cPpksa dks ;g fiQYe cgqr
ilan vkbZ D;ksfa d gj cPps dks yxk fd ;g rks [kqn
mlds vius gh Ldwy dh dgkuh gSA
fpYyj ikVhZ & ;w- Vh- oh- vkSj lyeku [kku
ds lgfuekZ.k esa fufeZr fiQYe fpYyj ikVhZ >qXxh&cLrh
esa jgus okys vHkkoxzLr] lHkh lqfoèkkvksa ls oafpr
eklwe cPpksa ds ,d ,sls lewg dh dgkuh gS tks xyh
ds ,d vkokjk dqRrs dks cpkus ds fy, ,d jktusrk
ds fo#n~èk [kM+s gks tkrs gSa vkSj ml vkokjk dqRrs dh
ftanxh cpkdj lcdk fny thr ysrs gSAa >qXxh&>ksiM+h
esa jgus okys cPpksa ds thou dks dsna z esa j[kdj muds
lkekftd] ikfjokfjd ifjos'k] mudh leL;kvks]a la?k"kksZa
vkSj liuksa dks izfrfcafcr djus okyh fiQYe vius <ax
dh ,d vyx vkSj vuks[kh fiQYe gSA
èkud & ukxs'k dqdquwj n~okjk funsZf'kr ;g
fiQYe cM+h HkkoukRed ,oa vFkZiw.kZ gSA ;g fiQYe
HkkbZ&cgu dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA nksuksa cPpksa ds
ekrk&firk ugha ga]S jktLFkku ds ,d xk¡o esa pkpk&pkph
ds ikl jgrs gSAa HkkbZ NksVw dh vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh pyh
tkrh gSA NksVw lyeku [kku dk iz'kald gS vkSj cgu
ijh 'kkg#[k [kku dh fnokuh gSA ijh 'kkg#[k [kku dk
us=knku ls lacafèkr iksLVj ns[krh gS] mlds Hkhrj ;g
izjs .kk tkxrh gS fd mlds HkkbZ dh vk¡[ksa okil vk
ldrh gSaA og ml iksLVj ls izHkkfor gksdj HkkbZ dks
ysdj tSlyesj ds fy, fudy iM+rh gS] tgk¡ 'kkg#[k
[kku dh fiQYe dh 'kwfVax py jgh gSA ijh vius HkkbZ
ls oknk djrh gS fd mlds uosa tUefnu ls igys
mldh vk¡[kksa dh jks'kuh vk tk,xh] og ns[k ik,xkA
ekxZ esa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeus djrs gq, nksuksa
'kwfVax LFky ij igqp ¡ tkrs gSAa fiQYe esa jktLFkku ds
n`'; eueksgd gSAa nksuksa cPpksa dk lkgl ,oa lw>&cw>
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 85
n'kZuh; gSA cPps dPph feV~Vh dh rjg mitkÅ gksrs
gSaA muesa laLdkj :ih tSls cht Mkys tkrs gSa] oSls gh
os vadfq jr gksrs gSAa cPpksa ds fy, cM+h izjs .kknk;h
fiQYe gSA
,d vtwck & lquhy vkMok.kh n~okjk funsZf'kr
;g fiQYe nks cPpksa dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA fp=kk
vkSj jru nks HkkbZ&cgu gSaA fp=kk esgurh gS ij mlesa
vkRefo'okl dh deh gSA dM+h esgur djus ds
ckotwn d{kk esa izFke u vkus ds dkj.k og fujk'k gSA
og xq#th ls lgk;rk ek¡xrh gS vkSj xq#th vius
rjhds ls mldh lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj mlesa vkRefo'okl
txkrs gSAa HkHkwr] tknw&Vksuk] xaMk&rkcht+ vkfn vaèkfo'oklksa
ls dksbZ vtwck ugha gksrk vfirq vkfRed 'kfDr]
vkRefo'okl] esgur vkSj yxu ls gh thou esa
liQyrk izkIr gksrh gSA vkRefo'okl vius vki esa
,d vtwck gS] mlesa gh liQyrk dh dqt ¡ h gS] ;g
lans'k nsus ds fy, gh ;g cky fiQYe cukbZ xbZ gSA
tyijh & bl fiQYe ds funs'Z kd uhy ekèko
iaMk gSAa ;g jktLFkku ds ,d ,sls xk¡o dh dgkuh gS]
tks vaèkfo'oklksa vkSj jgL;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ml xk¡o
esa ,d Hkh ifjokj esa yM+dh ugha gSA dksbZ vLirky
Hkh ugha gSA ,d uhe gdhe gh lc xk¡o okyksa dk
bykt djrk gSA mlh xk¡o dk ,d csVk nso 'kgj
tkdj i<+rk gS vkSj MkWDVj curk gSA mldh csVh Js;k
gS] tks cgqr gh lkglh ,oa rkfdZd cqn~fèk okyh gSA
og vius firk vkSj HkkbZ ds lkFk xk¡o vkrh gS] tgk¡
mls vusd vaèkfo'oklksa vkSj jgL;ksa dk irk pyrk gSA
og vius HkkbZ ds lkFk feydj cgknqjh ls mu jgL;ksa
dk inkZiQk'k djrh gSA xk¡o ds tehankj dh feyhHkxr
ls eksckby vLirky ls voSèk :Ik ls xHkZ esa fyax dk
irk yxkdj csVh gksus ij xHkZikr djk fn;k tkrk gS]
bldk inkZiQk'k ml lkglh Js;k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
;g fiQYe lelkef;d ,oa ;FkkFkZijd gSA lekt dh
ml ekufldrk dks n'kkZrh gS tks vkt Hkh ?kj esa dU;k
dk tUe gksuk vfHk'kki ekurs gSaA vaèkfo'oklksa dk
µ ,lksfl,V izksiQslj] Lokeh Jn~èkkuan dkWyt
s ] vyhiqj] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
qqq
86 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkJ; ysdj vf'kf{kr Hkksys&Hkkys yksxksa dks cgdkdj
viuk LokFkZ fln~èk djrs gSaA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ckWyhoqM esa fofHkUu
fo"k;ksa dks dsna z esa j[kdj dbZ cky fiQYesa cuhA ^dksbZ
fey x;k*] ^cktk*] ^gok gokbZ*] ^ikB'kkyk*] ^uUgs
tSlyesj*] ^fyydh*] ^mM+ku*] ^psu dqyh dh esu
dqyh*] ^rgku*] ^fldanj*] ^flØsV lqijLVkj* tSlh
fiQYesa n'kZdksa esa Ik;kZIr yksdfiz; gqbAZ ckyeuksfoKku
ij vkèkkfjr vkSj cPpksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqMh+ fiQYeksa
dk lekt ij ldkjkRed izHkko iM+k gSA gekjk lekt
fMLySfDl;k vkSj fiztsfj;k tSlh fcekfj;ksa ls vufHkK
Fkk ysfdu ^rkjs teha ij* vkSj ^ik* tSlh fiQYeksa ds
dkj.k lekt muls ifjfpr gqvkA gkWyhoqM dh rtZ
ij ckWyhoqM esa Hkh ,fues'ku fiQYeksa dk nkSj py iM+k
gSA cPps euksoKS kfud :Ik ls bu ,fues'ku fiQYeksa ls
cgqr gh HkkokRed vkSj laoxs kRed :Ik ls tqM+ tkrs
gSaA ^MksukYM Md*] ^feDdh ekml*] ^NksVk Hkhe*]
^Mksjseksu*] ^guqeku*] ^ekb ÚsaM x.ks'kk* vkfn ,fues'ku
fiQYeksa us cPpksa ds eu ij vfeV Nki NksMh+ gSA
budh yksdfiz;rk dks ns[krs gq, vusd Vh-oh- PkSuy
,fues'ku fiQYeksa ,oa èkkjkokfgdksa ds [kqy x, gSa vkSj
cPpksa esa Ik;kZIr yksdfiz; gSaA
vkt tc varjjk"Vªh; iVy ij Hkkjr ,d
oSf'od 'kfDr ds :Ik esa rsth ls viuh fof'k"V
igpku cuk jgk gS] rc ;g loky egRoiw.kZ vkSj
izklafxd gks tkrk gS fd ge vius cPpksa ds fy, dSlk
euksjta u izLrqr dj jgs gS\a cky fiQYeksa dks fliQZ
euksjta u dh n`f"V ls vk¡duk mfpr ugha gksxkA vkt
vko';drk gS fd cky flusek dks eq[; èkkjk ds
flusek ls tksMk+ tk,A cM+s [ksn ds lkFk dguk iM+rk
gS fd ckWyhoqM esa cky flusek dks eq[; èkkjk ds
flusek esa og LFkku ugha feyk] tks visf{kr gSA ;fn
bls eq[; èkkjk esa LFkku feys rks fuf'pr :Ik ls ns'k
esa cky flusek dk Hkfo"; mTToy gksxk vkSj mls ,d
ubZ fn'kk feysxhA
 Hkkjrh; flusek dh izkjafHkd fiQYesa o eqa'kh izsepan ds
lkfgR;kèkkfjr fiQYeksa ds ifjn`'; esa tkfrxr leUo;
gsrjke
Hkk jrh; flusek esa tkfrokn ds lacèa k esa
leUo; Hkkouk dk ifjp; dyk vkSj
foKku dk vn~Hkqr laxe gSA blesa flusek dk cgqr
cM+k ;ksxnku gSA flusek ,d ,slk n`'; pyfp=k dyk
gS] ftlds ekè;e ls tkfrokn dks nwj djus dk vFkd
iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izkjafHkd lHkh fiQYeksa esa tkfrokn
ds fo#n~èk tkrs gq,] lkearokn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ ds
la?k"kZ dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA dFkkud dh n`f"V ls
izkjafHkd fiQYeksa esa vfHku; uohu iVy ij nfyr
gksus dh ghu xzfa Fk dks bl fo'oluh;rk ls izLrqr
fd;k x;k gS fd n'kZd vius eu ekul esa tkfrxr
èkkj.kk dks Hkwyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA izes pan dk
lkfgR; ,d vksj 'kks"k.k dks feVkus dh izsj.kk nsrk gS
ogha nwljh vksj cscl dks cy'kkyh cukus dh vfèkdrk
ij tksj nsrk gSA vr% pyfp=k esa ;g ;FkkFkZ jkl ugha
vk ldkA izsepan th dh lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa
esa ekuork ls ekuork dks tksMu+ s o tkfrokn la?k"kZ
feVkus dk ,d liQy iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izes pan ds
lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr lHkh fiQYesa lekt dh :f<+ dks
rksMu+ s dk liQy dk;Z djrh gaSA
Hkkjrh; flusek dh izkjafHkd fiQYeksa ds ifjn`';
esa tkfrxr leUo; & flusek ,d ,slh n`'; pyfp=k
dyk gS ftlds ekè;e ls tkfrokn dks nwj djus dk
vFkd iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izkjaHk ds Lrj esa Hkkjrh;
flusek esa nknk lkgsc iQkYds us ^lR; gfj'panz rkjkerh*
(1913)] ^eksfguh HkLeklqj* (1913)] ^yadk ngu*
(1917)] ^Ñ".k tUe* (1918)] ^dkfy;k enZu*
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
(1919) tSlh èkkfeZd fiQYesa nhaA bu fiQYeksa esa
fiNM+s oxks± dk losl Z okZ gksuk] bUgha fiQYeksa esa fiNM+s
oxks± dk dykdkj ds :i esa Hkkx ysuk] fuEu&tkfr;ksa
dks leku o lEeku LFkkfir djus dh izjs .kk nh gSA
nknk lkgsc iQkYds us viuh fiQYEkksa esa fuEu oxks± dks
u`R;] laxhr o okn~; esa 'kkfey fd;kA D;ksfa d ;s yksx
vkfFkZd eanh ds f'kdkj FksA vkfFkZd vHkko ls xzflr
Fks vr% ^lR; gfj'panz rkjkerh* fiQYe dh Hkwfedk esa
,sls gh dykdkjksa dks fy;k tkuk ,d lE;d n`f"Vdks.k
dk igyk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrk gSA lR; gfj'panz esa
jkuh rkjkerh dh Hkwfedk djus okyk uk;d nfyr Fkk]
D;ksfa d bl fiQYe ds fy, dksbZ efgyk ik=k rS;kj ugha
gqbAZ uk;d dh Hkwfedk esa jktdqekj dk jksy djus
okyk jksgrk"k Hkh nfyr FkkA ^dkfy;k enZu* esa eankfduh
vkSj Ñ".k dh Hkwfedk djus okys nksuksa ik=k nfyr FksA
vr% ge le> ldrs gSa fd flusek us nfyr lkfgR;
vkSj 'kqnz vFkkZr~ fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa dks 'kkfey djds
;g igyh ckj fln~èk fd;k fd dyk laxhr vkSj
okn~; ;a=k ds ekè;e ls ge lHkh ds lEeq[k mifLFkr
gks ldrs gSAa dkykarj esa MkW- vacMs dj dk mnkgj.k
izLrqr djsa rks vktknh ds ckn ,slh vusd fiQYesa tks
o.kZ O;oLFkk ij Hkh vkèkkfjr jghA buesa ^vNwr dU;k*
(1936) esa ;g ,d oLrqfu"B oSKkfud vkSj bZekunkj
O;fDrRo dks izLrqr djrs gq, vktknh ds vkanksyu o
tkfrokn ij fy[kh xbZ gSA blesa Bkdqj izfrf"Br
O;fDr gksrs gq, ekufld ?k`f.kr O;fDr gS] og ?k`f.kr
Hkkouk j[krk gSA vkxs 1940 ds ckn dh fiQYeksa eas
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 87
uk;d&ukf;dk ds cfynku bR;kfn ftlesa xkaèkh th ds
gfjtu mn~èkkj dh izjs .kk fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA
Lora=krk ds iwoZ geus tkfrokn ds izfr opZLo
dh yM+kbZ dks ns[kk vkSj tc ns'k vktkn gqvk rks ns'k
dh vktknh ds ckn vusd ,slh fiQYesa cuhA ftlesa
ge dqN eq[; fiQYeksa dks gh ;gk¡ ys ldrs gS]a tSls
^vkokjk* fiQYe nfyr foe'kZ ;k tkfrxr HksnHkko ij
rks ugha gS ijarq bl fiQYe esa lE;d lerk o lekurk
ds ifjis{; esa tkfrokn ds fopkjksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
tSl]s blh fiQYe ds xkus esa
?kj ckj ugha] lalkj ugha] eq>ls fdlh dks I;kj
ugha
nqfu;k esa rsjs rhj dk ;k rdnhj dk ekjk gwA¡ A
bl xhr ls Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ iwathoknh vkSj
HkkX;oknh ihM+k ls ihfM+r gaSA ^nks ch?kk tehu* rks
izes pan th ds ^jaxHkwfe* miU;kl ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl
fiQYe esa 'kaHkw egrks fdlku (cyjkt lkguh) ds :i
esa iRuh ikoZrh (fu:iekjk;) dh Hkwfedk esa ,d
tkfrokn ls la?k"kZ'khy jgrs gaSA ^cwV ikWfy'k* (1954)
esa Hkh Hkh[k ekaxus vkSj pksjh djus ls vPNk esgur
etnwjh djds thou ;kiu djuk fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ft;k ljgnh dh ^ge yksx* (1951)] ^iQqVikFk*
(1954)] ^vkokt* (1956)] ^Jh 420* (1955)]
^bafM;k* (1957)] ^viZ.k* (1957)] ^lqtkrk* (1959)]
^xaxk tequk* (1960)] ^iQwy vkSj iRFkj* (1960)]
^laxhu* (1970) bu lHkh fiQYeksa esa Hkys gh dgha
fczfV'k vR;kpkj gS dgha mPp oxZ dk vR;kpkj gSA
bUgha lHkh fiQYeksa esa Å¡p&uhp vkSj tkfrxr HksnHkko
ds vkilh la?k"kZ dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh
fiQYeksa esa czkg~e.kokn vkSj tkfrokn ds fo#n~èk tkrs
gq,] lkearokn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ ds la?k"kZ dks fn[kk;k
x;k gS dFkkud dh n`f"V ls bUgha fiQYeksa esa vfHku;
uohu iVy ij nfyr gksus dh ghu xzfa Fk dks bl
fo'oluh;rk ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd n'kZd vius
eu ekul esa tkfrxr èkkj.kk dks Hkwyus dk iz;kl
djrk gS varr% ,d tehankjh izFkk ls Åij mBdj
vHkh 21oha 'krkCnh esa cuus okyh fiQYeksa esa varjtkrh;
fookgksa ij vusd fiQYesa cuh gaAS bu fiQYeksa esa ge
ns[krs gaS fd ,d èkeZ ls nwljs èkeZ ds uk;d ukf;dk
88 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
;k ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k ;k izfrjksèkh ns'k ds uk;d
ukf;dk vkilh izes ds fp=k.k dks izLrqr djrs gq,
lg"kZ thou vkSj izse dk mnkgj.k ^olqèkSo dqVqacde~*
ds :i esa izLrqr djrs gSAa orZeku ifjn`'; esa ge
ns[krs gSa fd flusek ds ekè;e ls tkfrokn ij xgjh
pksV dh xbZ gS vkSj lekt ds eu ekul esa tkfrokn
ds Hkwr dks fudkyus dk iz;kl flusek ds ekè;e ls
fd;k x;k gSA Li"V gS fd tkfrokn ds 'kks"k.k dh
pDdh esa cqjh rjg ihl jgs O;fDr dks ljdkjh
lsokvksa esa vkus dk volj] vkSn;~ ksfxdj.k fodkl]
muds fy, HkjisV [kkuk] cPpksa dks vPNh f'k{kk]
cPpksa ds mPp ntsZ ds flusek ds ekè;e ls vke tu
rd pyfp=k ds ekè;e ls fn[kkrs gq, bl leL;k ls
futkr ikus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA Lokèkhurk ds ckn
Lokèkhurk vkanksyu ,oa jk"Vªh; uofuekZ.k ds :i eas
flusek dk ,d Økafrdkjh ;ksxnku gSA vkt yk[kksa yksx
izfrfnu flusek ds ekè;e ls tkfrokn ds fo#n~èk
lE;d èkeZ] lE;d lekt vkèkkfjr lkekftd thou
dh fiQYesa ns[krs gSAa ftlls og vius eu ekul esa
,d lk{; izLrqr djrs gSa] fd gesa gekjs ns'k esa èkeZ
ds fo#n~èk vkpj.k ugha djuk pkfg,] èkkfeZd vkSj
tkfrxr fo"kerk ls nwj gesa ,d lE;d lekt dh
LFkkiuk djuh pkfg,A vr% tkfrxr erHksnksa dks nwj
djus ds fy, flusek dk vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku gSA
Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj eq'a kh izes pan dk lkfgR;
flusek ds izkjafHkd ;qx esa vusd lkfgR;dkjksa us
flusek dh vksj viuk HkkX; vktek;k] blesa ewèkZU;
lkfgR;dkj eq'a kh izes pan Hkh ihNs u jgsA izes pan dk
lkfgR; ;FkkFkZ ds iVy ij psruk nsrs gq, ekuo dks
la?k"kZ'khy cukrk gS lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr vusd fiQYesa
cuh gSAa flusek vkSj lkfgR; dk varr% xgjk lacèa k gSA
flusek esa viuk HkkX; vktekus gsrq eq'a kh izes pan eqca bZ
igqp
¡ x,A eqca bZ esa izes pan th dks 1933 esa vtark
ewohVksu eqacbZ dh vksj ls funsZ'kd eksgu Hkkoukuh
n~okjk ^fey etnwj* fiQYe dh dgkuh fy[kus gsrq
fuea=k.k feykA ijarq ^fey etnwj* dgkuh ij ;g
fiQYe cuus ds ckn izes pan th dh fy[kh xbZ lkfgR;
dFkk vkSj fiQYe ds pyfp=k esa vyx&vyx cnyko
ds dkj.k izes pan th dkiQh fujk'k gq,A vr% izes pan
th dks fiQYeh nqfu;k jkl ugha vkbZA mUgsa dkiQh xgjk
èkDdk yxk vkSj og viuh O;Fkk dks izdV djrs gq,
tSunas z dqekj dks vius i=k esa eqca bZ dh fiQYeh nqfu;k
ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSAa ¶fiQYeh gky D;k fy[kw\¡ fey
(ckn esa etnwj uke ls cuh pyfp=k fiQYe)] ;gk¡
ikl u gqvkA ykgkSj esa ikl gks x;k vkSj fn[kk;k tk
jgk gSA eSa ftu bjknksa ls vk;k Fkk muesa ls ,d Hkh iwjk
gksrk ugha utj vkrk gSA ;s izkMs ;~ l w j ftl <ax dh
dgkfu;k¡ cukrs vk, gS]a mldh yhd ls tkS Hkj Hkh
ugha gV ldrsA ^oYxSfjVh* dks ;s ^,aVjVsuesaV oSY;w*
dgrs gSAa eSua s lkekftd dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gS]a ftUgsa
f'kf{kr lekt Hkh ns[kuk pkgs] ysfdu mudh fiQYe
cukrs gq, bu yksxksa dks lansg gksrk gS fd pys ;k u
pysA¸ bl dFku esa izsepan th tSusanz dks viuh O;Fkk
izdV dj jgs gSa] blls Li"V gS fd fiQYeh nqfu;k
dgkfu;ksa dks rksM&+ ejksM+ dj is'k djrh gSA ftlls
izes pan th lar"q V u FksA vusd lkfgR;dkjksa us fiQYeh
nqfu;k esa txg cukbZ ijarq izes pan th dks flusek dh
vkn'kZoknh nqfu;k jkl ugha vkbZA
eqa'kh izsepan th ds lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr
cuh gqbZ fiQYesa& eq'a kh izes pan th ds lkfgR; ij
igyh fiQYe ^fey etnwj* (1934) eksgu Hkkoukuh
n~okjk etnwjksa dh iVdFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkhA nwljh]
funsZ'kd ukuw HkkbZ us ^odhy* (1934) fiQYe lsoklnu
miU;kl dks vkèkkj cukdj cukbZA Jherh enqjS
"k.eq[kofMoq lqCcqy{eh dukZVd dh e'kgwj laxhrdkjk
FkhA bUgksua s eq'a kh izes pan th dh ^lsoklnu* dks vkèkkj
cukrs gq, ^lsoklnu* (1938) dks fjyht fd;k x;kA
;g ,d egRoiw.kZ O;kolkf;d fiQYe jghA ^lsoklnu*
lekt dh :f<+ O;oLFkk dks lkekftd uhfr;ksa n~okjk
lqèkkj o odkyr djus okyh izkjafHkd rfey fiQYeksa
esa ls ,d gSA eq'a kh izes pan th ds yksdfiz; miU;kl
^xksnku* ij Hkh rRdkyhu le; ds e'kgwj vfHkusrk
jktdqekj o egewn dks ysdj fiQYe cukbZ xbZA tks
ckn esa ,d Vhoh lhjht ,filksM ds :i esa 2004 esa
26 ,filksM ds ekè;e ls ^rgjhj , eqa'kh izsepan* ds
:i esa fn[kkbZ xbZA Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa dks ^xksnku* dks iw.kZ
djus ds fy, ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA ^'krjat ds
f[kykM+h* dgkuh lR;thr js n~okjk blh uke ls cuh
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fiQYe ftldks [kwc ljkgk x;k vkSj dbZ vokMZ Hkh
feysA ;g fiQYe 'krjat ds [ksy esa Mwcs jgus okys nks
jktk'kkgh dykdkjksa dk mnkgj.k is'k djrh gSA ½f"kds'k
eq[kthZ ds n~okjk funsZf'kr ^xcu* (1966) fiQYe
lkekftd n'kk dk fp=k.k djrh gSA ,- vkj- dkjnkj
us izsepan th dh dgkuh ^f=k;k pfj=k* dks vkèkkj
cukdj ^Lokeh* (1941) fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
;g fiQYe ,d lkekftd fparu dk mnkgj.k nsrh gqbZ
lekt esa ekuoh;rk dks >d>ksj dj j[k nsrh gSA
1940 es jaxHkwfe miU;kl ij ^jaxHkwfe* fiQYe cukbZ
xbZ] tks ekuo thou la?k"kZ ds cnyko dks izdV djrh
gS ijarq ^f=k;k pfj=k* vkSj ^jaxHkwfe* nksuksa gh fiQYesa
n'kZdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr ugha dj ikbZA 1981
esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fuekZrk ds :i esa lR;thr js ds
funsZ'ku esa ^ln~xfr* fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;k bl
fiQYe esa ekufld :i ls xqyke O;fDr] tks czkg~e.kokn
ls xzflr gksrk gSA 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj jgrk gS vkSj
vR;kpkj lgrk gS blh ekufld xqykeh dks ;g
fiQYe n'kkZrh gSA ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa e`.kky lsu ds funs'Z ku
esa ^diQu* dgkuh ij fiQYe cukbZ xbZ] ftldk uke
Fkk ^vksdk mjh dFkk* (1977)A ;g fiQYe xjhch o
ftthfo"kk ds ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k ds lkFk cqjh yr dks
iznf'kZr djrh gSA
izes pan ds lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr lHkh fiQYesa
lekt dh :f<+ dks rksMu+ s dk liQy dk;Z djrh ga]S
ijarq n'kZd pyfp=k dh fiQYeh nqfu;k esa euksjt a u
djrs gq, pyfp=k ds var esa Lokar lq[kk; dh izfriqf"V
pkgrs gSAa vr% izes pan ds ;FkkFkZoknh lkfgR; ds var
esa Lokar lq[kk; dh izfriqf"V ugha gks ikrh gSA izes pan
dk lkfgR; n'kZdksa dks pyfp=k ds insZ ij fj>kus esa
vliQy jgkA blhfy, eq'a kh izes pan dh dgkfu;ksa ij
vkèkkfjr yxHkx lHkh fiQYesa bruh liQy ugha jgh gaAS
mudh liQyrk dk mn~n's ; fliQZ lkfgfR;d fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
rd gh lhfer jgk gSA lPps vFkks± esa eq'a kh izes pan dk
lkfgR; ;FkkFkZ&vkn'kZ ds iVy ij ekuo thou dks
èkeZ o laLÑfr bR;kfn ds HksnHkko esa thou thus okys
yksxksa dks ,d lkFk feydj jgus dh f'k{kk nsrk gSAa
izsepan dk lkfgR; vR;kpkjh O;fDr dks 'kks"k.k dk
R;kx vkSj 'kksf"kr dks 'kks"k.k dk fojksèk djrs gq, nksuksa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 89
dks mHkjus dk volj nsrk gSA izes pan dk lkfgR; ,d
vksj 'kks"k.k dks feVkus dh izjs .kk nsrk gS] ogha nwljh
vksj cscl dks cy'kkyh cukus dh vfèkdrk ij tksj
nsrk gSA vr% pyfp=k esa ;g ;FkkFkZ jkl ugha vk
ldkA izes pan th dh lkfgR; ij vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa esa
ekuork ls ekuork dks tksMu+ s o tkfrokn la?k"kZ feVkus
dk ,d liQy iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- flusek fganh lkfgR; & bdcky fjtoh] fganh
le; esa bdcky fjtoh dh jpuk,¡] exk¡vfa gfofo]
oèkkZ bZ if=kdkA
2- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek & foosd nqcs osc
µ 'kksèkkFkhZ] jktdh; ekWMy mPp ekè;fed fon~;ky;] djlku] paMhx<+&160002
istA
3- lkfgR; vkSj flusek & vt; dqekj pkSèkjh]
fucaèk lkfgR; vkSj flusek] lgk;d izkè;kid] ih ,u
nkl iyrkA
4- fganh lkfgR; vkSj flusek dk varl±cèa k &
jes'k pankz ] jes'k pankz osc CykWxA
5- ;w V~;cw ij izes pan dFkkèkkfjr fiQYesAa
6- bDdhloha lnh esa nfyr vkanksyu & MkW- t;
izdk'k dnZe] iadt iqLrd eafnj fnYyhA

qqq

90 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 fganh fiQYeksa esa tkfrizFkk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk fp=k.k
mes'k dqekj
Hkk jrh; flusek dk vkjaHk vokd fiQYeksa ls
gqvk FkkA rRdkyhu yksdfiz; flusek us ml
ikjlh fFk;sVj dh txg viuh tM+s tekb± Fkha] tks
'kgjh fuEueè;oxZ ds euksjt a ukFkZ FkkA blh ikjlh
fFk;sVj ds ukVdksa dk izHkko vkjafHkd Hkkjrh; flusek
ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ysfdu vokd fiQYeksa ds le; Hkh
,slh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk Fkk] ftuesa lkekftd
ljksdkjksa dks fo"k; cuk;k x;k FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ckcwjko
isaVj dh fiQYe ^lkodkjh ik'k* (1925) tks oh-
'kkarkjke vfHkuhr FkhA blesa lkgwdkjksa ds 'kks"k.k dks
dFkk dk fo"k; cuk;k x;k FkkA
fganh flusek ds lokd ;qx dh 'kq#vkr ds lkFk
gh ,slh vusd fiQYesa cuus yxha ftudk lkekftd
lokyksa ls ljksdkj FkkA 1932 esa tc fczfV'k ljdkj
us fuokZpu {ks=kksa dks tkfr vkSj èkeZ ds vkèkkj ij
foHkkftr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA ml le; ns'k esa tks
cgl pyh vkSj xkaèkh rFkk vacMs dj ds eè; tks
le>kSrk gqvk vkSj ckn esa tks iwuk iSDV ds uke ls
tkuk x;k] mlus vNwrksa ds loky dks lcls cM+k
jktuSfrd loky cuk fn;kA vc [kqn xkaèkh th us
eglwl fd;k fd Lora=krk vkanksyu esa tc rd vNwrksa
dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk,xkA rc rd lPph Lora=krk
izkIr ugha gksxhA vacMs dj rks cgqr igys gh ;g
eglwl dj pqds Fks] fd tc rd lkekftd Lora=krk
izkIr ugha gks tkrh rc rd jktuSfrd Lora=krk dk
dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA vacMs dj us vNwrksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds
fy, xksyest lEesyu esa vkokt mBkbZ vkSj lkekftd
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
Lora=krk ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA vacMs dj ds lkFk xkaèkh
th us Hkh ml le; vNwrksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds fy, u
dsoy vkokt mBkbZ cfYd NqvkNwr tSlh vekuoh;
izFkk dks [kRe djus dk lkgfld iz;kl fd;k] vNwrksa
ds eafnj izos'k vkSj muds lkFk ekuoh; O;ogkj dks
lkekftd vkanksyu dk eq[; fgLlk cuk;k rks mldk
izHkko fganh flusek ij Hkh iM+uk t:j FkkA blh izHkko
us 1934 esa U;w fFk;sVlZ dh fiQYe ^paMhnkl* dk
fuekZ.k laHko cuk;k] tks NqvkNwr dh leL;k ij cuh
igyh yksdfiz; fiQYe Fkh vkSj tks vkt Hkh n'kZdksa
n~okjk ljkgh tkrh gSA 1936 esa ckacs VkWdht dh
fiQYe ^vNwr dU;k* fufeZr gqbAZ 1940 esa ^vNwr*
uke ls ,d vkSj fiQYe dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ;s fiQYesa
ml le; cgqr yksdfiz; gqbA± tSlk fd fiQYeksa ds
uke ls Hkh izdV gksrk gS fd bu fiQYeksa dk lacèa k
NqvkNwr dh leL;k ls FkkA fiQYe ;g crkrh gS fd
tUe ls u dksbZ cM+k gksrk gS vkSj u dksbZ NksVkA ftUgsa
tUe ds vkèkkj ij tkfr ls NksVk le>k tkrk gSA os
Hkh balkfu;r esa muls cM+s gks ldrs gSAa tks vius dks
tUe ds vkèkkj ij tkfr ls Å¡pk le>rs gSaA muls
Hkh jksVh&csVh dk lacaèk cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj
cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A mek 'kf'k vkSj ds-,y- lgxy
vfHkuhr fiQYe ^paMhnkl* esa izes vkSj lekurk dk
;gh lans'k fn;k x;k gSA nsfodk jkuh vkSj v'kksd
dqekj vfHkuhr fiQYe ^vNwr dU;k* esa Hkh ;gh lan's k
fn;k x;k gSA xkaèkh th ds gfjtuksnè~ kkj ls izfs jr ;g
fiQYe xkaèkh th ds fopkj ls vkxs rd c<+rh gSA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 91
mudk eq[; tksj NqvkNwr lekfIr vkSj eafnjksa esa
gfjtu izo's k rd gh lhfer FkkA ysfdu ;g fiQYe
Å¡ph vkSj uhph tkfr;ksa ds chp fookg lacèa kksa dk
leFkZu Hkh djrh gS] ysfdu ml nkSj dh fiQYeksa dh
lhek ;g Hkh Fkh fd os tkfrokn ds loky dks
lkekftd lhek esa gh ns[krh gSa] mlds vkfFkZd]
jktuSfrd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd i{k dh mis{kk djrh gSaA ;g
fo'ks"krk cgqr ckn rd cuh jgrh gSA fcey jk; dh
fiQYe ^lqtkrk* (1959) dh lhek Hkh ;gh gSA
fganh flusek ds vkjafHkd nkSj esa dqN ,slh
fiQYesa Hkh cuha tks izR;{k rkSj ij tkrh; leL;k ij
ugha cuh gS]a ysfdu buesa iznf'kZr leL;kvksa dk lacèa k
fuEuoxksZ ls Hkh mruk gh xgjk gSA bl lanHkZ esa NBs
n'kd esa fufeZr fcey jk; dh ^nks ch?kk tehu*
(1953)] jktdiwj dh ^cwV ikWfy'k* (1954)] ^tkxrs
jgks* (1956)] vkSj ^vc fnYyh nwj ugha* (1957)
viuk egRo j[krh gSAa bu fiQYeksa ij uo ;FkkFkZokn
dk izHkko FkkA uo ;FkkFkZokn dk vkjaHk bVyh ds
flusek ls gqvk FkkA izfln~èk brkyoh fiQYe funs'Z kd
foVksfj;ks fM fldk dh fiQYe ^fn ckbfldy FkhiQ*
(1948) us fo'o ds lHkh fiQYedkjksa dks izHkkfor
fd;k FkkA Hkkjr esa Hkh lR;thr js] ½fRod ?kVd]
jktdiwj] fcey jk; vkfn dbZ fiQYedkjksa us NBs
n'kd esa ,slh fiQYesa cukbZ Fkha] ftuesa ml lkekftd
;FkkFkZ dks viuh fiQYeksa dk fo"k; cuk;k] ftudk
lacaèk lekt ds lokZfèkd mRihfM+r vkSj 'kksf"kr oxZ ls
FkkA fcey jk; dh fiQYe ^nks ch?kk tehu* dk lacaèk
,d xjhc fdlku ls gSA ;g xjhc fdlku viuh
tehu tehankj ds ikl fxjoh j[k nsrk gS vkSj og
tehu dks NqM+kus esa vleFkZ gSA ,d fnu mldh
tehu uhyke dj nh tkrh gSA og fdlku ls etnwj
cuus dks etcwj gks tkrk gSA ^nks ch?kk tehu* dh
dFkkoLrq dk dsna hz ; Hkko izsepan ds egku miU;kl
^xksnku* ls lekurk j[krk gSA xkSjryc gS fd izes pan
ds miU;kl dk uk;d gksjh Hkh fuEu oxZ dk FkkA ^nks
ch?kk tehu* ds fdlku dh tkfr ds ckjs esa dqN ugha
crk;k x;k gSA ysfdu ;g ;FkkFkZ gS fd xjhc fdlkuksa
ds bl oxZ esa vfèkdrj os leqnk; gh vkrs gS]a ftUgsa
fuEu tkfr dk ekuk tkrk gSA fiQYedkj dh n`f"V o.kZ
92 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
dh ctk; oxZ vkèkkfjr jghA vr% mUgksua s tkfr ds
iz'u dks ewy esa LFkku ugha fn;k ysfdu blls tehu
dk iz'u de egRoiw.kZ ugha gks tkrkA ;g vkt Hkh
mruk gh ;FkkFkZ gS fd tkfrokn dh leL;k dk dksbZ
lekèkku Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dks ykxw fd, fcuk ugha gks
ldrkA ^nks ch?kk tehu* esa tehu dh leL;k dks
fo"k; cukdj fuEu tkrh; lekt dh ewy leL;k dks
gh fcey jk; vfHkO;Dr dj jgs FksA jktdiwj dh
fiQYe ^cwV ikWfy'k* dk lacèa k egkuxj dh >qXxh
cfLr;ksa esa clus okys mu xjhcksa ls gS] tks ;k rks Hkh[k
ekaxdj viuk thou fuokZg djrs gSa ;k NksV&s eksVs
dke djdsA ,sls dke vkerkSj ij Hkkjr esa fuEu
le>h tkus okyh tkfr;k¡ gh djrh jgh gSaA ;g ,sls nks
cPpksa dh dFkk gS ftudh ek¡ gSts ls ej xbZ gS vkSj
ftuds firk dks dkys ikuh dh ltk gks xbZ gSA nksuksa
cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k mudh pkph djrh gS tks [kqn
'kjhj cspdj viuk thou ;kiu dj jgh gSA og nksuksa
cPpks ls Hkh[k eaxokrh gSA ,sls ifjos'k esa iyus okys
cPpksa esa tkWu pkpk yxkrkj ;g Hkkouk Hkj nsrk gS fd
Hkh[k ekaxuk cqjk dke gS] esgur dh :[kh&lw[kh dgha
vfèkd vPNh gSA bu eklwe cPpksa dh ,d gh bPNk
gS fd os Hkh[k ekaxuk NksM+dj cwV ikWfy'k dk dke
djs]a ftlls mUgsa Hkh[k ekaxus ds fy, fdlh ds vkxs
gkFk iSQykuk uk iM+sA twrksa dh ikWfy'k djus dk LoIu
ns[kus okys ;g cPps D;k fuEu tkfr ds vykok dqN
vkSj gks ldrs gS\a fganLq rku esa twrs xkaBus okys vkSj
twrksa dh ikWfy'k djus okys yksxksa dh fuEu tkfr ds
vfrfjDr vkSj D;k igpku jgh gS\ D;k fiQj Hkh
mudh tkfr dk mYys[k vko';d Fkk\ blh izdkj
^tkxrs jgks* dk fdlku tks etnwjh dh ryk'k esa 'kgj
vkrk gSA ,d ÝySV esa ikuh ihus ds fy, ?kql tkrk gS]
mlds fuEu tkfr dk gksus vkSj u gksus ls D;k varj
vk tkrk\ ,d tkfroknh lekt esa tSls fuEu tkfr ds
fy, ihus dk ikuh rd vklkuh ls izkIr ugha gksrkA
;gk¡ izes pan dh izfln~èk dgkuh ^Bkdqj dk dqvk¡* dh
fo"k; oLrq ls lekurk gSA D;k bl fdlku dh fLFkfr
Hkh Bhd oSlh gh ugha gS\ blh rjg ^vc fnYyh nwj
ugha* dk etnwj gjh ftls ml vijkèk ds fy, tsy
esa can dj fn;k x;k gS] ftls mlus fd;k gh ughaA
U;k;ky; Hkh mls vkèks&vèkwjs lcwrksa ij gh iQkalh dh
ltk lquk nsrk gSA gjh uked etnwj ds fy, U;k; dh
[kkfrj fnYyh igq¡pdj usg: th rd viuh iQfj;kn
igqp¡ kus dk iz;kl djus okyk mldk iq=k dsoy vius
firk ds fy, gh U;k; ugha ekax jgk gS] cfYd mu
lHkh ds fy, U;k; ekax jgk gS] ftudks xjhch vkSj
tgkyr dk thou thus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk
jgk gSA NBs n'kd dh ;s fiQYesa tks dbZ vFkksZ esa
Dykfldh; ntkZ izkIr dj pqdh gS]a lekt ds ml oxZ
dh dFkk c;ku djrh gSa] fuEu tkfr ftlls tqMh+ gSA
,d vFkZ esa bu fiQYeksa esa tkfr dk ftØ u gksuk
fiQYedkjksa ds ml izxfr'khy utfj, dk ifjpkyd
Hkh gS] tks bu fiQYeksa ds tfj, ,d lerkoknh lekt
fuekZ.k dk lans'k nsuk pkgrs gSaA ,d ,slk lekt tgk¡
fdlh rjg dk HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u u gks]
tkfroknh izrkM+uk Hkh ughaA
fiQYedkjksa ds bl izxfr'khy utfj, dk izek.k
gesa mu fiQYeksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftlesa tkrh;
leL;k dks izR;{k rkSj ij n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fcey jk;
us ^lqtkrk* (1959) fiQYe dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g
fiQYe tkfrokn ij vkèkkfjr FkhA lqtkrk ,d vNwr
ekrk&firk dh dU;k gS] ftudh egkekjh ds nkSjku
e`R;q gks tkrh gSA xzkeh.k ml dU;k dks mlh eè;oxhZ;
vkSj mPpo.khZ; ifjokj dks lkSia nsrs gSa ftuds ;gk¡
mldk firk dke djrk FkkA ifjokj ml dU;k dks
cks> le>rk gS vkSj NqVdkjk ikus dk iz;kl djrk gS
ysfdu liQy ugha gks ikrkA fiQYe tkfrokn ds iz'u
dks HkkokRed Lrj ij gh vfèkd mBkrh gS vkSj
mldk lan's k Hkh cgqr vklku gSA tcfd tkfrokn dh
leL;k cgqr tfVy gSA ^vNwr dU;k* vkSj ^lqtkrk*
nksuksa esa NqvkNwr dh tkfrizFkk dks cgqr gn rd
lkadfs rd :i fn;k x;k gSA tcfd lekt esa tkfrizFkk
cgqr fodjky leL;k ds :i eas viuh tM+s tek,
gq, FkhA lqtkrk esa tkfrizFkk dh leL;k cgqr gn rd
,d mPp oxZ ds ifjokj dh futh vkSj uSfrd leL;k
ds :i esa utj vkrh gS] u fd ,d lkekftd leL;k
ds rkSj ijA fiQYe esa lqtkrk dk vNwr gksuk bl vFkZ
esa Hkh vfèkd izHkko ugha NksMr+ k D;ksfa d mldk
ikyu&iks"k.k ,d mPp oxZ ds ifjokj esa gqvk gS vkSj
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fiQYe ;g vfHkO;Dr djrh fn[krh gS fd lqtkrk rks
oSls Hkh tUeuk gh vNwr gS vU;Fkk mPp oxZ esa
ikyu&iks"k.k gksus ds dkj.k og rks mPp oxZ dh gSA
bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh fudyrk gS fd vNwr vxj mPp
oxZ ds laLdkj xzg.k djys rks os lekt esa viukus
;ksX; gSaA ;g vfHkO;fDr mPp oxZ dh Js"Brk dks
iquLFkkZfir djuk gh rks gSA ^lqtkrk* tSlh fiQYeksa ds
izxfr'khy utfj, dh ;g lhek gSA ysfdu lqtkrk dh
bl vfHkO;fDr ds ldkjkRed i{k dks bl utfj, ls
Hkh ns[kk tkuk pkfg, fd vkf[kdkj fiQYe dk mn~ns';
tUe vkèkkfjr Js"Brk ds fln~èkkar dks udkjuk gSA
izxfr'khy fiQYedkjksa us bl iz'u dks dbZ fiQYeksa esa
mBk;kA mnkgj.kkFkZ] jktdiwj dh izfln~èk fiQYe ^vkokjk*
(1951) dk ewy edln gh ;g Fkk fd O;fDr tUe
ls vPNk ;k cqjk ugha gksrk] cqjk gksrk gS vius deksZ ls
vkSj deksZ dk fuèkkZj.k mlds ifjos'k ij vkèkkfjr gksrk
gSA fiQYe dk lan's k ;g Fkk fd ;fn ge vius djhc
dh nqfu;k dks csgrj cuk,¡xs rks dksbZ O;fDr cqjk ugha
cu ldrkA Li"V gS ;g lan's k vius ewy vFkZ esa
tkfrokn dh voèkkj.kk dks udkjrk gSA ;fn ge
yksdfiz; vkSj O;kolkf;d fiQYeksa esa tkfrokn dh
leL;k ds izfr joS;s ls bldh rqyuk djsa rks bldks
vfèkd vPNs <ax ls le> ldrs gSaA fganh dk
yksdfiz; flusek vkerkSj ij tkfrokn dh leL;k dks
izR;{k :i ls ugha mBkrkA Åijh rkSj ij fganh fiQYesa
tkfr vkèkkfjr Å¡p&uhp ds HksnHkko dks udkjrh gqbZ
utj vkrh gaAS
Hkkjrh; lekt esa varfuZfgr tfVyrkvksa dks
dgha vfèkd vPNs <ax ls vfHkO;Dr mu fiQYedkjksa
us fd;k gS ftUgksaus ;FkkFkZoknh ijaijk ls vius dks
lacn~èk fd;k gSA 1970 ds vkl&ikl fganh flusek esa
;FkkFkZokn dh tks ubZ ygj mHkjh mlus tkrh; leL;kvksa
dks Hkh viuk fo"k; pqukA fiQYedkj ';ke csusxy us
'kq: ls gh bl leL;k ij è;ku fn;k gSA ^vadqj*
(1973)] ^eaFku* (1976) vkSj ^lej* (1998) esa
mUgksua s tkrh; leL;k dks viuh fiQYeksa dk fo"k;
cuk;k gSA blh rjg e`.kky lsu dh fiQYe ^e`x;k*
(1976)] xksfoan fugykuh gh fiQYe ^vkØks'k* (1980)]
lR;thr js dh fiQYe ^ln~xfr* (1981)] fjpMZ
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 93
,Vucjks dh ^xkaèkh* (1982)] xkSre ?kks"k dh fiQYe
^ikj* (1984)] izdk'k >k dh fiQYe ^nkeqy* (1984)]
v#.k dkSy dh fiQYe ^nh{kk* (1991)] 'ks[kj diwj
dh fiQYe ^cSafMV Dohu* (1994)] tCckj iVsy dh
^MkW- ckck lkgsc vacMs dj* (2000)] vuoj teky
dh ^Lojkt % fn fyfVy fjifCyd* (2003)] etgj
dkejku dh ^eksgunkl* (2009)] izdk'k >k dh
^vkj{k.k* (2011)] latho tk;loky dh ^'kwnz % fn
jkbftax* (2012)] dsru esgrk dh ^eka>h % fn
ekmaVsu eSu* (2013)] vf'ouh vÕ;j frokjh dh
^fuy cVs lUukVk* (2016)] vuqjkx d';i dh
^eqDdkckt* (2018) vkSj vuqHko flUgk dh ^vkfVZdy
15* (2019) esa Hkh ge izR;{k ;k viz;R{k rkSj ij
tkrh; ;FkkFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr ns[k ldrs gSaA bu
fiQYeksa dh [kkfl;r ;g gS fd ;s fiQYesa tkrh; iz'u
dks O;kid lkekftd nk;js esa j[kdj ns[krh gSaA buesa
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dks utj vankt ugha
fd;k x;k gSA ;s fiQYesa lkekftdrk ds lkFk vkfFkZd
ltxrk vkSj vkèkqfud lksp dks izdV djrh gSAa
lkrosa n'kd vkSj mlds ckn ds n'kdksa dh
fiQYeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ls ;g ckr lkiQ mtkxj
gksrh gS fd lkekftd mRihM+u ds loky ds lkFk
vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds loky dks Hkh lkFk fy;k x;k gSA
^vadqj* fiQYe esa fuEu tkfr dh L=kh dh vkfFkZd
ijra=krk dk ykHk mBkdj mldk 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k djus
okys tehankj ds fo#n~èk fiQYe esa vfHkO;Dr xqLlk
fdlh fonzkgs esa ifj.kr ugha gksrkA ysfdu ,d NksVs
cPps n~okjk tehankj ds ?kj ij iRFkj isQd a uk ml
Hkfo"; dh rjiQ t:j b'kkjk djrk gS] tc fuEu
tkfr ds yksx bl izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ds fo#n~èk mB [kM+s
gksaxsA ^eaFku* fiQYe esa lgdkfjrk dk vkanksyu fuEu
tkrh; lekt esa jktuSfrd tkx:drk dk ekè;e
cudj vk;k gSA fuEu tkrh; vkSj xSj fuEu tkrh;
xjhcksa ds chp 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u ds fo#n~èk jktuSfrd
ykecanh lgh jktuSfrd lanHkZ dks Hkh fn[kkrh gSA
^e`x;k* fiQYe esa mRihM+u ds fo#n~èk vkfnoklh
leqnk; ds la?k"kZ dh dFkk dks uk;dRo dh xfjek ds
lkFk vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA ^ln~xfr* fiQYe izes pan
dh blh uke dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa mPp
94 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
tkfr;ksa n~okjk csxkjh ds n~okjk fuEu tkfr;ksa ds 'kks"k.k
dh dFkk fpf=kr gSA ;g dFkk fuEu tkfr;ksa dh
lkewfgd ,drk vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo#n~èk ladYi ds
lkFk ,dtqV gksdj [kM+s gksus dh rkdr dk Hkh fp=k.k
djrh gSA blh fiQYe esa ,d vksj uo ;FkkFkZokn dh
ijaijk gS rks nwljh vksj lkekftd ifjorZu dk Økafrdkjh
jktuSfrd lans'k Hkh gSA ^ikj*] ^vkØks'k* ;k ^nkeqy*
fiQYe dk ;FkkFkZokn Hkh mlh jktuSfrd psruk ls iSnk
gqvk gS tks ml nkSj esa lkfgR; dk Hkh ewy Lrj FkkA
ysfdu bu rhuksa fiQYeksa esa dgha u dgha fuEu tkfr ds
:i esa lkekftd psruk i`"BHkwfe esa gh cuh jgrh gSA
^cSafMV Dohu* fiQYe iwQyu nsoh dh thouh ij
vkèkkfjr gSA blesa ,d fuEu tkfr dh L=kh ds vkRelEeku
ds la?k"kZ dks ftl lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj
'kS{kf.kd ifjiz{s ; esa mBk;k x;k gS] og bl ckr dks
rks fln~èk djrk gh gS fd tkx:d fiQYedkj tkrh;
loky dh tfVyrk dks dykRed mRd"kZrk ds lkFk
fn[kkus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ^lej* fiQYe esa 'kgjh
vkèkqfudrkoknh gksus dk nkok djus okys yksxksa esa Hkh
tkfrokn fdl rjg vanj rd cSBk gqvk gS] mldk
cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh fp=k.k gqvk gSA ^vkj{k.k* fiQYe
pSfjVh ls vkjaHk gksdj pSfjVh ij lekIr gks tkrh gSA
lkjk thoV] vfèkdkj dh ekax] 'kks"k.k&neu dh O;Fkk
vkSj la?k"kZ ;s lc dqN dsoy ,d jktuSfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd :i ls lqn`<+ vkSj ,d VªLV dh ekyfdu
efgyk dh {kf.kd mifLFkfr esa [kRe gks tkrk gSA ftl
izdkj fuEu tkrh; leqnk; vuqnku vkSj vfèkdkj ds
chp fil jgk gS] mlh rjg fiQYe ds vkjaHk vkSj
lekIr ds eè; tkrh; foe'kZ Hkh fildj jg tkrk gSA
;fn dqN cprk gS rks ,d cw<s+ f'k{kd dk tTck] iRuh
dk fo'okl] csVh dk izes ] Nk=k dk vius f'k{kd ds
izfr lEeku rFkk vo.kZ vkSj lo.kZ tkfr ds nks
laons u'khy ;qokvksa ds chp dh nksLrhA foe'kZ dgha
[kks x;k gSA foe'kZ dks] la?k"kZ dks rks VªLV dh ekyfdu
us viuh mnkjrk vkSj vuqnku ls nck fn;k gSA ;g
fiQYe uo mnkjokn dh >yd fn[kkrh gSA fiQYe ;g
Hkh fn[kkrh gS fd nhid tSls fuEu tkfr okyksa ds ikl
,d pht gS tks reke Ny&diV ds ckn Hkh gM+ih
ugha tk ldrh vkSj ftldks Nhuus dh dksf'k'ksa vc
yxkrkj tksjksa ij gSa] og gS& vkRecyA og dgrk Hkh
gS fd ¶gekjs ikl vkRecy gS ftls dksbZ rkdr
dqpy ugha ldrhA¸ vkSj ;g lR; Hkh gS fd thrus
ds fy, vkRecy pkfg,A ^eksgunkl* fiQYe esa tgk¡
csgrj thou dh vk'kk fy, ,d fuEu tkfr dk ;qod
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa liQyrk ds >aMs xkM+rk gS og dM+h
esgur ls Kku vkSj fMxzh izkIr djrk gSA i<+kbZ lekIr
djus ds ckn ukSdjh ds fy, ;gk¡&ogk¡ u tkus
dgk¡&dgk¡ pIiy f?klrk gS vkSj vkf[kjdkj tc
ukSdjh izkIr gksrh gS rks O;oLFkk dk "kM~;a=k mlls
mldh ukSdjh gh ugha] mldk uke Hkh Nhu ysrk gSA
eksgunkl dk vafre n`'; bl O;oLFkk dh usduh;rh
ij ,d djkjk O;aX; gS& ¶vki 'kk;n xyr txg
vkbZ gSa] ;gk¡ dksbZ eksgunkl ugha jgrkA¸ es?kuk (ehfM;k
dehZ) ds eqg¡ ij HkM+kd ls can gqvk njoktk] ,d
tkfr ds ml vFkd la?k"kZ dh pje ifj.kfr gS ftlesa
og igys [kksy ls ckgj vkrk gS vkSj fiQj vkf[kjdkj
mlh [kksy esa tkus dks etcwj dj fn;k tkrk gSA
^eqDdkckt* fiQYe esa I;kj&eksgCcr ds rM+ds esa
eqDdsckth dh ftn vkSj vkt ds lekt dh gdhdr
fn[kkbZ gSA cukjl fuoklh fuEu tkfr dk dksp lat;
dqekj] Bkdqj tkfr ds Jo.k dqekj flag dks Vªfs uax nsus
dk tksf[ke] eqDdsckth la?k ds ekfiQ;k Hkxoku nkl
feJk ds fojksèk ds ckotwn mBkrk gSA ifj.kker%
mldh tcjnLr fiVkbZ gksrh gS vkSj og ges'kk ds
fy, dksek esa pyk tkrk gSA Jo.k dqekj flag] Hkxoku
nkl feJk dh Hkrhth lquSuk feJk ds lkFk oSokfgd
thou bl 'krZ ds lkFk O;rhr djus yxrk gS fd og
Hkfo"; esa fdlh eqDdsckth izfr;ksfxrk esa fgLlk ugha
ysxkA blh 'krZ ij Hkxokunkl feJk] Jo.k dks ekiQ
djrk gS vkSj mldks ftank NksMr+ k gSA fiQYe ds vafre
n`'; esa Jo.k dqekj flag cgqr lEeku ls Hkxoku nkl
feJk ds iSj Nwdj vk'khokZn ysrk gSA ;g lc dqN
vkt ds lekt esa tkrh; Js"Brk dks fn[kkuk gh rks gSA
^vkfVZdy 15* fiQYe Hkkjr dk lafoèkku] 1950 ds
vkfVZdy 15 ij vkèkkfjr gSA ftlesa ;g gS fd èkeZ]
uLy] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku ;k blesa ls fdlh
vkèkkj ij jkT; vius fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ls dksbZ
HksnHkko ugha djsxkA blesa mRrj izn's k ds yky xk¡o
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
dh dgkuh gSA vij iqfyl vèkh{kd v;ku jatu
(vk;q"eku [kqjkuk) ;gk¡ in&LFkkfir gksrs gSaA flikfg;ksa
esa dksbZ czká.k gS] rks dksbZ vU; fiNM+h tkfr ls gS] rks
dksbZ fuEu tkfr dk gSA lHkh tkfr;ksa esa Hkh Å¡p&uhp
gSA blh tkfrokn ds p'esa ls os Fkkus esa vkus okyh
fjiksVksZ dks roTtks nsrs gSaA xk¡o ls rhu fuEu tkfr dh
yM+fd;k¡ xk;c gSAa nks yM+fd;ksa dh yk'k nwljs fnu
isM+ ij yVdh feyrh gSAa ,d yM+dh dh ryk'k
djrs gq, v;ku dks le> vkrk gS fd fuEu tkfr ds
yksxksa ds lkFk vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj vHkh Hkh gks jgk
gSA Fkkus esa v;ku ^vkfVZdy 15* dh iQksVks dkWih yxk
nsrk gSA blesa vkfFkZd loky ;g mBrk gS fd mudks
vHkh Hkh etnwjh ds iSls c<+kus dh ekax ij mudk
'kks"k.k gksrk gS vkSj ekSr ds eq¡g esa èkdsy fn;k tkrk
gSA blesa jktusrkvksa vkSj iqfylokyksa dk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k
gqvk gSA
tkrh; ljdkj ds brus tfVy vkSj vrafoZjksèkh
igyqvksa dks Nwus dk iz;kl bl ckr dk izek.k rks gS
gh fd fganh flusek dh izxfr'khy èkkjk tkfrokn dh
leL;k ds loky dks mruk gh egRo nsrh jgh gS
ftruk fd vU; lkekftd lokyksa dksA bl èkkjk ds
izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k dsoy bl ckr ls ugha fd;k tk
ldrk fd bu fiQYeksa dks fdrus n'kZd feysA buds
n'kZd de gks ldrs gSa ysfdu bldk izHkko O;kolkf;d
flusek dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk LFkk;h vkSj nh?kZdkyhu
gksrk gSA
fiQYe lwph
1- isaVj] ckcwjko_ ^lkodkjh ik'k*] 1925
2- cksl] fufru_ ^paMhnkl*] 1934
3- vkLVsu] Úkat_ ^vNwr dU;k*] 1936
4- fldk] foVksfj;ks fM_ ^fn ckbfldy FkhiQ*]
1948
5- vjksjk] izdk'k_ ^cwV ikWfy'k*] 1954
6- jktdiwj_ ^vc fnYyh nwj ugha*] 1957
7- jk;] fcey_ ^lqtkrk*] 1959
8- csusxy] ';ke_ ^vadqj*] 1973
9- fugykuh] xksfoan_ ^vkØks'k*] 1980
10- js] lR;thr_ ^ln~xfr*] 1981
11- ,Vucjks] fjpMZ_ ^xkaèkh*] 1982
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 95
 12- >k] izdk'k_ ^nkeqy*] 1984
13- ?kks"k] xkSre_ ^ikj*] 1984
14- diwj] 'ks[kj_ ^cSafMV Dohu*] 1994
15- csusxy] ';ke_ ^lej*] 1999
16- iVsy] tCckj_ ^MkW ckcklkgsc vacMs dj*] 2000
17- teky] vuoj_ ^Lojkt % fn fyfVy
fjifCyd*] 2003
18- dkejku] etgj_ ^eksgunkl*] 2009
19- tk;loky] latho_ ^'kwnz % fn jkbftax*] 2012
20- esgrk] dsru_ ^eka>h % fn ekmaVsu eSu*] 2013
21- frokjh] vf'ouh vÕ;j_ ^fuy cVs lUukVk*]
2016
22- flUgk] vuqHko_ ^vkfVZdy 15*] 2019
lanHkZ xzzaFk lwph
1- fd'kksj] iadt _ (2017)] ^MkW- Hkhejko
vacsMdj*] lRlkfgR; izdk'ku] fnYyh
2- dhj] èkuat; (vuqoknd&lqosZ] xtkuu)_
(2006)] ^MkW- ckck lkgsc vacsMdj %
thou&pfjr* jkenkl HkVdy] ikWiy q j izdk'ku]
ubZ fnYyh
3- dqekj] MkW- v#.k_ (2017)] ^';ke csuxs y %
Hkkjrh; laons ukvksa vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk flusek*]
lkfgR;kxkj] t;iqj
4- pkSdls] t;izdk'k_ (2010)] ^jktdiwj %
l`tu izfØ;k*] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
5- f=kikBh] lR;nso_ (2013)] ledkyhu fiQYeksa
ds vkbZus esa lekt*] fnYyh
6- izlkn] deyk] izdk'k Lo;a] 'kekZ] jktsan]z
vxzoky] izgykn (laiknd)_ (2009)] ^fganh
flusek % chloha ls bDdhloha lnh rd*]
bykgkckn
7- ikj[k] tojheYy_ (2001)] ^yksdfiz; flusek
vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ*] vukfedk ifCy'klZ
,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh
8- ikj[k] tojheYy_ (2006)] ^fganh flusek
& lgk;d vkpk;Z (fganh)] jktdh; okf.kT; egkfon~;ky;] vyoj ('kksèkkFkhZ] jkt ½f"k Hkr`Zgfj eRL;
fo'ofon~;ky;] vyoj)
qqq
96 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
dk lekt'kkL=k*] xzFa k f'kYih (bafM;k) fnYyh
9- ikyhoky] Ñ".knRr_ (2016)] ^MkW vacsMdj
% vLohdkj dk lkgl*] lLrk lkfgR; eaMy]
ubZ fnYyh
10- iwj.key_ (2012)] ^xkaèkh] vacMs dj ,oa nfyr
dY;k.k*] izsepan ckdyhoky] vkfo"dkj
ifCy'klZ] t;iqj
11- cjuoky] vuwi_ (2017)] ^fuekZ.k&iq#"k MkW-
vacMs dj dh lafoèkku ;k=kk*] yksdHkkjrh
izdk'ku] bykgkckn
12- ewu] olar (vuqoknd% ikaM]s iz'kkar)_ (2017)]
^MkW- ckcklkgsc vacsMdj*] jk"Vªh; iqLrd
U;kl] ubZ fnYyh
13- eh.kk] izeksn (laik-)_ (2016)] ^fganh flusek%
nfyr&vkfnoklh foe'kZ*] le; ds laokn&19]
vuU; izdk'ku] fnYyh
14- jt+k] jkgh eklwe (laiknd ,oa ladyu %
flag dq¡ojiky)_ (2015)] ^flusek vkSj
laLÑfr*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
15- jaxwuokyk] fiQjkst_ (1979)] ^v fiDVksfj;y
fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;u flusek*] fn gefyu
ifCyf'kax xziq fyfeVsM yanu] baXySMa ]
16- 'kekZ] MkW- jkefoykl_ (2017)] ^xkaèkh]
vacMs dj] yksfg;k vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh
leL;k,¡*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
17- 'kekZ] iadt (laik-)_ (2015)] ^fganh flusek
dh ;k=kk*] le; ls laokn&5] vuU; izdk'ku]
fnYyh
i=k&if=kdk,¡
1- tulRrk] ubZ fnYyh
2- VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh
3- n fganw] ubZ fnYyh
4- nSfud HkkLdj] t;iqj
5- fganqLrku] ubZ fnYyh
 fganh flusek ,oa tutkrh; laLÑfr%
fo'ks"k lanHkZ iwoksZRrj Hkkjr
MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k
tS lk fd ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd Hkkjrh;
fganh flusek us 1912&13 bZ- ls viuh
;k=kk vkjaHk dh vkSj tu&#fp] ftKklk ,oa le; dh
ekax ds vuqlkj Lo;a dks cnyrs gq, blus ,d ubZ
igpku cukbZ gSA bl lqugjs liQj ds izfr izR;sd
Hkkjrh;ksa dk cgqr xgjk vkd"kZ.k jgk gSA dqN fon~okuksa
us flusek dks ¶euq"; tkfr dk lcls cM+k lEeksgu
dsan¸z ekuk rks dqN us bls ¶vius le; ds lekt ds
ifjorZuksa dk niZ.k¸ dgk gSA ;gk¡ gj ,d n'kd vius
lkFk reke ifjorZuksa dks ysdj vkrk gSA vkt ds
lekt dk js[kkadu ge bl le; dh fiQYeksa esa vPNh
rjg ns[k ldrs gSAa pkgs og èkkfeZd vkMacjksa vkSj
lkekftd :f<+;ksa ij vkèkkfjr ^ihds* fi+QYe gks ;k
fiQj ^vks,eth&vksg ek; xkWM* gks] pkgs oks fyo&bu
fjys'kuf'ki ij cuus okyh ^'kqn~èk nslh jksekal* gks ;k
^dkWdVsy*A fganh flusek us 'kq: ls ysdj vkt rd
vius lekt dh izfrèofu dh Hkwfedk vPNh rjg
fuHkkbZ gSA ,slk dksbZ eqnn~ k ugha] foe'kZ ugha ftldh
vkokt fganh flusek us u lquh gks] ;k u mBkbZ gksA
pkgs og L=kh foe'kZ gks] nfyr foe'kZ gks ;k fiQj
vkfnoklh@tutkfr foe'kZA
fganh flusek dks ;fn ge vkfnoklh thou ds
lanHkZ esa ns[kas rks ^jkgh* (1952)] ^lxhuk egrks*
(1970)] ^e`x;k* (1976)] ^vkØks'k* (1980)] ^n
uDlykbV* (1980)] ^rjax* (1984)] ^eSlh lkgc*
(1986)] ^gtkj pkSjklh dh ek¡* (1998)] ^yky
lyke* (2002)] ^gtkjksa [okfg'ksa ,slh* (2005)]
^pedw* (2008)] ^jsM vyVZ* (2009)] ^jkou*
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
(2011)] ^pØO;wg* 2012 vkfn ,slh dbZ fiQYesa gSa]
tks fganh flusek dh nqfu;k esa vkfnoklh@tutkrh;
thou dks mdsjrh gaAS vkSifuosf'kd dky esa lkgwdkjh
neu dh leL;k dks dsanz cukdj ^e`x;k* (1976)
fiQYe cukbZ tkrh gS rks ^vkØks'k* (1980) esa
Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jkT; esa iqfyl iz'kklu
Bsdsnkjh ra=k ds uhps filrs tutkrh; thou dh
=kklnh fpf=kr djrh gS] blh rjg ^eSlh lkgc*
(1986) fiQYe gks vkfnoklh lekt dh ^xsuksax izFkk*
ij vkèkkfjr gSA
tutkrh; thou ds dqN igyqvksa dks fganh
flusek us vius <ax ls izLrqr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS]
tks fd iz'kaluh; gS] ysfdu loky ;g gS fd fganh
flusek ds insZ ij fn[kk;k tkus okyk vkfnoklh@tutkrh;
;FkkFkZ vly esa fdruk ;FkkFkZijd gS vkSj fdruh
iQarklh ;k dYiuk vkèkkfjr gS! ,sls esa tutkrh;
thou ds okLrfod izLrqfrdj.k dks ysdj eu esa
langs mRiUu gksrk gSA tutkrh; thou ds fofHkUu
igyqvksa ds ckjs esa fuekZrk&funs'Z kd] vfHkusrk vkfn
dh vufHkKrk blesa cM+h ckèkk ds :i esa lkeus vkrs
gSa] blfy, tutkfr ds dykdkjksa dk lhèkk gLr{ksi
bl {ks=k esa egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
jgh ckr iwoksZRrj Hkkjr vkèkkfjr fganh fiQYeksa
dh] ge lc tkurs gSa fd ,d rks bl {ks=k ij
vkèkkfjr fiQYesa cgqr de gS]a vxj gaS Hkh rks ;gk¡ dh
tutkfr;ksa ds thou ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa ux.; dgh
tk ldrh ga_S tcfd iwoksRZ rj Hkkjr esa flusek vkSj
jaxeap dh ,d etcwr ijaijk jgh gSA ftl le; ;gk¡
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 97
;kuh vle esa T;ksfr izlkn vxzoky ds funs'Z ku esa
igyh fiQYe ^lrh t;erh* cuh] mlds cgqr igys
ls ;gk¡ vlfe;k] ckaXyk vkSj ef.kiqjh jaxeap etcwrh
ls [kM+k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA iwoksZRrj ds flusek vkSj
dykvksa dks ysdj fo'ks"kKrk j[kus okys izks- vkse
izdk'k Hkkjrh ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks] ¶iwoksZRrj Hkkjr ds
dyk :iksa esa tks f'kYidkjh gS] ØkfÝVax gS] og cgqr
et+crw gSA ;g pht+ mudh jaxeaph; ijaijk vkSj nwljs
lapkj vkSj yksd ekè;eksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gk¡ ds
jaxeap ls flusek dks cM+k ykHk ;g gqvk fd izf'kf{kr
vfHkusrk fey x,A vxj ge eq[; èkkjk dk flusek
ns[k ys]a rks ikrs gSa fd ,sls vnkdkj gesa dgha ns[kus
dks ugha feyrs tks iwoksRZ rj Hkkjr dh bu fiQYeksa esa
ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA T+;knk ls T+;knk ogk¡ iQkjlh
fFk;sVj dk izHkko ns[kus dks fey jgk Fkk] ysfdu
iwoksRZ rj ds flusek esa vxj ge igyh fiQYe ^lrh
t;erh* dks gh ns[k ysa rks ikrs gSa fd ml fiQYe dh
vfHku; 'kSyh esa Hkh fHkUurk,¡ gSaA bldk dkj.k gS fd
ogk¡ lkekftd vkSj fHkUu fo"k;ksa ij gksus okys jaxeap
ls fHkUurkvksa ls Hkjiwj vfHkusrk fey jgs FksA¸
(2019 esa vkse izdk'k Hkkjrh n~okjk euh"k dqekj
tSly dks fn, x, ewy lk{kkRdkj ds laikfnr va'k
ls)
vk'k; ;g gS fd iwoksZRrj Hkkjr us gh lkiQ&lqFkjh]
vPNh vkSj lqy>h gqbZ fiQYesa Hkkjrh; lekt dks
lkSia h] mnkgj.k ds fy, T;ksfr c#vk ds funs'Z ku esa
cuh vle dh igyh fiQYe ^lrh t;erh* (1935)
dks ns[ksa] tks ukf;dk izèkku fiQYe Fkh] mlesa ukf;dk
jktk ds vR;kpkj ds fo#n~èk [kM+h gksrh gSA ogha
fiQYe ^fi;kyh iQqdu* tks vaxt zs k+ as ds fo#n~èk Fkh] og
pk; cxkuksa ds et+njw ;k LFkkuh; tutkfr;ksa dks
laxfBr djds fjoksYV dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA bl
rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd 'kq#vkr ds fnuksa esa gh ;gk¡
lkekftd O;fDrRoksa dks ysdj dbZ fiQYesa cuh tks
ml lekt ds yksxksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrs fn[krs gSAa
vkt+knh ds ckn 1958 esa ,d vkSj fiQYe ^jaxk
iksfyl* curh gS] ftls Ng us'kuy vokMZ fn, x,A
fud c#ok ds funs'Z ku esa cuh bl fiQYe dks ml nkSj
dh egRoiw.kZ fiQYeksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA ftlesa
ml nkSj ds djI'ku dk fp=k.k gS] tks fganh ;k vU;
98 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa 70 ds n'kd ;kuh lekukarj
flusek vkSj O;kolkf;d nkSj esa fn[krk gSA
iwoksZRrj Hkkjr vkèkkfjr fganh fiQYeksa dk lkj
dqN bl izdkj gS] ;Fkk& Hkkjrh; fganh fiQYe dh
nqfu;k esa jktfryd ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^36 ?kaV*s
(1974)] ftlesa MSuh nsatqaxik dks vR;ar iQwgM+] xSj
ftEesnkj] ;FkkFkZ vkSj vuqHko ls nwj fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
^36 ?kaVs* 1950 ds n'kd esa U;w;kWdZ 'kgj esa gqbZ ,d
okLrfod thou dh ?kVuk ij vkèkkfjr gkWyhoqM
fiQYe ^n MsLijsV vkolZ* dk Hkkjrh; laLdj.k FkkA
Hkwius gtkfjdk ds funs'Z ku esa v#.kkpy izn's k ds
tu&thou ij vkèkkfjr ^esjk èkje esjh ek¡* (1976)
fiQYe bl vFkZ esa egRoiw.kZ ekuh tk ldrh gSA
fiQYe dh dgkuh vktknh ds ckn v#.kkpy izn's k
dk jkT; :i esa mn; dSls gqvk\ mlds fodkl dh
ize[q k leL;k,¡ D;k jgha\ dSls ogk¡ ds f'kf{kr ;qodksa
us vaèkfo'oklks]a :f<+;ksa dk lkeuk dj yksxksa dks lgh
jkLrk fn[kk;k vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ogk¡ ds yksxksa ds
ns'k izes vkSj ns'k HkfDr dks] fuekZrk] funsZ'kd us
fn[kk;k gSA
vle dh Økafr ,oa mxzokn dh leL;k ij cuh
^dky laè;k* (1997) Hkh bl dM+h dh egRoiw.kZ
fi+QYe gS] ftlds funsZ'kd HkosanzukFk lSbfd;k gaAS
bldk uk;d ,d f'kf{kr vkSj csjkstxkj ;qod jathr
gS] tks mxzokn esa 'kkfey gSA l'kL=k fonzkfs g;ksa ds
yf{kr gR;kvksa esa fyIr gksus ds dkj.k og Hkh vuqjkèkk
ds ifr dh gR;k esa 'kkfey gSA dqN fnuksa ckn]
LFkkuh; dkWyt s ds ,d izkis Qs lj] cuthr nRrk dh Hkh
xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nh xbZA le; chrus ds
lkFk&lkFk jathr izksisQlj ds ifjokj ds djhc vkrk
tkrk gS] lPpkbZ tkuus ds ckn mls vius vijkèk ij
iNrkok gksrk gSA bl fi+QYe esa vfèkdrj dykdkj
iwoksRZ rj ds gh gSaA
2003 esa vuqjkx cklq ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^lk;k*]
ftlesa vkdk'k ^vDdh* (tkWu vczkge) vkSj mudh
iRuh ek;k (rkjk 'kekZ) MkWDVj eq[; fdjnkj esa gSaA
tc Hkkjr dh cekZ lhek ij eysfj;k dk geyk gksrk
gS] rks vkdk'k dh vLohÑfr ds ckotwn] xHkZorh
ek;k yksxksa dh enn djus ds fy, fudy tkrh gSA
vkdk'k dks tYn gh ,d cl nq?kZVuk ls mldh ekSr
dh [kcj feyrh gSA Hkkjh ckfj'k esa cl ikuh esa
nq?kZVukxzLr gks tkrh gSA vkdk'k ek;k ds fuèku dks
Lohdkj ugha dj ikrk gS vkSj bl ckjs esa Nkuchu
djrk gSA flLVj ekFkkZ uked ,d uu vkSj dqN
lqjkxksa dh enn ls] vkdk'k lhek ij igqp ¡ rk gSA bl
rjg bl fi+QYe esa iwoksRZ rj dh fLFkfr;k¡ n'kkZbZ xbZ gSaA
2005 esa ef.k'kadj ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^VSxa ks
pkyhZ* fganh Hkk"kk esa cuh] ;qnè~ k vkèkkfjr fi+QYe gSA
bl fi+QYe dk lkj r#.k pkSgku uked vn~èkZlfS ud ls
Hkkjrh; lhek lqj{kk cy esa crkSj uo fu;qDr flikgh
ds rFkkdfFkr ;qnè~ k esa dBksj vuqHkoksa ij dsfa nzr gSA
fi+QYe esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd lPps flikgh tUe
ugha ysr]s cl cu tkrs gSAa
2014 esa meax dqekj dh ^eSjh dkWe* fiQYe
ef.kiqj dh eSjh dkWe dh dgkuh gSA os Hkkjr ds ml
fgLls dh jgus okyh gS]a tgk¡ vktknh ds o"kks± ckn Hkh
ogk¡ ds yksxksa dks crkuk iM+rk gS fd os Hkkjrh; gSaA
eSjh dkWe us ,d ,slk [ksy pquk ftlesa iq#"kksa dk
ncnck gSA Hkkjr esa ckWfDlax esa efgyk f[kykM+h <w<¡ s
ugha feyrhA eSjh dkWe ds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd gkyr
,slh ugha Fkh fd mUgsa reke lqfoèkk,¡ feyrhA eSjh ds
firk bl [ksy ds f[kykiQ FksA Hkkjrh; [ksyksa esa O;kIr
Hkz"Vkpkj ls rks lHkh ifjfpr gSaA eSjh dkWe dks Hkh
vius Lrj ij blls yM+uk iM+kA isQMjs'ku eqDdscktksa
dks MkbV esa ,d dsyk vkSj pk; nsrk gSA eSjh viuh
igyh iQkbV Hkw[ks isV yM+rh gSA mudk dksp iwNrk gS
fd D;k og yM+ ysxh rks og dgrh gS fd lj] [kq'kh
ls gh isV Hkj x;kA reke ckèkkvksa dks ikj djrs gq,
eSjh us fo'o pSfEi;u dk f[krkc ,d&nks ckj ugha
cfYd iwjs ik¡p ckj vius uke fd;kA eSjh dh dgkuh
lHkh dks izsfjr djrh gSA
vfu#n~èk jkW; pkSèkjh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh ^fiad*
(2016) dks O;kid vkykspuk feyh vkSj vU;
lkekftd eqnn~ ksa ij loZJ"s B fiQYe ds fy, jk"Vªh;
iqjLdkj Hkh feyk ij fiQYe esa ,afMª;k rkfj;kax uked
fdjnkj ewd ;k dkB dh rjg iwoksRZ rj dh tutkfr
efgyk dks fjizt s Vas djrh gS] blds ckotwn pwf¡ d og
iwoksZRrj dh gS blfy, ml ij dbZ rjg ds vkjksi
yxk, tkrs gaSA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
:id xksxbZ ds funs'Z ku esa 2017 esa ^xSaXl vkWiQ
ukFkZ bZLV* uked ,d jksekafVd fiQYe vkbZA fiQYe esa
jsorh {ks=kh] ijhfiz;k vgen] foosd cksjk vkSj mn;u
nqokjk izeq[k Hkwfedkvksa esa gSA fiQYe dh dgkuh
f'kykax dh èkjrh esa ,d fd'kksj yM+dh ekxzVZs vkSj
mldh flaxy enj jksth ds thou ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh
gSA ftlesa ekxzVs dk mldh flaxy enj n~okjk LoLFk
ekgkSy esa ikyu&iks"k.k fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ysfdu vkjke
ds thou ds ckotwn] og vkRefuHkZj gksus dk iSQlyk
djrh gS vkSj V~;w'ku i<+kuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSA og
vius thou esa ,d [kq'kgky ifjos'k esa gS ij ,d
yacs le; rd fNik gqvk vkSj Hkwyk gqvk jgL; mlds
psgjs ij lkiQ >ydrk gS] tks mldh ek¡ jksth ds
thou esa n~oan~o cudj lkeus vkrk gS fd og bl
dM+oh lPpkbZ dks ckgj vkus nsa ;k ughaA blds
vfrfjDr fiQYe esa iwoksRZ rj dh [kklrkSj ij ef.kiqj]
vle vkfn dh leL;kvksa dks Hkh vkaf'kd :i ls
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
fudksyl [kkjdaxksj dh ^,Dlksu* (2019) Hkh
iwoksZRrj vkèkkfjr ,d egRoiw.kZ fiQYe dgh tk ldrh
gSA mPp f'k{kk ds fy, fnYyh esa vk, iwoksRZ rj ds
Nk=k 'kknh dh ikVhZ vk;ksftr djus ds vius iz;kl esa
mUgsa irk pyrk gS fd lc dqN ;kstuk ds vuqlkj
ugha gqvk gSA fiQYe esa desMh Mªkek ds lkFk iwoksZRrj
ds fo'ks"k [kkn~; inkFkZ ftls ukxkySaM dh izk;% lHkh
tutkfr;ksa ;Fkk lweh] jsxa ek] Nkdslkax vkfn ,oa ef.kiqj
dh tutkfr;ksa vkSj eSrsbZ tkfr n~okjk ^v[kquh* dks
es?kky; esa [kklh tutkfr n~okjk ^r#eckbZ* dgk tkrk
gS] mldh xaèk dks ysdj fiQYe esa dkiQh coky
fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
iwoksZRrj Hkkjr us fganh vkSj ckaXyk fiQYeksa ds
fo[;kr laxhrdkj vkSj xk;d lfpu nso ceZu] djksMk+ as
yksxksa ds fny ij jkt djus okys iape nk ;kuh vkj-
Mh- ceZu] ftUgas fo'o ds loZJ"s B laxhrdkjksa esa ls
,d ekuk tkrk gS] laxhrdkj [kxsl nso ceZu tSls
O;fDrRo ckWyhoqM dks fn,A
T;ksfr izlkn] iQuh Hkw"k.k] Hkwius gtkfjdk] :id
xksxbZ vkfn tSls fiQYe&fuekZrk vkSj funsZ'kd Hkh fn,]
ftUgksua s iwoksZRrj esa vlfe;k fiQYeksa dh vfLerk vkSj
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 99
Lora=krk j[krs gq,] mls fof'k"V igpku fnykbZ vkSj
'ks"k Hkkjr ds flusek tks jktuSfrd] lkekftd ;k
ledkyhu eqnn~ s ij cus] mlesa Hkh viuk ;ksxnku
fn;kA ckotwn blds fdlh ,sfrgkfld rF; dks ysdj
iwoksZRrj Hkkjr esa vc rd dksbZ egRoiw.kZ fganh fiQYe
ugha cuh gS vkSj u gh ;gk¡ ds tutkrh; lekt dh
lPpkbZ dks fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA
;g lR; gS fd tutkfr; {ks=k] LFkku] Hkk"kk]
cksyh] izFkk&ijaijk] jhfr&fjokt vkfn dh tkudkjh
bdV~Bh djuk vkSj muds nq[k&leL;k,¡ vkSj oLrqfLFkfr
ls Lo;a dks tksM +u k u fliZQ funsZ 'kd cfYd
uk;d&ukf;dkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d pqukSrh gSA bu rF;ksa
dk ckjhdh ls vè;;u djus dh t:jr gS] rHkh
budh okLrfod fLFkfr;ksa dks insZ ij xaHkhjrk ls
fiQYek;k tk ldrk gSA
vkt fiQYeksa ds lkFk ,d cM+h leL;k gS] og
gS&n'kZd oxZA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ;fn ckr djsa rks
eè;oxZ gh lcls vfèkd fiQYesa ns[krk gS vkSj muls
izHkkfor Hkh gksrk gSA muds fiQYe ns[kus dk mn~ns';
dsoy euksjt a u gksrk gSA ,sls esa fdlh fiQYe ls dksbZ
f'k{kk ;k izjs .kk fey tk, rks fdLer dh gh ckr gks
ldrh gSA
tutkfr;ksa ij vkèkkfjr tks FkksMh+ lh fiQYesa
cuh] mUgsa le>us ds fy, n'kZd mruk rS;kj ugha gS]
D;ksafd og mudh fLFkfr vkSj ijaijkvksa ls ifjfpr
ugha gksrk] og fiQYe ns[kdj Hkys gh laosnuk ls Hkj
tk,] lgkuqHkwfr j[ks ij [kqn dks muls tksM+ ugha ikrk
gSA
eSa tksj nsdj dguk pkgrh gw¡ fd iwoksRZ rj ds
yksx dyk vkSj izÑfr izes h gSAa ;gk¡ ds tutkrh;
lekt dk viuk èkeZ gSA ;s izÑfr iwtd gSa vkSj
taxy] igkM+] ufn;ksa ,oa lw;Z dh vkjkèkuk djrs gSAa
buds vius&vius ikjaifjd ifjèkku gSa tks T;knkrj
izÑfr ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA budk jgu&lgu] cksypky ,ao
& lgk;d izkè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] f=kiqjk fo'ofon~;ky;] vxjryk
qqq
100 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
[kkn~; lkexzh Hkh vyx gksrs gSaA lgh gS fd Hkkjrh;
fiQYeksa esa Hkh tutkfr;ksa ds thou dks n'kkZ;k x;k]
ysfdu dqNd s fi+QYeksa vkSj MkWD;weVas hª dks NksM+ nsa rks
tutkfr;ksa ds ;FkkFkZ thou] muds jgu&lgu] igukos]
rht&R;ksgkj dks 'kk;n gh fiQYeksa esa txg nh xbZ
gksxhA budks izk;% iRrksa dh iks'kkdsa igus] ^>haxk&yk&yk
gqj]Z gqj*Z djrs gq, taxyksa esa Hkkyk&cjNk ysdj nkSMr+ s
gq,] vkthcks&a xjhc gkoHkko djrs gq, gh fn[kk;k tkrk
jgk gSA gkykafd tutkfr;k¡ vHkko esa jgrs gSa ysfdu
gj ekSdksa dks fny ls thuk tkurs gSa] ,sls esa cM+s inksZ
ij mUgsa nhu&ghu] eSp&s dqpyksa ifjèkkuksa esa fn[kkuk
dgk¡ rd U;k; laxr gS!
iwoksZRrj dh tutkfr;k¡ vius lekt] laLÑfr
vkSj ijaijk ds izfr ltx gS]a bUgsa laLÑfr vkSj ijaijk
ls dVh gqbZ phtsa l[r ukilan gS]a blfy, ;gk¡ dh
tutkfr;ksa dks] mudh laLÑfr vkSj ewY;ksa dks fiQYe
ds insZ ij mrkjus ls igys lgh iM+rky dh tkus dh
vko';drk gSA buds izfr iwokZxgz ls dke ysxa s rks
oLrqfLFkfr lkeus ugha vk ik,xh vkSj fiQj muds
thou vkSj lekt dks lgh <ax ls vuqHkwr u dj ikus
ds dkj.k bl fo"k; esa LokuqHkwfr vkSj ijkuqHkwfr dk
fookn mBrk jgsxkA
orZeku esa iwoksZRrj Hkkjr ds yksx [kklrkSj ij
fganh fiQYe ds gj n`'; dks ;FkkFkZ ls tqMk+ gqvk
ns[kuk pkgrs gSa] vxj muds thou ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe
gks rks mlesa fn[kk, tkus okys izR;sd n`'; pkgs xk¡o
gks ;k uxj] unh gks ;k igkM+] iwtk&in~èkfr] rht&R;ksgkj]
dksbZ Økafr gks ;k vkanksyu vkfn eas furkar ;FkkFkZ gksA
;gk¡ dk lekt ia[k yxkdj vkleku esa mM+ku ugha
Hkjrk gS] cfYd ;FkkFkZ dh rdZ'khy vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ
tehu ij jgrk gSA mls viuh lPph nqfu;k dk
vkHkkl fganh fiQYeksa esa pkfg,] ;g dksbZ vfoosdiw.kZ
vkSj gokbZ ekax rks ugha!
 cny jgk gS fganh flusek
M‚- lquhy dqekj frokjh
Hkk jrh; miegkn~ohi esa flusek us vius o;l
ds lkS o"kZ iwjs dj fy, gSAa igyh fganLq rkuh
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* dk fuekZ.k 1931 esa gqvk Fkk
vkSj bls chrs gq, 89 o"kZ gks pqds gSAa bl yach vofèk
esa fganh flusek dk ifjn`'; yxkrkj cnyrk jgk gSA
dgkuh] uk;d&ukf;dk] xhr&laxhr] laokn vnk;xh]
eSustesaV ,tsafl;k¡] laxfBr çksMD'ku gkml] rduhd
l{kerk] eYVhIysDlksa dh c<+rh la[;k && flusek ds
gj {ks=k esa vkt cnyko dh lq[kn c;kj mifLFkr gSA
vkt fganh flusek egt vkg~yknijd vk[;ku ugha]
ljksdkj èkeZ ifjorZu dk Økafrdkjh vkg~oku Hkh gSA
,d vksj og dyk Hkh gS] nwljh vksj foKku HkhA
lkfgR; dh Hkk¡fr vkt flusek Hkh lekt dk niZ.k gSA
og euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd nkf;Ro dk Hkh
fuoZgu gSA vkt og ,d lkFk O;kolkf;d vkSj
lekarj èkkjk dk lq[kn lqesy gSA mldh utj lpeqp
dekbZ ds lkFk&lkFk cM+kbZ ij Hkh tk fVdh gSA bl
rjg] ,d cM+s dky[kaM esa iQSys fganh flusek ds
dSuokl ij Hkkjr ds cnyko dh rLohj le;&le;
ij fn[krh jgh gS vkSj bl iwjh çfØ;k esa cgqr dqN
tqM+rk vkSj NwVrk Hkh jgk gSA
flusek fp=kdyk] laxhr] lkfgR; vkSj ukV~;&
dykvksa dh rjg gh ,d mRÑ"V dyk :i gS] tks
çkSn~;ksfxdh vkSj lkSan;Z&n`f"V ds vU;ksU; fØ;k ls
ifj?kfVr gksrk gSA ;n~;fi mi;qZDr dykvksa ds l`tu
vkSj çLrqfr esa çR;{kr% de èku [kpZ gksrk gS] ogha
fiQYe fuekZ.k cgqO;;lkè; dk;Z gSA flusek dyk dk
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
og vkèkqfudre l'kDr ekè;e gS] tks vius n'kZdksa
dks fdlh [kkl dFkk ls iwjh rjg tksM+ ysrk gS vkSj
euksjta u djrs gq, n'kZdkas ds ân; esa xgjs mrj tkus
dh vHkwriwoZ {kerk j[krk gSA ns'kdky] lekt] ifjos'k]
lH;rkewyd foe'kZ] lkekftd lajpuk,¡ ,ao fofoèk
leL;k,¡] flusek dk lacèa k bu lcls lhèkk tk tqMr+ k
gSA bl rjg euq"; dh dykRedrk vkSj mldh psruk
ls mn~?kkfVr ,d rduhd&laiUu foèkk gS flusek]
ftldh lexzrk vkSj laiw.kZ çHkko vlafnXèk gSA
;n~;fi ç[;kr fiQYedkj ½fRod ?kVd ;g
ekurs gSa fd ¶fiQYe dks vU; dykvksa dk lqèkjk gqvk
:i dgdj 'ks[kh c?kkjuk xyr gSA dksbZ Hkh dyk
vU; dykvksa dk lqèkjk gqvk :i gksus dk nkok ugha
dj ldrhA bl fo'o esa gj dyk dk viuk&vyx
LFkku gSA mudh vfHkO;fDr ds rkSj&rjhds vkSj lhek,¡
fHkUu gSaA fiQYe tks dg ldrh gS] og vU; dyk
foèkkvksa dh ifjfèk ls ckgj gSA blh çdkj] vU;
dykvksa esa tks lkeF;Z gS] og fiQYe eas ugha gks
ldrh] vr% budh rqyuk ;k çfr;ksfxrk dk ç'u gh
ugha mBuk pkfg,A fiQYe ,d i`Fkd~ Hkk"kk gS ;gh
i;kZIr gSA¸
cgqfoJqr ltZd tSusaæ ^fiQYe dh lkoZtuhu
laHkkouk,¡* 'kh"kZd ys[k esa fy[krs gSa fd ¶flusek dh
Hkk"kk :i dh Hkk"kk gS] blfy, bldk çHkko O;kid
vkSj rkRdkfyd gSA Hkk"kkvksa esa Hksn gS] ij Hkko vkSj
:i dh vihy ,d gSA bl rjg flusek esa laHkkouk,¡
tcjnLr gSaA¸
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 101
 lpeqp ;FkkFkZ dks lsY;wykbM ij mrkjus dh
çfØ;k esa flusek dbZ rjg ds u, ;FkkFkks± dks jprk Hkh
gSA ysfdu ckWyhoqM ds flusek dh iM+rky djsa vkSj
;FkkFkZ ls mlds fj'rs dh [kkst djsa rks [kklh eqf'dy
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA fganh flusek ds lekukarj
[kM+s dyk&fiQYe&vkanksyu dks gVk nsa rks Hkkjrh;
thou vkSj mlds ;FkkFkZ ls flusek dk lacaèk vViVk
lk fn[krk gSA Hkkjrh; yksdfç; flusek] pedhys vkSj
lR; çrhr gksus okys vlR; liuksa dks e[keyh lst
ij fn[kkrk jgk gSA nyhy ogh gS fd n'kZd tks ns[kuk
pkgrk gS] mls gh ge fn[kkrs gSaA njvly lkekftd&
lkef;d vkSj çklafxd fiQYe] ckWDl vkWfiQl dh
'krks± ds vuqdwy ugha iM+rh] ij lp ;g Hkh gS fd
tks fiQYesas ckWDl vkWfiQl dh ijokg ugha djrha] muds
dkj.k gh fganh flusek dh ,d egr~ Lrjh;rk cuh gS
vkSj fo'o flusek ds ifjn`'; esa mls FkksMh+ &cgqr
ljkguk çkIr gqbZ gSA
flusek vkSj ltZukRedrk dk lacaèk utnhd dk
jgk gSA ç[;kr fiQYedkj baxekj cxZeuS ds vuqlkj]
flusek lkfgR; dk gh rduhdh miyfCèk;kas ls la;Dq r
,d iQkeZ gSA ij lPpkbZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa lkfgR;
vkSj flusek dk lacèa k ges'kk gh fooknkLin vkSj
vkjksi&çR;kjksi ds vknku&çnku okyk jgkA dqN yksx
lkfgR; dks Js"B] mnkRr vkSj 'kk'or ekurs gS]a tcfd
dqN yksx flusek dks lkaLÑfrd Js"Brk dk lagkjd
?kksf"kr djrs gSaA oftZfu;k oqYiQ us rks lkfgR; vkSj
flusek ds varl±cèa k dks nksuksa ekè;eksa ds fy, vfgrdj
vkSj vLokHkkfod crk;kA nwljh vkSj tkWtZ cukZMZ 'kkW us
flusek dks uSfrdrk ls tksMr+ s gq, dgk fd flusek
n~okjk nhf{kr uSfrdrk dk ç'u vlkèkkj.k egRo dk
gSA flusek ns'k ds fnekx dks vkdkj nsxkA ns'k dh
psruk] ns'k ds vkn'kZ vkSj vkpj.k dh dlkSVh ogh
gksxh] tks flusek dh gksxhA
lp gS fd dbZ ckj lkfgR; dks fiQYe ekè;e
us thoar] çk.koku] ikWiy q j vkSj uO; :i esa çLrqr dj
mldh egRrk vkSj xzkárk dk foLrkj fd;k rFkk
vkerkSj ij ftldh dYiuk ekSfyd jpukdkj ugha
dj ikrk] mls Hkh ijns ij thoar dj fn;kA nwljh
vksj fiQYe ekè;eksa us lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dks
102 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ges'kk egRoghu ekuk vkSj funsZ'kd dh Ñfr ds :i
esa viuh Js"Brk dks LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
iQyr% çfrfØ;k esa ;g dgk tkrk jgk gS fd flusek
dk funs'Z kd lkfgR;dkj dh ewy Hkkouk] laosnuk]
ladrs ] lw{erk vkSj euksn'kk dks ugha idM+ ldrkA
l`tukRedrk ds lkFk U;k; mlds cl dh ckr ughaA
fiQYedkj ekSfydrk ds vHkko dk ekjk gksrk gS vkSj
dksbZ Hkh fiQYe iwjh rjg fopkj dks :ikarfjr ;k
vuwfnr ugha dj ldrhA tkWtZ CywLVksu fy[krs gSa fd
¶miU;kl ds fo'ks"k l`tukRed {k.kksa dks fdlh Hkh
vU; ekè;e ls çdV ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸
vkt Hkh fganh flusek vkSj lkfgR; dk lacaèk
ruko dk laacèa k cuk gqvk gS vkSj ;g loky gj
lkfgR; vkSj flus çsfe;ksa dks lkspus ij etcwj djrk
gS fd çsepan] ve`ryky ukxj] Hkxorh pj.k oekZ]
oa`nkou yky oekZ] misaæukFk v'd vkfn vusd
lkfgR;dkj flusek ds O;olk; esa D;ksa ugha fVd
ik,\ mUgsa D;ksa ykSVuk iM+k\ ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk esa
Js"B Ñfr;ksa ij vlkèkkj.k fiQYesa cuh gSa] ij vfèkdka'k
fganh fiQYeas lkfgR; dh ewy laosnuk dks idM+us vkSj
O;Dr djus esa D;ksa foiQy jgha\
oLrqr% fganh fiQYeksa dh laLÑfr dh tM+as viuh
feV~Vh esa ugha gS vkSj jk"Vªh;&varjjk"Vªh; igpku ds
O;keksg ds lkFk cktkj dk ncko mUgsa bèkj&mèkj
HkVdkus esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA vkt rduhd] Lis'ky
biQsDV~l] èofu vkSj çdk'k ds mUur ;a=kksa ds lgkjs
flusek n'kZuh; gqvk gS vkSj dF; ds foLrkj us mls
fo'ks"k etcwrh nh gS] ij flusek dh fo'oluh;rk esa
jRrh Hkj dh c<+ksRrjh ugha fn[krhA oLrqr% vkt ds
papy cktkjoknh nkSj esa fiQYesa çcaèku gSAa iQyr%
vkt dkjiksjVs lsDVj gh ugha] vejhdk flusek ds
dkjksckjh Hkh fganh flusek ds cktkj esa gSAa
flusek dh liQyrk vkSj yksdfç;rk dks ckWDl
vkWfiQl dh dekbZ ls tksMd + j ns[kk tkus yxk gSA
vkSlr] fgV] lqijfgV] Iyl] ÝykWi] ywftax && flusek
dkjksckj ds fglkc ls ;s 'kCn vc ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa
dk ntkZ ik x, gSaA vkSlr dk eryc gS] ykxr
fudky ysukA fgV dk rkRi;Z gS] tks ykxr nksxquh dj
nsA lqijfgV dk vFkZ gS] pkSxuq h ds vykok ipkl
çfr'kr dh c<+kRs rjh gksukA Iyl dk vfHkçk; gS]
ykxr olwyh ds Åij equkiQk dekukA ÝykWi ;kuh
ykxr esa vkèks dk uqdlku vkSj ywftax vFkkZr~ ykxr
esa Hkh vkèks ls vfèkd iwt a h dh gkfuA
fganh flusek esa lkS djksMh+ dk bLrseky 'kk;n
lu~ 2012 esa gh 'kq: gks x;k FkkA blh rtZ ij vc
dekbZ dh vk¡dM+cs kth us yksdfç; flusek ds u,
ekud x<+s gSaA rktk iSekuk rhu lkS djksM+ okyk gSA
igys flYoj vkSj xksYMu tqcyh ds iSekus pyk djrs
FksA tks fiQYe 25&50 lIrkg rd pyk djrh Fkh] mls
gh liQy ekuk tkrk Fkk] tcfd vkt igys fnu ds
fctusl dks çHkkoh ekudj djksMk+ sa dk fglkc&fdrkc
yxkus dk pyu gSA
flusek ds lkFk çfrcn~èkrk vc cgqr egRoiw.kZ
ugha jghA tcfd Hkkjrsna q fy[k jgs Fks] rc ikjlh
fFk;sVj dk cksyckyk Fkk] ij èkkjk ds fo#n~èk rSjrs gq,
mUgksua s ukVd dh lksnn~ 's ;rk dks lkdkj fd;kA çsepan
ds le; fryLeh vkSj ,sÕ;kjh miU;klksa dh tcjnLr
ekax Fkh] ij çsepan us cktkj dh ijokg u dj lekt
dks mn~nkRr ewY;ksa ls tksMd + j leL;kvksa ij m¡xyh
j[kus dk ekn~nk fn[kk;kA cgqèkk gekjs vfèkdka'k fiQYedkj
;g lkgl ugha dj ikrsA ckWDl vkWfiQl mudk ,dek=k
y{; cu tkrk gS] iQyr% dbZ egRoiw.kZ dFkk,¡ ijns
ij ifj?kfVr ugha gks ikrha vkSj lekt ds fn'kk&funs'Z k
ds egRoiw.kZ volj vDlj muds gkFk ls fiQly
tkrs gaSA os [kqn dks nksgjko dk vklku f'kdkj cukrs
jgrs gSa vkSj f?klh&fiVh dgkuh esa vViVkiu ;k
vkbVe lkax tksMd + j iwt a h dk [ksy [ksyus dk liuk
ikyrs jgrs gSAa dbZ ckj muds gkFk rqDdk yx tkrk gS
rks liQyrk ds iQkewZys ds :i esa blh çes; dks
ckj&ckj nksgjkus dh nqgkbZ nh tkus yxrh gSA
njvly] flusek ds l`tukRed vkSj O;kolkf;d
lalkj ds ik¡p LraHk gSa uk;d] funsZ'kd] fuekZrk]
forjd vkSj n'kZdA flusek Hkys gh funsZ'kd dk
ekè;e dgk tkrk gks ij bu lcds chp vxj lary q u
ugha gksxk rks dksbZ peRdkj gh flusek dks pyk ik,xkA
cz[s r ;g ekurs Fks fd yksdfç; flusek dks vke yksxksa
dks lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa ls :c: ns[kuk
vR;ar vko';d gSA vke yksxksa ds tuthou eas
ifjorZu ykdj gh yksdfç; flusek esa ifjorZu yk;k
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
tk ldrk gS] D;ksfa d flusek ges'kk ls vke yksxksa ds
thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj ns'k ds jktuSfrd Lo:i
ds lkFk tqMk+ gqvk gSA eryc ;g gS fd yksdfç;
flusek ml le; Lor% cny tk,xk tc vke yksxksa
ds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj jktuSfrd Lo:i cny
tk,¡xAs cz[s r dh lksp dk vlj pkgs fdlh Hkh ns'k ds
flusek ij iM+k gks] ij lp ;g gS fd bldk vlj
Hkkjrh; flusek ij drbZ ugha iM+kA ftl fFk;sVj eas
ve`rk çhre dh dFkk ij vkèkkfjr ^fiatj* ,d
lIrkg gh py ikrh gS] mlh fFk;sVj esa ^dy gks u
gks* Ng lIrkg dk gkmliQqy fctusl djrh gSA
flusek vke vkneh ds fy, euksjatu dk lcls lLrk
lkèku jgk gS] tcfd eYVhIysDl ds fVdV vkt
dkiQh eg¡xs gks x, gSa vkSj ikWidkuZ dh dher] ykxr
ls nl&chl xquh nsuh iM+rh gSA loky ;g gS fd
n'kZd&euksfoKku dks le>s fcuk n'kZdksa dh ekax dh
nqgkbZ nsdj ik'pkR; laLÑfr vkSj miHkksDrkokn dh
f?klh&fiVh Nfo;ksa dks turk ds eu&efLr"d esa
fcBkus dk [ksy] irk ugha fganh flusek dc rd
[ksyxs k\
flusek dk çHkko {ks=k lkfgR; dh vis{kk cgqr
O;kid gSA çfln~èk fpard gScjekl lgh dgrs gSa fd
flusek ds vkfo"dkj us lekt esa [kkl rjg dk
^ifCyd LiQh;j* cuk;k gSA dYiuk dks çR;{k fn[kkus
dh flusek dh çfØ;k Hkys gh vkHkklh gks] ij bldk
çHkko çR;{k tSlk gh gSA bl ekè;e ds çHkko ds ckjs
esa euksoKS kfud vkSj U;wjksoSKkfud 'kksèkjr gS]a ij fcuk
'kksèk ds Hkh bl ckr ls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk fd
flusek fny vkSj fnekx nksuksa dks >ad>ksj nsus okyk
loZleFkZ ,oa lokZfèkd yksdfç; tuekè;e gSA ;g
ek=k i<+s&fy[ks] le>nkj] lk{kj yksxksa dk gh ekè;e
ugha gSA ;g ,d lkFk Åij ls uhps rd lcdks
laçfs "kr djus dk lkeF;Z j[krk gSA fu'p; gh def'kZ;y
ckWyhoqM fiQYeksa dh rduhd igys dh rqyuk esa
dq'ky] dYiuk'khy vkSj pednkj gqbZ gSA ,d ls ,d
Js"B funs'Z kd] çfrHkkoku vkSj dq'ky vfHkusrk] cstksM+
ys[kd] dq'ky rduhf'k;u vkSj le>nkj rFkk ljksdkj
laiUu fuekZrkvksa dh cM+h iQkSt vkt fganh flusek dh
rkdr cu x, gSAa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 103
 fganh flusek ds yacs liQj esa vkbZ ,djlrk dh
Fkdku bèkj VwVh gS vkSj liQyrk ds r;'kqnk iQkewZys
cny x, gSAa vc vkbVe lkax fgV gksus dh xkjaVh
ugha nsrsA dgkuh dh vgfe;r cM+h gSA iQyr% flusek
dh dgkuh vc ,d lhèk esa ugha pyrhA ?kqeko] eksM]+
jgL; ;k çfr'kksèk dh ljy] ifjfpr vkSj isp jfgr
dgkfu;k¡ vc vfuok;Zr% ugha nksgjkbZ tkrhaA gfM~M;k¡
fgyk nsus okys iap] jksxa Vs [kM+s dj nsus okys laokn
vc chrs fnuksa dh ckr gSA vc gkL;] lLisl a ] fFkzyj]
çsjd O;fDrRo ls tqMs+ fo"k; vkSj lanHkZ fiQYeksa ds
dF; dks fofoèkrk ls tksM+ jgs gSAa vc uk;d ls LVkj
cuus ds fy, cgqr yack liQj r; ugha djuk iM+rkA
ukf;dk,¡ Hkh vc vius cy ij etcwrh ls [kM+h gSAa
mudh 'kSyh] igukok vkSj lathnxh iqjkuh ukf;dkvksa
dh rqyuk esa fcYdqy cny xbZ gSA fganh flusek esa
vc ;g fo'okl n`<+ gqvk gS fd yksdy ds lkFk Hkh
Xykscy gksuk eqefdu gS vkSj blh vkRe&fo'okl ds
lkFk fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa cfy±u varjjk"Vªh; egksRlo
ls ysdj dku] xksYMu Xyksc vkSj vdkneh vokWMZ
tSls fiQYeksa ds egr~ fBdkuksa ij fganh flusek us u
dsoy viuh Nki NksMh+ gS] cfYd oSf'od Lrj ij
viuk ,d Bksl cktkj Hkh cuk fy;k gSA dqy feykdj]
cnyko dh bu c;kjksa ds lkFk ;g mEehn txrh gS
µ vflLVsVa çksiQslj] fganh foHkkx] 'kghn Hkxr flag dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] ubZ fnYyh&110017
qqq
104 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
fd ftl rjg ge T;knk fiQYesa cukus ds fy,
fo'oHkj esa e'kgwj gS]a oSls gh csgrjhu fiQYeksa ds
fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkh tkus tk,¡xAs
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- jtk jkgh eklwe] flusek vkSj laLÑfr] ok.kh
çdk'ku] 2003] fnYyh
2- ikj[k tojheYy] fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k]
xzaFk f'kYih] 2006] fnYyh
3- js lR;thr] fo"k; % pyfp=k] js e kèko
ifCyds'kal uks,Mk] 2007] m- ç-
4- dqekj gjh'k] flusek vkSj lkfgR;] lat; çdk'ku]
1998] fnYyh
5- Hkkjn~okt fouksn] flusek % dy&vkt&dy]
ok.kh çdk'ku] 2006] fnYyh
6- jaxuw okyk fiQjkst] Hkkjrh; pyfp=k dk bfrgkl]
jktiky ,aM lal] 1975] fnYyh
7- czge~ kRet vt;] flusek ledkyhu flusek]
ok.kh çdk'ku] 2006] fnYyh
8- frokjh çnhi] flusek ds f'k[kj] laokn çdk'ku]
2006] esjB
9- teky vuoj] pVthZ lScy] gkWyhoqM ckWyhoqM]
ok.kh çdk'ku] 2006] fnYyh
 fganh flusek dk cnyrk VªsaM
M‚- vkyksd jatu ikaMs;
igqp
fl usek tulapkj ds çHkko'kkyh o egRoiw.kZ
lkèkuksa esa ls ,d gSA 'kq: ls gh bldh
¡ tu lkekU; rd jgh gSA bldk çHkko tu
lkekU; ij 'kq: ls gh jgk gS tks vkt Hkh fon~;eku
gSA blds çHkko ls lekt çsfjr Hkh gksrk gSA flusek
vkSj lekt ,d nwljs ds lkeus Hkh fn[krs gSa vkSj
lekukarj HkhA ,d vksj ;fn flusek ds ekè;e ls
lkekftd ifjorZuksa dk y{; fd;k tkrk gS rks nwljh
vksj lkekftd cnykoksa dks y{; djus dh laHkkouk
flusek esa mruh gh curh gSA cqfu;knh :i esa lkjh
nqfu;k esa vkt flusek lekt ds euksjt a u dk ,d
O;kid ekè;e gS] blfy, tkfgj gS fd fdlh Hkh :i
esa os ,d nwljs ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ldrsA
tSls&tSls lekt dk ^VªsaM* cnyrk tkrk gS oSls&oSls
fiQYeksa dk Hkh ^VªMas * cnyrk gSA ;gk¡ ^VªMas * 'kCn dks
bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa fd tc ,d gh
rjhds dh fiQYesa curh gSa ;k ,d gh fo"k; ij
vkèkkfjr gksrh gaS rc mls ^VªMas * dg fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
tc blesa cnyko gksrk gS rks ^VªsaM* esa Hkh cnyko vk
tkrk gSA yxHkx 107 o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; flusek dbZ u,
VªMas ksa ls xqtj pqdk gSA ^ewd* fiQYeksa ls 'kq: gksdj
vkt og ^fMftVy&MkWYch* rd igqp ¡ pqdk gSA bu
cnykoksa dks ns[kus ls igys Hkkjrh; flusek dh vkjafHkd
voLFkk dks tkuuk Hkh vko';d gSA
19oha lnh ds var esa gekjs ns'k esa vusd
ifjorZuksa ds lkFk dbZ jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd lqèkkj
Hkh gq,A blh vkèkqfudrk ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vfr
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu euksjatu ds {ks=k esa Hkh gqvkA
7 tqykbZ 1896 bZ- dks tc ywfe,j HkkbZ; ksa dh
fluseSVksxzkiQh us igyh ckj Ng vkoktghu y?kq fiQYeksa
dk çn'kZu eqca bZ ds okVlu gksVy esa fd;k rks fdlh
us lkspk Hkh ugha Fkk fd ;g çn'kZu Hkkjrh; euksjatu
esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxk] ftldks ns[kdj
dbZ vkSj iRFkj rS;kj gks tk,¡xsA blh ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr
esa igyh ckj fdlh Hkkjrh; ^gfj'paæ HkVokMsdj* us
lsY;wykbM dSejs dk ç;ksx dj nks y?kq fiQYeksa dks
'kwV dj mUgsa çnf'kZr fd;kA blh ls Hkkjr esa èkqMa hjkt
xksfoan iQkYds dh 1913 esa pyrh&fiQjrh fiQYeksa dh
'kq#vkr gqbAZ Hkkjr esa flusek dh 'kq#vkr nknk lkgsc
iQkYds dh fiQYe ^jktk gfj'paæ* ls gqbAZ ;g çFke
Hkkjrh; fiQYe èofu jfgr Fkh vkSj blh fiQYe ds
fuekZ.k Lo:i nknk lkgsc iQkYds dks Hkkjrh; flusek
dk firkeg Lohdkj fd;k x;kA bl fiQYe ds vfrfjDr
nknk lkgsc iQkYds us ^HkLeklwj eksfguh*] ^lR;oku
lkfo=kh* vkSj ^yadkngu* tSlh èkfeZd ijaijk ls lth
lekt dks çHkkfor djus okyh fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k] ftlesa èkkfeZd o.kZu dk ^feFk* feyrk gSA
blds ckn dbZ fiQYe daifu;k¡ cuha vkSj ewd fiQYeksa
dk fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvkA flusek ds {ks=k esa lcls cM+k
vkSj egRoiw.kZ cnyko rc vk;k tc Hkkjr esa cksyrh
gqbZ fiQYesa cuuh 'kq: gqbA± bl cnyko dks fiQYe
daifu;ksa us gkFkksa&gkFk fy;k vkSj 'kh?kz gh bu fiQYeksa
us ^ewd&fiQYeksa* dk LFkku ys fy;kA Hkkjr esa igyh
cksyrh fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cuh] ftlds fuekZrk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 105
baihfj;y fiQYe daiuh vkSj funs'Z kd ^vnsZf'kj bZjkuh*
FksA ;g fiQYe 14 ekpZ 1931 dks eqca bZ ds eStfs LVd
flusek esa fjyht gqbAZ bl cksyrh fiQYe us flusek ds
iwjs rkSj&rjhdksa esa Økafrdkjh cnyko yk fn;kA cksyrh
fiQYeksa ds Øst ds dkj.k gh 1935 bZ- ds ckn ewd
fiQYeksa dk cuuk Hkkjr esa yxHkx [kRe lk gks x;kA
^vkye vkjk* dk fuekZ.k rhljs n'kd esa gqvk
FkkA rhljk vkSj pkSFkk n'kd Hkkjrh; flusek ds bfrgkl
esa lkekftd foæksg dk n'kd ekuk tkrk gSA rhu cM+s
cSuj ^çHkkr VkWdht*] ^ckWEcs VkWdht* vkSj ^U;w fFk;sVj*
us xaHkhj] çHkko'kkyh vkSj euksjt a d fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
'kq: fd;k] tks lHkh rjg ds n'kZdksa ds fy, fiQV
cSBrk FkkA bu fiQYeksa esa T;knkrj ,slh fiQYesa Fkha]
ftuesa lkekftd HksnHkko ;k vU;k; ds f[kykiQ etcwr
foæksg fn[kk;k x;kA ,slh fiQYeksa esa oh- 'kkarkjke dh
^nqfu;k uk ekus*] ^vkneh vkSj iM+kl s h* egcwc lkgsc
dh ^jksVh* vkSj ^oru*] xq#nRr dh ^I;klk* vkSj
^pkSngoha dk pk¡n* vkfn çeq[k gSAa bl le; dh
vfèkdrj fiQYeksa dk lan's k Fkk fd iSls vkSj uke dh
ftl ejhfpdk ds ihNs nqfu;k Hkkx jgh gS] mlls dgha
Åij gaS balkuh fj'rs o bZekunkjhA bl nkSj dh ,d
Økafrdkjh fiQYe ftldk uke ^ge rqe vkSj oks* gS dk
ftØ fd, fcuk vkxs c<+uk ml fiQYe ds fy,
vU;k; lkfcr gksxkA bl fiQYe dk fuekZ.k egcwc
[kku us fd;k Fkk ftlesa ,d ukjh fookg ls ckgj ;kSu
vkSj HkkoukRed larks"k çkIr djus dk ç;kl djrh gSA
gkykafd blds fy, mls fir`lRrkRed lRrk ls Vdjkuk
iM+rk gSA ml le; ds lekt ds fy, ,slh fiQYeksa
dk fuekZ.k vk'p;Ztud yxrk gS ysfdu egcwc [kku
us ,slk djds fo"k;ksa ds pquko esa ,d u;k VªMas * [kM+k
dj fn;k tks vkt rd çpfyr gSA
fiQYeksa esa cnyko dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k ;g Hkh
dgk tkrk gS fd tgk¡ igys daifu;k¡] VkWdht] fFk;sVj
vkfn fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k djrh Fkha] og vc fleV
dj fuekZrk ds gkFkksa esa iw.kZr% vk xbZA fiQYe fuekZ.k
esa vkus okys ;s fuekZrk bu iqjkus LVwfM;ks ls fcYdqy
vyx FksA mUgsa fiQYe&fuekZ.k dh bl dykRed vkSj
O;ofLFkr 'kSyh dh dksbZ ijokg ugha FkhA os rks dsoy
vfèkd ls vfèkd iSlk dekuk pkgrs Fks] og Hkh de
106 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
[kpZ djdsA ifj.kkeLo:i tks xq.koRrk LVwfM;ks dh
fiQYeksa esa Fkh og de gks xbZA vc fiQYeksa dh ck<+
vk xbZ] ftldk urhtk Fkk fd yxHkx 600 fuekZrk
fiQYe fuekZ.k mn~;ksx esa vk x,A ,d losZ ds vuqlkj
1931 ls 1948 bZ- ds chp Hkkjr esa pkj lkS iQhpj
fiQYesa cuhaA tks ml le; dk ,d fjdkWMZ ekuk tkrk
gSA LVwfM;ks&ç.kkyh vc flrkjk&ç.kkyh esa ifjofrZr
gks xbZA igys tks fiQYesa LVwfM;ks ds uke ij pyrh Fkh
og vc flrkjksa ds uke ij pyus yxhaA blls LVkj
flLVe vkSj l'kDr gksrk x;k] ftl dkj.k fiQYeksa esa
dgkuh] iVdFkk vkfn dk egRo de gksus yxkA vc
lkekftd ;k xaHkhj fiQYeksa dh txg 'kqnè~ k euksjt a u
djus okyh iyk;uoknh fiQYesa cuus yxh] gkykafd
eè;oxZ vHkh Hkh ikfjokfjd ukVdksa dks vfèkd ilan
djrk FkkA èkhjs&èkhjs ysfdu fuf'pr :i ls ;FkkFkZ ls
foeq[k ijh dFkkvksa tSls cM+s iSekus ij cuus okyh ;s
fiQYesa NBs vkSj lkrosa n'kd esa yksdfç; gksus yxhA
bUgha esa ,sfrgkfld jksekal Hkh 'kkfey Fkk] tSls
^vukjdyh*] ^eqxy&,&vkte* tks cM+h fgV lkfcr
gqbA± bl nkSj esa ,d liQy ij O;kolkf;d :i esa
vliQy fiQYe ^rhljh&dle* dk ftØ Hkh t:jh
gSA iQ.kh'oj ukFk ^js.kq* dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr bl
fiQYe dks ftl fu"Bk ds lkFk cuk;k x;k vkSj fiQYe
ds fuekZ.k esa ftl çdkj ys[kd dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
x;k og loZFkk vHkwriwoZ pht FkhA
lu~ 1969 esa rhu fiQYeksa ds çn'kZu ds lkFk gh
fganh fiQYeksa esa ^uoflusek vkanksyu* dk tUe gqvkA
;s rhu fiQYesa Fkha&&e`.kky lsu dh ^Hkqou'kkse*] ef.kdkSy
dh ^mldh jksVh* vkSj cklw pVthZ dh ^lkjk vkdk'k*A
u;k flusek ,d ,slh çfrfØ;k ds :i esa mHkjk tks
çfln~èk flusek ls ,d vyx vfLrRo j[krk gSA ;g
,slk flusek Fkk ftldh viuh vyx lkekftd lkFkZdrk
Fkh] vkSj dykRed yxu o fu"diVrk Fkh] buds
n~okjk vkèkqfud vkSj ekuoh; ifjçs{; ls fiQYeksa dk
çLrqrhdj.k gksus yxkA ;g flusek çfln~èk flusek dh
dkYifud nqfu;k ls vfèkd ltho vkSj fVdkÅ FkkA
fganh flusek esa pys bl u, VªsaM us mls Cywe ihfj;M
rd igqp ¡ k;k] tgk¡ 70 dk n'kd lekfIr dh vksj Fkk
vkSj mlh le; dqN u, fiQYedkjksa dk Hkh vkxeu
gqvkA tSl&s lkb± ijkatis dh ^Li'kZ*] xksfoan fugykuh
dh ^vkØks'k*] lbZn fetkZ dh ^vYcVZ fiaVks dks xqLlk
D;ksa vkrk gS* eqtÝiQj vyh dh ^xeu* vkfnA bu
fiQYeksa us fganh flusek dks ,d u, :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;kA u, flusek dk ;g nkSj 80 ds n'kd esa miQku
ij FkkA dqN vU; fiQYesa Hkh cuha ftUgsa vyx rjg
ls is'k fd;k x;kA tSl&s ^nkeqy*] ^fepZ elkyk*] ^36
pkSjaxhysu*] ^btktr* vkfnA
;g ,d lPpkbZ gS fd fiQYeksa ds ^VªsaM* esa ewy
ifjorZu 90 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa vk;k] tc
fiQYeksa esa dFkkud] iVdFkk] rduhd] vfHkusrk vkfn
lHkh Lrjksa ij cnyko fn[kus yxkA çkjaHk esa flusek
dh dgkuh ,sfrgkfld ;k çse ij vkèkkfjr gqvk djrh
FkhA çse vkèkkfjr dgkfu;ksa esa lkekU; ifjos'k esa
mRiUu uk;d ds n~okjk èku o çse çkfIr tSls dFkkud
Hkkjrh; lekt dks vkdf"kZr djrs Fks] ogha mRrjksRrj
Hkkjrh; flusek vius fo"k; esa foLr`r gksrk x;kA tgk¡
80 ds n'kd esa uk;d [kyuk;d esa varj fn[krk Fkk]
ogha 90 ds n'kd ds ckn uk;d dh dqlhZ dks
[kyuk;d us gkfly dj fy;kA ,slh fiQYeksa dh
'kq#vkr ^nhokuk* vkSj ^Mj* ls gqbZ tc fuxsfVo
fdjnkj fuHkkus okys 'kkg#[k [kku lcds fç; cu x,A
blds ckn ^xtuh* vkSj ^jkou* tSlh fiQYeksa us bls
vkSj iq[rk fd;kA ^dj.k&vtqZu* tSlh fiQYeksa esa
iqutZUe tSlh ckrksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k rks ^uD'kk*
vkSj ^æks.k* tSlh fiQYeksa esa fdlh ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk
dks orZeku ls tksM+dj iVdFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
,d vksj Hkwr&çsr tSls fo"k; ij ^jkt*] ^tkuh&nq'eu*
tSlh fiQYesa cuha] rks nwljh vksj ^dksbZ fey x;k* tSlh
fiQYeksa esa vU; xzgokfl;ksa dks Hkh iVdFkk esa 'kkfey
fd;k x;kA blh rjg [ksy ij vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^pd
ns bafM;k*] ^xksy*] ^eSjhdkWe*] ^xksYM*] ^lwjek*] ^naxy*]
^lqYrku*] ^ifV;kyk gkml*] ^iaxk* vkfn fiQYeksa dk
fuekZ.k gqvk rks nwljh vksj ^eqUuk HkkbZ ,echch,l*]
^yxs jgks eqUukHkkbZ*] ^jax ns clarh*] ^ist Fkzh*] ^Fkzh
bfM;V~l* tSlh fiQYesa cuha tks ikjaifjd fiQYeksa dh
dgkuh vkSj rduhd nksuksa :iksa esa vyx FkhA blh
rjg ^rkjs teha ij*] ^èkksch ?kkV*] ^bf'd;k*] ^iQS'ku*]
^okVj* ^xqtkfj'k* tSlh fiQYeksa ds ekè;e ls u,&u,
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fo"k;ksa dks mBkuk Hkkjrh; flusek ds fo"k;ksa dks foLr`r
gksus dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA
fiQYesa lekt ds euksjt a u dk lkèku gksrh gSa
ysfdu lekt dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsuk Hkh bldk
mn~ns'; jgk gSA fiQYe&fuekZ.k ds çkjafHkd dky esa
Hkkjrh; lekt f'k{kk ds vHkko esa dqjhfr;ksa ls tdM+k
gqvk Fkk] rks fiQYe fuekZrk vkfn Hkh lekt esa O;kIr
dqjhfr;ksa ij lhèkk çgkj ugha djrs Fks] D;ksfa d mUgsa
viuh fiQYe ds vliQy gks tkus ;k dksbZ fookn
[kM+k gks tkus dh vk'kadk gqvk djrh FkhA dqN fiQYe
vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd fiQYe ^'kksy*s esa t;
(vferkHk cPpu) dk ejuk blfy, Hkh t:jh Fkk
D;ksafd og foèkok ukf;dk (t;k cPpu) ls I;kj
djrk gSA ml le; bl çse dk vkSj dksbZ lq[kn var
laHko ugha FkkA ysfdu dkykarj esa tSl&s tSls lekt
f'kf{kr gksrk pyk x;k] yksx dqjhfr;ksa dks xyr
le>us yxs rks fiQYeksa esa Hkh bu ij dVk{k fd;k tkus
yxkA blh nkSj ku Hkkjrh; flusek esa ^okVj* tSlh
fiQYesa Hkh vkb±] tks dqjhfr;ksa ij lhèkk çgkj djrh
çrhr gksrh gSaA blh rjg lkekftd ijaijkvksa ds
fo#n~èk ^f[kykfM+;ksa dk f[kykM+h*] ^fny pkgrk gS*]
tSlh fiQYeksa esa uk;d vius ls vfèkd mej dh
ukf;dk ls çse lacaèk cukrk gSA ogha ^phuh de*]
^fu'kCn* tSlh fiQYeksa esa ukf;dk yxHkx vius firk
dh voLFkk ds uk;d ls çse djrh ut+j vkrh gSaA
2000 bZ- ds ckn fganh flusek esa dFkk]
iVdFkk] fuekZ.k vkSj rduhd ds Lrj ij dbZ cnyko
gksrs gSaA bl cnyko dk çeq[k dkj.k 'kgjhdj.k vkSj
if'peh lH;rk dk vkèkqfudhj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
if'peh lH;rk dks ns[kdj gekjs lekt esa uk dsoy
laLÑfr cfYd jgu&lgu vkSj thou&'kSyh esa Hkh
cnyko vkrk gSA tgk¡ ge igys vius fj'rksa dks
Nqikdj j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrs Fks] ogha 2000 ds ckn
vkilh [kqykiu lekt esa T;knk fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA
pwf¡ d flusek lekt ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg
ldrk bl dkj.k 2000 ds ckn fiQYeksa esa ,d u,
^VªsaM* dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA blh ^VªsaM* ds rgr 2000 ds
ckn ^fjesd* vkSj ^dkWu fiQYeksa* dk çpyu c<+k rks
2005 ds ckn ^fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki* ij cuus okyh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 107
fiQYeksa dh] 2008 ds ckn ^100 djksM+h Dyc* dh
LFkkiuk gqbZ rks 2010 ds vkl&ikl ^flDoy* vkSj
^ck;ksfid* fiQYeksa dk çpyu [kwc c<+kA lcls cM+h
ckr fd bl ^VªMas * dks flusek ds n'kZdksa us gkFkks&a gkFk
ysdj [kwc ilan fd;k] ftl dkj.k fuekZrk Hkh ,slh
fiQYeksa esa iSlk yxkus yxsA ;gk¡ la{ksi esa bu ^VªMas ks*a ij
fopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
vktdy fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd oSlh fiQYeksa dk
fuekZ.k djuk pkgrk gS tks T;knk equkiQk ns ldsA
equkiQs ds ykyp esa fiQYedkj {ks=kh; vkSj fons'kh
Hkk"kkvksa esa liQyre fiQYeksa dks fganh esa iqufuZekZ.k dj
n'kZdksa ds le{k ijkslus yxs gSAa ,slh vfèkdrj fiQYeksa
dks n'kZd ns[kus vkSj ljkgus Hkh yxsA n'kZdksa dks ns[kus
vkSj ljkgus ls ,slh fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k dk ,d ^VªMas *
'kq: gks x;k ftls ^fjesd fiQYe* dgk x;kA vkt
fjesd fiQYe O;kolkf;d liQyrk dh xkjaVh gks xbZ
gS vkSj vfèkdrj iqjkuh fgV fiQYeksa dk iqufuZekZ.k
'kq: gks x;k gSA vktdy çnf'kZr gksus okyh vfèkdrj
fiQYesa fdlh u fdlh fiQYe dh fjesd gh gSA fiNys
15&20 o"kks± esa flusek esa dbZ cnyko ns[kus dks feys
gSa bUgha cnykoksa dk ifj.kke ^fjesd fiQYe* Hkh gSA
orZeku le; esa çnf'kZr gksus okyh vkèkh ls vfèkd
fiQYesa fdlh u fdlh fiQYe dh fjesd gh gSaA fjesd
dk vFkZ gS ¶fdlh Hkh iqjkuh fiQYe dks u, rjhds ls
is'k djukA¸ blesa vfèkdka'kr% igys okyh fiQYe esa
fcuk dFkkud esa ifjorZu fd, gq, ik=k] laokn]
xhr&laxhr] lsV] yksd's ku vkfn esa ifjorZu dj mls
u, :i esa fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA dqN
fiQYesa rks okLro esa igyh fiQYe ls vfèkd fu[kjdj
n'kZdksa ds lkeus vkrh gSa rks dqN [kjkc gksdjA fiNys
o"kksaZ esa çnf'kZr dbZ liQy fiQYes&a ^fgpdh*] ^ckxh&2*]
^èkM+d*] ^ifr&iRuh vkSj oks*] ^tathj*] ^xtuh*] ^jsMM~ h*]
^,d Fkk VkbZxj*] ^vfXuiFk*] ^fgEerokyk*] ^MkWu*]
^jkmMh jkBkSj*] ^lu vkWiQ ljnkj*] ^ljxe*] ^,d nwts
ds fy,*] ^lnek*] ^lkfFk;k¡*] ^bZ'oj*] ^oks lkr fnu*
vkfn çeq[k gaSA buesa ls vfèkdrj fiQYesa lkmFk
bafM;u fiQYeksa dh fjesd gaAS vktdy lkmFk bafM;u
fiQYeksa dk fjesd T;knk D;w¡ cu jgk gS bl lanHkZ esa
çfln~èk vfHkusrk vt; nsoxu dk dguk gS fd
108 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
¶Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks Fkkyh ilan gSA mUgsa yacs le;
rd ,d gh rjg dh fiQYesa fn[kkdj larq"V ugha j[kk
tk ldrkA n'kZdksa dks [kkfyl euksjt a u pkfg,A os
flusek ls lans'k dh vis{kk ugha djrsA flusek gkWy esa
os <kbZ ?kaVs cSBdj ikbZ&ikbZ olwyuk pkgrs gSaA lkmFk
bafM;u fiQYesa elkyksa ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSAa muds dysoj
esa FkksMk+ &cgqr iQsj&cnydj n'kZdksa ds le{k mldh
fganh fjesd is'k dj nh tkrh gS] tks mUgsa ,aVjVsu
djrk gSA mUgsa oSlh fiQYesa vPNh yxrh gSa] rHkh rks
os mls ns[kus tkrs gSa vkSj mls fgV djkrs gSAa fiNys
pkj&ik¡p lkyksa dh ckr djsa rks 'kk;n gh fdlh lkmFk
bafM;u fiQYe us fjesd ?kkVs dk lkSnk fd;k gksxkA¸
okLro esa fjesd fiQYe cuus dh 'kq#vkr lokd
fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk gksrh gSA lokd fiQYeksa ds
'kq#vkr ds lkFk gh vfèkdrj fiQYedkj viuh ewd
fiQYeksa dk iqufuZekZ.k djus yxsA ftlesa 'kjrpan n~okjk
fyf[kr miU;kl ^nsonkl*] ^ifj.khrk* vkSj ml le;
yksddFkk ds :i esa çpfyr ^ghj&jk¡>k* dk uke
çeq[krk ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh fiQYeksa esa
^eqxy&,&vkte* fganh fiQYe ^vukjdyh* dk] ^ikVZuj*
vaxt sz h fiQYe ^fgp* dk] ^ljdkj* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^n
xkWM iQknj* dk] ^;w eh vkSj ge* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^n
uksV cqd* dk] ^,srjkt* vaxszth fiQYe ^fMLDykstj*
dk] ^pksjh&pksjh* vaxzt s h fiQYe ^gkmlflVj* dk] ^,d
vtuch* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^eSu vkWu iQk;j* dk] ^eqlkfiQj*
vaxt sz h fiQYe ^;w VuZ* dk] ^dk¡V*s vaxt sz h fiQYe
^fjtfoZ;j MkWXl* dk] ^eMZj* vaxst z h fiQYe ^vuiQsFkiQqy*
dk] ^fnyokys nqYgfu;k¡ ys tk,¡xs* vaxszth fiQYe ^n
L;wj fFkax* dk] ^d;ker* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^n jkWd* dk]
^èkwe&2* vaxszth fiQYe ^Iys cSd* dk] ^CySd* vaxszth
fiQYe ^n fejdy odZl*Z dk] ^jsl* vaxzt s h fiQYe
^cSM yolZ* dk] ^vjkèkuk* vaxzsth fiQYe ^n bp fgt
vksu* dk] ^ckWEcs Vw xksvk* rfey fiQYe ^eækl Vw
ikWUMhpsjh* dk] ^dydRrk esy* rsyxq q fiQYe ^N~Mkyeh
oqna h* dk] ^oks lkr fnu* rfey fiQYe ^vank ;g
uVfjdky* dk] ^jeSÕ;k oLrk oSÕ;k] rsyxq w fiQYe*
uqoksLRukars fuuksn~ukaruk dk] fç;n'kZu dh fiQYe ^jaxjst*
rfey fiQYe ^ukMksfMxy* dk] ^iQSeyh fiDpj* rfey
fiQYe ^rkeht ine* dk] ^iqfylfxjh* nf{k.k Hkkjrh;
fiQYe ^lkEeh* dk] ef.k jRue dh fiQYe ^;qok* Hkh
mudh rfey fiQYe ^vk;sFkk bt~gqFkq* dk] ^dgks u
I;kj gS* vaxt sz h fiQYe ^czkthy* dk] ^ftLe* vaxt sz h
fiQYe ^ckWMh fgV~l dk*] ^uks ,aVªh* rfey fiQYe
^pkyhZ pkSiyhu dk*] ^esjs cznj dh nqYgu* vaxszth
fiQYe ^MSu bu fj;y ykbZiQ dk*] ^fu#'kCn* ^yksfyrk*
dk vkfn çeq[k gSAa blh rjg v{k; dqekj vfHkuhr
fiQYe ^jkmMh jkBkSj* ,l ,l jktekSyh dh fiQYe
^foØekjdqM*q dh] fç;n'kZu dh fiQYe ^HkwyHkqy;S k*
1993 esa vkbZ ey;kye fiQYe ^efufp=krktgq* dh]
^okaVsM* rfey fiQYe ^iksfdjh* dh] 2011esa vkbZ
fganh fiQYe ^fla?ke* 2010 esa vkbZ rfey fiQYe
^fl?ke* dh]^dchj flag* rsyxq w fiQYe ^vtquZ jsMM~ h*
dh] ^ckxh&2* rsyqxq fiQYe ^{kue* dh] ^èkM+d*
ejkBh fiQYe ^lSjkV* dh] ^fgpdh* gkWyhoqM fiQYe
^ÚaV vkWiQ Dykl* dh] ^flEck* rsyxq q fiQYe ^Vsia j*
dh vkfn fjesd fiQYesa gSAa
2000 ds vklikl fiQYeksa esa ,d u;k ^VªMas *
'kq: gksrk gS ftls ^dkWu* fiQYeksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA ^dkWu* fiQYeksa ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd mldk
ghjks usxfs Vo gksrk gS] fdarq mls [kyuk;d ugha dgk
tk ldrkA [kyuk;d vkSj ^dkWu eSu* esa varj gksrk
gS] [kyuk;d tgk¡ [krjukd gksrk gS] ogha dkWu eSu
[krjukd uk gksdj viuh cqfn~èk o fnekx dk mi;ksx
dj vehj o rkdroj yksxksa dks Bxrk gSA ^dkWu eSu*
xjhcksa dks èkks[kk ugha nsrk cfYd ftl rjg dh 'kSrkuh
;k Bxh og djrk gS mls gj vke balku Hkh djuk
pkgrk gSA blh dkj.k ^dkWu eSu* ij cuh fiQYesa
vktdy n'kZdksa dks jkspd yxrh gSa vkSj mUgsa vkdf"kZr
Hkh djrh gSAa ^dkWu eSu* fiQYeksa esa Bxh dk dke djus
ls igys ,d yack&pkSMk+ [ksy jprk gS tks fd n'kZdksa
dks ilan vkrk gSA dqN fiQYe leh{kdksa dk ekuuk gS
fd fnyhi dqekj dh fiQYe ^la?k"kZ* esa os ^dkWu eSu*
dh Hkwfedk esa gS ij è;ku ls ns[kus ij irk pyrk gS
fd os ^dkWu eSu* gks gh ugha ldrsA ;g fiQYe
cukjl dh Bxh ij cuh Fkh vkSj blds ik=k fnyhi
dqekj dks ^dkWu eSu* ugha dgk tk ldrk D;ksfa d og
vehj ;k tokuksa ds tsoj dks ywVus ds fy, mldh
gR;k dj nsrs gSa tcfd ^dkWu eSu* fdlh dh gR;k
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
ugha djrkA lkFk gh og 'kkjhfjd :i ls fdlh dks
uqdlku Hkh ugha igqp ¡ krk cfYd vius fnekx vkSj
cqfn~èkeRrk ls yksxksa dks Bxrk gSA gk¡ 1964 esa çnf'kZr
fiQYe ^tkSgj egewn bu xksok* esa tkSgj egewn ns'kHkDr
^dkWu eSu* dh Hkwfedk esa gS]a tks iqrxZ kyh ljdkj ds
f[kykiQ Bxh dj vius ns'k ds fy, dke djrs gSAa
blds ckn ^dkWu eSu* ij cuh çeq[k fiQYesa gS&a
^dksfguwj*] ^lPpk >wBk*] ^gsjk&iQsjh*] ^fdLer*] ^cki
uacjh csVk nl uacjh*] ^[ksy*] ^[ksy [ksy esa*] ^,d ls
cqjs nks*] ^,d f[kykM+h ,d glhuk*] ^t; oh:*]
^èkeky*] ^vks; ydh vks;*] ^cnek'k daiuh*] ^rhlekj
[kk¡*] ^CyiQekLVj*] ^cukjlh ckcw*] ^la?k"kZ*] ^èkwe*]
^caVh vkSj ccyh*] ^:i dh jkuh pksjksa dk jktk*]
^cnek'k daiuh*] ^Lis'ky 26*] ^BXl vkWiQ fganqLrku*
vkfnA ^dkWu eSu* ij cuh fiQYeksa dh liQyrk dh
otg ;g Hkh gS fd mlds ik=k udkjkRed gksrs gq,
Hkh jkspd gksrs gSAa og yksxksa dks blfy, ilan vkrs gSa
fd os uV[kV] I;kjs] ehBh ckrsa djus okys elkysnkj
o pVdnkj gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k ^dkWu eSu* ij fujarj
fiQYesa cu jgh gSAa
2005 esa fjyht lSiQ vyh [kku vkSj çhfr
ftaVk dh fiQYe ^lyke ueLrs* fganh flusek esa ,d
u;k vè;k; tksMr+ h gS ftls ^fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki*
ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bl fiQYe ls fganh flusek esa
,d u;k ^VªMas * 'kq: gksrk gS ftlds ckn bl fo"k; ij
fujarj fiQYesa cuus yxrh gSaA ewyr% ^fyo&bu&
fjys'kuf'ki* ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa ,d yM+dk
vkSj ,d yM+dh ftudk fookg ugha gqvk gS og ,d
lkFk ,d gh ?kj esa ifr&iRuh tSlk lacaèk cukdj jgrs
gSAa ;g lacèa k LusgkRed gksrk gS vkSj fj'rk xgjkA ;g
lacèa k dbZ ckj yacs le; rd pyus ds ckn LFkk;h
Hkh gks tkrk gSA ^fyo&bu&fjys'kuf'ki* dks vkèkkj
cukdj cuus okyh çeq[k fiQYesa gSa& ^dV~Vh&cV~Vh*]
^yqdk&Nqih*] ^gSIih ,afMax*] ^cpuk ,s glhuksa*] ^'kqn~èk
nslh jksekal*] ^iQS'ku*] ^dkWdVsy*] ^I;kj dk iapukek*]
^xsLV bu yanu* vkfnA
2008 esa cuh ,d fiQYe ^xtuh* us fganh
flusek esa ,d ,slk ^VªsaM* yk fn;k ftlus fganh flusek
dh O;kolkf;d fn'kk gh cny nhA og ^VªMas * 100
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 109
djksMh+ fiQYeksa dk FkkA ;g rks 'kq: ls gh ekuk tkrk
jgk gS fd tks fiQYe ckWDl vkWfiQl ij ftruk iSlk
cVksjxs h mls mruk gh dke;kc ekuk tk,xk] ij xtuh
us vkus okyh fiQYeksa ds le{k ,d pqukSrh j[k nh og
pqukSrh Fkh 100 djksM+ Dyc ds fgLlk cuus dhA bl
Dyc dk fgLlk cuus ds fy, fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd
csdjkj gksus yxsA mudh O;kdqyrk mu esa fn[kkbZ nsus
yxhA vktdy rks 100 djksM+ dh dkSu ckr djs] gj
vfHkusrk] funs'Z kd vkSj fuekZrk ik¡p lkS djksM+ Dyc
dk lnL; cuuk pkgrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g crkuk t:jh gS
fd ^100 djksMh+ Dyc* esa fiQYesa dSls 'kkfey gksrh
gS\a fdlh fiQYe dk 100 djksM+ ds dysD'ku ls
lhèkk eryc gS fd mldk ckWDl vkWfiQl ij dysD'ku
ftls ^VªMas * dh Hkk"kk esa usV dysD'ku dgk tkrk gSA
bl usV dysD'ku esa lSVsykbV jkbV~l] E;wftd jkbV~l]
Úsp a kbth] vksojlht dysD'ku vkfn ls çkIr vkenuh
dks ugha tksMk+ tkrk gSA ;g dsoy flusek?kjksa ls çkIr
dysD'ku gksrk gS og Hkh VSDl vkfn dks NksMd + jA
^xtuh* ds ckn dh çeq[k ^100 djksMh+ * fiQYesa gS&a
^Fkz h bfM;V~ l *] ^ckW M hxkMZ * ] ^jkou*] ^MkW u &2*]
^xksyeky*] ^fla?ke*] ^vfXuiFk*] ^gkmliQqy&2*] ^dsljh*]
^gkmliQqy&3*] ^tkWyh ,y,ych*] ^#Lre*] ^jkmMh
jkBkSj*] ^VksVy èkeky*] ^lu vkWiQ ljnkj*] ^cksy
cPpu*] ^fla?ke fjVuZ*] ^psUubZ ,Dlçsl*] ^fnyokys*]
^gSIih U;w bZ;j*] ^tc rd gS tku*] ^Vkbxj ftank gS*]
^ctjaxh HkkbZtku*] ^V~;wcykbV*] ^jsM~Mh*] ^t; gks*]
^ckWMhxkMZ*] ^çse jru èku ik;ks*] ^naxy*] ^lqYrku*]
^ckgqcyh*] ^mjh % n lftZdy LVªkbd*] ^okj*]
^gkmliQqy&4* vkfn fiQYeksa dk fjdkWMZ cukrs tk jgs
gSa vkSj vc rks ik¡p lkS djksMh+ Dyc esa 'kkfey gksus
dh gksM+ yxh gSA
2010 ds vklikl gh lhDoy fiQYeksa dk Hkh
çpyu [kwc pykA lhDoy fiQYe Hkh nks çdkj dh
gksrh gS] ftUgsa ge ^fLiu vkWiQ lhDoy* vkSj ^fLçpqvy
flDoy* dg ldrs gSaA ^fLiu vkWiQ lhDoy* esa
fiNyh fiQYe ds dqN fdjnkjksa dks ysdj dgkuh vkxs
c<+kbZ tkrh gS rks ogha ^fLçpqvy lhDoy* esa dgkuh
iqjkuh fiQYe dh dgkuh ij vkèkkfjr ugha gksrh cfYd
mlesa iqjkuh fiQYe ds Fkhe] LVkby] ,fyesVa vkSj ik=k
110 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
vo'; gksrs gSAa lhDoy fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k ds ihNs
ctV dk gkFk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA vktdy fiQYeksa ds
ctV esa mudh ekdsfZ Vax dk cM+k fgLlk gksrk gSA
ysfdu lhDoy fiQYeksa ds fy, blds fy, T;knk iSlk
[kpZ djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh D;ksafd ftl lhDoy
fiQYe dks fuekZrk cukrs gSa mldh ekdsfZ Vax igyh
okyh fiQYe esa gh gks xbZ gksrh gS] D;ksfa d vfèkdka'kr%
n'kZd ml fiQYe ds uke] funsZ'kd vkSj ik=k ls igys
gh okfdiQ gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx
esa lhDoy fiQYesa vc [kwc cu jgh gSaA lhDoy
fiQYe ds lanHkZ esa Mªhe xyZ ds ,lksfl,V fuekZrk
v{kr lywtk dk ekuuk gS fd ¶Hkkjr esa lhDoy
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k blfy, gksrk gS mldk vkWfM;al
iDdk gksrk gS] ij dbZ ckj lhDoy fiQYesa blfy,
ÝykWi gks tkrh gSa fd ftruh esgur dgkuh ij gksuh
pkfg, mruh esgur dgkuh ij ugha dh tkrh gSA¸
blh lanHkZ esa fiQYe VªMs ,DliVZ vrqy eksgu dk
ekuuk gS fd ¶gkWyhoqM esa tc fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSa
rks igys gh mldk lhDoy ,syku dj fn;k tkrk gS
tcfd gekjs ;gk¡ tc dksbZ fiQYe fgV gks tkrh gS rc
ml fiQYe dk lhDoy cukus dh ge ckr djrs gSaA¸
Hkkjrh; fganh flusek esa lhDoy fiQYeksa dk tknw
vktdy [kwc ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^ncax* ds ckn
^ncax 2*] ^ncax 3* dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS vkSj gks ldrk
gS fd vkus okys le; esa ncax 4 dk Hkh fuekZ.k gksA
blh rjg ^gkmliQqy*] ^gkmliQqy 2*] ^gkmliQqy 3*]
^gkmliQqy 4*] ^ckgqcyh*] ds lhDoy ds :i esa
^ckgqcyh 2*] ^tkWyh ,y,ych* ds lhDoy ds :i esa
^tkWyh ,y,ych 2*] ^gEIVh 'kekZ dh nqYgfu;k* ds
lhDoy ds :i esa ^cæhukFk dh nqYgfu;k*] ^xksyeky*
ds lhDoy ds :i esa ^xksyeky vxsu*] ^tqM+ok* ds
lhDoy ds :i esa ^tqMo+ k&2*] ^iQqdjs* ds lhDoy ds
:i esa ^iQqdjs fjVuZ*] ^,d Fkk Vkbxj* ds lhDoy ds
:i esa ^Vkbxj ftank gS*] ^jkscksV* ds lhDoy ds :i
esa ^jkscksV 2-0*] ^ueLrs yanu* ds lhDoy ds :i esa
^ueLrs baXySMa *] ^D;k dwy gS ge* ds lhDoy ds :i
esa ^D;k lqij dwy gSa ge*]^xaxkty* ds lhDoy ds
:i esa ^t; xaxkty*]^vkidk lq:j* ds lhDoy ds
:i esa ^rsjk l:j*] ^eLrh* ds lhDoy ds :i esa
^xzaMS eLrh* vkSj ^xzsV xzaMS eLrh* vkfn dks ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA fiNys 5 lky esa lhDoy fiQYe&fuekZ.k
dh ckr djsa rks 2016 esa 12 lhDoy fiQYesa] 2017
esa 9 lhDoy fiQYes]a 2018 esa 8 lhDoy fiQYes]a
2019 esa 6 lhDoy fiQYesa cuha rks 2020 esa 13
lhDoy fiQYesa fjyht gksuh gSAa 2020 esa vkus okyh
çeq[k lhDoy fiQYesa gS&a ^ykbiQ bu esVkª *s dk ^ywMks*]
^caVh vkSj ccyh* dk ^caVh vkSj ccyh ikVZ&2*]
^Hkwy Hkqy;S k* dk ^Hkwy Hkqy;S k ikVZ&2*] ^gaxkek* dk
^gaxkek ikVZ&2*] ^lR;eso t;rs* dk ^lR;eso&t;rs
ikVZ&2*] ^dsth,iQ pSIVj* dk ^dsth,iQ pSIVj&2*
vkSj ^mjh % n lftZdy LVªkbd* dk ^mjh % n
lftZdy LVªkbd&2*A lhDoy fiQYeksa dh lcls cM+h
fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bldh dekbZ ckWDl&vkWfiQl ij
[kwc gksrh gS vkSj vfèkdrj fiQYesa 100 djksM+ ls
T;knk dek ys jgh gSaA blfy, lhDoy fiQYeksa ds
fuekZ.k esa fuekZrk vfèkd #fp ys jgs gSaA bl rjg
lhDoy fiQYeksa us Hkh Hkkjrh; flusek esa viuk vyx
LFkku cuk fy;k gSA
vktdy fganh flusek esa ,d u;k VªMas ^ck;ksfid
fiQYeksa* dk gSA vkt ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dks liQyrk
dh xkjaVh ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk jgk gSA ck;ksfid
fiQYesa os gksrh gSa ftlesa tkuh&ekuh gfLr;ksa ds thou
ij vkSj lR; ?kVukvksa ij vkèkkfjr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k
dj mls ,d u, vankt esa n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ krs gSAa ,sls
O;fDr;ksa ;k lR; ?kVukvksa dks flusek esa blfy,
mrkjrs gSa fd ml O;fDr ds thou deZ ls o ml
?kVuk ls lekt esa dqN u;k vkSj vPNk çHkko iM+As
2010 esa frXeka'kq èkwfy;k ds funs'Z ku esa vkbZ fiQYe
^iku flag rksej* us ck;ksfid fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k esa ,d
u;k vè;k; tksM+ fn;kA bl fiQYe esa frXeka'kq èkwfy;k
us ,d ,sls O;fDr ds pfj=k dks #igys insZ ij mrkjk
ftlus vius thou dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjrh; lSfud ds
:i esa dh Fkh] og lkr ckj ,FkyhV dh jk"Vªh;
çfr;ksfxrk esa Lo.kZ&ind Hkh thrk FkkA 1952 ds
,f'k;kbZ [ksy esa Hkkjr dk çfrfufèkRo Hkh fd;k Fkk ij
ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k og ckxh gksdj Mkdw cu x;k
ftls iqfyl us ,udkmaVj esa ekj fxjk;k FkkA bl
fiQYe esa iku flag rksej dh Hkwfedk bjiQku [kku us
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fuHkk;h Fkh] ftldh ljkguk n'kZdksa us dh FkhA bl
fiQYe ds ckn ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k fujarj gksus
yxkA ,slk ugha gS fd ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k
igys ugha gksrk FkkA vrhr esa >k¡ddj ns[ksa rks feFkd
vkSj bfrgkl ds çsjd pqfuank pfj=kksa dks fiQYeksa dk
fo"k; cuk;k tkrk jgk gS] rc buds fy, ck;ksfid
'kCn dk bLrseky ugha gksrk FkkA mudh dksbZ foèkkukRed
igpku ugha FkhA fjpMZ ,Vucjks dh ^xkaèkh* fiQYe
dks Hkh dqN leh{kd ck;ksfid ds rkSj ij ugha ekursA
mUgsa og egkRek xkaèkh ds thou ij cuh çekf.kd
fiQYe ekurs gSaA fganh flusek dh igyh fiQYe ^jktk
gfj'paæ* Hkh dgha uk dgha ,sfrgkfld vkSj feFkdh;
pfj=kksa dh 'kkS;Z xkFkk gS tks lekt ds yksxks dks vkSj
fiQYedkjksa dks vkdf"kZr vkSj çsfjr djrh gSA vktknh
ds vklikl oh- 'kkarkjke us [oktk vgen vCckl
dh enn ls ^MkWDVj dksVuhl dh vej dgkfu;k¡*a
uked ,d fiQYe cukbZ tks MkWDVj dksVuhl ds thou
ij vkèkkfjr FkhA phu Økafr esa enn ds fy, os Hkkjr
ls x, FksA phuh Økafrdkfj;ksa dh lsok djrs gq,
fnoaxr Hkh gks x, FksA bl fiQYe ds ckn Hkh lekt
dks çsfjr djus okyh]fdlh O;fDr ds thou pfj=k dks
ysdj fiQYesa cuha] ysfdu os fiQYesa n'kZdksa dks T;knk
çHkkfor u dj ldhaA 'ks[kj diwj dh fiQYe ^cSfa MV
Dohu* us fiQYedkjksa ds fy, u;k :i [kksy fn;kA
nL;q lqna jh iQwyu nsoh ds thou ij vkèkkfjr ^cSfa MV
Dohu* fj;fyfLVd fiQYe FkhA fganh esa fdlh thfor
O;fDr ij cuh laHkor% ;g igyh fiQYe ekuh tkrh
gSA çeq[k ck;ksfid fiQYeksa dh ckr djsa rks ^eka>h n
ekmaVsu eSu*] ^Hkkx feY[kk Hkkx*] ^n MVhZ fiDpj*]
^eSjhdkWe*] ^vtgj*] ^ljcthr*] ^,e ,l èkksuh] n
vuVksYM LVksjh*] ^naxy*] ^jkth*] ^ef.kdf.kZdk*] ^xksYM*]
^lqjek*] ^lqij FkVhZ*] ^lqYrku*] ^ih,e ujsaæ eksnh*]
^lkaM dh vk¡[k* vkfn dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA
jktdqekj fgjkuh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh fiQYe ^lat*w
vfHkusrk lat; nRr dh ck;ksfid gS] ^lwjek* gkWdh
Iys;j lanhi flag dh ck;ksfid gS] bl fiQYe esa
lanhi flag ds la?k"kZ vkSj tTcs dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
uafnrk nkl ds funs'Z ku esa cuh fiQYe ^eaVks* çfln~èk
dgkuhdkj ^lvknr glu eaVks* ds thou&pfj=k dks
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 111
n'kkZrh gSA eaVks dh Hkwfedk dks #igys insZ ij uoktqnn~ hu
fln~nhdh us lkdkj fd;k gSA 2020 esa vkbZ ^Nikd*
fiQYe rstkc ihfM+rk y{eh vxzoky ds thou ij
cuh gS rks lkmFk ds fnXxt jktusrk t;yfyrk ds
thou ij ^Fkykbok* cu jgh gSA
bl rjg dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks Hkkjrh;
flusek dh 'kq#vkr ,d lkekftd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa
ls gqbZ Fkh vkt mlesa ;FkkFkZ vfèkd tksjksa ij gSA tgk¡
igys fiQYeksa esa vfHkusrk çeq[k gksrk Fkk] vkt mlesa
[kyuk;d Hkh uk;d dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxk gSA igys
'kq#vkrh nkSj esa fiQYesa laxhr çèkku gksrh Fkha vkSj ,d
fiQYe esa 60 ls 70 xkus gksrs Fks] ogha ^CySd* tSlh
fiQYeksa esa xkus dh xqta kb'k Hkh ugha gSA vkt fiQYeksa ds
lkFk xkuksa esa Hkh v'yhyrk vius tksjksa ij gSA vkt
gj fiQYe O;kolkf;d :i ls liQy gksdj lkS djksMh+
Dyc ;k ik¡p lkS djksM+h Dyc dk fgLlk cuuk
pkgrh gS] lkFk gh og xhr dh n`f"V ls gks ;k laxhr
dh ;k iVdFkk&dFkk dh n`f"V ls ;k ubZ rduhd dh
n`f"V ls ^VªMas * esa cnyko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;g
u;k fiQYeh ^VªMas * mRrj vkèkqfud ;qx esa dqN n'kZdksa
dks xqnxqnkrk gS rks dqN dks dgha u dgha lkspus ij Hkh
etcwj djrk gSA fiQj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd
Hkkjrh; flusek vkèkqfud lanHkZ ls lkeatL; LFkkfir
dj fur&çfrfnu ,d u, ^VªMsa * dks viukdj vkxs
µ vflLVsVa çksiQslj] jkekuqtu dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] dkydk th] ubZ fnYyh&19
qqq
112 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
c<+rk tk jgk gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- lR;nso f=kikBh % ledkyhu fiQYeksa ds vkbZus
esa lekt] fnYyh] f'kYik;u çdk'ku] 2013
2- çg~ykn vxzoky % fganh flusek chloha ls
bDdhloha lnh rd] bykgkckn] lkfgR; HkaMkj] 2009
3- çks- jru dqekj ikaMs; % flusek vkSj lkfgR;
dk varlacZ aèk] fnYyh- vuax çdk'ku] 2015
4- çlwu flUgk % Hkkjrh; flusek ,d vuar
;k=kk] fnYyh] Jh uVjkt çdk'ku] 2006
5- MkW- rstukjk;.k vks>k MkW- vkyksd jatu ikaM;s ]
fganh flusek cnyrs lanHkZ] fnYyh] lrh'kcqd fMiks]
2014
6- çg~ykn vxzoky % fganh flusek vkfn ls
vuar rd (pkj Hkkx) lkfgR; HkaMkj] bykgkckn]
2014
7- fiQjkst jaxuw okyk % Hkkjrh; pyfp=k dk bfrgkl]
jktiky ,aM lal] fnYyh] 1975
8- MkW- iwjupan VaMu] MkW- lquhy dqekj frokjh%
lkfgR;] flusek vkSj lekt] uo mUu;u lkfgfR;d
lkslk;Vh] fnYyh] 2017
9- tojheYy ikj[k % fganh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k]
fnYyh
 Hkkjr esa fiQYe fuekZ.k f'k{kk ,oa
O;olk; ds fofoèk igyw
MkW- xksj[kukFk frokjh
Hkk jr esa fiQYeksa dk uke ysrs gh gekjs eu%
iVy ij vfHkusrk] vfHkus=kh] ukp&xkuk]
dSejk rFkk cktk laxhr tSls 'kCn fp=kkafdr gksus yxrs
gSaA fiQYe laokn dk ,d l'kDr ekè;e gS ftlls
vke vkneh vklkuh ls tqM+ ldrk gS vkSj viuh ckr
lekt ds lkeus csckd <ax ls j[k ldrk gSA ;g
euksjt a u ds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa dks f'kf{kr Hkh djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k Lora=krk ds igys ls gh
gksrk vk jgk gSA nknk lkgsc iQkYds tSls egkiq#"kksa ds
O;fDrxr iz;kl ls gh gekjs ns'k esa fiQYe fuekZ.k 'kq:
gqvkA èkhjs&èkhjs yksxksa dk fiQYeksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k c<+k
vkSj vkt Hkkjrh; flusek fo'o flusek dks dM+h
pqukSrh ns jgk gSA
vkèkqfud ;qx esa rduhdh fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk
fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k dk Hkh nk;jk c<+k gSA vxj O;fDr
izfrHkk laiUu gS rks mls dke feyuk cgqr gh vklku
gSA vkt&dy izR;sd Lrj ij fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gks
jgk gSA ns'kHkj esa dbZ ,sls izfrf"Br laLFkku gSa tgk¡ ls
fMxzh] fMIyksek ;k ih-th- dkslZ djus ds mijkar bu
{ks=kksa esa jkstxkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ns'kHkj esa fiQYe fuekZ.k] Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] f'k{kk]
lekt rFkk mn~;ksx ds {ks=k esa Hkh Hkkjrh; fiQYesa vkt
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSa] blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha
gSA Hkkjr fo'o esa lcls vfèkd fiQYe cukus okys
ns'k ds :i esa [;kfr vftZr dj pqdk gSA ;gk¡ fiQYe
fuekZ.k ,d mn~;ksx ds :i esa LFkkfir gSA ;s fiQYesa
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
gekjh ekufldrk dks izHkkfor djrh gaSA fiQYeksa dks
gekjh ftanxh dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ekuk x;k gSA
fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZ ,oa {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dh ;k=kk] lkfgR; ls
mudk lacèa k] fiQYeksa ds fofHkUu izokg] fiQYeksa dh
bfrgkl ;k=kk] mn~;ksx vkfn vusd egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa
dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
bl lanHkZ esa jktfdj.k jS th ^ifjn`';* 'kh"kZd
ds varxZr fy[krs gSa fd& ¶;gk¡ fiQYe fuekZ.k ,d
mn~;ksx ds :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk gS] ckotwn blds
;s fiQYesa vkids thou vkSj ekufldrk dks izHkkfor
djrh gSaA¸1
tc ge fiQYesa ns[krs gSa rks mls ns[kdj ge
mlds lkFk g¡lrs gS]a jksrs gS]a Øksfèkr gksrs gS]a [kq'kh ls
>weus yxrs gS]a insZ ds uk;d vkSj ukf;dk,¡ gekjs
thou esa vkn'kZ cu tkrs gSAa fiQYeksa dk lekt gekjs
lekt tSls yxus yxrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj fiQYeksa dks
ns[kdj ge xgjh lksp esa Mwc tkrs gSa ;k fiQj gesa ;g
dgus esa dksbZ ladksp ugha gS fd Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa us
gekjs lekt ij viuh vfeV Nki NksMh+ gSA
bl fo"k; ij MkW- lqyHkk dksjs vius laikndh;
esa fy[krh gSa fd& ¶fofHkUu Hkk"kkbZ ;k {ks=kh; fiQYeksa
dh ;k=kk mn~;ksx vkfn us vusd igyqvksa dks [kaxkyus
dk iz;kl fd;k gSA¸2
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa izfro"kZ yxHkx nks gtkj
fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSaA nknk lkgsc iQkYds us jktk
^gfj'pan*z (1913) bZ- esa ewd fiQYe dk fuekZ.k
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 113
fd;kA bl fiQYe dh O;kolkf;d liQyrk dh otg
ls vU; fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd
dks ,d ubZ lathouh izkIr gqbAZ 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa
fiQYeksa esa vkokt ugha gksrh Fkh mlds ckn vkokt+
okyh fiQYesa cuus yxhA lu~ 1931 esa Hkkjrh; flusek
dh igyh cksyrh gqbZ fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* cuh]
ftlesa fp=k ds lkFk vkokt ds feJ.k ls flus txr
dks ,d ubZ xfr vkSj u;k vk;ke feykA mlds ckn
xhr laxhr dk nkSj 'kq: gqvkA egkuxjksa ls ysdj
NksV&s NksVs 'kgjksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa flusek?kj [kqyus yxsA
lu~ 1937 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; flusek dh igyh jaxhu
fiQYe ^fd'ku dUgS;k* ds mijkar jaxhu fiQYesa cuus
yxha vkSj Hkkjrh; flusek ubZ Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks Nwus yxkA
tSlk fd ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ckWyhcqM ds
izkjafHkd nkSj esa èkkfeZd fiQYeksa dh lekt esa ekax
vfèkd gksus ls èkkfeZd fiQYesa fufeZr gksrh Fkha D;ksfa d
ml le; uSfrdrk vkSj èkeZ dk cksyckyk lekt esa
FkkA mlds ckn ,sfrgkfld fiQYesa ^eqxy&,&vkte*
tSlh fiQYe (1960)] ^tc I;kj fd;k rks Mjuk D;k*
ns'k esa cuus yxha vkSj tuekul esa vR;fèkd yksdfiz;
gqbA± ftl le; gekjk ns'k Lora=k gqvk rc ns'k HkfDr
dh fiQYesa cukbZ tkus yxha vkSj yksxksa dks [kwc ialn
vkb±A ge lc ^iwjc vkSj if'pe* (1970) dks Hkwy
ugha ikrs gSa ftldk xhr& gS izhr tgk¡ fd jhr lnk]
eSa xhr ogk¡ ds xkrk gw¡] Hkkjr dk jgus okyk gw¡ Hkkjr
dh ckr lqukrk gwA¡ ml le; lekt lqèkkjdksa vkSj
fopkjdksa ij Hkh fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh FkhaA ^nks vk¡[ks]a
ckjg gkFk*] ^vNwr dU;k*] ^cafnuh* tSlh fiQYeksa dk
ghjksa ;k ghjksbu (uk;d ;k ukf;dk) ,d lkèkkj.k
O;fDr gksrk FkkA ;s lHkh fiQYesa lekt dh lksp dks
ifjofrZr djus vkSj tuekul dks >d>ksjus eas dke;kc
jgh gSAa ;qok ih<+h fiQYe uk;d vksj ukf;dkvksa dk
vkt vuqdj.k dj jgs gS]a fiQYeksa dh dgkuh] lan's k
ds vuqlkj mu ij izHkko Hkh ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA lu~
1960 vkSj 1980 ds n'kdksa esa fiQYe fuekZ.k ds
le; ukf;dk,¡ lkM+h ;k lwV igurh Fkha vkS j
[kyukf;dk,¡ LdV~Zl vkSj vax izn'kZu djus okys
ifjèkkuA ysfdu orZeku ifjos'k esa muds ifjèkku dks
114 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ns[kdj ;g vanktk ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd
dkSu&lk ifjèkku ukf;dk dk gS vkSj dkSu&lk ifjèkku
[kyukf;dk dk gSA
Hkkjrh; flusek vkt ds le; esa fo'o flusek
txr ls izfrLièkkZ dj jgk gSA igys ,d le; esa ,d
gh flusek?kj esa fiQYe pyrh Fkh ysfdu vkt eYVhIysDl
ds tfj, ,d lkFk dbZ fiQYesa fn[kkbZ tk jgh gSa vkSj
fiQYe cukus ds fy, vkèkqfud e'khujh dk iz;ksx tSls
cM+&s cM+s dSejs] LVqfM;ks] daI;wVj] laxhr ds midj.k
vkfn fiQYe cukus esa gtkjksa yksxksa dk lg;ksx Hkh ysuk
iM+ jgk gS ftlls fd bl {ks=k esa jkstxkj c<+rk gh tk
jgk gS vkSj mlds volj eqgS;k djk, tk jgs gSaA
f'k{kk ij vkèkkfjr fiQYesa le;&le; ij ns[kus dks
feyrh gSa tks f'k{kk ds egRo dks le>krh gSAa ftuesa
ls ge dqN fiQYeksa dks ysdj ns[k ldrs gSAa o"kZ
2007 esa ^rkjs tehau ij* fjyht gqbZ rks mlus lekt
esa ,d egRoiw.kZ lans'k fn;kA gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa
lekos'kh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA lekos'kh f'k{kk dk vFkZ gh
gksrk gS fofHkUu v{kerkvksa okys cPpksa dks fu;fer
d{kk esa tgk¡ lkekU; cPps gSa muds lkFk 'kkfey fd;k
tk,A fiQYe esa bZ'kku voLFkh uked ,d ckyd gS tks
ekufld chekjh fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r gSA bl izdkj
ds cPpksa dks fy[kus vkSj i<+us dh leL;k gksrh gSA
bZ'kku dks lkekU; cPpksa ds lkFk j[kdj xhr xk dj
vyx izdkj dh ,DVhfoVh n~okjk f'k{kk nsdj bZ'kku
dh enn dh tkrh gSA bl fiQYe esa ,d cgqr cM+k
lans'k lekt dks fn;k x;k gS fd ^,ojh pkbYM bt
Lis'ky* ,d ekrk&firk vkSj ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa
gesa vius cPpksa ds xq.kksa vkSj mudh f'k{kk esa vkus
okyh dfBukb;ksa dk irk yxkuk gksxkA rHkh ge Hkkoh
Hkkjrh; ih<+h dks etcwr dj ik,¡xAs
vkxs 2009 esa ^3 bfM;V~l* fiQYe vkbZ ftlesa
cPpksa ij vfHkHkkod rFkk lekt n~okjk iM+us okys
ncko ds ckjs esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl fiQYe dk lans'k
eq[; :i ls ;gh gS fd cPps tks Hkh cuuk pkgsa mUgas
cuus nsAa mu ij vius liuksa dk ;k >wBh lkekftd
izfr"Bk cuk, j[kus ds fy, ncko u Mkyas D;ksafd gj
ckyd vius vki esa dqN vyx gksrk gSA ^vkfej
[kku* vkSj muds nks nksLr vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- dkWyt s esa
i<+kbZ dj jgs gSas mUgha ds thou ij ;s iwjh fiQYe
pyrh gSA ^vkfej [kku* us bl fiQYe ds ekè;e ls
,d egRoiw.kZ ckr dgh gS fd ¶vki vius fny dh
lquksa ;fn lfpu rsna y q dj us vius fny dh ckr u
lqudj nwljksa ds ncko esa vkdj fdlh vU; {ks=k esa
iz;kl fd;k gksrk rks os vkt bl ns'k ds egku
f[kykM+h u gksrAs lan's k lkiQ gS gesa tks vPNk yxs]
ftlesa eu yxs ogh dke djuk pkfg,A fcuk eu ds
cks> le>dj pquk gqvk dke dHkh liQyrk ugha
fnykrkA 2009 esa gh ^py pys*a fiQYe esa vdknfed
ncko dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA vfHkHkkodksa ds 'kSf{kd
ncko ds pyrs cPpk vkRegR;k dj ysrk gSA bl
fiQYe esa vfHkHkkodksa ds ncko dh rLohj esa f'k{kk
iz.kkyh dks lekt ds lkeus fp=kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA
2012 esa ^bafXy'k foafXy'k* fiQYe vkbZA bl
fiQYe dk eq[; lan's k gS fd ftl ns'k dh Hkk"kk fganh
gS ogha fganh cksyus esa yksx viekfur eglwl djrs gSAa
ogha bafXy'k cksyus okyksa dks cgqr ojh;rk nh tkrh gSA
vki xf.kr ds egkjFkh gksa ;k foKku ds Kkrk vkidks
Kkuh rHkh dgk tkrk gS tc vkidks iQjkZVsnkj vaxzt s h
vkrh gksA vkf[kj esa ckr djsxa s ^pkWd ,aM MLVj* dh
tks fiQYe 2016 esa vkbZA ;g fiQYe Hkkjrh; izkbosV
f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds O;kolk;hdj.k ij vkèkkfjr gS ;g
vè;kidksa vkSj Nk=kksa ds chp dE;wfuds'ku vkSj mudh
vkilh leL;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrh gS tks fnu&izfr&fnu
cnyrh vkSj c<+rh tk jgh gSAa
vkt fiQYeksa dks mn~;ksx dk ntkZ izkIr gSA
fiQYesa vkt djksMk+ as dk O;olk; dj jgh gSAa ,slh
fiQYeksa dh liQyrk ds ize[q k :i ls dbZ dkj.k gSa
tSls u`R;] laxhr] fgalk] eksyksMkª ek] fons'kh yksd's ku]
vkbVe lkaXl] izfln~èk ghjksa ,oa ghjksbusa bR;kfnA gk¡
;g lp gS fd fiQYe dh liQyrk vkSj vliQyrk ds
ihNs mldhs dekbZ ls vkt ge vanktk yxkrs gSAa
fiQYe mn~;ksx vc dkiksjZ Vs lsDVj tSlk gks x;k gSA
fiQYe LVwfM;ks vc daifu;ksa dh rtZ ij dk;Z djus
yxs gSAa fiQYeksa dh ekdsfZ Vax gksus ls vkenuh ds lzkrs
c<+ jgs gSAa
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkt dqN fganh fiQYeksa vkSj daifu;ksa us viuk
,d vkSj lht ekdsVZ rS;kj fd;k gSA izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa
dks è;ku esa j[kdj vc fganh fiQYesa cukbZ tk jgh gSAa
vxj ;s fiQYesa vius ns'k esa dekbZ ugha dj ikrh gSa
rks Hkh fiQYe fuekZrkvksa dks dksbZ ?kkVk ugha gksrk
D;ksfa d ,slh fiQYesa izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa n~okjk fons'kksa esa
[kwc pyrh gSa vkSj ogk¡ ilan Hkh dh tkrh gSaA ;gh
fiQYesa ykHk ds u, fjdkMZ dks cukus esa liQy jgrh
gSa vkSj fuekZrk funsZ'kd dks dksbZ ruko dh ckr ugha
gksrhA
fiQYe cukus ds fy, vkt vkbZ-Mh-ch-vkbZ-
(vkSn;~ ksfxd fodkl cSd a ) us èku ½.k ij nsuk 'kq:
fd;k gSA fuekZrk&funs'Z kd] laxhrdkj] uk;d&ukf;dk]
rduhf'k;u] dSejkeSu] ys[kd ;k NksVs ,oa cM+s dykdkj
dh rduhdsa cnyus yxhaa gSAa igys cgqr de ctV
dh fiQYesa gksrh Fkha] ysfdu vkt dh fiQYesa djksMk+ as
dh ykxr ls cukbZ tk jgh gSa igys tgk¡ yk[kksa dk
O;olk; gksrk Fkk vc mlesa vk'kkrhr O;olk; gks jgk
gSA
Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s
cktkjksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gk¡ lHkh oxZ ds yksx ,d lkFk
feydj dke djrs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; fiQYe mn~;ksx ds
fodkl ds lkFk jkstxkj ds volj Hkh eqg;S k djkrs gSAa
fiQYe baMLVªh fliQZ dykdkjksa ds fy, gh ugha vfirq
yk[kkas ;qokvksa dks Hkh jkstxkj iznku djrh gSA y?kq
fiQYeksa eas èkkjkokfgd] osc fljht] foKkiuksa vkfn esa
jkstxkj dh vlhe laHkkouk,¡ gSaA rduhd vkSj xzkfiQDl
dk fiQYeksa esa iz;ksx c<+k gS bl {ks=k esa jkstxkj dh
vkSj vfèkd laHkkouk,¡ c<+rh tk jgh gSAa fons'kh
fiQYeksa ds Hkkjr esa O;kikj djus ls ns'kh fiQYeksa us Hkh
vius Lrj esa dkiQh lqèkkj djrs gq, ^ckgqcyh* tSlh
fiQYesa cukbZ gSAa bl rjg ls izfr;ksf xrk euksjatu
O;kikj esa ,d Økafrdkjh ifjorZu oSf'od iQyd ij
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
bl izdkj ls ge ;g ns[krs gSsa fd fiQYeksa ds
ekè;e ls lekt dk izfrfcac gesa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ,slk
izfrfcac tks tuekul dks euksjt a u iznku djrs gq,
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 115
lR;&vlR;] U;k;&vU;k; ds izfr iQdZ vkSj fonzksg 2- MkW- lqyHkk dksj&s laiknd ;wfu;u l`tu fiQYeh
dj lR; ds ekxZ ij pyus dk lans'k nsrk gSA nqfu;k fo'ks"kkad] vizy
S &twu] 2018
lkekftd dqjhfr;ks]a vaèkfo'oklksa ,oa ik[kaMksa tSlh
ckrksa ds izfr flusek gekjk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- ;wfu;u l`tu& fiQYeh nqfu;k fo'ks"kkad]
vizy
S &twu] 2018] jktfdj.k jS th

µ lgk;d vkpk;Z] ih- th- foHkkx] mPp f'k{kk vkSj 'kksèk laLFkku] nf{k.k Hkkjr fganh izpkj lHkk ,oa
laiknd ladY; (=kSekfld) [kSjrkckn] gSnjkckn&500004

qqq

116 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 flusek & ledkyhu ifjn`"; (lkekftd] jktuSfrd]
lkaLÑfrd) FkMZ tsaMj (fdUuj foe'kZ) ds lanHkZ esa
MkW- vuqiek
c piu ls gh eq>s flusek ds izfr fo'ks" k
yxko jgk gSA nwjn'kZu ij izlkfjr gksus okys
èkkjkokfgd] lkIrkfgd ds dkj.k iSnk gqvk fiQYeksa dk
vkd"kZ.k] fFk,Vj esa ns[kh fiQYeksa ds dkj.k #>ku esa
cny x;kA flusek ds izfr #>ku vkSj lkfgR; ij
vkèkkfjr fiQYeksa ds izfr ftKklk ds dkj.k gh bl
fo"k; ij dqN fopkj j[kus dk eu cu x;kA
flusek vfHkO;fDr dk ,d ,slk izHkko'kkyh
vkSj l'kDr ekè;e jgk gS ftlus lfn;ksa ls lekt dks
lokZfèkd izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;g dgus esa xqjt s ugha
djuk pkfg, fd dgha&u&dgha lekt vkSj flusek
nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ds iwjd jgs gSAa ges'kk flusek dks
euksjt a u ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gS ijarq ;g izfrjksèk dk
,d etcwr tfj;k Hkh gSA blus vius vanj lkekftd]
jktuSfrd eqnn~ ksa dks lesVk gSA yxHkx lHkh vkèkqfud]
mRrj vkèkqfud foe'kZ fiQYeksa dk fgLlk cus gSAa mUgha
vfLerkewyd foe'kks± esa ,d gS& ^FkMZ tsMa j foe'kZ*A
;g lkfgR; o lekt foKku ds lkFk&lkFk flusek ds
fy, Hkh mruk gh egRoiw.kZ fo"k; jgk gSA FkMZ tsMa j
dh vfLerkbZ igpku gks ;k muds vfLrRo ls tqM+s
vU; iz'u bu lcdks js[kkafdr djus dk dk;Z flusek
us t:j fd;k gSA eq>s flus&txr esa fgtM+kas dh
mifLFkfr ds uke ij ;fn dksbZ fiQYe lcls igys
;kn vkrh gS rks og gS egewn vfHkuhr ^dqo¡ kjk
cki*(1974) blesa egewn cPpksa dks lM+d ls mBkdj
ys vkrk gSA fgtM+s cPps ds vkus ij cèkkbZ xkus xkrs
gSAa blesa egewn fjD'kk pkyd gS vkSj og ,d cPps
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
dks ysdj ?kj vkrk gS rks fgtM+s vkrs gS]a mlls iwNrs
gSa fd oks dqo¡ kjk gS rks cPpk dgk¡ ls vk;kA cPps dks
lM+d ls ?kj rd mBkdj ykus dk tks n`'; xkus ds
lkFk pyrk gS mlesa fgtM+kas dh iwjh&iwjh lgHkkfxrk
rFkk Hkkjrh; lekt ijaijk jgrh gS ijarq mudh mifLFkfr
ls n`'; cgqr gh thoar cu tkrk gSA
FkMZ tsaMj ij cuh dbZ fiQYeksa esa udkjkRed
vkSj ldkjkRed nksuksa igyqvksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
misf{krksa dh vkokt cuus okyh fiQYeksa esa 1997 esa
,d fiQYe vkbZ& ^reUuk*A ;g fiQYe gekjs lkeus
dqN cM+s iz'u NksM+ tkrh gSA ,d fdUuj ik=k fVdw
vkSj mldh csVh reUuk (iwtk HkV~V) ds ekè;e ls
;g fiQYe vius fo"k; ls Hkh dgha vfèkd vkxs
fudy tkrh gS vkSj vius dsna hz ; fo"k; ^FkMZ tsMa j*
ds lkFk&lkFk L=kh foe'kZ ds Hkh dqN tfVy loky
gekjs lkeus j[krh gSA ;g fiQYe ekuoh; laosnuk dh
vVwV xkFkk gSA
'kks,c ealwj ds funsZ'ku esa cuh fiQYe ^cksy* ds
vkèkkj ij flusek esa fdUujksa dh mifLFkfr vkSj muds
VªhVesaV ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS gdhe dh lkr csfV;k¡
gSa vkSj vkBok¡ csVk gksrk gS og u rks yM+dh gS u
yM+dk (fdUuj)A os mlls uiQjr djrs gaS vkSj
mldk ukedj.k rd ugha djrs] bTtr ds pyrs
fdUujksa dks Hkh ugha nsuk pkgrs] u mls Ldwy Hkstk
tkrk gS bl fiQYe esa fdUuj dk lekt esa dksbZ ugha
gS ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS] u og oa'k c<+k ldrk gS u dksbZ
bTtrnkj dke dj ldrk gS tkfgj gS] tc rd
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 117
lekt dk ;g ut+fj;k ugha cnysxk] fLFkfr;ksa dk
cnyuk eqefdu ugha gSA oLrqr% fdUuj eqn~ns vkSj L=kh
lEeku dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ ^cksy* tSlh fiQYeksa dks u
dsoy cM+s Lrj ij fjyht djuk pkfg, cfYd ,slh
fiQYeksa dk izpkj&izlkj Hkh vfèkd ls vfèkd djuk
pkfg,A ;g fiQYe lekt ds lkeus vkRekykspu gsrq
vusd xaHkhj loky [kM+s dj nsrh gSA
Hkkjr esa cuus okyh FkMZ tsaMj dks dsafnzr djrh
gqbZ dqN fiQYesa Hkkjrh; flusek esa inkiZ.k dj pqdh gSa
ftlesa eèkqj HkaMkjdj dh ^VªfS iQd flXuy*] egs'k
HkV~V dh ^rEeuk*] dYiuk ykteh dh ^njfe;k¡*]
;ksx's k Hkkjn~okt dh ^'kcue ekSlh*] ^dqo¡ kjk cki*]
^lM+d*] ^osyde Vw lTtuiqj*] ^cksy*] ^tksxok*]
^vèkZukjh*] ^la?k"kZ* fganh flusek dh ,slh fiQYesa gSa tks
FkMZ tsMa j dh nqfu;k dks iznf'kZr djrh gqbZ mudh
leL;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djrh gaAS dgha&dgha bu fiQYeksa
esa O;kolkf;drk vo'; vk xbZ gSA ijarq lkjh fiQYesa
cgqr xaHkhjrk ls vius fo"k; dks lekt ds lkeus
izLrqr djrh gSa vkSj ,sls loky [kM+s djrh gSa ftlls
irk pyrk gS fd lekt esa dsoy ,d leL;k ugha gS]
cfYd lekt esa ;g ,d dks<+ ds :i esa Hkh ekStnw
gSA
ns'k&fons'k esa dbZ fiQYesa fgtM+kas (fdUuj) dh
leL;kvksa vkSj nqfLFkrkvksa dks dsna z esa j[kdj cuh gSAa
bl n`f"V ls phuh funs'Z kd vugqbZ n~okjk cukbZ xbZ
fiQYe ^ekbZ us* js[kkadu ;ksX; gSA bl leqnk; ds izfr
frjLdkj Hkko ds dkj.k gh dnkfpr bl fiQYe dks
phu dh eq[;èkkjk dh fiQYeksa esa 'kkfey ugha fd;kA
(;wV;~ cw ij iznf'kZr dh) bl ij phu esa fgtM+kas dh
leL;k ij lkFkZd cgl pyhA caxykns'k esa cuh
fiQYe ^dkWeu tsMa j* us caxykns'k ds yksxksa dks vanj
rd fgyk fn;kA bl fiQYe esa fganw yM+ds ls izes gks
tkrk gSA blh fiQYe esa izse lqf"erk uked fgtM+s dks
u ikus dh NViVkgV ds foy{k.k dykRedrk ds lkFk
funs'Z kd uksesu jkWfcu us fiQYek;k gSA
xkfyc us Hkh ;gh dgk gS
cl fd n'okj gS gj dke dk vklka gksuk
vkne dks Hkh e;Llj ugha blka gksuk
^cqysV jktk*] ^dwVku n MsfLVuh vkWiQ Mkal*]
^jktk fganqLrkuh*] ^uVjax*] ^urZdh*] ^VªSfiQd flXuy*
118 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkfn fiQYeksa esa Hkh fdUuj dh Hkwfedk gSA ^dwVku n
MsfLVuh vkWiQ Mkal* & iwjh rjg ls fdUuj ij vkèkkfjr
gSA blesa Mkal dks iQksdl esa j[kdj cgql[a ;d lekt
ls yM+us okys vYila[;dh; fdUuj thou ds =kklnh;
{k.kksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
^'kcue ekSlh* fiQYe eè; izn's k ds lksgkxiqj
ds iwoZ foèkk;d fdUuj 'kcue ckuks ds futh vkSj
HkkSfrd thou ij vkèkkfjr gSA mlds tUe ls ysdj
pquko rd dh leL;kvksa dk fp=k.k blesa fd;k x;k
gSA ;g fiQYe ,d ik=k dks dsanz esa j[kdj vR;ar
xaHkhjrk ,oa jkspdrk ds lkFk vkxs c<+rh gSA fiQYe esa
fdUuj dk fp=k.k de gqvk gSA ysfdu le; ds lkFk
cnyko t:j gSA l'kDr :i esa buds thou iyksa dks
fiQYe esa vafdr fd;k x;k gSA tks vadu fdUuj dks
ysdj gqvk gS bldh okLrfodrk dks ij[kuk t:jh
gSA
fiQYe vfHkusrk ds :i esa fdUuj vatyh dk
uke jks'ku gqvk gS tks dsjy ls gSA bl rjg fganh
fiQYe ls fdUuj dh Nki fn[kus yxh gSA ehfM;k esa
fpf=kr fdUuj thou dk nqgjk psgjk gS mls ij[kus dk
nkf;Ro gj ,d lqân; dk gSA fdUuj tks lekt esa
gkf'k;s esa èkdsy fn, x, gaAS mls lekt dh eq[;èkkjk
esa LFkku fnykus esa fiQYesa viuh vksj ls dksf'k'k dj
jgh gSaA lekt dk utfj;k cny jgh gSaA bldk
mnkgj.k gS& fdUuj thou ij vkèkkfjr ckWyhoqM
fiQYe ^galk ,d lg;ksx* esa vafcdkiqj ds ^fdUuj
eqLdku* dks ,d fdjnkj feyk gSA lekt ds fodkl
esa fdUuj Hkh viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA ysfdu
lekt dh uhp n`f"V ls ;s ijs'kku gSA budh ftanxh
dks turk rd igqp ¡ kus esa lkfgR; ds lkFk fiQYe Hkh
viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA fdUuj dk gd vkSj ftanxh
dk thoar fp=k lekt rd igqp ¡ kus dh dksf'k'k bl
fiQYe esa gSAa
egs'k HkV~V n~okjk funsZf'kr o eqd's k HkV~V n~okjk
fufeZr fiQYe ^lM+d* 1991 esa vkbZA lat; nRr vkSj
iwtk HkV~V us blesa dke fd;k gS] ;g fiQYe 2000
esa ^vIiq* uke ls rfey esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ fiQYe dh
ewy dFkk os';ko`fRr] yM+fd;ksa dks xqejkg dj nsg
O;kikj dh vfXu esa >ksd a us ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl jaMh
cktkj ds eq[; ljxuk ds :i esa ftl ik=k dks fufeZr
fd;k x;k og ,d fgtM+k gSA lnkf'ko vejkiqjdj us
csgrjhu vfHku; fd;k gSA mUgsa blds fy, iqjLÑr
fd;k x;kA blesa og vR;ar fu"Bqj] Øwj o funZ;h gaAS
egkjkuh tkurh gS fliQZ lkSnk] ftLe dk lkSnk] bZeku
dk lkSnk] iSlk vkSj iSlk] T;knk iSls ds ykyp esa og
viuk oknk rksM+rh gS rks xzkgd dgrk gS rqe oknk rksM+
jgh gks] rqe esa balkfu;r uke dh pht+ gS fd ugha!
rc egkjkuh mls nqRdkjrh gqbZ dgrh gS fd ge yksxksa
dks dHkh fdlh us balku le>k gh dgk¡ tks gels
balkfu;r dh mEehn dh tk,A ;g lp fiQYe ds
n'kZd dks lkspus ij ckè; djrk gSA D;k gekjk lekt
fgtM+kas dks balku dk ntkZ nsrk gS vxj fgtM+kas dks
balku dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk rks mUgsa ;w¡ lekt ls
vyx&Fkyx ugha dj fn;k tkrkA mUgsa Hkh fodkl ds]
thou ds os lkjs volj fn, tkrs tks ,d lkèkkj.k
euq"; dks feyrs gSAa ij ugha mUgsa èkdsydj] ?k`.kk vkSj
vogsyuk ds lkFk ,d ,slh fcjknjh dk lnL; cuk
fn;k tkrk gS tks eq[; èkkjk ls dVk gqvk gS] fcYdqy
nwj vkSj vogsfyrA
^la?k"kZ* fiQYe fd ckr djsa rks fiQYe tks
lkekU;r% fdUuj lekt ij fiQYekbZ xbZ fiQYeksa ls
vyx gSA ;g fiQYe eq[;r% yTtk'kadj ikaM;s tks
,d fdUuj gS mldh foÑr euksn'kk dh dgkuh gSA
fdl rjg yTtk'kadj viuh vejrk ds fy, eklwe
cPpksa dh cfy p<+krk gSA og pkfyl yksxksa dh gR;k
dj pqdk gSA
^osyde Vw lTtuiqj*% ';ker csusxy dh ,d
,slh fiQYe gS tks lekt ds cgqr ls vuNq, igyqvksa
dks mn~?kkfVr djrh gS fiQYe dh 'kq#vkr gh usg:
n~okjk nqtuZ iqj xk¡o ls cnys x, uke lTtuiqj ds
lkFk gksrh gSA bl fiQYe esa dbZ leL;kvksa dh vksj
è;ku fn;k x;k gS] muesa ls ,d gS csjkstxkjhA ;g
fiQYe vkt ds nkSj dk ,d lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd
vDl izLrqr djrh gSA vf'k{kk ij Hkh fiQYe ds vanj
,d tcnjLr fVIi.kh gSA bl fiQYe esa eqUuhckbZ tc
pquko esa [kM+h gksrh gS rks ,d ckr t+gu esa vkrh gS
fd blds lkFk dkSu gksxk] bls oksV dkSu nsxk\
¶yksx gels uiQjr djrs gSa] yksxksa dks ;g
le>uk pkfg, fd gesa Hkh vkf'k;kus dh t:jr gS]
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
gesa Hkh I;kl yxrh gS] gesa Hkh Hkw[k yxrh gSA gekjs
ikl Hkh fnekx gSA ge Hkh vPNs dke dj ldrs gS¸a A
;g ihM+k gS jryke dh fgtM+k xq#izhfr dhA ;g ihM+k
gh ugha cfYd djkg gS ,sls lekt dh tks u iw.kZ iq#"k
gS vkSj u iw.kZ L=khA
fganh esa Hkh fgtM+kas dh leL;kvksa vkSj eqnn~ ksa ij
dqN fiQYesa cuh gS]a ftuesa dqN csgrjhu fiQYesa gSa
ysfdu fganLq rku esa ,slh fiQYesa vpfpZr gh jg xb±A
;g gekjs rFkkdfFkr lH; lekt dh vlaons u'khyrk
dk gh ifjpk;d gS fd bl rjg dh fiQYeksa dks ge
uksfVl esa gh ugha ysrAs uksfVl ysus dh vko';drk gh
D;k gS\ ge rks mUgsa xqMa k] cnek'k] fuyZTt vkSj os';k
gh le>rs gSaA
^njfe;k¡ * % (bu fcVfou) fgtM+ k s a dh
laosnu'khyrk ij cuh ,d yktokc fiQYe gSA dYiuk
ykteh us viuh vU; fiQYeksa dh rjg bls Hkh dkiQh
f'kn~nr ls rjk'kk gSA fiQYe ds eq[; pfj=k gh ugha
NksVs ls NksVs pfj=kksa dh vge~ vkSj lkFkZd Hkwfedk
n'kZdksa ds fnyks&fnekx ij yacs le; rd NkbZ jgrh
gSA ;g fiQYe tgk¡ ,d vksj 1940 ds vklikl dh
fiQYeh nqfu;k (ckWyhoqM) ds mtys] dkys vkSj èkwlj
nqfu;k ds lp dks mtkxj djrh gS] ogha fgtM+s dh
euks n'kk vkS j mldh laos nu'khyrk dks foy{k.k
dykRedrk ds lkFk js[kkafdr djrh gSA iwjh fiQYe
dh i`"BHkwfe esa fgtM+k bEeh (vkfjiQ tdkfj;k) ds
LoHkko dh rjyrk vkSj mlds vanj dh ?kqVu dfork
ds Vsd dh iafDr dh rjg vko`fRr esa pyrh gSA
vkfjiQ tdkfj;k us fgtM+k dh Hkwfedk c[kwch fuHkkbZ
gSA fiQYe esa vkfjiQ dk ,d n`'; rks fganh flusek ds
bfrgkl esa dqN csgrjhu n`';ksa esa ls ,d gSA ml n`';
esa og viuh v{k; uSfrdrk ls Vdjkrk gsA
flus&txr esa fdUujksa dks tgk¡ ,d vksj vR;ar
laons u'khy] midkjh] bZekunkj fn[kk;k x;k gS ogha
1991 esa cuh fiQYe ^lM+d* esa fgtM+s dk udkjkRed
i{k izLrqr fd;k gSA egkjkuh ds fdjnkj esa lnkf'ko
vejkiqjdj n'kZdksa ds eu esa [kkSiQ iSnk djus esa
liQy jgk gSA egkjkuh ,sls fdUujksa dk izfrfufèkRo
djrh gS tks vius fdUuj gksus dk izfr'kksèk vke turk
ls ysuk pkgrs gSa lkFk gh cs'kqekj èku&nkSyr ikuk
pkgrs gSAa lM+d dh egkjkuh vius fgtM+s gksus dks
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 119
vfHk'kki ekurh gS vkSj bl vfHk'kki ls mHkjus ds
fy, ftLe ds cktkj dk jktk curh gSA bu lHkh
fiQYeksa esa tks ,d ckr v[kjrh gS og ;g gS fd
fgtM+kas ij cuus okyh fiQYeksa esa fgtM+s vfHku; ugha
djrs vfirq fgtM+ksa dh Hkwfedk dksbZ iq#"k gh fuHkkrk
gSA ;fn fdUuj viuh ihM+k Lo;a dgs rks 'kk;n fiQYesa
vkSj vfèkd Li'khZ] laons u'khy gksxa hA gkykafd ^reUuk*]
^osyde Vw lTtuiqj*] ^lM+d* fiQYeksa esa Øe'k%
ijs'k jkoy] jfo >kady] lnkf'ko us fgtM+s dh
Hkwfedk dks thoar dj fn;k ijarq ;fn fgtM+k bl
Hkwfedk dks djs rks vkfFkZd :i ls lqn<` + Hkh gksxk lkFk
gh viuh ihM+k] lq[k&nq[k laLÑfr nwljksa rd igqp ¡ k
ldrk gSA ftlls eq[;èkkjk ls tqMu+ s esa bUgsa vklkuh
gksxh vkSj ;s Hkh vke balku dh rjg Ldwyksa esa i<+
ldsxa ]s vkSj budk Hkfo"; mTToy gksxkA
o"kZ 2016 eas ewyr% rsyxq q Hkk"kk esa cuh ^vèkZukjh*
fiQYe fdUuj lekt vkSj mlds tuthou dks gh
fn[kkrh gSA ;g fiQYe jk"Vªizse vkSj fdUuj lekt dk
thou iznf'kZr djrh gSA ^vèkZukjh* fiQYe xk¡o dh
i`"BHkwfe okyh dFkk gh] izFke Hkkx fiQYe dh tku gS]
tks mls vkxs ys tkrh gSA njvly ;g fiQYe 'kgj esa
gksrh yxkrkj vkSjrksa ds fy, ftEesnkj ,d vèoZukjh
cuk fgtM+k gS tks lkbdksfdyj ds uke ls tkuk tkus
yxk gSA

µ ,iQ&133] nwljh eafty] tequk vjdkMs] uojax dkWEIysDl] gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk&500001

qqq

120 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 vlfe;k flusek dk bfrgkl % ,d voyksdu
MkW- jhrkef.k oS';
v le Hkkjro"kZ ds mRrj&iwoZ esa fLFkr ,d
jkT; gSA bl jkT; dh mRrj] iwoZ vkSj
nf{k.k fn'kk,¡ ioZrekykvksa ls f?kjh gqbZ gSa ,oa czge~ iq=k
ds nksuksa rVksa ij bldk foLrkj gSA vle dk bfrgkl
vfr çkphu ,oa çfln~èk gSA lkfgR;] laL Ñfr]
lekt&O;oLFkk] [kku&iku] jhfr&fjokt dh n`f"V ls
,d laiUu jkT; gS vleA blds lkFk gh vkèkqfud
;qx esa vlfe;k flusek ds la;kstu ls vle dh
xfjek vkSj c<+h gSA
vlfe;k flusek dks vfLrRo esa ykus dk Js;
:idqoa j T;ksfrçlkn vkxjokyk dks tkrk gSA os vlfe;k
flusek ds tud gSAa vkius teZuh esa flusek ds fuekZ.k
,oa funsZ'ku dk çf'k{k.k fy;k FkkA vkius vle esa
flusek dh LFkk;h uhao Mkyus ds mn~ns'; ls 1934 bZ-
esa rstiqj ds ikl Hksykxqjh pk; ckxku esa ,d vLFkk;h
LVwfM;ks dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA ck¡l&dkB ,oa dsys ds
isMk+ as ls fufeZr bl LVwfM;ks dk uke ^fp=kou* j[kk
x;k FkkA ^fp=kou* esa flusek ds n`'; ,oa 'kCn xzg.k
rFkk çkFkfed yScksjVs jh ds dke djus dh ;kstuk
cukbZ xbZ FkhA 1935 bZ- esa T;ksfrçlkn us ^t;erh*
dk fuekZ.k dj vlfe;k flusek dh uhao MkyhA
vfHkusrkvks]a fo'ks"kdj vfHkus=kh dk vHkko] flusek ds
rduhdh dke tkuus okys yksxksa dk vHkko vkfn
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, T;ksfrçlkn dks ^t;erh*
dk fuekZ.k djuk iM+k FkkA vlfe;k ds çfln~èk
lkfgR;dkj y{ehukFk cstc#ok ds ukVd ^t;erh
dqo¡ jh* dks flusek ds fy, mi;qDr cukdj ^t;erh*
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA T;ksfrçlkn us ^t;erh* esa
dbZ u, pfj=k] vlfe;k Hkkvksuk ('kadjnso ,oa ekèkonso
ds ukVdksa dk ukV~; :i)] vlfe;k laLÑfr ds
miknku ,oa ?kjsyw vlfe;k ifjos'k dk la;kstu fd;k
gS] tks cstc#ok ds ewy ^t;erh dqo¡ jh* esa ugha
feyrsA blls cstc#ok ds ukVd ^t;erh* dk ,d
Lodh; :i feyrk gSA bl rjg vlfe;k lkfgR;dkj
dh dgkuh ds vkèkkj ij 1935 bZ- ds 10 ekpZ dks
dksydkrk ds jkvksukd flusek (tks orZeku esa T;ksfr
flusek ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS) rFkk 1935 bZ- ds 20
ekpZ dks xqokgkVh ds dqekj HkkLdj ukV~; eafnj esa
fp=kys[kk eqfHkVu n~okjk fufeZr ,oa T;ksfrçlkn vkxjokyk
n~okjk funsZf'kr Hkkjr dk pkSFkk ,oa vle ds igys
flusek ds :i esa ^t;erh* dk çn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA
^t;erh* dk laiknu <kdk esa fd;k x;k FkkA ^t;erh*
esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa rduhdh dfe;k¡ Fkha] ftuesa ls
vkokt ls lacfa èkr =kqfV çeq[k FkhA fiQj Hkh ^t;erh*
T;ksfrçlkn dk ,d liQy ç;ksx FkkA ^t;erh* esa
ukf;dk dh Hkwfedk vnk dh Fkh vkbnsm lafndS usA
O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls ^t;erh* iwjh rjg ls vliQy
jgh ]ij vlfe;k dyk dks ,d uohu la;kstu nsus dk
dke ^t;erh* us fd;kA
^t;erh* ds ckn T;ksfrçlkn us 1939 bZ- esa
viuk nwljk ,oa vafre flusek ^baæekyrh* dk fuekZ.k
fd;k FkkA ;g vle dk Hkh nwljk vkSj igyk vlfe;k
lkekftd flusek ds :i esa fpfàr gqvkA dsoy nks
fnu esa ^baæekyrh* dk n`'; xzg.k laiUu fd;k x;k
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 121
FkkA cgqr gh de le; vkSj O;; ls fufeZr ^baæekyrh*
dks [kkl liQyrk ugha feyhA blds ckn 1941 bZ- esa
jksfg.kh c#ok us ^eukserh* vkSj ikoZfrçlkn c#ok us
^:igh* (¾lqna jh) rFkk dey pkSèkqjh us 1947 bZ- esa
^cnu cjiQqdu* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ij ewyèku] vuqHko
,oa cktkj ds vHkko esa bUgsa liQyrk ugha fey ikbZA
bu rhuksa flusekvksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g jgh fd buesa
vle ds vrhr xkSjo dk xku fd;k x;kA bu
fuekZrkvksa dk ewy y{; Fkk flusek f'kYi dks vle esa
çfr"Bk fnykukA bl n`f"V ls ;s liQy fln~èk gksrs gSAa
nwljs fo'o;qnè~ k ds ckn vlfe;k flusek dh
nqfu;k le`n~èk gksus yxrh gSA 1948 bZ- esa fo".kqçlkn
jkHkk rFkk iQ.kh 'kekZ ds la;Dq r funs'Z ku esa ^fNjkt* dk
fuekZ.k gqvk] ftlus vlfe;k flusek esa u, çk.k iQwd a As
y{khèkj 'kekZ dh cgqpfpZr dgkuh ^fNjkt* ij vkèkkfjr
^fNjkt* flusek dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ^fNjkt* dh ewy
dFkk fganw&eqlyeku ,drk ij dsafær gSA dgkuh]
vfHku; ,oa funsZ'ku dh n`f"V ls ^fNjkt* ,d liQy
flusek gSA bl flusek esa uk;d dh Hkwfedk esa vfHku;
djus okys iQ.kh 'kekZ dks Lrjh; vfHkusrk ds :i esa
LohÑfr feyhA blh flusek dks vlfe;k flusek ds
bfrgkl esa igyh ckj O;kolkf;d liQyrk feyrh
gSA rRi'pkr çoh.k iQqdu dh ^ikj?kkV* (1949)]
vklhr lsu dh ^fcIyoh* (foIyoh]1950)] lqj's k
xksLokeh dk ^#.kqeh* (1953) vkSj lquhy xkaxqyh dk
^lrh csmyk* (1954) çnf'kZr gksrs gSAa bu flusekvksa
dks O;kolkf;d :i ls dqN gn rd liQyrk rks
feyh Fkh]ij nh?kZdky rd Nki NksMu+ s esa ;s vliQy
jghaA y{;èkj pkSèkqjh dh ^fufeyk vad* (¾vuesy
xf.kr] 1955)] iQ.kh 'kekZ dh ^fi;fy iQqdu* (1955)]
fui c#ok dh ^Le`frj ij'k* (Le`fr dk Li'kZ] 1956)]
^ekd vk# eje (¾ek¡ vkSj I;kj] 1957)] ^jÄk
iqfyp* (¾yky iqfyl] 1958)] MkW- Hkwius gtkfjdk
dh ^,jk ckVj lqj* (¾NksM+s gq, jkg ds lqj] 1956)
vkfn çeq[k vlfe;k flusek gSAa buesa ls ^fi;fy
iQqdu* rFkk ^ekd vk# eje* dks mPpLrjh; flusek
dh LohÑfr ds :i esa Øe'k% 1955 bZ- rFkk 1957
bZ- dks ^lfVZfiQdsV vkWiQ esfjV* feyrk gSA ^fi;fy
iQqdu* ds uk;d dh Hkwfedk vnk dj iQ.kh 'kekZ
122 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
vfHkusrk ds :i esa vej gks x,A fui c#ok us dqy
pkSng vlfe;k flusek dk funs'Z ku fd;kA vkius
vlfe;k flusek dks lkekftd ,oa jksekafVd dFkk ls
le`n~èk fd;kA
vlfe;k flusek txr dks MkW- Hkwius gtkfjdk
dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA ^fi;fy iQqdu* ds n~okjk
Hkwius gtkfjdk us vlfe;k flusek esa dne j[kkA
vkius bl flusek esa laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k Fkk] tgk¡
vkidks vPNh çfr"Bk feyhA ^,jk ckVj lqj* muds
funs'Z ku esa çnf'kZr gksus okyh igyh flusek gSA jksekafVd
laxhreèkqj bl flusek ls vfHkusrk fot; 'kadj dh
vn~Hkqr çfrHkk dks igpku feyrh gSA ^,jk ckVj lqj*
ls igyh ckj vfHku; esa dne j[kus okys fot;
'kadj vlfe;k flusek txr esa yksdfç;rk ds f'k[kj
ij igqp ¡ x, FksA bl flusek esa Hkwius gtkfjdk us
yksdxhr ,oa yksdu`R; ds la;kstu ls vlfe;k flusek
esa buds ç;ksx dk jkg [kksyk FkkA blds ckn gtkfjdk
us dbZ flusekvksa dk funsZ'ku fd;k vkSj dbZ flusekvksa
ds fy, xhrksa dh jpuk dhaA ;gh ugha] vkius mu xhrksa
dks xk;k Hkh FkkA blh ls mUgsa vlfe;k flusek txr
ds vfr yksdfç; f'kYih ds :i esa [;kfr feyrh gSA
vlfe;k ds vfrfjDr vkius fganh] ckaXyk vkfn Hkk"kkvksa
esa Hkh vusd vej xhr xk, gSAa flusek txr dks
mudh nsu ds fy, mUgsa 1992 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; flusek
dk loZJs"B lEeku ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds iqjLdkj* ls
foHkwf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA gtkfjdk n~okjk funsfZ 'kr vU;
vlfe;k flusek gSa& ^'kdqaryk* (1961)] ^çfrèofu*
(1965)] ^yfV?kfV* (¾ijs'kkuh) (1966)] ^fpdfed
fctqyh* (¾fpdfed fctyh) (1969)] ^eu çtkifr*
(1979) vkSj ^fNjkt* (1988)A buesa ls ^'kdqaryk*]
^çfrèofu* vkSj ^yfV?kfV* dks jk"Vªifr dk jtr ind
feyrk gS_ tcfd ^pkesfy esepkc* (¾pesyh ese
lkgc] 1975) ds laxhr funs'Z ku ds fy, mUgsa jk"Vªh;
Lrj ij Js"B laxhr funsZ'ku dk lEeku feyrk gSA
1956 bZ- ls 1969 bZ- rd iPphl vlfe;k
flusek dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buesa ls ukS flusekvksa dks
fofoèk Lrj esa iqjLdkj feyrk gSA buesa ls ^ekd vk#
eje* vkSj ^rstheyk* (1963) dks mRÑ"Vrk dk
ekui=k feyrk gSA ^jÄk iqfyp*] ^iqc#s .k* (¾iqos#.k]
1959)] ^'kdq a r yk*] ^ef.kjke ns o ku* (1964)]
^çfrèofu*] ^yfV?kfV* dks jk"Vªifr ds ind vkSj
^MkW- cstc#ok* (1969) dks Js"B vkapfyd flusek
dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA bl dky[kaM ds dqN çeq[k
flusek gS&a fui c#ok n~okjk funsZf'kr ^HkDr çg~ykn*
(1959)] çch.k iQqdu rFkk y{;èkj pkSèkqjh n~okjk
funsZf'kr ^ykfpr cjiQqdu* (1961)] cztus c#ok
n~okjk funsZf'kr ^bVks flVks cgqrks* (¾;g] og vkSj
vusd]1963) vkfnA bl dky[kaM esa fufeZr çHkkr
eq[kthZ n~okjk funsfZ 'kr lkekftd flusek ^iqc#s .k* dks
cfyZu esa vk;ksftr varjjk"Vªh; flusek lekjksg ds
fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA fons'k tkus okyk ;gh igyk
flusek FkkA blh le; fufeZr ^jÄk iqfyp* dks i;kZIr
yksdfç;rk feyh FkhA O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls Hkh ;g
flusek liQy jgkA bl dky[kaM dk lokZfèkd
egRoiw.kZ flusek Fkk ^MkW- cstc#ok*] tks jgL; dgkuh
ij vkèkkfjr FkkA rduhdh mRd"kZ ,oa O;kolkf;d
liQyrk ds lkFk bl flusek us vle ds flusek txr
ds ^ckWDl vkWfiQl* esa gypy epk nh FkhA cztus
c#ok dk ^bVks flVks cgqrks* igyk gkL;&O;aX;kRed
vlfe;k flusek gSA bl le; vlfe;k flusek
fp=kukV~;] dyk&funs'Z ku] funs'Z ku] dgkuh p;u] vfHku;]
laokn vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa [kM+k gksus esa l{ke gksrk gSA
lRrj ds n'kd esa fufeZr vlfe;k flusekvksa ds
dykRed ,oa O;kolkf;d nksuksa i{k egRoiw.kZ gSaA bl
n'kd esa igyk vlfe;k jaxhu flusek dey pkSèkqjh
dk ^HkkbfV* (¾HkkbZ] 1972) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl
le; okLro ij vkèkkfjr dbZ dykRed flusekvksa
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buesa ls prqjxa dk ^vijkts;*
(1970)] inqec#ok dk ^xÄk fpyuhj ik[kh* (¾ckt
ds ia[k] 1976)]Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^laè;kjkx*
(1977)] vrqy cjnyS dk ^dYyksy*] lejsæa ukjk;.k
nso dk ^iqryk ?kj* (¾xqfM+;k ?kj] 1976) vkfn
çeq[k gSAa lRrj ds n'kd esa lkr vlfe;k flusekvksa
dks Js"B vkapfyd flusek dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ;s
gSa& lejsaæ nqojk dk ^eerk* (1973)] vkCnqy eftn
dk ^pkesfy esepkc*] lejsæa ukjk;.k nso dk ^iqryk
?kj*] Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^laè;kjkx* vkSj ^dYyksy*A
vLlh ds n'kd esa vlfe;k esa 54 flusekvksa
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA buesa ls ukS flusekvksa dks Js"B
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
vkapfyd flusek dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ;s gSa&
Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^vfuckZu* (¾vfuokZ.k] 1981)]
tkàq c#ok dk ^vi:ik* (1982)] pk#dey gtkfjdk
dk ^vkyksdj vkg~oku* (¾vkyksd dk vkg~oku] 1983)]
f'ko Bkdqj dk ^lks.kebuk* (1984)] HkosaæukFk 'kbdh;k
dk ^vfXuLuku* (1986)] pk#dey gtkfjdk dk
^cku* (¾ck<+]1986)] èkh# Hkw×kk¡ dk ^çFke jkfx.kh*
(1987)] HkosaæukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^dksykgy* (1988)
vkSj tkàq c#ok dk ^cukfu* (¾taxy] 1989)A tkàq
c#ok ds ^gkyèkh;k pjk;s ckvksèkku [kk;* (¾ihyk
i{kh èkku [kkrk gS] 1987) dks o"kZ ds Js"B Hkkjrh;
flusek dh LohÑfr ds :i esa jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj Lo.kZ
dey feyrk gS] tcfd ^vfXuLuku* dks Js"B fp=kukV~;
dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feyrk gSA bl n'kd esa O;kolkf;d
n`f"V ls liQy flusek jgha& uhi c#ok dk ^vktyh
uckS* (¾Hkksyh HkkHkh]1980)] f'koçlkn Bkdqj dk
^cksokjh* (¾cgw] 1982)] uhi c#ok dk ^ddknsmrk]
ukfr vk# gkrh* (¾nknk th]gkFkh vkSj iksrk] 1983)]
f'koçlkn Bkdqj dk ^?kj lalkj* (1983)] ujs'k
dqekj dk ^thou lqjfHk* (1984)] ^lksuebuk* vkfnA
uCcs ds n'kd ds çkjaHk ls gh vlfe;k flusek
ds fuekZ.k ds {ks=k esa dykRed ,oa O;kolkf;d nksuksa
fn'kkvksa dh ,d lekukarj xfr ns[kh tkrh gSA bl
n'kd esa dbZ vkd"kZd ,oa mPp ekunaM ds flusek
fufeZr gksrs gSa] tks gSa& gsesu nkl dk ^;q¡t* (¾yM+kbZ]
1990)] tkàq c#ok dk ^fiQfjÄfr* (¾fpaxkjh] 1991)]
Hkosæa ukFk 'kbdh;k dk ^lkjfFk* (1992)] latho gtkfjdk
dk ^gyèkj* (1992)] iqyd xxS dk ^jsyj vkfyj
nwcfj cu* (¾jsy iFk dk nwc] 1992)] latho gtkfjdk
dk ^ehekalk* (1994)] tkàq c#ok dk ^lkxjyS cgq
nwj* (¾lkxj cgqr nwj gS] 1995)] HkosaæukFk 'kkbdh;k
dk ^bfrgkl* (1996)] fcn~;rq pØorhZ dk ^jkx&fcjkx*
(¾jkx fojkx] 1997)] MkW- 'kkaRouk cjnyS dk ^vnká*
(1997)] tkàq c#ok dk Lora=krk laxkz eh dq'ky dqoa j
ds thou ij vkèkkfjr ^dq'ky* (1998)] v'kksd
dqekj fc"k;k dk ^;kSous vkefu djs* (¾;kSou rax
djrk gS] 1998) vkfnA ^fiQfjÄfr* dks o"kZ dk nwljk
Js"B flusek dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ^lkxjyS cgq nwj*
ds fy, tkàq c#ok dks Js"B funs'Z kd dk iqjLdkj
feyrk gSA ^bfrgkl* dks Js"B vkapfyd iqjLdkj ds
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 123
lkFk&lkFk ;g ^bafM;u isuksjek* esa çnf'kZr gksrk gSA
1999 bZ- esa ckuh nkl ds ^egkjFkh* vkSj eatq cjk dk
^cSHko* (¾oSHko) dk çn'kZu gksrk gSA ^cSHko* dks
2000 bZ- esa <kdk pyfp=k egksRlo esa Js"B flusek
dh e;kZnk feyrh gSA lkFk gh blh flusek ds fy,
eatq cjk dks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds flusekvksa dk Js"B
funs'Z kd iqjLdkj ^xksYykiqfM+ Jhfuoklu iqjLdkj* fn;k
tkrk gSA
2000 bZ- eas dbZ vlfe;k flusek n'kZdksa dks
ns[kus dks feyrs gSAa buesa ls euksjt
a u lqj dk ^e`R;qghu
thou*] fon~;qr pØorhZ dk ^fufln~èk unh*] equhu
c#ok dk ^fg;k fn;k fu;k (¾fny dk nsuk vkSj
ysuk)] tqfcu xxZ dk ^rqfe eksj ekFkks eksj* (¾rqe esjh
gks] fliQZ esjh)] çnhi gtkfjdk dk ^vgadkj*] tkàq
c#ok dk ^ik[kh* (¾ia[k)] ckgk#y bLyke dk
^vkNsus dksuksck fg;kr* (¾D;k fny esa dksbZ gS)] t;ar
nkl dk ^Hkwfeiq=k*] latho gtkfjdk dk ^eRL;xaèkk*]
eqUuk vkgesn dk ^tkWu Toys dikyV* (¾diky esa
pk¡n >ydrk gS) vkSj tksl a egfy;k dk ^tqxkarjj
rstky iqok* (¾;qxkarj dh rkth lqcg) çeq[k gSAa
bDdhloha lnh ds igys n'kd esa fofoèk fo"k;ksa
ds lkFk dbZ vlfe;k flusekvksa dk fuekZ.k gSAa buesa
ls 2001 bZ- esa equhu c#ok dk ^nkx*] xksiky cjBkdqj
dk ^'ks"k migkj* (¾vafre migkj)] eatq cjk dk
^vU; ,d ;k=kk*] daniZ 'kbdh;k dk ^fcLiQksj.k*
(¾foLiQksV)] lqeu gfjfç;k dk ^dbuk eksj èkqfu;k*
(¾esjh nqYgu lqanj gS) vkSj equhu c#ok dk ^uk;d*
fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA ^dbuk eksj èkqfu;k* vkSj
uk;d dks fo'ks"k liQyrk feyrh gSA 2002 bZ- ds
flusekvksa esa vkyksd ukFk dk ^beku eje fd; ykxs*
(¾bruk I;kj D;ksa vkrk gS)] equhu c#ok dk ^dU;knku*]
vatu dfyrk dk ^fç;k vks fç;k*] b'kk [kku dk
^ejeh gkWckus yxjh* (¾I;kjh lkFk fuHkkvksxh D;k)]
paæ eqnS dk ^ek?kr ekef.kj fc;k* (¾ek?k esa ekef.k
dh 'kknh gS) vkSj lqeu gfjfç;k dk ^ddnsmrkj ?kj
tks¡okb* (¾nknk th ds ?kj tekbZ) çeq[k gSAa ^ek?kr
ekef.kj fc;k* vkSj ^ddnsmrkj ?kj tksoa kb* n'kZdksa ds
fny thrus esa fo'ks"k :i ls l{ke gq,A O;kolkf;d
n`f"V ls Hkh ;s flusek liQy jgsA 2003 bZ- esa vkus
124 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
okys flusekvksa esa xkSre pSVthZ dk ^l# cksokjh*
(¾NksVh cgw)] efgcqy gd dk ^tqeu&lqeu* vkSj
^mtuhj nqtuh xkHk#* (¾Åijh vle dh nks toku
yM+fd;k¡) çeq[k gSAa buesa ls ^mtuhj nqtuh xkHk#*
nh?kZdky rd n'kZdksa esa eu esa Nki NksMu+ s esa liQy
jghA 2004 bZ- esa ckuh nkl ds ^dknacjh* vkSj equhu
c#ok ds ^nhucaèkq* dks i;kZIr liQyrk feyhA 2005
esa f'kckuu c#ok dk ^fg;kj nkiksur rksejs Nfo*
(¾ân; ds niZ.k esa rqEgkjh gh Nfo gS) vkSj paæ eqnS
dk ^lqjus pqjj iqrd s * (¾lqjus pksj dk csVk) fo'ks"k
:i ls mYys[kuh; gSAa fouksnèkehZ flusek ^lqjus pqjj
iqrsd* dks vR;fèkd leknj feyrk gSA 2006 bZ- esa
jes'k eksnh dk ^nsmrk fn;k fcnk;* (¾firk th fonk
dhft,)] 2007 bZ- esa f'kc çlkn Bkdqj dk ^vghj
HkSjo* vkSj jtuh ceZu dk ^uhydaB*] 2008 bZ- esa
,e- ef.kjke dk ^eu ;k;* (¾fny pkgrk gS)] 2009
bZ- esa ^thcu ckVj yxjh* (¾thou ds iFk ds lkFkh)
vkSj 2010 bZ- esa fgjsu cjk dk ^clqèa kjk*] egkiq#"k
Jhear 'kadjnso ds thou ij vkèkkfjr flusek ^Jhear
'kadjnso* mYys[kuh; gSaA
bDdhloha lnh ds nwljs n'kd esa jksekal] ,D'ku]
jgL;] gkWjkWj] jktuhfr] iQSVa Slh] lkekftd&jktuSfrd]
jksekafVd dkesMh] jksekafVd E;wftd vkfn fofoèk fo"k;ksa
ij vkèkkfjr flusek vkrs gSaA 2011 bZ- ds jkts'k Hkw×kk¡
dk ^tkuef.k* liQy jksekafVd flusek gSA blh o"kZ
;nqef.k nRr ds ^tsrd q k ikVj njs* (¾esgna h iRrs dh
rjg) dks Hkh dqN gn rd liQyrk feyrh gSA 2012
bZ- esa paæ eqnS ds ^ckdj iqrd s * (¾Hkwr dk csVk)
vR;fèkd lekn`r gksrk gSA fcn~;rq dkdfr dk ^,[ku
usns[kk unhj flikjs* (¾,d u fn[kus okyh unh ds
ml ikj) dks Hkh n'kZdksa us viuk;kA 2013 bZ- esa
ekul gtkfjdk dk jksekafVd flusek ^vkdk'k pqcyS
eu* (¾vkleku Nwus dh bPNk)] flEiy xxS dk
jksekafVd E;wftdy flusek ^rqfe ;fndksok* (¾vxj
rqe dg nks)] lejsaæ ukjk;.k nso dk fpykjk; ds
thou ij vkèkkfjr flusek ^chj fpyjk;* (¾ohj
fpyjk;)] ½rqjkt nRr dk jksekafVd flusek ^Hkky
ikc uktkfuyks* (¾I;kj djuk ugha vk;k)] dsuh
clqerkjh dk eflZ;y vkVZ dkWeMs h ^yksdy s dqxa iQw*
vkSj ekSçk.k 'kekZ dk dkWeMs h flusek ^nqtuZ * mYys[kuh;
gSAa 2014 bZ- esa tkàq c#ok dk ^vts;*] jkthc cjk
dk jksekafVd ,D'ku flusek ^fg;k fnck dkd* (¾
fny fdls nksx]s ;nqef.k nRr dk ^ikuh*] ckgk#y
bLyke dk ^jkWnj fpfB* (¾èkwi dh fpV~Bh) çeq[k gSAa
vkfny gqluS ] tqfcu xxZ]vaxjkx egar tSls flrkjksa ls
Hkjs ^jkWnj fpfB* dks dyk ,oa O;kolkf;d :i ls
i;kZIr liQyrk feyrh gSA 2015 esa ,D'ku jgL; ls
Hkjk ckuh nkl dk ^vgsrd q *] v'kksd dqekj fo"k;k
dk ^[ksy% n xse* vkrs gSAa 2016 bZ- esa fnjkd dk';i
dk ^yksdcaèkq*] HkkLdj gtkfjdk dk ^dFkkunh*] jkts'k
tliky dk ^xkus fd vkus* (¾xkuk D;k ykrk gS)
vkfn çeq[k flusek gaSA buesa ls ^dFkkunh* dks i;kZIr
yksdfç;rk feyrh gSA 2017 bZ- esa vkus okyh flusekvksa
esa jkts'k Hkw×kk¡ dk ^dksoa jiqjj dksoa j* fgeka'kq çlkn nkl
dk ^'kkfdjk vkfgc cdqyryj fcgqyS* (¾'kkfdjk
cdqy ds uhps ds fcgq esa vk,xh)] gseus nkl dk
^e`xukfHk*] eatqy c#ok dk ^varjhu*] tqfcu xxZ dk
^fe'ku pkbuk*] 'kaRouk cjnyS dk ^ekt jkfr dsVsdh*
(¾chp jkr dks dsrdh) vkfn çeq[k gaAS buesa ls dyk
dh n`f"V ls ^ekt jkfr dsVd s h* dks fo'ks"k liQyrk
feyrh gSA 2018 bZ- esa fcn~;r dVdh dk ^'kS'kcrs
èksekfyrs* (¾cpiu esa galh&etkd es)a ] fgeT;ksfr
rkyqdnkj dk ^dsyMas j* vkSj jhek nkl ds ^foyst
jkWdLVkj* dks fo'ks"k [;kfr feyrh gSA ^dsyMas j* cq<k+ is
dh etcwjh dk ekfeZd fp=k.k gS] rks ^foyst jkWdLVkj*
esa nfjæ vlfe;k xk¡o ds cpiu dh vkdka{kkvksa ,oa
r`fIr dh NksVh&lh lhek dk okLrfod fp=k.k fd;k
x;k gSA ^foyst ^jkWdLVkj* dks vkWLdj dk ukWfeus'ku
feyrk gSA 2019 bZ- esa dbZ vlfe;k flusekvksa dks
liQyrk feyrh gSA buesa ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k unh
n~ohi ektqyh ds tuthou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k djus
okyk ^cjunh HkfV;k;* (¾czg~eiq=k cgrk tkrk gS)]
tqfcu xxZ dk ^dkaputa?kk*] jhek nkl dk ^cqycqy
dSu lhax* (¾cqycqy xk ldrh gS)] ;rhu cjk dk
^jRukdj*] HkkLdj gtkfjdk dk ^vkfe"k* çeq[k gSaA
vlfe;k xzkE; thou ij vkèkkfjr flusek ^cqycqy
dSu lhax* dks vlfe;k Hkk"kk ds o"kZ ds Js"B flusek
dk iqjLdkj feyrk gSA ,D'ku flusek ^jRukdj* dks
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
O;kolkf;d liQyrk feyrh gSA ^vkfe"k* orZeku ;qx
ds ;qokvksa ds çse dh foÑr ekufldrk dh ,d
vlkèkkj.k ?kVuk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
vlfe;k flusek dks le;&le; ij vusd
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA foæksgh laxBu
mYiQk ds vle ds flusek?kjksa esa fganh flusek dks
fuf"kn~èk djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i vle ds dbZ flusek?kj
,d ds ckn ,d can gksus yxs FksA blls vlfe;k
flusek mn~;ksx dk Hkkjh uqdlku gksrk gSA jkT; ljdkj
us 2005&2006 ds ctV esa vlfe;k flusekvksa ds
fuekZrkvksa dks 80 çfr'kr euksjt a u dk dj okil
djus dh ?kks"k.kk ls flusek txr esa vk'kk dh fdj.k
txrh gSA blh rjg feuh flusek?kj ds fVdVksa esa 50
çfr'kr euksjatu VSDl dh NwV dh ckr dgh xbZ FkhA
vlfe;k fiQYe mn~;ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
vlfe;k fiQYe cukus okyksa dks vkfFkZd enn nsus ds
fy, vle jkT; fiQYe (foRr vkSj fodkl) fuxe
fyfeVsM 2012 bZ- ls fofHkUu rjhdksa dks viuk jgk
gSA ;g fyfeVsM vlfe;k flusek ds fodkl ds fy,
fofHkUu jpukRed ;kstuk,¡ ys jgk gSA fyfeVsM ,d
etcwr fiQYe uhfr ds fy, Cyw fçaV rS;kj dj pqdk
gSA ;g uhfr fuf'pr :i ls vlfe;k fiQYe fuekZrkvksa
dks enn dj jgh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh enn djsxhA 2018
bZ- dks vlfe;k flusek ds fodkl ds fy, vle
jkT; fiQYe (foRr vkSj fodkl) fuxe fyfeVsM us
nks fnolh; dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;kA bl rjg
vusd pqukSfr;ksa ds chp vlfe;k dykçseh fuekZrkvks]a
funs'Z kdks]a vfHkusrkvks]a xk;dksa ,oa n'kZdksa dh çsj.kk
,oa ç;kl ls vusd pqukSfr;ksa ds chp vlfe;k flusek
fodkl dh vksj fujarj vxzlj gks jgk gSA
fVIi.kh
vlfe;k Hkk"kk esa ^l* mPpkj.k okys nks o.kZ gSa&
^p* vkSj ^N*A vlfe;k Hkk"kk esa ^l* ds fy, dksey
^g* dk mPpkj.k gksrk gSA vlfe;k ds ^l*] ^p* vkSj
^N* bu rhuksa o.kksaZ ds fy, fganh fyI;arj.k esa Øe'k%
^l*] ^p* vkSj ^N* j[ks x, gSaA fganh Hkk"kk ds ^;* o.kZ
ds fy, vlfe;k Hkk"kk esa nks o.kZ pyrs gSa& ,d dk
mPpkj.k ^;* gh gS vkSj nwljs dk mPpkj.k ^t* gksrk
gSA vlfe;k ^;* ds fy, fganh esa Hkh ^;* j[kk x;k
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 125
gSA vlfe;k ^;* ds ^t* okys mPpkj.k ds fy, 2- c#vk] 'kka r uqd kS f 'kd&la f {kIr vlfe;k
fyI;arj.k esa ^;* j[kk x;k gSA fo'odks'k&çFke [kaM&T;ksfr çdk'ku&xqokgkVh] 2009
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- c#vk] 'kka ruq dkSf'kd&la f {kIr vlfe;k
fo'odks'k&çFke [kaM&T;ksfr çdk'ku&xqokgkVh] 2009

µ lg;ksxh vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle

qqq

126 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 vlfe;k flusek dks Hkwisu gtkfjdk dh nsu
iwtk c#ok
fl usek chloha lnh dh ekuo lH;rk dk
,d egRoiw.kZ vkfo"dkj gSA ;g euksjt
dk ,d ,slk ekè;e gS tks lHkh oxZ ds yksxksa dks
a u
vkdf"kZr djus esa l{ke gSA flusek dsoy euksjt a u dh
gh oLrq ugha gS] dHkh&dHkh flusek vusd mi;ksxh
lan's k dk okgd Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gSA flusek dk
lcls cM+k egRo bl ckr ls gS fd blus dbZ
dykdkjks]a laxhrdkjks]a vfHkusrkvksa rFkk vU; yksxksa ds
fy, deZ{ks=k dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; flusek txr esa fganh flusek iFk&izn'kZd
dh rjg gSA fganh flusek ds vuqdj.k ls gh vU;
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa flusek dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA
vlfe;k flusek txr Hkh blh dk mnkgj.k gSA flusek
esa ftl izdkj ls dgkuh vko';d gS] mlh izdkj xhr
Hkh vko';d gSA xhr rks flusek dk izk.kLo:i gSA
vlfe;k flusek dh ckr gks vkSj Hkwius gtkfjdk dh
ckr u gks] ;g laHko ughaA vlfe;k flusek txr dks
mudh nsu vrqyuh; gSA ,d liQy xk;d rFkk
xhrdkj rks os igys ls gh Fks] ijarq lkFk gh os ,d
vPNs fiQYe&fuekZrk Hkh FksA mUgksua s vusd fiQYeksa esa
xhr xk, rFkk laxhr dk funsZ'ku Hkh fd;kA ,d
xk;d&laxhrdkj vkSj lkaLÑfrd dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa
Jn~èkk ls mudk uke Lej.k fd;k tkrk gSA vlfe;k
flusek txr esa Hkwius gtkfjdk ds ;ksxnku dk vkadyu
ge fuEu fcanqvksa ds vkèkkj ij dj ldrs gSa&
d- xk;d ds :i esa
Hkwius gtkfjdk dfo] xhrdkj] fiQYe&fuekZrk rks
Fks gh_ ij lcls igys os ,d lqifz ln~èk xk;d FksA
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
muds fy, laxhr ges'kk mudk igyk I;kj jgk gSA os
,d ,sls xk;d Fks] ftUgksua s vlfe;k flusek txr dks
dbZ dkyt;h xhr fn, gSa muds xkus fiQYeksa esa tku
yk nsrs FksA vlfe;k flusek muds xkuksa ds fcuk vèkwjk
gSA muds xhrksa esa ekuo&izes ] tkrh;rk&cksèk] leUo;okn]
izes ] izÑfr] thou&cksèk] vlfe;k laLÑfr vkfn vusd
fo"k; lfEefyr gSAa
lu~ 1935 bZ- esa :idksaoj T;ksfr izlkn vkxjokyk
us vle dh igyh fiQYe ^t;erh* cukbZ FkhA Hkwius
gtkfjdk us fiQYeksa esa vius dfj;j dh 'kq#vkr cky
dykdkj ds :i esa dh FkhA mUgksua s vkxjokyk dh
nwljh fiQYe ^banzekyrh* (1939 bZ-) esa vfHku;
fd;k FkkA foy{k.k izfrHkk ds vfèkdkjh gtkfjdk us
10 lky dh mez esa viuk igyk xhr fy[kk vkSj xk;k
Fkk] ftlds ckn mUgksua s dHkh ihNs eqMd + j ugha ns[kkA
mUgksaus 1930 bZ- ds n'kd ls 1990 bZ- ds n'kd rd
dbZ vlfe;k] ckaXyk vkSj fganh fiQYeksa ds fy, xhr
fy[ksa vkSj xk,¡ gSAa Hkwius gtkfjdk vlfe;k fiQYeksa esa
lcls vfèkd xhr xkus okys dykdkj gSAa muds xkuksa
dh la[;k dbZ gtkj gSAa mUgksua s lekt] jktuhfr]
èkeZ&laLÑfr] thou] izÑfr vkfn lHkh i{kksa dks ysdj
xhr fy[ks FksA muds xhr brus izHkkoh gS fd os fdlh
Hkh oxZ ds yksxksa dks ea=keqXèk djus esa l{ke gSA mudh
igyh fiQYe ^,jk ckVj lqj* (NksMs+ gq, ikB dk lqj)
ds ^lkxj laxer* xkus dh dqN iafDr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr
gS&a
lkxj laxer
druk lkrqfjyks
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 127
 rFkkfirks gksok ukbZ Dykar
rFkkfi euj eksj iz'kakr
lkxjj mfeZekyk v'kkar
euj iz'kkar
lkxj c{kr
tksokjj ukb vkft var
vtlz ygjs uko&uko xfrjs vkfu fn, vk'kk
viQqjar
ls;gs s eju eksj iz'kkar lkxjj mfeZekyk v'kkar
(nRr 1997 % 338)
HkkokFkZ % lkxj laxe esa fdruk rSj fy;k] ij
dHkh Dykar ugha gqvkA fiQj Hkh esjs eu dk izlkar
lkxj v'kkar gh jgkA eu ds izlkar lkxj ds o{k esa
vkt ygjksa dk dksbZ var ughaA vufxur ygjsa fiQj ls
eu esa vk'kk ys vkrh gaAS blhfy, esjs eu dk izlka r
lkxj v'kkar gSA
os xk;d ds :i esa vR;ar yksdfiz; FksA mUgsa
1991 bZ- esa vius xk;u dSfj;j dh xksYMu tqcyh ds
fy, lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; xzkeksiQksu daiuh
us 1978 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfr muds mRÑ"V
;ksxnku ds fy, mUgsa ^xksYM fMLd* ls lEekfur
fd;k FkkA muesa ges'kk ls gh lkekftd psruk cuh
jgh] ;gh lkekftd psruk os vius xkuksa ds ekè;e ls
tu&tu rd igqp ¡ kuk pkgrs FksA ;s xhr muds izfln~èk
izes xhrksa ds foijhr gSAa mu xhrksa esa 'kks"k.k] vU;k;]
vuhfr ds izfr fonzkgs rFkk lkekU; turk ds izfr
lân;rk dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA ^ef.kjke nsoku*
fiQYe esa muds n~okjk funsfZ 'kr ,d xkus esa mudk
lkekftd Loj eq[kfjr gks mBk gS&
jkbt usdkafnck
raxkfy ckafèkpk
;k=kkj var g; gs g;
------ns'kjsb iztk
vU;k; tqtk
lR; vkft gc t; gs t;A
(nRr 1997 % 357)
HkkokFkZ % gs esjs ns'k dh turk jksuk erA ;k=kk
dk var gksus gh okyk gSA esjs ns'k dh iztk vU;k; ds
f[kykiQ ;qnè~ k djks] lR; dh fot; vo'; gksxhA
128 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
[k- fiQYe&fuekZrk ds :i esa
Hkwius gtkfjdk ns'k ds vxz.kh fiQYe fuekZrkvksa
esa ls ,d FksA os ,dek=k ,sls O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus
flusek ds ekè;e ls vkfnoklh laLÑfr lfgr lHkh
mRrj&iwohZ jkT;ksa dks ,dhÑr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
gtkfjdk us vlfe;k] ckaXyk vkSj fganh esa dbZ fiQYeksa
dk funsZ'ku fd;k FkkA muds n~okjk funsZf'kr flusek dh
la[;k dqy 9 gSAa muesa ls lkr vlfe;k] ,d ckaXyk
vkSj ,d fganh Hkk"kk dh gSAA mudh lcls igyh
fiQYe Fkh ^,jk ckVj lqj*A bl fiQYe us vlfe;k
flusek dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nhA mUgksaus bl fiQYe ds
funs'Z ku ds lkFk&lkFk bl fiQYe ds xkuksa dk Hkh
funs'Z ku fd;kA bl fiQYe esa mudh iRuh fiz;ca nk us
Hkh u`R;&funsZ'kd ds rkSj ij mudh lgk;rk dh FkhA
mUgksua s vlfe;k Hkk"kk dh fiQYeksa ds fy, xhr fy[ks]a
funs'Z ku fd;k vkSj xhr Hkh xk,A muds n~okjk funsZf'kr
vlfe;k flusek bl izdkj gSa& ^,jk ckVj lqj*]
^'kdqaryk* (1960 bZ-) ^izfrèofu* (1964 bZ-)] ^ysfV
?kfV* & ijs'kkuh (1967 bZ-)] ^fpdfed fctqyh* &
fpdfed fctyh (1971 bZ-)] ^eu iztkifr* (1978
bZ-)] vkSj ^fNjkst* (1988 bZ-)A bu fiQYeksa ds funs'Z ku
ds lkFk gh mUgksua s buesa laxhr&la;kstu vkSj daBnku
Hkh fd;k FkkA ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa mudh ,dek=k fganh
fiQYe gSA ^ekgqr caèkq js* (1958 bZ-)A ^esjk èkje esjh
ek¡* (1977 bZ-) muds n~okjk funsZf'kr ,dek=k fganh
fiQYe gSA ;g v#.kkpy izns'k dh igyh jaxhu
iQhpj fiQYe gSA mUgksua s v#.kkpy izn's k ljdkj ds
fy, tutkrh; yksd&xhr vkSj u`R; ij vkèkkfjr ,d
jaxhu MkWD;weaVs ªh dk Hkh funsZ'ku fd;k Fkk] ftldk uke
Fkk ^iQkWj gkse n lu~ 'kkbue* (1974 bZ-)A mUgsa
^'kadqryk*] ^izfrèofu* vkSj ^yfV?kfV* ds fy, Øe'k%
1960 bZ-] 1964 bZ- vkSj 1967 bZ- esa rhu ckj
loZJ"s B fiQYe fuekZrk ds :i esa jk"Vªifr ls jk"Vªh;
iqjLdkj feyk FkkA lu~ 1992 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa
Hkkjrh; flusek esa ;ksxnku ds fy, flusek dk loksPZ p
lEeku ^nknk lkgsc iQkYds* iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
fd;k FkkA
Hkwius gtkfjdk us vle ljdkj ds fy, xhr ds
izk:i esa ^,eqfB pkmyj dkfguh* (eqV~Bh Hkj pkoy
dh dgkuh) uked ,d MkWD;weaVs ªh dk fuekZ.k vkSj
funs'Z ku fd;k FkkA mUgksua s 1977 bZ- esa dksydkrk
nwjn'kZu dsna z ds fy, vkèks ?kaVs dh MkWD;weVas hª dk
fuekZ.k vkSj funsZ'ku fd;k] tks mRrj iwoZ Hkkjr ds
yksd xhrksa vkSj u`R;ksa ij vkèkkfjr FkhA mUgksua s vle
ds i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus gsrq vle ljdkj ds fy,
ik¡p jhy dh jaxhu MkWD;weVas hª ds fy, laxhr cuk;kA
mUgksua s 1977 bZ- esa vlfe;k fiQYe ds fy, Hkkjr esa
loZJ"s B laxhrdkj ds :i esa jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj thrkA
2000 bZ- esa mUgksaus fganh iQhpj fiQYe ^neu* ds fy,
laxhr rS;kj fd;kA 2003 esa mUgksaus lqJh dYiuk
ykteh n~okjk funsZf'kr fganh iQhpj fiQYe ^D;ksa* ds
fy, laxhr rS;kj fd;kA
x- laxhr funs'Z kd ds :i esa
Hkwius gtkfjdk xhr fy[krs Fks] xkrs Fks vkSj
mudk funs'Z ku Hkh djrs FksA os ,d vR;ar gh izfrHkklaiUu
laxhr funs'Z kd FksA mUgksua s dYiuk ykteh n~okjk funsfZ 'kr
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij iqjLÑr fganh iQhpj fiQYe ^,d
iy* ds fy, laxhr lajpuk dh FkhA flusek vkSj
laxhr ds ekè;e ls tutkrh; dY;k.k rFkk tutkrh;
laLÑfr ds mRFkku esa muds mRd"Vª ;ksxnku ds fy,
1977 bZ- esa v#.kkpy izns'k ljdkj us mUgsa Lo.kZ
ind ls uoktk FkkA
Hkwius gtkfjdk 31 vlfe;k] 15 ckaXyk vkSj
14 fganh flusekvksa ds laxhrdkj jg pqds gSAa mUgksua s
ftu vlfe;k flusekvksa dk laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k Fkk]
muesa ^fcIych* (foIyoh)] ^fljkt*] ^ij?kkV*]
^dspklks.k* (dPpk lks.kk)] ^,jk ckVj lqj*] ^fi;fy
iqQdu*] ^'kadrq yk*] ^èkqegq k* (rwiQku)] ef.kjke nsoku]
^izfrèofu*] ^yfV ?kfV*] ^HkkX;*] ^fpdfed fctqyh*]
^[kkst* (dne)] ^fczf"V*] pkesyh eselkc*] ^dk¡p
?kj*] ^èkeZdkb*] ^iyk'kj jax*] ^cutqb*] ^fu;fr*] ^eu
iztkifr*] ^vi:ik*] ^e;wjh*] ^ikuh*] ^dq¡oyh* vkfn
mYys[kuh; gSAa ^pkesfy eselkc* fiQYe ds fy, mUgsa
µ vfrfFk vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
lu~ 1977 esa Js"B laxhrdkj ds :i esa jk"Vªh;
iqjLdkj feyk FkkA
vlfe;k ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksua s dbZ ckaXyk fiQYeksa
esa Hkh laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k FkkA muesa ls ^thou r`".kk*]
^vlekIr*] ^nqb cspkjk*] ^naifr*] ekgqr caèkq js*] ^dkyk
flanjw *] ^ukfxuh du;j dkfguh* vkfn ize[q k gSAa ^vkjksi*]
^,d iy*] ^#nkyh*] ^iihgk*] ^izfrewfrZ*] ^nfeZ;ku*]
^xtxkfeuh*] ^neu*] ^D;ksa* vkfn fganh fiQYeksa esa Hkh
mUgksua s laxhr funs'Z ku fd;k FkkA laxhr ukVd vdkneh&
ubZ fnYyh us mUgsa Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfr mRÑ"V
;ksxnku ds fy, lu~ 1987 esa lEekfur fd;k FkkA
1993 bZ- esa tkiku esa vk;ksftr ,f'k;k iSflfiQd
baVjus'kuy fiQYe iQsfLVoy esa mUgsa varjjk"Vªh; Lrj
ij ^#nkyh* fiQYe ds laxhr ds fy, loZJ"s B laxhr
funs'Z kd ds :i esa lEekfur fd;k x;kA os Hkkjr ds
igys laxhr funs'Z kd Fks] ftUgsa ;g lEeku izkIr gqvk
FkkA
mi;qZDr foospu ds vkèkkj ij fu"d"kZr% ;g
dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkwius gtkfjdk dbZ Hkk"kkvksa ds
Kkrk FksA blhfy, mUgksua s vyx&vyx Hkk"kkvksa esa xhr
xk, gSaA ysfdu os vfèkdrj xhr viuh ekr`Hkk"kk
vlfe;k esa gh fy[krs ,oa xkrs FksA mUgksua s iwjs iwoksRZ rj
ds yksd&laxhr dks nqfu;k ls ifjfpr djk;kA vlfe;k
flusek ds xkuksa dks fons'kksa rd iQSyk;kA mUgksua s vlfe;k
flusek txr dks ,d ubZ Å¡pkbZ nhA lgh vFkZ esa os
Hkkjr ds lkaLÑfrd jktnwr ds leku gSA vlfe;k
flusek dks mudh nsu vrqyuh; ,oa vn~forh; gSA
mudh dyk&laLÑfr ds izfr vrqyuh; lsok ds dkj.k
gh Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 2019 bZ- esa ns'k dk loksZPp
ukxfjd lEeku ^Hkkjr jRu* ls uoktk FkkA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
nRr] fnyhi] Hkwisu gtkfjdk xhr vk# thou
jFk] iape] dksydkrk% JhHkwfe ifCyf'kax daiuh] 1997
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 129
 ikjlh jaxeap vkSj fganh flusek dk vkxk”k
MkW- dapu oekZ
, d dyk ds :i esa fganh flusek us lkS o"kks±
ls Åij dk tks thou ft;k gS] og 'kkunkj
jgk gSA bldh ,d lqugjh fojklr jgh gS vkSj bl
fojklr dks cjdjkj j[kus dh ftn~n gh bls ftank j[ks
gSA Hkkjr ,d ,slk eqYd gS tgk¡ gj ftanxh dh viuh
,d dgkuh gS] mlds cs'kqekj jax gSa vkSj ;fn bu ij
fiQYe cukbZ tk, rks vkxkeh lkS lky Hkh de iM+asxsA
rhu v{kjksa dk ;g tknqbZ uke ^flusek* gj Hkkjrh; dks
cjlksa ls yqHkkrk vk;k gSA fiNys lkS lkyksa ls gekjs
;gk¡ euksjatu ds dbZ lkèku ;Fkk& ukSVadh] dOokyh]
ldZl vkfn jgs gSa] ysfdu flusek dk tknw vkt Hkh
cjdjkj gSA cnyrs le; ds lkFk bldk vank”k cnyk
gS] ysfdu bldh df'k'k vkt Hkh cjdjkj gSA
fganh flusek dh ;k=kk cM+h fnypLi jgh gSA
vkt flusek us ,d ubZ djoV yh gS dFkk] xhr]
laxhr] vfHku;] funs'Z ku lHkh {ks=kksa esa dqN u dqN
u;k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;g vuk;kl ugha gqvk gSA
njvly] flusek dk foLrkj ysrk ;g lalkj dbZ eksMk+ sa
ls xq”kjk gSA fganh flusek dh ijaijk dks ikjlh jaxeap
ds mn; ds lkFk tksMd + j ns[kk tkrk jgk gSA
mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds lkrosa&vkBosa n'kd ls
ikjlh ukVd dk izkjaHk gksrk gSA igys igy eqacbZ ls
ikjfl;ksa us fons'kh ukVdksa dks ns[kdj 'kkSfd;k rkSj ij
ukVd [ksyuk 'kq: fd;kA 'kh?kz gh mudh O;kolkf;d
cqn~fèk us ;g Hkk¡i fy;k fd blls dkiQh iSlk cuk;k
tk ldrk gS vkSj bls ,d O;olk; ds :i esa viuk
130 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
fy;kA izkjaHk esa xqtjkrh] mnwZ vkSj ejkBh ukVdksa ds
eapu ls dksbZ [kkl liQyrk ugha feyhA eqca bZ ds
cgqHkk"kh n'kZdksa dks vkÑ"V djus ds mn~n's ; ls
foDVksfj;k ukVd eaMyh us ^lksus ds ewy dh [kqj'khn*
(1871 bZ-)uked fganh&mnwZ ukVd [ksyk vkSj vk'kkrhr
liQyrk izkIr dhA vPNh vkenuh gksus ds dkj.k blh
ekè;e ls ukVd djuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA yxHkx vkèkh
'krkCnh rd bl O;kolkf;d jaxeap us viuk [kwc jax
tek;k vkSj djksM+kas dh rknkr esa n'kZdksa dks rS;kj
fd;kA ikjfl;ksa n~okjk izkjaHk fd, tkus ds dkj.k
bldk uke ^ikjlh jaxeap* iM+k ysfdu lkFk gh
ejkBh] xqtjkrh] fganh] mnw]Z rfey] rsyxq ]q dUuM Hkk"kh
jaxdfeZ;ksa dk Hkh iwjk lg;ksx bl jaxeap dks FkkA
ikjlh fFk;sVj dk ekWMy baXySaM dk foDVksfj;k fFk;sVj
Fkk vkSj bls gh vkèkkj cukdj bldh ifjdYiuk cgqr
dqN izkfs lfu;e fFk;sVj ds :i esa dh xbZ FkhA Hkkjrh;
yksd ukVdksa vkSj ;wjksih; ukVdh; rduhd dk
feyk&tqyk :i Fkk ikjlh jaxeapA fon~;korh uez ds
vuqlkj] ¶ikjfl;ksa us viuk jaxeap 'ksDlihfj;u jaxeap
ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; jaxeap ds mi;qDr fufeZr fd;k
FkkA ukVdksa esa jl ds LFkku ij dFkk&oSfp=; gh
euksjt
a u dk ekè;e FkkA¸1
euksjatu dj iSlk dekuk gh eq[; mn~ns'; gksus
ds dkj.k euksjt a u dk gj laHko rRo bu ukVdksa esa
'kkfey FkkA izkjaHk esa tks ukVd miyCèk Fks mUgsa gh
eafpr fd;k x;k ysfdu ckn esa daiuh ds futh
ukVddkjksa us ukVd fy[kuk izkjaHk fd;kA y[kuÅ ds
vkf[kjh uokc okftn vyh'kkg ds ukVd ^jkèkk dUgS;k
dk fdLlk* (1843) vkSj vekurÑr ^banjlHkk*
(1953) esa euksjatu ds bu lHkh rRoksa dk iz;ksx gksus
ds dkj.k ;s ikjlh fFk;sVj ds vkjafHkd izjs .kk lzksr
cusA dgkuh] laokn] xhr&laxhr] u`R; ls Hkjiwj euksjt a u
dh ;gh oks ijaijk Fkh tks ikjlh fFk;sVj dks fojklr
esa feyh FkhA igys igy ikjlh jaxeap ij vaxt sz h
ukVdksa ds :ikarj.k eafpr gq,A rRi'pkr~ xqtjkrh]
mnwZ&fganh ukVd [ksy s x,A ikjlh jaxeap ls gh
ikjlh&xqtjkrh] ikjlh&mnw]Z ikjlh&ejkBh dk ,d lkFk
vFkZ cksèk gksrk gSA ^ikjlh jaxeap* dsoy blfy, dgk
x;k D;ksafd bu daifu;ksa ds ekfyd ewyr% ikjlh gh
gqvk djrs FksA fFk;sVj daifu;ksa ds uke T;knkrj
vaxtsz h esa gqvk djrs FksA loZiFz ke] lsB fiLVu th
Úke th us vksfjtuy fFk;sVªhdy daiuh (1870) dh
LFkkiuk dhA ckyhokyk dh foDVksfj;k ukVd daiuh
vkSj dkolth dh vYÚsM fFk;sVªhdy daiuh vius
”kekus dh izfln~èk daifu;k¡ FkhaA ns[krs gh ns[krs dbZ
daifu;k¡ vfLrRo esa vk xb±A
vius izkjafHkd nkSj esa ikjlh fFk;sVj ij b'd
vkSj gqLu dk cksyckyk jgkA ikjlh daifu;k¡ turk dk
dsoy lLrk euksjt a u dj iSlk dekus ds mn~n's ; ls
gh ukVd [ksyrh FkhaA O;kolkf;d mn~ns'; ds dkj.k
gh bUgsa esy&s Bsyksa esa cqyk;k tkrk FkkA pwf¡ d ;s O;kikjh
Fks blfy, turk dks ogh fn[kkrs rks mls ilan gksrk
FkkA tc turk dk eu HkfDr esa jek rks bUgksaus
jkek;.k] egkHkkjr ij vkèkkfjr ukVd [ksyus 'kq: dj
fn,A eryc ;g tks fcd ldrk gS] mls cspk vkSj
èku dek;kA bUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkSj iqu#RFkkuoknh ukVd
Hkh eafpr fd, ftls turk n~okjk [kwc ljkgk x;kA
O;kolkf;d nckoksa ds Hkhrj ^ckWDl vkWfiQl* dh
liQyrk ds iQkewy Z ksa ds vkèkkj ij ukVdksa dh jpuk
dh xbZA n'kZdksa dh ek¡x ds vuq:i vius lksp&fopkj
vkSj Hkko dks <kydj èku rFkk 'kksgjr izkIr fd;kA
ysfdu vkxs pydj vkxk gJ d'ehjh] ukjk;.k izlkn
csrkc rFkk jkèks';ke dFkkokpd tSls ukVddkjksa us
èkkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd rFkk lkekftd ukVdksa ds ys[ku@eapu
ls ikjlh jaxeap dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nhA buds vykok
Ñ".kpan ”ksck] rqylhnRr 'kSnk] gfjÑ".k tkSgj] JhÑ".k
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
gljr vkfn ys[kd bUgha daifu;ksa dh nsu gSAa
ikjlh jaxeap ij [ksys tkus okys ukVdksa ds
pquko esa eq[; :i ls mldh yksdfiz;rk] vfèkd ls
vfèkd èkuksiktZu rFkk peRdkj vkèkkj gksrs FksA ;g
peRdkj dgkuh ds IykWV] rqdcanh] laokn] os'kHkw"kk]
lsV rFkk n`';&n`';karj dh uohurk ls FkkA >k¡fd;k¡
(VscykW) blh peRdkj dk ifj.kke FkhaA u, lhu&lhujh
ls ;qDr ukVd tks n'kZdksa dks vfHkHkwr dj ns ;gh
fn[kkuk mn~n's ; FkkA izR;sd vad ds var esa MªkiW lhu
gksrk FkkA bl izdkj ls HkhM+ bDV~Bh djus ds rjhdksa
dks fujarj [kkstk tkrk FkkA peRÑr djus okys dFkkud]
vfrukVdh;rk] dkO;kRed 'kSyh] rM+drs&HkM+drs laokn]
HkO; lsV] pedhys ijnksa ij n'kZdksa dks HkkofoHkksj
djus dk xq.k buds ukVdksa esa fon~;eku FksA
dFkkoLrq eq[;r% èkkfeZd] ikSjkf.kd] eè;;qxhu
fdLls] 'ksDlfi;j ds Mªkeksa ds IykWV ls fy, tkrs FksA
vfèkdka'k ukVdksa ds fo"k; lR;] èkeZ] R;kx] ohjrk]
izse vkfn gksrk FkkA euksjt a u izèkku izsedFkk,¡ T;knk
ilan dh tkrh FkhaA iwjk okrkoj.k jksekfu;r Hkjk gksrk
Fkk tgk¡ uk;d&ukf;dk ds feyu ls ukVd dk izkjaHk
gksrk FkkA izse vkSj fookg esa èkeZ] oxZ] o.kZ dh
#dkoVs]a ikfjokfjd&dyg ds ckn izse dh izkfIr]
chp esa ;qnè~ k] nSoh; ?kVukvks]a peRdkfjd n`';ksa ds
ekè;e ls mn~ns'; iwfrZ& bl izdkj ds n`'; dFkkudksa
esa Hkjiwj ek=kk esa ik, tkrs Fks ftlls dFkkud esa
vkdfLedrk mRiUu dh tkrh FkhA MkW- y{ehukjk;.k
yky ds 'kCnksa es]a ¶gj n`'; ds var esa ^oal eksj*
dh iqdkj tc rd n'kZd lekt esa u gks tk,] rc
rd u ukVd Js"B ekuk tkrk] u vfHkusrk] u jaxf'kYih]
u xk;d] u urZdA¸2 le; rFkk n'kZdksa dh ek¡x ds
vuqlkj ukVd eafpr fd, tkrs Fks vFkok cus&cuk,
ukVdksa esa izlxa tksM+ fn, tkrs FksA igys ukVd ds
lkFk ,d izglu gksrk Fkk ftldk ewy dFkk ls dksbZ
lacaèk ugha gksrk FkkA izglu ds ik=k izk;% pkiywl
ukSdj] cnfnekx choh] vÕ;k'k fcxMSy + csVk] datl w
cw<k+ vkfn gksrs FksA izk;% oftZr n`';] bu izgluksa esa
LokHkkfod :i ls fn[kk, tkrs FksA g¡lh&fBBksyh]
NsM+NkM+] gkL;kLin ?kVuk,¡ eq[; gksrh FkhaA gkL; izk;%
v'yhy] Hkn~nk vkSj vf'k"V gksrk FkkA bldk mn~ns';
xaHkhj izlxa ksa ds chp jkgr nsus ds vykok nwljs n`';
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 131
ds izkjaHk iwoZ eap lTtk Hkh djuk gksrk FkkA dHkh&dHkh
nwljs ukVddkjksa ds fy[ks izglu Hkh xaHkhj dFkkud ds
lkFk tksM+ fn, tkrs FksA ukVddkj nks Lora=k dFkkudksa
dh ;kstuk Hkh djrs FksA igyk] eq[; vkSj xaHkhj
dFkkud rFkk nwljk] xkS.k vkSj gkL;iw.kZA ,sls dFkkud
vkxk gJ us fy[kus 'kq: fd,A lkFk gh gkL; vkSj
O;aX; ewy dFkkud ds ik=kksa ds laokn esa gh fn, tkus
yxsA vkxk gJ Ñr ^flYoj fdax* ukVd bldk
mnkgj.k gSA ikjlh ukVddkjksa us bl ckr dk è;ku
j[kk fd vke&n'kZd fdl rjg dh Hkk"kk le>rs gSa
lkFk gh ukVd dh dFkkoLrq ds fglkc ls Hkk"kk dk
dkSu lk :i vfèkd mi;qDr gksxkA ukV~; Hkk"kk ds ckjs
esa ikjlh jaxeap ds ukVddkjksa dh D;k jk; Fkh]
cdkSy ukjk;.k izlkn ^csrkc*
u BsB fganh] u [kkfyl mnw@Z ”+kcku xks;k feyh&
tqyh gks
vyx jgs nwèk ls u feJh@Myh&Myh esa ?kqyh
feyh gksA
cs'kd dgk tk ldrk gS fd fganh Hkk"kk ds
dq'ky iz;ksx us bl jaxeap dks vkSj O;kid tukèkkj
fn;kA ikjlh jaxeaph; Hkk"kk rku&vuqrku vkSj y; ls
;qDr gSA NksV&s pqVhys ltho vkSj izHkkoksRiknd laokn
bu ukVdksa dh tku gSaA cksèkxE;rk bu ukVdksa dh
igyh 'krZ gSA bldh ;gh yksdfiz; Hkk"kk vkxs pydj
fganh flusek dh Hkk"kk cuhA blus fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk
vFkok cksyh ds 'kCnksa dks viukus ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
dk ijgst ugha fd;kA laokn ds chp&chp esa 'kk;jh]
x+t+ysa] rqdcanh [kwc pyrh FkhaA laokn in~;kRed rFkk
rqdkar gksrs FksA vfr vkosxiw.kZ laokn HkhM+ bdV~Bk
djus esa lgk;d gksrs FksA dFkkud] laokn] Hkk"kk rFkk
vfHkus;rk ukVd dks yksdfiz; cukrs FksA
ukVddkj ikjlh jaxeap dk egRoiw.kZ ?kVd FkkA
bldk funs'Z kd rFkk O;oLFkkid ds lkFk iw.kZ rkyesy
gksrk FkkA pw¡fd ikjlh jaxeap iw.kZr% O;kolkf;d Fkk
blfy, ukVddkj bl ckr dk iwjk è;ku j[krk Fkk fd
n'kZdksa dks dSls ckaèk dj j[kk tk,A blfy, ukVdksa esa
pViVs xhr] iQM+drs laxhr] csgrjhu u`R;] jksekapiw.kZ
n`'; rFkk 'ksjks&'kk;jh dk [kwc iz;ksx gksrk FkkA pwf¡ d
n'kZd dks peRÑr djuk ,dek=k mn~ns'; gksrk Fkk
vr% mldh ilan&ukilan dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
132 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
dFkk] n`'; laokn fy[kus iM+rs FksA bruk gh ugha mls
funs'Z kd rFkk O;oLFkkid dh ethZ&ls Hkh iQsj&cny
djuk iM+rk FkkA
funs'Z kd ikjlh jaxeap ij losl Z okZ Fkk ysfdu
dbZ txg ij mls izcèa kd ds vuq:i dke djuk
iM+rk FkkA funs'Z kd dh ilan ls gh ukVd dk pquko
vkSj mlesa la'kksèku gksrk FkkA ukVddkj ds lkFk gh
laxhr&funs'Z kd] lhu&lhujh fuekZrk rFkk vfHkusrk Hkh
funs'Z kd dh fuxjkuh esa dke djrs FksA O;kolkf;d
:i ls og funs'Z kd liQy ekuk tkrk Fkk ftldh
”;knkrj izLrqfr;k¡ gksrh Fkha vkSj turk dh okg&okgh
feyrh FkhA ukVd ls ykSVrs gq, n'kZd ea=keqXèk gks
tkrk Fkk vkSj ckj&ckj ukVd ns[kus vkrk FkkA
vfHkusrk dk eq[; dk;Z n'kZdksa dh Hkkoukvksa
vkSj dYiukvksa dks eap ij thfor j[kus dh FkhA bl
c[kwch ls vfHkusrk pfj=k dks izLrqr djrk Fkk fd
n'kZd ea=keqXèk gks tk,¡A dFkk ds vuq:i gh mldh
vfHku; {kerk fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA mls pfj=k ds fy,
fof'k"V :i ls izf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk FkkA lqanj psgjk
vkSj vPNh dndkBh ds vykok xkuk&ukpuk rFkk
ryokjck”kh dk Kku vko';d FkkA 'ksjksa&'kk;jh esa
fuiq.krk ds dkj.k og volj vuq:i bldk iz;ksx
djrk Fkk vkSj bl dnj n'kZdksa dks vkg~ykfnr dj
nsrk Fkk fd ^oal eksj* dh vkokt+ ls iwjh jax'kkyk xwt a
tkrh FkhA dqN vfHkusrk vius vfHku; ds dkj.k brus
izfln~èk Fks fd ukVd dh izfln~fèk esa pkj pk¡n yx
tkrs Fks tSl&s lksgjkc th] vkxk egewn] ekLVj fiQnk
gqluS ] ekLVj uSujw ke] fel xkSgj] esjh iQsVa u] is'kal
dwij] tgk¡vkjk csxe vkfnA ukeh dykdkjksa dks daiuh
dks osru Hkh vfèkd nsuk iM+rk FkkA tSlk fd gksrk Fkk
L=kh ik=kksa dk vfHku; izkjaHk esa NksVs yM+ds djrs FksA
HkkbZ jkty ds uke ls fo[;kr vfHkus=kh ,dek=k
vfHkus=kh Fkh tks iq#"k ik=k ds vfHku; ds fy, izfln~èk
gqbAZ ysfdu fL=k;ksa dks igyh ckj eap ij izo's k nsus
dk Js; ikjlh jaxeap dks gh tkrk gSA dkol th
[kVkÅ us vfHku; esa LokHkkfodrk ykus dh n`f"V ls
loZiFz ke esjh iQsVa u dks jaxeap ij izLrqr fd;kA ,d
vPNh daiuh ds ikl lkS ls Ms<+ lkS rd dykdkj
gksrs FksA cM+h daifu;ksa ds ikl NRrhl lf[k;ksa dh
Vksyh gksrh Fkh tks ckjg&ckjg ds xziq essa ukprh vkSj
ikVZ djrh FkhA dksjafs Fk;u fFk;sVªhdy daiuh ds ikl
lcls vfèkd ukpus&xkus okyh fL=k;k¡ FkhaA vysDtsMa kª
fFk;sVhª dy daiuh vius le; dh lcls ped&ned
okyh daiuh FkhA
ik=k viuh Hkwfedk ds vuqlkj gh oL=k rFkk
lkt&lTTkk dk pquko djrs FksA os'kHkw"kk n'kZdksa dks
vkdf"kZr djus okyh] muesa pkgr iSnk djus okyh
gksrh FkhA os pedhys&HkM+dhys oL=kkHkw"k.k èkkj.k djrs
FksA psgjs dks fnyd'k cukus ds fy, esdvi dk
Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA xhr&laxhr&u`R; ikjlh
jaxeap dk vge~ fgLlk jgs gSAa xkuksa dh ek=kk bu
ukVdksa esa vfèkd gSA ;s ”;knkrj rqdcafn;k¡ gaS tks
fdlh u fdlh rtZ ij cSBk nh xbZ gSaA mnwZ ys[kdksa us
vfèkdrj x+”kyksa dk lgkjk fy;kA rM+drs&iQM+drs
xhr&laxhr ij fd, x, u`R; turk esa csgn yksdfiz;
gq,A xhrksa dk iz;ksx jaxeap ij mifLFkr ik=kksa dks dksbZ
fo'ks"k lwpuk nsus ds fy, gksrk Fkk ;k n'kZdksa ij fo'ks"k
izHkko Mkyus ds fy,A dqN xhr cSd xzkmaM esa xk,
tkrs Fks ftlds lgkjs dgkuh vkxs c<+rh FkhA izsexhr]
'kksdxhr] mins'kkRed xhr] ½rqxhr] yksdxhr bR;kfn
xhrksa n~okjk ukVdksa dks #fpiw.kZ cuk;k tkrk FkkA vfHkusrk
dh euksn'kk dk fp=k.k xhrksa ls c[kwch gksrk gSA blh
ls gkL;&fouksn dk lek c¡èkrk Fkk vkSj izse mn~xkj
rFkk izes izlxa ksa dh ppkZ vkxs c<+rh FkhA ?kksj i'pkrki
rFkk vJq ls Hkjs xhr eu dh vry xgjkbZ;ksa dks Nw
tkrs FksA
HkO; lkt&lTtk ls ;qDr ikjlh jaxeap esa vius
n'kZdksa dks vfHkHkwr djus dh {kerk FkhA pV[k] 'kks[k
jaxhu ijnksa dk iz;ksx eap dks vkd"kZd cukus ds lkFk
gh peRdkjh n`';ksa dks izLrqr djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk FkkA
eap ij vkf[kjh esa ,d pVd jax dk inkZ Vaxk
gksrk Fkk tks ukVd dh i`"BHkwfe dk dk;Z djrk FkkA
eq[; ukVd esa tgk¡ inks± dk iz;ksx foLr`r Fkk ogha
izglu@ dkWfed dks ,d gh fpf=kr insZ ds vkxs
iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA peRdkfjd n`';ksa tSl&s nsoksa
dk vkdk'k ls vorfjr gksuk] vlqjksa dk xk;c gksuk]
ifj;ksa dk ”kehu ij mrjuk] iq"id foekuksa dk mM+uk]
flagklu fgyuk] nsoh&nsork dk varèkkZu ;k izdV gksuk
vkfn n`';ksa ds eapu ds fy, tfVy ;a=kksa dk iz;ksx
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
gksrk FkkA yanu ds jaxeapksa ij bl izdj ds midj.kksa
dk iz;ksx rc dkiQh gksrk FkkA
'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa esa ukVd daiuh ds vkus ls
dbZ lIrkg igys ls gh izpkj dk;Z 'kq: gks tkrk FkkA
cM+&s cM+s jaxhu bf'rgkj yx tkrs Fks ftu ij ukVd
dk eq[; rRo ,d&vkèk iafDr esa n'kZdksa esa ftKklk
mRiUu djus ds fy, fy[k fn;k tkrk Fkk ftls vkt
dh Hkk"kk esa ^VSxykbZu* dgk tkrk gSA turk esa ykylk
iSnk dh tkrh Fkh rkfd os ”;knk ls ”;knk rknkr esa
vkdj ukVd ns[k ldsaA tSl&s ^Mkdw tks lar cu
x;k*] ^jktdqekjh ftlus yaxM+s fHk[kkjh ls C;kg fd;k*]
^igyh ckj vaxz”s k eseksa ds Mk¡l*] ^dydRrs dh
tknwxjfu;k¡*] ^iQkjl dh gwj*as ] ^rwjku dh delhus*
bR;kfnA ;g Vªy s j ;k izkseksa dk izkjafHkd :i Fkk tks
daiuh vius ukVdksa ds fy, fd;k djrh FkhA iksLVj
ij vfHkusrk@vfHkus=kh ds vykok izfln~èk ukVddkj
dk ftØ Hkh gksrk FkkA xkus&ctkus ds lkFk fudkyk
x;k tqyl w vkSj tksdjksa ds djrcksa dh >yfd;k¡ Hkh
fn[kkbZ tkrh FkhaA
bu ukVdksa ds n'kZd izk;% fuEu oxZ ;k vui<+
fdLe ds yksx gksrs Fks ftudh la[;k g”kkjksa esa FkhA
,d vyx <ax ls euksjatu dh ek¡x djus okys n'kZd
oxZ dks ikjlh jaxeap us tks fn[kk;k] turk us mls oSls
gh Lohdkj dj fy;kA gkykafd dqN ckSnf~ èkd oxZ ds
n'kZd (Hkkjrsna ]q izeFknk] MkW- Fkhcks) Hkh Fks tks buds
n~okjk eafpr iQwgM+ izlxa ksa dk fojksèk Hkh djrs FksA
;g vfr';ksfDr ugha fd fganh flusek dh fojklr
ikjlh jaxeap gSA flusek esa viuh ckr@dgkuh dgus
ds fy, fiQYe fuekZ.k ds rduhdh igyqvksa ij
fuHkZjrk ”;knk gksrh gSA vyadj.k ij è;ku ”;knk fn;k
tkrk gSA ftldh ped&ned ls n'kZd flusek?kjksa
rd f[kapk pyk tkrk gSA yksdfiz; lsV fganh flusek
ds bu vyadj.kksa esa xhr] laxhr] u`R;] n`';kadu] HkO;
,DtkWfVd yksdYl dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS vkSj cgqr
lh fiQYesa blh yksdfiz;rk ds cy ij dke;kc gksrh
gSAa xhr&laxhr&u`R; esa fijksbZ dFkk turk dks yqHkkrh
gSA
fganh flusek ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa rdjhcu mu
lHkh fo"k;ks@a dFkkvksa ij fiQYe vius [kkl&vank”k esa
fuekZrkvksa n~okjk cukbZ xbZ tks ikjlh jaxeap ij dkiQh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 133
èkwe epk, FkhA iafMr Hkw"k.k n~okjk fyf[kr ”kkfye
lkSnkxj (1941) jkèkk fiQYe daiuh] dydRrk n~okjk
cukbZ xbZA bl fiQYe esa vfHku; fd;k] [kyhy
dTtu] jkuh izes yrk vkSj gSnj ckanh usA ^gBhyh
nqYgu* (1932) dk fuekZ.k dTtu] jkuh izes yrk vkSj
gSnj ckanh usA ^gBhyh nqYgu* (1932) dk fuekZ.k
'ksDlih;j ds ukVd ^n Vsfeax vkWiQ n Jw* ij
vkèkkfjr FkkA #Lre eksn h us ^ikd nkeu ;k
'kghn&,&ukt* (1940) dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks vkxk
gJ d'ehjh n~okjk 'ksDlfi;j ds ukVd ^estj iQkWj
estj* dk :ikarj.k FkkA ^[kwu dk [kwu* (1935)
fiQYe lksgjkc eksnh us 'ksDlfi;j ds ukVd gSeysV
ij cuk;k tks :ikarj.k FkkA rkt fiDplZ us ^tueqjhn*
vFkok ^dkfiQj&,&b'd* fiQYe cukbZ tks ikjlh jaxeap
ij ^dkyh ukfxu* ;k ^tu&eqjhn* ds uke ds eafpr
gqvk yksdfiz; ukVd FkkA vkxk gJ d'ehjh ds
gSeysV ds :ikarj.k ij lkSgjkc eksnh us ^lSn&,&gol*
(1936) uked fiQYe vkSj Lo;a dTty csx dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA blds lkFk gh 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa fiQYedkjksa
us èkkfeZd&ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;ksa dks gh fiQYe cukus ds
fy, pqukA
ns'k dh igyh ewd fiQYe ^jktk gfj'panz*
(1913) vkSj igyh cksyrh fiQYe vknsZ'khj bjkuh dh
^vkye vkjk* (1931) bUgha fo"k;ksa ij vkèkkfjr
fiQYesa FkhaA èkkfeZd fiQYeksa ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa lSÕ;n
iQRrsyky us izHkkr daiuh ds fy, ^txrxq# 'kadjkpk;Z*
o ^lar rqdkjke* fiQYesa cukb±A ikjlh gkseh okfM;k
us ^lai.w kZ jkek;.k*] ^jkeHkDr guqeku*] ^ikrky fot;*]
^x.ks'k efgek* fiQYesa cukb± rks vCnqy xÝiQkj o
vCnqy djhe us ^v;ksè;kifr* o ^jkek;.k* vkfn
fiQYesAa ^lrh vuql;w k* ds ys[kd vglku fjtoh FksA
jTtu fe;ka fiQYe ^iwju Hkxr* ds ghjks FksA fiQYe
^nzkSinh* esa nzkSinh dk vfHku; fd;k tScqfUulk usA bl
le; dh mYys[kuh; fiQYesa Fkha& ^vkye vkjk*]
^mn;dky*] ^;gwnh dh yM+dh*] ^,d fnu dk ckn'kkg*]
^HkkbZ ;k dlkb*] ^fHk[kkjh*] ^[kwu dk [kwu*] ^vy
fgyky*] ^gaVjokyh* vkfnA
fiQYe ^vkye vkjk* esa ckjg xhr] ^ySyk etuw*
esa pkSchl rFkk ^fo'oeksfguh* esa lksyg xkus FksA lu~
134 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
1931 esa lRrkbl fiQYesa cuha ftuesa ls ckbZl fganh
Hkk"kh FkhaA ewd fiQYeksa ds nkSj esa ns'k esa ,d&frgkbZ
flusek?kj enu fFk;sVj daiuh ds ekfyd txnh'k th
Úketh enu ds FksA ikjlh ukVdksa dh rjg gh fiQYe
Hkh ,d iQk;ns dk lkSnk lkfcr gqvk ftlus [kwc
dekbZ dhA mlh le; lRrj g”kkj #i, dh ykxr ls
cuh fiQYe ^fdLer* (1944) us ,d djksM+ #i, dh
vkenuh dhA bu fiQYeksa dh yksdfiz;rk dk vanktk
bl ckr ls Hkh gksrk gS fd dksbZ fiQYe fdruh pyhA
izHkkr VkWdht dh ^ve`reaFku* igyh fganh fiQYe Fkh
ftlus flYoj tqcyh eukbZA ckcwjko isVa j us viuh
fiQYe ^oRlykgj.k* (1920) dh ifCyflVh ds fy,
igyh ckj flusek iksLVj tkjh fd;kA
fganh flusek us dFkkoLrq ds :i esa dPpk eky
ikjlh jaxeap ds ukVdksa ls fy;kA mlds vkèkkjHkwr
<k¡pas rFkk dFkkRed lajpuk esa flusek us dHkh dqN
tksM+k rks dHkh dqN NksM+kA bl izdkj ,d ,slk
dFkkRed feJ.k rS;kj fd;k tks yksxksa dh ilan ds
vuq:i FkkA fiQYedkjkas us ges'kk uohu i`"BHkwfe rFkk
vkd"kZd LFkku ;Fkk& laiUu 'kgj] euksje LFky] ou]
Vkiw] rVh; LFkyksa dk p;u i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa fd;k
ftlls dFkkud esa fpf=kr lkekftd rFkk O;fDrxr
thou ds ,s'o;Z rFkk oSHko dk fp=k.k gks ldsA turk
ds euksjt a u rFkk ilan dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, dYiuk
dk lek;kstu] ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dk l?ku fp=k.k]
ukjh izse vkfn dks c[kwch LFkku feyk gSA dFkkud dks
vkxs c<+kus esa Nn~e os'k] iwonZ hfIr 'kSyh] fojksèk rFkk
vk'p;Z] var esa jgL;ksn?~ kkVu] ik=kksa dks fNikdj j[kuk
tSlh ;qfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx 'ksDlfi;j ls ikjlh jaxeap
vkSj ogk¡ ls fganh flusek esa vk;kA
ikjlh jaxeap ds leku gh fiQYeksa ds dFkkud
esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSa tSl&s lkainz kf;drk] jktuhfr]
vf'k{kk] izes fookgsrj lacèa k] ysfdu budk mn~n's ;
n'kZdksa dh uC”k VVksyuk ugha cfYd eqnn~ ksa dks Hkqukdj
iSlk dekuk jgkA ,d yM+dk&,d yM+dh ds chp
èkeZ] tkfr] oxZ] o.kZ] bZeku vkSj xq:j dh nhokjsAa vkB
xkus] pkj iQkbfVax lhu] FkksMk+ vrhr] FkksMs+ vk¡l&w FkksMh+
g¡lh vkSj lkeus Bxk lk n'kZd bu lcdks feykdj
curh gSa fganh fiQYesaA flusek dh rduhdh dq'kyrk]
lsVksa dh HkO;rk] vfHkusf=k;ksa ds :i vkSj rsoj dk
>Vdk] LVaV vkSj dSejs dh vokd~ dj nsus okyh
dykckf”k;k¡ ;s lc feydj flusek dks vizfre cukrs
gSaA vkt n'kZd euilan dykdkj dk cxkor] ukp&xkus
vkSj Bqeds] gj ,d iQkbV lhu vkSj Mkal ewo ij
rkfy;ksa dh ckSNkj gS] yo lhu ij lhfV;k¡ gSa& jksekap
vkSj jksekap dk ;g elkyk tks vkt dh fganh flusek
esa gS og ikjlh jaxeap ls fHkUu ughaA yk[kksa dh ykxr
esa cuus okyh fiQYesa vc djksMk+ as esa curh gSa vkSj blh
ds vuq:i flrkjksa dk ikfjJfed Hkh r; gksrk gSA
ikjlh jaxeap dh gh rjg fiQYe Hkh ,slk
ekè;e gS tks fdlh ,d O;fDr dh ltZukRedrk vkSj
dkS'ky ds cycwrs ij ugha py ldrhA ,d lkewfgd
dyk gksus ds ukrs vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa izoh.k O;fDr;ksa
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ijlh jaxeap dh rjg fiQYe
fuekZ.k esa Hkh cgqr vfèkd iwt a h dh ”k:jr jgh gS
vkSj budh igpku vkjaHk ls gh mu daifu;ksa ls gksrh
jgh gS tks bls cukrh gSAa tSl&s ckWEcs Vkdh”k] egcwc
LVwfM;ks] izHkkr fiQYe] feuokZ ewohVksu vkfnA buesa ls
dbZ daifu;k¡ vfHkusrkvks]a fluseVs ksxkz iQj] funs'Z kdksa dks
ekfld osru ij j[krh gSa vkSj os vius ekfyd dk
gqDe ctkrs gaAS vkt dk fganh flusek turk esa dkiQh
yksdfiz; gS ftldk ,dek=k edln iSlk dekuk gSA
fganh flusek lgh ek;uksa esa ikjlh jaxeap dk
izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA vkt fganh fiQYeksa dh Hkk"kk vke
vkneh ds fny ls lhèks tqMr+ h gS ftlesa u rks fganh
dh laLÑrfu"Brk gS vkSj u gh mnwZ dk iQkjlhiuA
fganLq rkuh ”kcku dh bl rkdr us ,d u;k c`gr
n'kZd oxZ gh ugha rS;kj fd;k cfYd mu dbZ funs'Z kdksa
dks Hkh ekSdk fn;k ftlls os vke turk dk euksjt a u
dj ldsA fganh flusek ds lkFk xSj fganh dykdkjksa dk
,d cM+k lewg fiQYe fuekZ.k ds ,d cM+s {ks=k es]a
iVdFkk ys[ku] Nk;kadu] laiknu] laxhr] xhr] funs'Z ku]
vfHku; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl yksdfiz; ekè;e esa
µ lh&1@1103] olar dqat] ubZ fnYyh&110070
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
dbZ rjg ds fiQYedkj gSaA flusek dks dyk:i esa
ekuus okys Hkh gSa rks os Hkh gSa ftuds fy, ;g eg”k
iSlk dekus vkSj jkrksa&jkr vehj cuus dk ,dek=k
”kfj;k gSA flusek esa dgkuh dks izHkko'kkyh <+xa ls
izLrqr dj cM+h dekbZ djuk gh fuekZrkvksa dk edln
gksrk gS vkSj blds fy, ekStwn lHkh midj.kksa vkSj
rduhdksa dk og tedj mi;ksx djrk gSA
ikjlh jaxeap ls tqMs+ ukVddkj izkjafHkd flusek
ls tqMs+ vkSj iVdFkk ys[ku (vkxk gJ] csrkc] jkèks';ke
dFkkokpd) vkSj funs'Z ku (vkxk gJ) dk dke Hkh
fd;kA bu ukVd dafiu;ksa dks pykus okys dbZ ekfydksa
us fiQYe fuekZ.k Hkh fd;kA bl izdkj ^#Lre lksgjkc*
vkSj ^;gwnh dh yM+dh* ls vkxs pydj ikjlh jaxeap
us fganh flusek esa Hkh viuk LFkku cuk;kA ukVdksa dks
euksjatd vkSj jkspd cukus ds fy, gj u, dne
mBk, tkrs] u, iz;ksx fd, tkrs rkfd n'kZd bUgsa
ilan djsa vkSj O;oLFkkidksa dh dekbZ gksrh jgsA
tkus&vatkus ,d ,slh jax'kSyh fodflr gqbZ ftldk
izHkko vkus okys le; esa ukVdksa ij rks iM+k gh lkFk
gh izkjafHkd flusek Hkh vNwrk ugha jgkA ikjlh jaxeap
flusek ds vkus ds ,d n'kd ckn rd cuk jgk
ysfdu flusek dh vHkwriwoZ yksdfiz;rk us bls xqeukeh
ds vaèksjs esa <dsy fn;kA fiQYeksa ds vfLrRo esa vkus
ls igys ftu n'kZdksa ds fy, ikjlh ukVd [ksys tkrs
jgsa ogh turk vkxs tkdj fiQYeksa ds n'kZd cusA
dguk u gksxk fd ikjlh jaxeap dh ;g O;kolkf;d
ijaijk fganh flusek dk vkèkkj cuh vkSj blh uewus ij]
FkksMs+&cgqr iQsjcny ds lkFk vkt Hkh cukbZ tk jgh
gSAa
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- fon~;korh uez] fganh jaxeap vkSj iafMr ukjk;.k
izlkn csrkc] i`"B 43
2- y{ehukjk;.k yky] ikjlh fganh jaxeap] jktiky
,aM lal] i`"B 78&80
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 135
 ey;kye flusek dh fodkl ;k=kk
MkW- èkU;k- ,y
fl usek bl le; tulapkj dk lokZfèkd
yksdfiz; o 'kfDr'kkyh ekè;e gSA ubZ
izknS ;~ ksfxdh us bl tu lapkj&ekè;e esa xq.kkRed
ifjorZu fd, gSAa fiNys n'kd esa fo'o èkjkry ij
^bysDVªkfud&ehfM;k* us vius O;kid ia[k ilkjs gSAa
,d ubZ ^dYpjy baMLVªh* rsth ls mHkjdj gekjs
lkeus okeu ls fojkV vkdkj esa mifLFkr gks xbZ gSA
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk dh fiQYeksa esa ey;kye flusek dh
Js"Brk fufoZokn ekuh tkrh gSA jke dkfj;kr] th-
vjfoanu] vVwj xksikyÑ".ku] 'kkth ,u- d#.k] tkWu
vczkge] ,e- Vh oklqnos u uk;j tSlh fiQYeh gfLr;ksa
dks tUe nsus okys ey;kye flusek us yxkrkj csgrj
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k dj viuk loZJ"s B LFkku cuk,
j[kk gSA lu~ 1906 esa fr#fPpjkiYyh ds ,d jsyos
deZpkjh ikWy foUl~UV us dksf"+kdksV esa ck;ksLdkWi~
n~okjk ,d fp=k izn'kZu fd;kA fiQj os r`'kwj vk x,]
ogk¡ dkV~Vwj fuoklh ok:..h tksli+Q bl ck;ksLdkWi
izn'kZu esa vkÑ"V gksdj ikWy foUl~UV ls ck;ksLdkWi]
izkt
s DVj ,oa fiQYeksa dks [kjhndj ^tksl~ ck;ksLdkWi*
uke ls fp=kksa dk izn'kZu fd;k FkkA ^,Mhiksyks fdÄ~
vkWiQ n ljDl~* vkfn vaxzt s h fiQYeksa rFkk ^dkfy;k
enZu*] ^gfj'panz* vkfn Hkkjrh; flusekvksa dk izn'kZu
Hkh blh dky esa ok#..kh us fd;kA nks O;fDr;ksa ds
lkFk feydj ok#..kh tksliQ us ^jkW;y ,fDlfcV~ls*Z
uked ,d ubZ flusizn'kZu daiuh 'kq: dhA
lu~ 1928 esa ey;kye dh igyh ewd fiQYe
^foxrdqekju* dk fuekZ.k dU;kdqekjh (dU;kdqekjh
136 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ml le; Vªkoudwj fj;klr dk Hkkx Fkk) ftys ds
vxLrh'oj fuoklh ts- lh- MSfu;y uked ,d nar
fpfdRld us fd;k FkkA ey;kye flusek ds firkeg
^MkW- ts- lh- MSfu;y* gSaA lkr uoacj 1928 essa
^foxrdqekju~* dk igyk izn'kZu dSfiVkWy fFk;sVj esa
gqvk FkkA dsjy dk nwljk ewd pyfp=k lu~ 1931 esa
ukxjdksfoy fuoklh lqanjjkt n~okjk fufeZr ^ekrkZ.MoekZ*
gS A ds j y dk igyk lkfgR; lac aè kh flus ek gS
^ekrkZ.MoekZ* (lh- oh- jkeu fiYys dk ,sfrgkfld
miU;kl) ftlds funsZ'kd gS ih- oh- jkoqA bl flusek
dk igyk izn'kZu Hkh fr#ouariqje ds dSfiVkWy fFk;sVj
esa gqvk FkkA
lu~ 1937 esa ey;kye dh igyh cksyrh
fiQYe ^ckyu* ds fuekZ.k ls dsjy ds fiQYe mn~;ksx
dh mRrjksRrj o`nf~ èk gqbAZ bl flusek ds fuekZrk Vh-
vkj- lqanje~ vkSj funs'Z kd ,l- uksV~Vk.kh gSAa ey;kye
flusek ds igys IyscSd xhrdkj& Jh ljksftuh ,oa
xksfoan jkoq gSAa ^fueZyk* fiQYe esa ^d#.kkdjk ihrkacjh-
---* iafDr;ksa dk vkykiu djrs gq, bUgksaus fiQYe xhr
xk;u esa inkiZ.k fd;kA dsjy dk igyk fiQYe LVwfM;ks
^n Vªkoudwj us'kuy fiDpsl*Z gS bldh LFkkiuk ey;kye
flusek ds firkeg Jh ts- lh- MSfu;y us lu~ 1926
eas ukxjdksfoy esa dh FkhA blds ckn mn;k (1947]
vkyiq"kk)] esjhySaV (1951] usee~] fr#ouariqje)]
JhÑ".kk (1952] dq ykRrqj )] fp=kkys[kk (1965]
fr#ouariqje) mek (1975 fr#ouariqje)] uoksn;k
(1978] f=kDdkdjk)] fp=kkatyh (1980] fr#ouariqje)]
fdaÚk fiQYe ,aM ohfM;ks ikdZ (2005] fr#ouariqje)]
,fj;kl fole;k ekDl~ (2007] fr#ouariqje) vkfn
vusd LVwfM;ksa dk vkxeu gqvkA ipkl n'kd esa jkew
dkfj;kr dh fiQYe ^uhykDdqby* (1954) us ey;kye
flusek dh ,d ubZ igpku cukbZA ;g ize[q k lkekftd
leL;k vLi`';rk fo"k;d flusek FkkA lu~ 1954 esa
bl fiQYe dks jk"Vªifr ls jtr ind feyk FkkA jkew
dkfj;kr mu igys fiQYedkjksa esa Fks] ftUgksua s flusek
ds ikjaifjd dF; Lo:i dks cnydj mls lkekftd
ljksdkjksa ls tksM+kA lu~ 1952 esa ey;kye flusek dks
nks ize[q k vfHkusrk feys &ut+hj ,oa lR;u~A ut+hj dh
igyh] fiQYe lu~ 1952 twu esa vkbZ ^e#edy~* gSA
lR;u dh igyh flusek lu~ 1952 vxLr esa vkbZ
^vkRel[kh* gSA lu~ 1951 esa vkbZ ^thforukSdk*
ey;kye dk loZiFz ke lwijfgV flusek gS lu~ 1936
esa fr#ouariqje esa U;w fFk;sVj uked ,d flusgkWy dh
LFkkiuk ih- lqcgz e~ f.k;e (eSjhyksVa LVwfM;ks ds laLFkkid)
us dh FkhA
lu~ 1955 esa dsjy dh igyh fu;ksfj;fyfLVd
fiQYe ^U;wLis;j ckW;* vkbZA lu~ 1961 esa ey;kye
dh igyh jaxhu fiQYe ^d.VecpkdksV*w vkbZA lu~
1965 esa jkew dkfj;kr dh ^psEehu* fiQYe us jk"Vªifr
dk Lo.kZ ind thrkA Jh lfyy pkSèkjh ds laxhr]
eUuk Ms ds ik'oZ xk;u vkSj lR;u& 'khyk dh
dykdkj tksM+h ds ân; Li'khZ vfHku; us bl fiQYe
dks ,d ^ekLVjihl* dh Å¡pkbZ iznku dhA ^psEehu* esa
eNqvkjksa ds ;a=k.kkiw.kZ thou dk bruk ekfeZd fp=k.k
Fkk fd n'kZd vius vk¡lw jksd ugha ldsA
jkew dkfj;kr dh ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
ey;kye flusek ds f{kfrt ij ftu fiQYedkjksa dk
mn; gqvk] mu lHkh dh izfrcn~èkrk lkFkZd flusek ds
lkFk FkhA loZJh vVwj xksikyÑ".ku] th- vjfoanu]
vczkge vkfn ds jpukdeZ eas mPprj ekuoh; ewY;ksa
ds izfr"Bkiu vkSj lkFk gh lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ds
izfr{kksHk dh Hkkouk lkiQ n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA iz;ksxoknh
fiQYedkjksa eas vVwj xksikyÑ".ku dk LFkku dkiQh Å¡pk
gSa mudh fiQYesa & ^vuarje*] ^eq[kkeq[ke*] ^Lo;aoje~*]
^esfFkyqdy* vkfn dks flus ekè;e ds dbZ lkgfld
vkSj vfHkuo iz;ksxksa ds fy, ;kn dh tk,¡xhA lu~
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
1973 esa vVwj xksikyÑ".ku dh ^Lo;aoje~* fiQYe us
jk"Vªifr dk Lo.kZind thrkA mudh vkSj ,d fiQYe
^,yhiRrk;e* (1982) baXySaM ds fiQYe laLFkku n~okjk
iqjLÑr dh xbZ FkhA blds vykok ;g xkSjo Hkkjr ls
dsoy lR;thr js dh ^vijkftrks* dks gh feyk gSA
lu~ 1973 esa Jh- ,e- Vh- oklqnsou uk;j dh fiQYe
^fuekZY;e* dks jk"Vªifr dk Lo.kZind izkIr gqvkA bl
fiQYe ds vfHku; ds fy, ey;kye esa loZizFke
Hkjr vokMZ ^Jh ih- ts- vkWUV.kh* dks feykA
Jh vVwj xksikyÑ".ku tgk¡ muds Økafrdkjh
iz;ksxksa ds fy, ljkgs x,] ogha Jh th- vjfoanu
viuh lkSna ;Z psruk vkSj dykcksèk ds fy, pfpZr gq,A
lu~ 1974 esa vjfoanu~] ds ^mRrjk;ue~* us jk"Vªh;
iz'kalk izkIr dhA ^okLrqgkjk* vkSj ^vkfjVRrq* tSlh
fiQYeksa esa mudk jgL;oknh nk'kZfud Lo:i ijns ij
dkO; cudj n'kZdksa rd igqp ¡ rk gSA lu~ 1985 esa
budh ^fpnacje~* fiQYe dks jk"Vªifr dk ^Lo.kZ dey*
izkIr gqvkA ;g fufoZokn dgk tk ldrk gS fd
lR;thr js dh ijaijk esa gh Jh- th- vjfoanu us Hkh
Hkkjrh; flusek dks cnyk vkSj le`nè~ k fd;kA Jh- th-
vjfoanu dh flusek Ñfr;k¡ 'kkafr] lknxh] ljyrk
vkSj dkO;e; izÑfr ls lajfpr FkhaA vVwj xksikyÑ".ku
vkSj th- vjfoanu us Hkkjrh; flusek dks ,d u;k
foLrkj fn;kA dsjy esa ckSnf~ èkd lkaLÑfrd psruk dk
Lrj csgrj jgk gS vkSj ;gk¡ fiQYe lkslkbVh vkanksyu
dh et+crw tM+kas ds dkj.k lkFkZd flusek dks n'kZdksa
dk leFkZu feyrk jgk gSA bu fiQYedkjksa us vDlj
de ctV esa fiQYesa cukb± vkSj viuk 'krks± ij fiQYesa
cukb±A Lo- vjfonu th dks ey;kye flusek dk
dfo & ^isVa j* dgk tkrk gSA mudh egRoiw.kZ fiQYesa
gSa& ^Fkaiw* (1978)] ^iksDdwosby* (1981)] ^bLFkkiUu*
(1979)] ^fpnacje* (1985)] ^vksjfMFk~* (1986)]
^okLrqgkjk* (1991) vkfnA ^okLrqgkjk* mudh vkf[kjh
fiQYe gS vkSj blesa ,d ekLVjihl gksus ds lkjs xq.k
ekStwn gSAa Jh vjfoanu ds vykok ftl vU; ey;kye
fiQYedkj us xaHkhj fo"k;ksa ij fiQYesa cukb±] os Fks Jh
tkWu vczkgeA gkykafd vczkge dh jpuk & lalkj
mudh vlkef;d e`R;q ds dkj.k vfèkd foLr`r ugha
gks ik;kA ysfdu ^vxzgkjfRrys dtwFkkbZ* vkSj ^vEek
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 137
vfj;ku* ds :i esa tks fopkjksRrstd fiQYe Ñfr;k¡
mUgksaus rS;kj dha] os mUgsa vR;ar leFkZ fiQYedkjksa dh
Js.kh esa [kM+k djrh gSaA vVwj] vjfoanu vkSj vczkge
ds ckn lokZfèkd [;kfr vftZr djus okys ey;kye
funs'Z kd 'kkth- ,u- d#.k gSa ftudh fiQYe ^fijoh*
(1988) us jk"Vªh;] varjjk"Vªh; iqjLdkj thrus dk
dhfrZeku jp Mkyk FkkA 'kkth dh ;g fiQYe Hkkjrh;
flusek ds bfrgkl esa cgqr le; rd thfor jgsxhA
ey;kye flus ek ds igys xku jpf;rk
Jh eqrd q y
q e jk?kou fiYyS gSa (ckyu~ fiQYe ds
fy,) lu~ 1969 esa dsjy ljdkj us ey;kye flusek
ds fy, iqjLdkj iznku djuk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1975
esa ^dsjy flfufodkl fuxe* :ikf;r gqvkA igys ;g
fuxe fr#ouariqje o"kqrDdkVq dksVV~ ufgy Ldwy ds
fudV ,d fdjk, ds Hkou esa dk;Zjr Fkk] fiQj lu~
1984 tuojh 27 esa fuxe dk viuk dk;kZy;
o"kqrDdkVq dykHkou uked LFky esa dk;Zjr gqvkA
lu~ 1978 esa ey;kye dh igyh flusekLdkWi fiQYe
^rPpksyh vcw* vkbZA lu~ 1980 esa ey;kye fiQYe
baMLVªh esa nks LVkjksa dks iqjLdkj feyk & Jh eewVV~ h
(igyh fiQYe & foYDdkuq.Vq LoIuM+y) ,oa Jh
eksguyky (igyh fiQYe & eaf×ky fofj×kk iqDdy)A
lu~ 1982 esa ey;kye dh igyh 70 ,e- ,e-
flusek ^iV;ksV~Vl* (funsZ'kd & fttks) vkbZA ey;kye
flusek esa fMftVy Vsdfudokyh igyh fiQYe lu~ 3
uoacj 2005 esa vkbZ ^vuarHknze* (funs'Z kd& larks"k
fiQYe mRlo gj o"kZ fr#ouariqje esa vk;ksftr gksrk
gSA bldk vkjaHk lu~ 1996 ls gqvk Fkk vkSj gj o"kZ
uoacj & fnlacj eghus esa ;g fiQYe mRlo laiUu
gksrs gSAa
lu~ 1999 esa eqjyh uk;j dh ^ej.k flagklue~*
dks ^dkWu* fiQYe lekjksg esa ^xksyMsu dSejk* iqjLdkj
izkIr gqvkA ey;kye flfu baMLVªh ds fiQYedkjksa dk
laxBu gS ^vEek*A bl laxBu ds lHkh yksxksa ds
lg;ksx ls ,d flusek ^20&20* dk fuekZ.k fd;k
x;k] tks lwijfgV Hkh gqvkA lu~ 2000 ls ey;kye
flusek esa gkL;&O;aX; izèkku fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk
gqvkA ,slh ize[q k fiQYesa gS&a ^fl-,s-Mh- ew”kk* (2003
funs'Z kd & tksfu vkUV.kh)] ^eh'k ekèkou* (2002]
funs'Z kd & yky tksl)] dqaftdwuu~ (2002] funs'Z kd
138 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
& 'k'kh 'kdj) vkfnA lu~ 2010 ls ey;kye fiQYe
baMLVªh esa vusd ,DLisfjesaVy fiQYesa vk xb±A bls ^U;w
tujs'ku fiQYe* dgrs gSAa lu~ 2000 ds ckn dh ,slh
izeq[k fiQYesa gSa& ^vn~Hkqr nhi* (2005] funs'Z kd &
oh- ds- izdk'k)] ^i"kf'kjktk* (2009] funs'Z kd &
gfjgju~)] ^vknkfeaVs edu vcq* (2011] vdkneh
iqjLdkj ds fy, pqus x, Fks] funs'Z kd & lfye
vgen~)] ^n`';e~* (2013] funs'Z kd & ftRrw tksliQ)
vkfnA ^iqfye#du* (2016] funs'Z kd fiQYe dk dy{ku
fjdkMZ gS)a A ey;kye fiQYe baMLVªh esa u, vfHkusrkvksa
esa (lu~ 2000 ds ckn)] fnyhi] i`Fohjkt] fufou
ikWyh] t;lw;kZ (lu~ 2015 esa lq & lq & lqnh
okÄ~ehxe ds fy, ns'kh; iqjLdkj thrk)] dkO;k
ekèkou] eatq okfj;j] jhek dfyaxy] ehjk tkfLeu
vkfn dk uke izeq[k gSaA lu~ 1990 ds ckn ds vU;
ize[q k fiQYedkjksa ,oa muds ize[q k fiQYeksa ds uke gSa
& vVwj xksikyÑ".ku ds ^efFkyqdy~* (1990)] ^ukyq
is..kqM+y* (2007)] ^fiUu;qe~* (2016)] ^Hkjru &
veje* (1991)] ^dey & mYyVde~* (1992)]
fiz;n'kZu & fdyqDde (1991)] ^Hknzu ,s- oh- 'kf'k-
nsoklqje* (1993) ^iQkWfty&ef.kfp=krk"kq* (1993)
^Vh- oh- panuz &iksnanUu ekt* (1993) & ^LifVde~*
(1995)] t;jkt & ns'kkVue~ (1997)] ^jktho vapy*
& xq# (1997 & vdkneh vokMZ ds fy, pquh xbZ
Fkh) vkfnA
ey;kye fiQYe baMLVªh ds ize[q k xhrdkjksa esa
ds- ts- ;s'kqnkl (dsjy ds xkuxèkZoua )] ,e- th-
Jhdqekj] ih- t;panuz ] th- os.kqxksiky vkfn ds uke
mYys[kuh; gSAa efgyk xfrdkjksa esa & ds- ,l- fp=kk-
lqtkrk eksgu] jkty{eh] 'osrk eksgu vkfn ds uke
ize[q k gSAa Jh dqekjuraih ey;kye fiQYe xhrdkj]
fiQYe funs'Z kd rFkk fiQYe fuekZrk gSAa ^dkVqefYydk*
flusek eas lu~ 1996 esa fiQYe xhrdkj esa :i esa os
izfrf"Br gq,A fiQj muds dbZ Hkko xhr fofoèk ey;kye
fiQYeksa esa lquus dk lkSHkkX; ey;kye fiQYe izsfe;ksa
dks izkIr gqvkA lu~ 2016 esa djsy esa ^Jh dqekju
raih* ds fiQYe xhrksa dk 50oha okf"kZdh euk;k tk jgh
gSA orZeku esa varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ey;kye fiQYeksa
dk fodkl gks jgk gS vkSj fonsf'k;ksa dh ”kqcku ij
ey;kye xhrks]a fiQYeksa rFkk vfHkusrkvksa ds uke fiz;
gSaA chloha lnh dh loZJsB dyk ds :i es LFkkfir
,oa izpkfjr flusek cM+s ijns ls mrjdj NksVs ijns ij
Hkh viuk izHkqRo dk;e djus esa dke;kc gqbZ gSA
flusek dh bl vge~ rFkk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks
Lohdkjrs gq, mlds ckjs esa 'kksèk@vè;;u xaHkhj
euu&fparu dh vko';drk ls badkj ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA gekjk jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] cksy pky]
jhfr&fjokt+ vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd fo'oklksa dks Hkh cny
Mkyus esa fiQYeksa dk cM+k gkFk jgk gSA ey;kye ds
fiQYe& fuekZrkvks&a funs'Z kdksa vkSj muds dSia ls tqMs+
yksxksa ds fy, ;s mRrstuk Hkjs {k.k gSAa la{ksi esa dgsa rks
^ekWyhoqM* (ey;kye flusek baMLVªh dk uke) flusek
ds bnZ&fxnZ vkt fo'oHkj dh igqp ¡ gS vkSj fo'o eap
ij ;g ,d 'kfDr ds :i esa mHkj jgk gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- Hkkjrh; fiQYe okf"kZdh 1993 & Jhjke
rkezdj (eè; izn's k fiQYe fodkl fuxe)A
2- flusek ,d le> & fouksn Hkkjn~okt (eè;
izn's k fiQYe fuxe dk izdk'ku)A
3- flusek ds lkS cjl & e`R;qt
a ;A
4- iVdFkk & Jhjke frokjh (eè; izns'k fiQYe
fuxe dk izdk'ku)A
5- ey;kye fluse k iBuMy & lh- ,l-
osaxhMs'ojuA
6- ey;kye flusek pfj=ke fofp=ke~ (psÄyÄkVq
xksikyÑ".ku)A
7- pyfp=k tkyde~ & ,- ,y- vftdqekjA

µ izkè;kfidk] ds- ,l- ,e- Mh- dkWyt

s ] 'kkLrkadksV~Vk] dksYyeA

qqq

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 139

 Hkkstiqjh flusek dk lekt'kkL=k
izks- vkyksd ikaMs;
Hkks tiqjh fcgkj vkSj iwohZ mRrj izns'k dh
,d egRoiw.kZ cksyh gSA ns'k&fons'k ds
yxHkx 20 djksM+ Hkkstiqfj;k yksxksa dh Hkk"kkA Hkkstiqjh
flusek blh cksyh vkSj Hkk"kk dk flusek gSA dqN yksx
1948 dh fnyhi dqekj] dkfeuh dkS'ky vfHkuhr]
eksrh ch- ,- ds yksdfiz; xhrksa ls lth] eNqokjksa ds
thou ij cuh csgn liQy fiQYe ^ufn;k ds ikj* dks
igyh Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ekurs gSAa blesa xaxk] ;equk vkSj
rhljh dle dh rjg Hkkstiqjh dk izHkko rks gS] ij
;g 'kqnè~ k Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ugha gSA
igyh 'kqn~èk Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ^xaxk eSÕ;k rksgs
fi;jh p<+bcs* gSA ftls 1963 esa ewyr% Hkkstiqjh
ekr`Hkk"kh xkthiqj ds izfln~èk fiQYedkj vkSj vfHkusrk
ukflj gqluS us izFke jk"Vªifr vkSj Hkkstiqjh ekr`Hkk"kh
jktsanz izlkn th ds 1950 esa izsfey vuqjksèk ij cukbZ
FkhA bldh liQyrk vkSj iz'kalk ls izfs jr gksdj ml
oDr dbZ Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa cuha& ^ykxh ugha NwVs jkek*]
^fonsf'k;k*] ^gekjk lalkj*] ^cye ijnsf'k;k* vkfnA
1977 esa lqftr dqekj & in~ek [kUuk vfHkuhr igyh
jaxhu Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ^naxy* Fkh] tks cgqr liQy jghA
1982 esa lfpu vkSj lkèkuk flag dh ^ufn;k ds ikj*
fganh&Hkkstiqjh fefJr csgn liQy fiQYe Fkh] ftl ij
dkykarj esa ^ge vki ds gSa dkSu* dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
blds ckn ,d yack varjky jgkA
fiQj 2003 esa jfo fd'ku dh ^lS;ka gekj* vkSj
2004 esa eukst frokjh dh ^llqjk cM+k iSlk okyk*
fjyht gqbZA nksuksa csgn liQy jgha vkSj buls jfo
140 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
fd'ku vkSj eukst frokjh dk lqij LVkjMe Hkh 'kq:
gqvkA budh yksdfiz;rk dk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk
ldrs gSa fd vkt jfo fd'ku xksj[kiqj ls lkaln gSa rks
fujgqvk us vf[kys'k ;kno dks vkte x<+ ls dM+h
VDdj nh vkSj eukst frokjh fnYyh esa vkt ch ts ih
ds eq[; drkZèkrkZ gSAa ;s gS Hkkstiqjh flusek dh ubZ
vkleku Nwrh yksdfiz;rk xksj[kiqj ls ysdj fnYyh
rd iQSyh gqbAZ xksj[kiqj tks Hkkstiqjh dk dsna z gS]
fnYyh] fcgkj vkSj iwok±py ds Jfed lekt ls Hkjk
gqvk gSA ;gh yksx gSa tks Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa fcgkj vkSj ;w
ih esa ns[krs gSAa blh fnYyh esa 20 lky igys fcgkjh
etnwj dks fgdkjr ls chekjh dgk tkrk Fkk ml
fcgkjh us igys vius flusek esa viuk uk;d ik;k]
fiQj mls lqij LVkj cuk;k vkSj bl dnj cuk;k dh
fganh ds fcx ckWl esa Øe'k% jfo fd'ku] eukst
frokjh vkSj fujgqvk lHkh x,A vkt ogh misf{kr
viekfur fcgkjh fnYyh esa eukst frokjh ds :i esa
vius lEeku dh LFkkiuk ns[krk gSA 2003&2004 ls
Hkkstiqjh flusek esa vk, bl cM+s mNky dks fdl rjg
le>k tk,\ dqN yksx ekurs gSa fd cgqtu lekt
ikVhZ] lektoknh ikVhZ vkSj jk"Vªh; turk ny] turk
ny ;wukbVsM vkfn ds usrR` o esa nfyr vkSj fiNM+h
tkfr;ksa esa vkbZ jktuSfrd 'kfDr vkSj lRrk Hkh bldk
,d dkj.k gSA ftls yksx Hknsl vkSj NksVk le>rs jgs
Fks] mlus bl jktuSfrd 'kfDr ls ,d u;k vkRefo'okl
izkIr fd;k vkSj viuh igpku dks Hkkstiqjh flusek esa
lsyscszV djus yxkA Hknsl f'k"V dks fdukjs dj viuh
txg cuk jgk FkkA lsyscsVz djus dh ;g vkfFkZd
'kfDr mls HkweMa yhdj.k ds dkj.k vFkZ O;oLFkk esa
vkbZ xfr'khyrk vkSj laiUurk ls feyhA ,d rjiQ
eujsxk Fkk rks nwljh rjiQ 'kgjksa esa jkstxkj ds NksVs gh
lgh ij vusd voljA viuk xk¡o NksM+dj gSnjkckn
ls eqca bZ rd esa dke dj jgs bu vLFkkbZ foLFkkfir
Jfedksa us Hkkstiqjh flusek dks vkDlhtu dh rjg
bLrseky fd;kA og tSlk Hkh Fkk mudk viuk FkkA oks
nqfu;k ftls os ihNs NksM+ vk, Fks vkSj tks mUgsa jkst
;kn vkrh Fkh] vc Hkkstiqjh flusek ds ekè;e ls]
mlls ,d gYdh gh lgh eqykdkr gks tkrh Fkh vkSj
budh tsc esa vc brus iSls rks gks gh x, Fks fd
jfookj dks flaxy LØhu fFk,Vj es]a tgk¡ fVdV vc
Hkh lLrk Fkk] Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ns[k ysrAs
jfo fd'ku] eukst frokjh] fujgqvk vkfn ds
usrR` o esa Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa dk 2003 ds ckn tks csgn
liQy nkSj 'kq: gqvk] og tkjh gSA vkt gj lky
yxHkx 100 fiQYesa Hkkstiqjh esa curh gSa] ftuij 100
djksM+ #i, [kpZ gksrs gSa vkSj 125 djksM+ #i, dh
dekbZ gksrh gSA ftl ij fliQZ fcgkj ljdkj dks 10
djksM+ #i, VSDl ds :i esa feyrs gSa ij liQyrk ds
bl pedrs liQj esa ukflj gqluS dh cukbZ Hkkstiqjh
fiQYeksa dh èkjrh ls budk ukrk VwVrk pyk x;k vkSj
70 dh lLrh elkyk fganh fiQYeksa dk Hkn~nk vuqdj.k
'kq: gqvkA urhtu ^isIlh ih ds ykxsyw lsDlh*] ^ySyk
eky ck NSyk èkeky ck*] ^ygaxk esa ck<+ vkby ck*]
^esgjk: pkgha feYdh okbV* tSlh L=kh dh xfjek dks
èkwfey djus okyh] mls ek=k nsg ds :i esa izLrqr
djus okyh cktk: fiQYeksa dk nkSj lk py iM+kA
liQyrk ds bl vklekuh nkSj esa ckyhoqM ds
cM+s flrkjs Hkh f>yfeykrs jgsA vferkHk cPpu ls
ysdj feFkqu pØorhZ rd vkSj os [kwc liQy Hkh gq,A
blh nkSj esa ,sls vusd fiQYe fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd Hkh
vkrs x,] ftudks u rks Hkkstiqjh laLÑfr dh dksbZ
le> Fkh u Hkkstiqjh lekt dhA bUgksaus eqacbZ dks dsanz
cukdj] ogha ds rDuhf'k;l dh enn ls FkksMh+ lh
'kwfVax fcgkj esa vkSj T;knk eqca bZ vkSj xqtjkr esa djrs
gq, vusd liQy fiQYesa cukb± bUgksua s fons'kksa esa Hkh
'kwfVax dhA Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa ds lkaLÑfrd iru ds
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
ihNs ;s yksx Hkh gSaA viuk ewyèku fudkyus vkSj
vfèkdre ykHk dekus ds ,dek=k mn~n's ; ls Hkkstiqjh
fiQYesa cukus okys ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjh nksuksa gh yksxksa us
fiQYe ds izse n`';ksa] ekalyrk vkSj la?k"kks± esa tcjnLr
fgalk dks c<+k;k] dkeqd vkbVe xkuksa vkSj n~fovFkhZ
v'yhy laoknksa dh Hkjekj dhA bu lcdh u”kj
Hkkstiqjh lekt ds fuEu@Jfed oxZ ij Fkh] ftUgsa fganh
flusek mis{kk ls ÚaV csp a lZ dgrk jgk gSA bUgksua s mUgh
ÚaV csp a lZ dks eq[; n'kZd cuk fn;k] urhtru eè;
oxZ] fL=k;k¡ vkSj cPps Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa dks [kjkc ekurs
gq, nwj gh jgsA bldk uqdlku Hkkstiqjh flusek dks nks
:iksa esa gqvk& ,d vkWfFkZd :i esa D;ksfa d n'kZd de
gq,] nwljk lkaLÑfrd :i es]a D;ksfa d vxj Hkkstiqjh
Hkk"kh f'kf{kr eè; oxZ vkSj ifjokj budks ns[krs rks bu
ij ,d uSfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ncko iM+rk vkSj ;s
ml iru ds f'kdkj ugha gksr]s ftlds gksrs x,A
buds iru dk ,d vkSj Hkh igyw gSA ;s lp gS
fd ;s fiQYesa liQy rks gks jgh gSa ij budk dksbZ
dykRed fodkl ugha gks jgk gS u rks buds ikl <ax
dh dgkfu;k¡ gSa vkSj u gh flusekbZ ØkÝV dh dq'kyrkA
lPph xzkeh.k lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr Hkh yqIr gh gSA
,slk ugha gS fd bl ifjn`'; dks cnyus ds
iz;kl ugha gq, gSaA blh nkSj esa fufru panz us 2011 esa
csjkstxkjh ij dsfa nzr ^ns'kok* tSlh fiQYe Hkh cukbZ]
ftls 16osa varjjk"Vªh; fiQYe lekjksg esa vkSj 50 o"kks±
esa igyh ckj fdlh Hkkstiqjh fiQYe ds :i esa xksok ds
varjjk"Vªh; fiQYe egksRlo ds bafM;u iSuksjek [kaM esa
Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k x;k] ij bls fcgkj esa fn[kkus dks
dksbZ rS;kj ugha gqv q k] D;ksfa d ;s forjdksa dks gkbZ
Dykl yxh tks Ýyki gks tkrh rks vkSj Hkh fpark,¡ vkSj
iz;kl ns[kus esa vkrsA Hkkstiqjh flusek ds ,ylkbDyksihfM;k
ekus tkus okys eukst Hkkoqd us viuh Hkkstiqjh flusek
dk bfrgkl iqLrd es]a ^paikj.k Vkdht* ds cSuj rys
fufru pank us viuh MkD;weVas hª t ^fczxa cSd fcgkj*
vkSj ^cks;k isM+ ccwy dk*] esa bl gkyr ij viuh
fpark,¡ tkfgj dh gSAa
vkt Hkkstiqjh flusek ds ikl viuk vokMZ 'kks
gSA viuh VªMs eSxthu ^Hkkstiqjh flVh* gSA ns'k ds
vfèkdka'k fgLlksa vkSj nqfu;k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa jgrk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 141
^bafM;u Mk;Liksjk* dk Hkkstiqjh le>us okyk fo'kky
n'kZd lewg gSA dqy feykdj yxHkx 200 djksM+ dh
Hkkstiqjh fiQYe baMLVªh ds ikl fiQYe fuekZ.k dk ,d
,slk xf.kr Hkh gS tks mls vkfFkZd vliQyrk ls cpk
Hkh ysrk gS ij ;fn ugha gS rks og izfr"Bk tks vusd
{ks=kh; fiQYeksa ds ikl gSA ,slk ekuus okyksa esa Hkkstiqjh
flusek dh VªMs eSxthu ds laiknd fd'ku [kknfj;k
Hkh gSAa Hkkstiqjh flusek ds bl gky ds ihNs dqN vU;
dkj.k Hkh gSaA tSls egaxk LVkj flLVe n'kZdksa dks
viuh vkSj [khapus dh izfrn~oan~foanrk esa Hkkstiqjh
fiQYeksa dk ctV dbZ ckj cgqr vfèkd gks tkrk gSA
,sls esa dbZ fuekZrk&funs'Z kd forjdksa ls vkfFkZd enn
ysrs gSaA blfy, forjdksa dk izHkko fiQYe fuekZ.k esa
c<+ tkrk gS vkSj fiQYe vfèkd elkysnkj gksus ds
pDdj esa ,d ik;nku vkSj uhps mrj tkrh gSA dqN
yksx ;s Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;fn Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa fcgkj esa
curha rks ykxr dkiQh de gksrh vkSj 'kk;n os csgrj
Hkh gksrh] feFkqu pØorhZ dh ^Hkksys 'kadj* dh vikj
liQyrk vkSj dqN fooknksa ds ckn] Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa ls
tqMs+ vusd yksxksa us fcgkj ljdkj dks lkFk ysrs gq,
fcgkj esa Hkkstiqjh fiQYe mn~;ksx dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa
cM+h&cM+h ckrsa dha] ij os ckras ckrksa rd gh jg xb±A
fefMy Dykl n'kZd dks vkdf"kZr djds vkSj ljdkj
lg;ksx djs rks vHkh vkSj 5 xquk fodkl dh laHkkouk
ns[kus okys eukst frokjh dh ckr dk foLrkj djrs
gq,] ^fcgkj >kj[kaM eks'ku fiDpj ,lksfl,lu* ds
jatu flUgk ekurs gSa fd ij ;g rc rd laHko ugha
gS tc rd Hkkstiqjh flusek vius lLrsiu ls ckgj
fudydj xzkE; thou dh ekSfyd dgkfu;ksa dks izLrqr
µ fganh foHkkx] gSnjkckn fo'ofon~;ky;] gSnjkckn&46
qqq
142 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ugha djrkA vkykspuk ds bu vusd Lojksa ds chp
iz'kalk vkSj izksRlkgu ds Hkh dqN Loj feyrs gSaA tSls
jfo fd'ku ;g ugha ekurs fd Hkkstiqjh fiQYesa v'yhy
gSa muds vuqlkj nf{k.k dh vusd fiQYeas vfèkd
v'yhy gSAa os ;g Hkh dgrs gSa ¶fd Hkkstiqjh laLÑfr
bruh le`n~èk gS fd mls bl v'yhyrk ls dksbZ [krjk
ugha gS¸A
ofj"B flusek i=kdkj vt; czge~ kRet bl
ifjn`'; dks ,d vkSj ut+j ls ns[krs gSAa os dgrs gSa
fd ge mu n'kZdksa dh ckr D;ksa ugha djrs tks ;s
fiQYesa ns[k jgs gSAa ftUgksua s Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa dks ;g
jokuxh nh gSA mldks ftank j[kk gSA Hkkstiqjh flusek
dh bl gfj;kyh ls tkfgj gS fd ;g Hkwfe dkiQh
ÅoZj gSA rks tks tehu ÅoZj gksxh] ogk¡ ekSle vkSj
izÑfr ds vuqlkj nwljs isM&+ ikSèks Hkh mx ldrs gSAa
fganh flusek dh fodkl ;k=kk dks ns[ksa rks mudh ;g
ckr lgh yxrh gSA
Hkkstiqjh flusek dk ,d vkSj Hkh i{k gSA og gS
ehfM;k] ehfM;k ds fy, Hkh Hkkstiqjh flusek ,d cM+k
ck”kkj gSA nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dk iQk;nk mBk;k gS ij
;g iQk;nk èku dk gS] fopkj vkSj laLdkj dk ughaA
Hkkstiqjh fiQYeksa ds v'yhy iksLVjksa ls Hkjs fganh
v[kckj bl ckr dh xokgh nsrs gSAa
vc oDr vk x;k gS fd Hkkstiqjh flusek liQyrk
ls lkFkZdrk dh rjiQ c<s+ vkSj mlesa Hkh dksbZ dksVZ]
'okl] vTth vkSj uV lezkV cusA vc tc Hkkstiqjh
ds lqijLVkj jktuhfr ds Hkh lqij LVkj gks x, gSa rks
;g mEehn dbZ ek;uksa esa c<+ tkrh gSA
 dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
MkW- chuk nsccekZ
f=k iqjk esa frijk lekt ds chp flusek dk
mn~Hko gksus ls igys tkrjk] ukSVd
ukVd vkfn dk izpyu FkkA tkrjk dk frijk lekt
a h uqDdM+
esa vU; lekt ;k eqlyeku lekt ls vkxeu gqvk
,slk ekuk x;k gSA èkhjs&èkhjs tkrjk ls gh dkWdcjd
flusek dk mn~Hko gqvk gS ,slk yksxksa dh ekU;rk gSA
dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko gksus ls igys ds bfrgkl
dk FkksMk+ lk mYys[k eSa ;gk¡ Li"V dj nsuk pkgrh gw¡
fd dkWdcjd tkrjk ;k ukVd ds bfrgkl dks ;fn
ge ns[ksxa s rks ik,¡xs fd f=kiqjk esa frijk lekt ds chp
,d ,slk le; Fkk tc yksx tkrjk ;k ukVd dks
ns[kuk vkSj [ksyuk nksuksa dks gh vR;ar ilan djrs FksA
f=kiqjk ds egkjktk jru ekf.kD; th ds le; ls gh
gesa jaxeap ij tkrjk ;k ukVd [ksyus o ns[kus dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA ml le; ukVd dks gh yksx
tkrjk dgrs FksA jru ekf.kD; dk le; 1682 AD
ekuk x;k gSA mlh nkSjku ^vle cq:uph* uke ls ,d
fdrkc fudyh FkhA ^vle cq:uph* uked fdrkc
ds Hkhrj gh ^f=kiqjk cq:puh* uke ls ,d fo"k; Hkh
FkkA bl fdrkc eas gh bl ckr dh tkudkjh feyrh
gS fd f=kiqjk eas Hkh ukVd [ksyk vkSj ns[kk tkrk FkkA
f=kiqjk ds egkjktk jru ekf.kD; vkSj vle ds
egkjktk jlth nso :nzk flag nksuksa fe=k jg pqds gaAS
vle ds egkjktk vkSj f=kiqjk ds egkjktk ml
le; vius&vius jkT; ds vPNs&cqj]s lq[kn vkSj
nq%[kn vkfn fo"k;ksa dks ysdj vkil esa ppkZ fd;k
djrs FksA ml le; nksuksa gh vius&vius nwr dks
,d&nwljs ds ikl Hkstrs FksA mu nksuksa nwrksa ds uke gS&a
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
vtquZ nkl cksbZjkfx vkSj jru dqMa fy 'kekZA bu nksuksa
ds f=kiqjk esa vk tkus ls bl ckr dh tkudkjh feyrh
gS fd fd f=kiqjk egkjktk ^dkfy;k nkeku* ukVd ns[k
jgs gSAa ;g ukVd ,d lk¡i dks ekjus dh dFkk FkhA
;g ukVd ;k tkrjk cakXyk Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k FkkA
egkjktk jru ekf.kD; ds 'kklu dky ds i'pkr~ Hkh
f=kiqjk esa ukVd] tkrjk vkfn [ksyk vkSj ns[kk x;kA
ckaXykns'k igys f=kiqjk ds egkjktkvksa ds vèkhu Fkk]
blfy, ml le; ogk¡ ds eqlyeku vkSj caxkyh yksx
f=kiqjk esa vkdj xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj tkrjk ;k ukVd
fn[kkrs FksA mu yksxksa dh dykvksa dks ns[kdj dkWdcjd
Hkk"kk cksyus okys frijk nksiQk ds yksxksa us Hkh bls igys
cakXyk Hkk"kk ls fy;k rFkk :iiku] lqukbZ euksgj]
dktydksbuZ k] vukjdyh vkfb dks dkWdcjd Hkk"kk esa
cksydj ukVd vkfn ds :i esa fn[kkus yxsA rc ;g
ns[kk x;k fd xk¡o ds yksxksa esa tkrjk ;k ukVd
yksdfiz; gksus yxkA mlds i'pkr~ frijk nksiQk esa
tekfr;k nksiQk ds n~okjk loZiFz ke lsysjlk] rqbfZ u iQksrk
vkfn tkrjk jaxeap ij izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA og
tkrjk vR;ar yksdfiz; jgk fdarq fyficn~èk u gksus ds
dkj.k vc bldk dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA
dbZ o"kks± rd tkrjk dks xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj jxaep a
ij ,sls gh [kqys vkleku ds uhps fn[kk;k x;kA ;g
tkrjk vfèkdka'kr% euksjt a u ds fy, gksrk FkkA loZiFz ke
lu~ 1948 esa lqèkU;k nsccekZ ds n~okjk ^,fx, pyks*
fy[kk x;kA ;g dkWdcjd Hkk"kk ,oa cakXyk Hkk"kk
nksuksa eas gh fy[kk x;k FkkA ukVd dks tc jaxeap ij
izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk rc Hkh ukVd ds ik=kksa us nksuksa gh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 143
Hkk"kkvksa esa laokn cksyAs ijarq ukVd [ksyus okyksa ds
jgu&lgu dks ilan u djus ds dkj.k ,d vkSj
fonzkgs ls Hkjk gqvk fdrkc fy[kk x;k] ftldk uke
^ifjf[kr fonzksg* FkkA ;g ukVd egkjktk ds n~okjk
fd, x, dk;ks± dks ilan u gksus ds dkj.k tekfr;k
nksiQk ds n~okjk fd;k x;k fonzkgs FkkA fdarq bu lHkh
?kVukvksa dk dksbZ Hkh fyf[kr :i u gksus ds dkj.k
vkt bldh lR;rk dks mtkxj ugha fd;k ldrk gSA
;g 'kqnè~ k dkWdcjd Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k ukVd FkkA
blds lkFk gh 1947 esa Hkkjr Lora=k gqvkA 1960 esa
Hkkjr vkSj phu esa ;qnè~ k fNM+k vkSj 1964&65 esa
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa ;qnè~ k gqvk ftl dkj.k pkjksa
vkSj vfLFkjrk dk ekgkSy FkkA
Hkkjr Lora=k gqvk rks bldk izHkko f=kiqjk esa Hkh
iM+k D;ksfa d 1950 ls igys f=kiqjk esa jktra=k dk
cksyckyk FkkA 1950 ds ckn f=kiqjk dks Hkh Hkkjr ds
lkFk feyk fy;k x;k FkkA vc f=kiqjk esa Hkh jktra=k
lekIr dj yksdra=k viuk;k x;k FkkA dqN ys[kd
[kkeks'k gks x, mUgsa fy[kus esa ,d izdkj dk Hk;
eglwl gks jgk Fkk rks dqN yksx vius ?kjksa esa pqipki
cSBdj fy[k jgs FksA 1970&71 esa ;g ns[kk x;k fd
;qok ih<+h us ys[ku dk;Z esa #fp fn[kkbZA mnkgj.k ds
rkSj ij lu~ 1973 esa vfyany z ky f=kiqjk ds n~okjk
fy[kk x;k ukVd ^ykekfu gksepkÄ* gSA bl ukVd dks
jfoanz lrksckflfd Hkou esa jaxeap ij izLrqr fd;k
x;k FkkA mlds i'pkr~ lu~ 1974 esa txrcklh
tekfr;k ds n~okjk ^dkfytqd* rFkk lu~ 1975 esa
lqcqèkyky tekfr;k ds n~okjk fy[kk x;k ^rqbiZ Qksrk* gSA
mlds i'pkr~ lu~ 1974 esa ';keyky nsccekZ ds
n~okjk ^csÄlquky* uked ukVd fy[kk x;k FkkA lu~
1980 f=kiqjk ds bfrgkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk
gS D;ksfa d ;g og le; Fkk] tc f=kiqjk esa tkfrxr naxs
gq, FksA lkèkkj.k turk ds eu esa Hk; FkkA lai.w kZ dk;Z
ekuks Fke x;k gksA bl ?kVuk ds rhu lky ckn vFkkZr~
1983 esa f=kiqjk dh jktèkkuh vxjryk esa fiQj ls ujsna z
nsccekZ ds n~okjk fy[kk x;k ukVd ^uksdckj nkselkfu
dksFkksek* FkkA blds i'pkr~ 1984 esa uank dqekj
nsccekZ ds n~okjk ^ekfj*] ^dksdfdlk dksdrkÄgkbZ*
uked ukVd fy[ks x,A vkt ds le; esa dkWdcjd
144 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ds {ks=k esa u,&u, fo"k;ksa dks ysdj ukVd fy[ks tk
jgs gSAa
bl rjg ls dkWdcjd ukVdksa ds n~okjk gh
dkWdcjd flusek dk mn~Hko gqvk gSA ^yksÄrjkbZ* dks
dkWdcjd Hkk"kk dk izFke VsfyfiQYe ds :i esa
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA bl fiQYe ds ckn jksgh nsccekZ
(funs'kd) ds n~okjk ^ykÄekfu gknqd* (12-10-1993)
dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh vkSj
MkW;ykx nksuksa gh jksgh nsccekZ ds n~okjk fy[ks x, gSaA
bl fiQYe dks f=kiqjk dkWdcjd lkfgR; lHkk ds
n~okjk izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA ^ykÄekfu gknqd* dks nks
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj fn[kk;k x;k gSA tutkfr;ksa ds
nsgkrh thou ifjos'k dks ysdj fy[kh xbZ] ;g fiQYe
yksxksa ds chp vR;ar yksdfiz; jgh gSA D;ksfa d bl
fiQYe esa ^pkfefj vkseik* (?kj tekbZ) tSls fo'ks"k
jhfr&fjoktksa dks mBk;k x;k gSA xk¡o esa fctyh dh
dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] yksx jkr dks gksepkx vFkkZr~
e'kky ysdj vkokxeu djrs gaSA xk¡o esa pkSèkjh ds
dgs vuqlkj gj dk;Z laiUu fd;k tkrk gS blfy,
xk¡o esa [kq'kgkyh gSA xk¡o dh le`nf~ èk ds fy, pkSèkjh
ds n~okjk izkphu le; ls gh rqbcZ d q (unh) dh iwtk
dh tkrh gSA xk¡o esa gqDdk dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku
gS mls Hkh crk;k x;k gSA fiQYe ds uk;d iQkYxquk ds
n~okjk vius lekt vkSj xk¡o dks lqèkkjus dk iz;kl
fd;k x;k gS] tgk¡ ukf;dk ;kyqdfr us mldk lkFk
fn;kA vc xk¡o ds yksxksa us vius cPpksa dks >we [ksr
esa dke djokus ds ctk; i<+kuk&fy[kkuk 'kq: dj
fn;k FkkA rhljh fiQYe ^ekfFk;k* (daxu) gS] ftls
2004 dks fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA bl fiQYe ds fuekZrk
iQknj tkslis Q fdtsdfdpsukMq gSA dgkuh] LØhfuax
vkSj funZ's ku iQknj ds- ts tkslsiQ iqfyuèkkukFk ,l Mh
oh ds n~okjk dh xbZ FkhA bl fiQYe esa tutkfr;ks ds
chp iQSy jgs vaèkfo'okl dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA >we
dh [ksrh] ;qod&;qofr;ksa ds lewg esa jgdj dk;Z
djuk] tknw dksfytk] yksdxhr] izes vkfn fo"k;ksa dks
;FkkFkZ :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gS dqpqxfr vkSj ckuFkq bl
fiQYe ds uk;d&ukf;dk gaSA xk¡o esa fdlh dh Hkh
fdlh fcekjh ls e`R;q gks tkrh gS rks dqpxq fr dks
Mk;u dgdj yksx mls lrkrs gS]a ?kj ls fudyuk
eqf'dy dj nsrs gaAS ckn esa dqpxq fr dks Mk;u dgdj
tehu eas ftank xkM+ fn;k tkrk gS ckuFkq mls cpkus ds
fy, ugha tkrk] rHkh xk¡o dh ,d efgyk vkdj
mldh enkZuxh ij rkus ekjrh gS] dgrh gS fd rqe
lc iq#"k ,d tSls gksA ckuFkq ds Hkhrj dh varjkRek
mls ckj&ckj dqpxq fr dks cpkus ds fy, mykguk nsrh
gS vkSj og dqpxq fr dks cpkus ds fy, nkSM+ iM+rk gSA
var esa mls cpk ysrk gS dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g fd
21oha lnh esa vkdj Hkh ;fn tutkrh; lekt
vaèkfo'okl esa tdM+k jgsxk rks lekt esa dSls mUufr
djsxkA lekt esa ubZ psruk ykuk gh bl fiQYe dk
mn~n's ; gSA
pkSFkh fiQYe ^;k:Ä* (tM+) gS] ftls 2008 dks
fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA fuekZrk iQknj ds- ts- tkslis Q gaS
vkSj funs'Z kd iQknj tkslsiQ iqfyuèkkukFk ,l Mh oh gSAa
;g dgkuh jkbZek vkSj lkbZek rqbZek (unh) dks ysdj
fy[kh xbZ gSA ;g unh (nqEcksj) nykbZ ftys esa iM+rh
gSA nqEcksj unh ls lVh gqbZ jkbZek vkSj lkbZek unh gS
tgk¡ fon~;qr mRiknu fd fy, ck¡èk ck¡èkk x;k vkSj
ck¡èk ds ck¡èkus ls gtkjksa tutkfr;k¡ ?kj ls cs?kj gks xb±A
mudk thou ekuks Fke lk x;kA jkstxkj dk dksbZ jkLrk
ugha FkkA vkt Hkh yksx ogk¡ eqf'dyksa ls tw> jgs gSAa
;gha ,d frijklk cqtqxZ iqfyl ds vR;kpkjksa ls yM+rs
gq, viuh ekr`Hkwfr ds fy, izk.k R;kx nsrk gSA fuekZrk
vkSj funZs'kd us bl fiQYe esa nqEcksj unh ds vklikl
jgus okys yksxksa dh leL;kvks]a ihM+kvks]a jkstxkj dh
leL;kvksa dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa fn[kk;k gSA
ik¡poh fiQYe gS ^:Ä* (uko) gS] ftls 2002
esa fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA uankdqekj nsccekZ th bl
fiQYe ds fuekZrk vkSj funs'Z kd nksuksa gaSA laxhr Hkh
Lo;a mUgksua s gh fn;k gSA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh Hkh
^;k:Ä* ds lkFk FkksMh+ cgqr feyrh&tqyrh gSA bl
fiQYe esa jkbZek vkSj lkbZek unh esa ck¡èk ck¡èkus ds ckn
,d frijk lk ftldk uke cqcu jktk gS] og jksrk
fc[kykrk gS vkSj ck¡èk dks nkao ls dkVuk 'kq: dj nsrk
gS D;ksafd vkt mldk lc dqN [kks x;k Fkk] tgk¡ og
>we dh [ksrh djrk Fkk] tgk¡ mldk clsjk Fkk og lc
ikuh esa Mwc x;k gSA mldh bu gjdrksa dks ns[kdj
yksx mls ikxy le>rs gaAS ysfdu mls ikxy le>us
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
okys yksx ;g ugha le>rs gaS fd mUgksus vkt D;k
[kks;k gSA tks vc dHkh ugha feysxkA jkbZek vkSj lkbZek
unh ds vklikl jgus okys yksxksa dh leL;kvks]a nq[k]
nnZ] ihM+k dks lekt ds lkeus ykuk gh bl fiQYe dk
eq[; mn~n's ; gSA
NBh fiQYe ^ekfj* (fu'kku) gSA ftldks 2008
esa fjyht fd;k x;k FkkA dgkuhdkj inekykspu tekfr;k
gSaA fuekZrk ljr fj;kx gaSA VhVh,,Mhlh ds lg;ksx ls
;g fiQYe cukbZ xbZ gSA bl fiQYe esa lai.w kZ frijklk
lekt ds jhfr&fjoktks]a ijaijkvks]a nsoh&nsorkvksa dh
iwtk vpZuk djus dh fofèk&foèkku] >we [ksrh dks
djus dh fofèk&foèkku vkfn dks crk;k x;k gSA bu
lHkh ds lkFk vaèkfo'oklksa dks Hkh fn[kk;k x;k gSA
'kknh fookg] tUe] e`R;q tSlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh
fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA dksbZ NksVk&cM+k fdlh Hkh dkj.k
ls chekj iM+ tkrk gS rks MkWDVj ds ikl ys tkus dh
ctk; ?kj esa gh tknw&Vksuk vkfn ij fo'okl dj iwtk
djrs gaAS bl fiQYe esa vkbpqdfr] [kqeckj] dqpkÄ]
c;kj] fpeykÄ vkfn ik=k gSaA xk¡o dk pkSèkjh gkdksj
dsiy s os ks uked eqrkbZ dks iwtk eas nsus ds fy, HkSl
a
[kjhnrk gS vkSj okpsÄ tSls yksx HkSla pksjh dj ysrs gSAa
;g iwtk xk¡o ds LokLF;] lq[k&le`nf~ èk] iQly vkfn
ds fy, gksrh gSA vkt dh ;qok ih<+h iwtk ls T;knk
MkWDVj dks fn[kkuk t:jh ekurh gSA
^tksjk* (le;) fiQYe 2017 esa fjyht dh xbZ
gSA fiQYe ds funZ's kd foey nsccekZ vkSj fuekZrk
tqxy nsccekZ] laxhr fo'oukFk nsccekZ gSA ;g fiQYe
vkèkqfud le; vkSj lekt dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ gSA
;g izes ] 'kd] [kwu&[kjkck] èkks[kk] vdsysiu dh
dgkuh gSA ^lqjkÄ* (frijk lekt eas ckyksa esa yxk;k
tkus okyk ikjaifjd vkHkw"k.k) fiQYe dk izdk'ku
2007 esa gqvkA funsZ'kd foey nsccekZ gSa ;g fiQYe
izsedFkk ij vkèkkfjr gS lqjkÄ tks ukf;dk gS] og
vukFk gSA vius ekek&ekeh ds lkFk jgrh gSA ekeh ds
n~okjk lrkbZ tkrh gSA lqjkÄ dk HkkbZ dks [kkuk f[kykuk
vkSj HkkbZ dks jksrs gq, dgrk gS fd rqEgkjs gkFk dk ,d
fuokyk [kkdj gh esjk isV Hkj tkrk gSA lkjh laifRr
ekek&ekeh ds ikl gSA c;kj cpiu dk fe=k gS tks
lqjkÄ ds lq[k&nq[k dks le>rk gSA mlls izse djrk
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 145
gS fdarq c;kj chekj gksus ds dkj.k dbZ eghus rd
mlls feyus ugha vkrkA lqjkÄ le>rh gS fd c;k us
mls Hkqyk fn;k gS vkSj xqMa k ds lkFk mldh 'kknh gks
tkrh gS ysfdu var esa c;k ykSVdj vkrk gS fdarq
vikfgt cudjA lqjkÄ dk HkkbZ ej tkrk gS rks c;k
gh mls tykus ds fy, ys tkrk gSA dgkuh dk fo"k;
cgqr gh ;FkkFkZ gSA bls nks Hkkxksa esa fiQYek;k x;k FkkA
fiQYe dh i`"BHkwfe f=kiqjk gh gSA ykekuks ykÄek]
ykÄekuksa ykek (lM+d gh lk¡l] lk¡l gh lM+d) gS]
bl fiQYe dks vxjryk nwjn'kZu dsanz ds n~okjk izdkf'kr
fd;k x;k gS ;g fiQYe f=kiqjk ds tutkfr;ksa ds
thou O;oLFkk dks ysdj cukbZ xbZ gSA lekbZ] lkefify]
Fkkseijk] dqykufp] dsjke] gserk] MkWDVj vkfn ik=kksa ds
ekè;e ls ;g fn[kk;k x;k gS fd xk¡o ds yksx fdl
izdkj ls lM+d vkSj vLirky ds vklikl u gksus ls
dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA muds ikl vLirky
tkus ds fy, dksbZ lkèku ugha gS vkSj fdlh rjg ls
;fn ?kj ls fudy Hkh tkrs gaS rks chp jkLrs esa gh ne
rksM+ nsrs gaAS ;g dgkuh lkèkkj.k euq"; ds thou dks
n'kkZrh gSA
^dqFkkÄ dksFkek* fiQYe yksddFkk ij vkèkkfjr
gS] bleas rhu yksddFkkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
2018 esa ^f=kiqjk fjlpZ ,aM dYpjy baLVhV~;Vw xouZeVas
vkWiQ f=kiqjk* ds n~okjk bls izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA bl
fiQYe dk Mk;jsDVj lquhy dybZ gSA dkWdcjd ds
bfrgkl esa bu yksddFkkvksa dks ge ;qxks&a ;qxksa ls
nknk&nknh ds eq¡g ls lqurs vk, gSa vkSj ,slk yxrk gS
tSls ;g vkt Hkh gekjs chp lkal ysrs gSAa gj ,d ds
eqg¡ ls bu yksddFkkvksa dks vyx&vyx rjhds ls
lqurs vk, gSaA lkFk gh ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks
iznku djus ds fy, ;g l'kDr ekè;e gSA
bu fiQYeksa ds vykok Hkh vkSj dbZ vkèkqfud
fiQYesa gSa tks 2018] 2019 esa cukbZ xbZ ga]S tSls&
^cq[kk*] ^gketkdek*] ^vkÄlkcfu*] ^dqpd q gkfldke*]
^rk dscsÄfn*] ^bZekÄ* vkfnA bu fiQYeksa dh fo"k;
oLrq dkWdcjd Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa ds thou 'kSfy;ksa ij gh
vkèkkfjr gSA dkWdcjd flusek us vHkh cgqr yach
;k=kk r; ugha dh gS ijarq og vius iz;kl ls u,
fo"k;ksa dks ysdj ;FkkFkZ dks vkSj viuh ckr dks nqfu;k
ds lkeus j[kus dk liQy iz;kl dj jgh gSA ,sls cgqr
ls fo"k; gaS ftlds ckjs esa yksx ugha tkurs gSa vkSj bu
fiQYeksa ds n~okjk yksxksa esa ubZ psruk o tkx`fr ykuk gh
fiQYe vkSj funsZ'kd&fuekZrk dk mn~ns'; gSA vkt bl
lekt esa tks fodkl vkSj mUufr gks jgh gS bldk
cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku fiQYe vkSj fefM;k dk gSA ;g
lekt vius fodkl vkSj mUufr dh jkg esa èkhjs&èkhjs
vkxs c<+ jgk gSA

µ eykapk fuokl] xouZeVas DokVZj dkWEIysDl] ,- th- vkWfiQl ds ikl] Vkbi&IV] CykWd 14@34] vHk;
uxj] vxjryk] if'peh f=kiqjk&799005
qqq

146 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 oSf'od iVy ij igpku cukrk vlfe;k flusek
MkW- vuq'kCn
fl usek ,d lkeqnkf;d lapkj ekè;e gSA ;g
yksdlapkj dh lcls yksdfiz; ,oa l'kDr
foèkkvksa esa ls ,d gS yksdeaxy ,oa yksdjatu ds
mn~n's ; ls fufeZr bl foèkk esa lkfgR;] laxhr ,oa
dyk dh f=kos.kh lekbZ gqbZ gSA Hkkjr esa flusek dk
bfrgkl o"kks± iqjkuk gSA fganh flusek ds rks vHkh gky
gh esa lkS o"kZ iwjs gq, gSaA xkSjryc gS fd Hkkjr esa
{ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa fufeZr fiQYeksa dh Hkh viuh ,d
le`n~èk ,oa lqnh?kZ ijaijk jgh gSA ;g nhxj ckr gS fd
bu fiQYeksa dk n'kZd&oxZ dkiQh lhfer gS] cktkj
NksVk gS ysfdu fo"k;&oLrq] izLrqfr ,oa izHkko dh
n`f"V ls ;s fiQYesa fdlh Hkh ek;us esa eq[; èkkjk dh
fiQYeksa ls derj ugha gSaA ;g ckr iwoksZrj Hkkjr dh
,dek=k vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kk vlfe;k esa cuus
okyh fiQYeksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkh lksyg vkus lgh gSA
1935 esa vkjaHk gqvk vlfe;k flusek rc ls vc rd
dbZ lkjs vge~ eqdkeksa dks izkIr dj pqdk gSA dbZ
lkjh vlfe;k fiQYesa liQyrk ds f'k[kj dks Nw pqdh
gSa rFkk Hkkjrh; flusek gh ugha cfYd fo'o flusek ds
le{k u, dhfrZeku vkSj izfreku LFkkfir dj pqdh gSa
gkykafd fganh fiQYeksa ds eqdkcys {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dh
fiQYeksa dks yksx de gh uksfVl djrs gSAa
è;krO; gS fd o"kZ 2018 esa tc ,d vlfe;k
fiQYe ^foyst jkWdLVkj* us loZJ"s B fiQYe dk jk"Vªh;
iqjLdkj vftZr fd;k vkSj fiQj vkWLdj ds fy,
ukekafdr gqbZ rc vpkud ls vlfe;k flusek lqf[kZ;ksa
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
esa vk x;kA blds igys rd rfey] rsyxq ]q dUuM
vkfn fiQYeksa dh fganh esa Mfcax gksrh jgh gS vkSj ns'k
ds lHkh fgLlksa esa mudh [kklh yksdfiz;rk Hkh jgh gS
ysfdu jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; iQyd ij vlfe;k
flusek n~okjk ,slh miyfCèk gkfly djuk dbZ yksxksa
ds fy, vk'p;Z dh ckr FkhA bldh ,d izeq[k otg
;g gS fd ns'k dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk iwoksZRrj esa cuus
okyh fiQYeksa ls vutku jgk gSA
vlfe;k flusek ftls ^tkWyhoqM* ds uke ls Hkh
tkuk tkrk gS] ,d le`nè~ k fojklr dks Lo;a esa lesVs
gq, gSA bldk bfrgkl rks xkSjoiw.kZ jgk gh gS] orZeku
mTToy vkSj Hkfo"; laHkkoukvksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA
vle esa flusek dh 'kq#vkr dk ,d csgn fnypLi
fdLlk izfln~èk fiQYe funs'Z kd vkSj vkykspd ^vCnqy
et+hn* lqukrs gSa&
¶vle esa flusek dk bfrgkl chloha 'krkCnh
ds nwljs n'kd ls vkjaHk gqvk tc xqokgkVh ds
fuokfl;ksa dks ,d nf{k.k Hkkjrh; O;fDr esuu n~okjk
ykbZ xbZ ewd fiQYe dks ns[kus dk lqvolj feykA
xk¡o ls 'kgj esa O;kikj ds flyflys esa ;k fiQj
dpgjh ds dke ls vkus okys yksx] esuu dh fiQYeksa
ds n'kZd Fks flusek ds bfrgkl eas bl iUus dks tksM+us
okys flusek gkWy dk uke ^dke:i flusek* FkkA bl
gkWy esa eq[;r% ^,e lh lsusV* vkSj ^pSiyhu* dh
fiQYesa fn[kkbZ tkrh FkhaA le; ds lkFk cksyrh fiQYeksa
dk pyu c<+k vkSj dke:i flusek dh ped iQhdh
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 147
iM+us yxh vkSj esuu us Hkh ges'kk ds fy, vle NksM+
fn;kA¸
igyh vlfe;k fiQYe cukus dk Js; izfln~èk
vlfe;k dfo] laxhrdkj vkSj dykdkj :idqaoj
T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk (1901&1951) dks gSA muds
uke ij gh vlfe;k flusek dks ^tkWyhoqM* uke fn;k
x;k gSA T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk us fiQYe cukus dhs
f'k{kk teZuh ls izkIr dh vkSj 1935 esa igyh vlfe;k
fiQYe ^tks;efr* cukbZA bl fiQYe dh nks cM+h
[kkfl;r ;g gS fd ;g vlfe;k dh igyh fiQYe
gksrs gq, Hkh fganh dh igyh fiQYe dh rjg ewd ugha
gSA ^tks;efr* dh nwljh cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;g
fiQYe vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa fufeZr gksus ds ckotwn
fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kdrk ds f[kykiQ jk"Vªh; psruk] jk"Vª&izes
vkSj cfynku dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izkrs FkhA bl fiQYe
esa vgkse jktdqekjh tks;efr dh dgkuh gS tks vius
ns'k vkSj ifr dh j{kk ds fy, vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr
ns nsrh gSA ml nkSj esa tc fiQYeksa esa vnkdkjh ds
fy, efgyk dykdkj ugha feyrh Fkh rc ,d efgyk
dsafnzr fiQYe cukuk cgqr cM+k dne Fkk] vius vki
esa ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh FkhA [kSj] T;ksfr izlkn
vxjokyk us ;g tksf[ke mBk;kA nqHkkZX;o'k ^tks;efr*
fiQYe mrus n'kZd ugha tqVk ikbZ vkSj cqjh rjg
vliQy jgh] ysfdu blus vlfe;k flusek dh uhao
rks rS;kj dj gh nhA
1935 ds ckn ds o"kks± esa vlfe;k flusek esa
dbZ mrkj p<+ko vk,A bl chp tks mYys[kuh;
fiQYesa fufeZr&iznf'kZr gqb± os Fkha& T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk
dh ^banez kyrh*] jksfg.kh dqekj c#vk dh ^eksueq rh*]
ikoZrh izlkn c#vk dh ^#ikgh*] dey ukjk;.k pkSèkjh
dh ^cnu cksjiQwiQu*] lqjs'k panz xksLokeh dh ^#uqeh*
vkSj iQf.k 'kekZ dh ^fljkt*A bu fiQYeksa esa ^fljkt*
dks dkiQh [;kfr feyh D;ksfa d ;g fiQYe èkkfeZd
lkSgknZ ij cuh FkhA
o"kZ 1950 vlfe;k flusek ds fy, dkiQh
mYys[kuh; jgk D;ksafd blh o"kZ iQf.k 'kekZ n~okjk
funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^fi;ksyh iQwiQu* us {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa cuh
loZJs"B fiQYe dk jk"Vªh; f[krkc vius uke fd;kA
;g fiQYe vle ds izfln~èk Lora=krk lsukuh ^fi;ksyh
148 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
iQwiQu* ds thou ij vkèkkfjr Fkh ftUgsa fczfV'k lRrk
dk fojksèk djus ds dkj.k vaxsztksa n~okjk e`R;naM fn;k
x;k FkkA vlfe;k flusek dks lefiZr Hkkjr ljdkj ds
CykWx ij bl ckr dk ftØ feyrk gSA
chloha 'krkCnh ds ik¡posa n'kd esa gh vlfe;k
flusek ds uHk esa ,d u, u{k=k dk mn; gqvk ftldk
uke Fkk fui c#vkA fiQYe fuekZ.k ds {ks=k esa vkus ls
iwoZ fui c#vk ,d izfln~èk laxhrdkj] ckalqjh oknd]
iQqVckWyj vkSj vle fVªC;wu esa ,d dkVwfZ uLV Hkh FksA
bUgksaus tks igyh fiQYe cukbZ og Fkh& ^Le`fr ij'k*
(1957)A budh vU; fiQYesa Fkha& ^ekd vk# eksjkse*
(1958) ^jaxk iqfyl*] ^HkDr izg~ykn* (1959) ^vekj
?kj* (1961)] ujdklqj* (1970)] ^c#j lalkj*
(1973) ^lksusrkjk* (1977)] ^lksUekbZ* (1978)]
^efuek* (1980)] ^vatyh ukcksÅ* (1983)] ^dksdk
nsmrk ukrh v# gkrh* (1984)] ^'kadrq yuk vk#
'kadj tkslis Q vyh* (1985)] ^nknw ukrh&vks&gkrh*
(1986)] ^vaVksuh eksj uke* (1988)] baMh fodh
flus ij bu fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k&o"kZ ds ckjs esa laf{kIr
ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA
1950 ds gh n'kd esa egku laxhrdkj vkSj
xk;u Hkwius gtkfjdk fiQYe funs'Z ku ds {ks=k esa vk,A
muds n~okjk funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^,jk ckVksj lqj* us vlfe;k
flusek dks ,d ubZ rktxh vkSj fn'kk nhA viuh igyh
fiQYe ^,jk ckVksj lqj* funsfZ 'kr djus ls igys Hkwius
gtkfjdk ^bIVk* ds lfØ; lnL; FksA ^bIVk* ges'kk ls
vke vkneh vkSj mldh laons ukvksa dks dsna z esa j[k
dj dke djus okyh laLFkk gSA 'kk;n ;gh otg Fkh
fd ^,jk ckVksj lqj* ds dsna z esa pk; cxku esa dke
djus okys yksxksa dh O;Fkk&dFkk dk fp=k.k gqvk FkkA
laxhr ls fo'ks"k yxko gksus ds dkj.k mudh lHkh
fiQYesa E;wftdy fgV gksrh FkhaA Hkwius nk dh fiQYeksa
dk ftØ fd, fcuk vlfe;k flusek ij ckr djuk
csekuh gksxkA
viuh ,d iqLrd esa izfln~èk vlfe;k fiQYe
leh{kd eukst cjiqtkjh fy[krs gSa fd& ¶nknk lkgsc
iQkYds iqjLdkj ls lEekfur xk;d] laxhrdkj] xhrdkj
Hkwisu gtkfjdk ftUgsa cpiu ls gh T;ksfr izlkn
vxjokyk dk lkfuè; feyk_ mudk vlfe;k flusek
esa cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA mudh izeq[k
fiQYesa gSa& ^,jk cVksjk lqj* (n V~;wu vkWiQ n MstVZsM
ikFk)] ^izfrèofu* (n bdks)] ^yksfr?kksfrvkan fpdfed
fctqyh* vkfnA
{ks=kh; flusek ds :i esa vlfe;k flusek yxkrkj
ubZ miyfCèk;ksa dh vksj vxzlj jgk ysfdu mls igyh
ckj varjjk"Vªh; [;kfr feyh 1959 es]a tc izHkkr
eq[kthZ n~okjk funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^iqc:
s u* dks varjjk"Vªh;
Lrj ij izfln~èkh feyhA cfyZu fiQYe iQsfLVoy esa
bldh LØhfuax us varjjk"Vªh; iQyd ij vlfe;k
flusek dks igpku fnykbZA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh
ek¡&csVs ds fj'rs ij vkèkkfjr Fkh vkSj ek¡ dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkus okyh] Kkuksnk dkdksfr dh tcjnLr vnkdkjh
us fiQYe esa ubZ tku iQw¡d nh FkhA
60 vkSj 70 ds n'kd esa vlfe;k flusek eas
a,d u;k cnyko utj vk;kA bl nkSj esa fcYdqy
vyx&vyx tkWujs dh fiQYesa fjyht gqb± ftlesa
ck;ksfid] gkL; vkSj fFkzyj fiQYesa 'kkfey FkhaA los'Z oj
pØorhZ dh ^euhjke nhoku* fui c#vk dh ^ujdklqj*]
MkW- Hkwisu gtkfjdk dh ^'kadqryk*] ^yksfr?kksfrvkan
fpdfed fctqyh* tSlh ck;ksfid fiQYesa blh nkSj esa
cM+s ijns ij vkb±A cztus c#vk dh igyh vlfe;k
gkL; fiQYe ^,Vw lhVw vk# cksgVq *w Hkh blh nkSj esa
fjyht gqbZA cztsu c#vk dh gh ^MkW- cstc#vk*
igyh vlfe;k fFkzyj fiQYe FkhA bl fiQYe dks
vikj liQyrk feyhA fiQYe dh ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk
;g Hkh Fkh fd bl fiQYe dh iwjh 'kwfVax vle esa gh
gqbZ FkhA
70 vkSj 80 ds n'kd esa cuh vlfe;k fiQYeksa
dks dbZ jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feysA lejsna z ukjk;.k nso dh
^vj.;*] cztsu c#vk dh ^vksikstk lksukj ekVh*]
vCnqy et+hn dh ^pesyh eselkc*] vrqy cksjnksybZ
dh ^dYyksy* vkSj MkW- Hkcsna z ukFk lSfd;k dh ^laè;k
jkx* mu dqN ize[q k fiQYeksa esa 'kkfey Fkha ftUgsa
loZJs"B {ks=kh; flusek dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
1976 esa inqe c#vk dh fiQYe fjyht+ gqbZ ^xaxk
flysfuj ikj[kh*A bl fiQYe us vlfe;k flusek es
dyk fiQYeksa dks ,d vyx gh eqdke ij igqp ¡ k
fn;kA MkW- y{eh uanu cksjk ds blh uke ds miU;kl
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
ij vkèkkfjr ;g fiQYe ,d ;qok efgyk y{eh dh
dgkuh dgrh gS tks vius ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn vius
iwoZ izseh èkuat; ds lkFk u, fljs ls thou 'kq: djus
ds ckjs esa lksprh gS ysfdu ,slk gks ugha ikrkA
^xaxk flyksfuj ik[kh* ds fjyht+ gksus ds vxys
o"kZ gh Hkcsanz ukFk lSfd;k ds vius miU;kl ij
vkèkkfjr fiQYe ^la è;k jkx* fjyht gqb ZA yan u
fo'ofon~;ky; ls fiQftDl esa ih-,p-Mh- djus okys
Hkcsanz ukFk lSfd;k lkfgR; vdkneh ls iqjLÑr ys[kd]
dgkuhdkj vkSj funs'Z kd FksA tc vlfe;k flusek
O;kolk;hdj.k dh rjiQ eqM+ jgk Fkk ml le; Hkcsanz
ukFk lSfd;k us xaHkhj dyk fiQYesa cukb±A viuh igyh
fiQYe ^laè;k jkx* ds ckn mUgksua s lkr vU; fiQYesa
Hkh funsZf'kr dhA ;Fkk& ^vfuckZu*] ^vfXuLuku*]
^dksy kgy*] ^lkjFkh*] ^vcrkZu *] ^bfrgkl* vkS j
^dyklaè;k*A mudh lHkh fiQYesa u fliQZ vlfe;k
flusek cfYd Hkkjrh; flusek esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ
LFkku j[krh gSaA
1982 esa vlfe;k flusek ds {ks=k esa ,d ,slh
'kf[l;r dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus vlfe;k fiQYeksa
dh iwoLZ Fkkfir igpku dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nhA og
'kf[l;r Fkh& tkg~uq c#vkA vkB jk"Vªh; iqjLdjksa ls
lEekfur tkg~uq c#vk dks fganh iV~Vh okys mudh
fiQYe& ^eSaus xkaèkh dks ugha ekjk* ds funs'Z ku ds fy,
tkurs gSAa tkg~uq c#vk dh ize[q k fiQYesa gS&a ^vi:ik*]
^gkyksfèk;k lksjk, ckvksèkku [kk,* (bV~l yk¡x os Vw
lh)] ^fiQjhaxfr* (LikdZ), ^dksfudj jkeèksu*q (jkbM
vkWu n jsucks), ^ckaèkksu* (osol~ vkWiQ lkbysal) vkfnA
^gkyksfèk;k lksjk, ckvksèkku [kk,* igyh vlfe;k fiQYe
gS ftls loZJ"s B fiQYe ds jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj ls uoktk
x;kA bl fiQYe dh dgkuh ,d fdlku dh gS
ftldh tehu ij ykyph tehankj dCtk dj ysrk gSA
vaxt sz h lc VkbVy ds lkFk ;g fiQYe ^n dSVLVªkis Qs*
uke ls iznf'kZr gqbAZ
bl nkSj dh vU; mYys[kuh; fiQYesa gS&a MkW-
Hkcsna z ukFk lSfd;k dh ^vfXuLuku*] ^dksykgky*] ^lkjFkh*]
^vcrkZu* vkfnA bu fiQYeksa dks Hkh fiQYe&leh{kdksa
vkSj n'kZdksa nksuksa dk I;kj feykA blds lkFk gh f'ko
izlkn Bkqd j] xkSre cksj k] latho gtkfjdk] equhr
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 149
c#vk] 'kkaruk cksjnksybZ] eatw cksjk vkfn fiQYe funs'Z kdksa
us Hkh vlfe;k flusek dks vius ;ksxnku ls le`nè~ k
fd;kA
2017 esa vlfe;k flusek us ,d ubZ djoV
yhA tc jhek nkl funsfZ 'kr fiQYe ^foyst jkWdLVkj*
dks loZJs"B fiQYe dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj feykA tkg~uq
c#vk dh ^gyksfèk;k lksjk, ckvksèkku [kk,* ds ckn
;g nwljh vlfe;k fiQYe gS ftls loZJs"B Hkkjrh;
fiQYe dk Lo.kZ dey izkIr gqvkA yanu bafM;u
fiQYe iQsfLVoy dh vkWfiQfl;y osclkbV ij fy[kk
gS fd jhek nkl Lo izf'kf{kr fiQYe ysf[kdk] funsfZ 'kdk
vkSj fuekZ=kh gSaA vle ds ,d NksVs ls xk¡o ls
iyh&c<+h jhek nkl vHkh eqca bZ vkSj vle esa jgrh
gSaA mudh igyh fiQYe ^varn`Zf"V* rkfyu CySd ukbZV
fiQYe iQsfLVoy 2016 esa vkSj fevkeh fiQYe iQsfLVoy
eqacbZ esa iznf'kZr gqbAZ mudh nwljh fiQYe ^foyst
jkWdLVkj* dk oYMZ izhfe;j VksjaVks fiQYe iQsfLVoy esa
gqvk vkSj ;g fiQYe lsu lscfs LV;u esa gq, U;w
Mk;jsDVj daiVh'ku esa Hkh 'kkfey gqbAZ
^foyst jkWdLVkj* ,d nl o"khZ; yM+dh èkquq
dh dgkuh gS tks viuh ek¡ ds lkFk ,d fiNM+s xk¡o
esa jgrh gSA èkquq viuk ,d cSMa cukuk pkgrh gS
ftlesa og ,d fxVkfjLV cuuk pkgrh gSA D;k vHkkoksa
esa iy jgh èkquq dk ;s [okc iwjk gks ikrk gS\ fiQYe
blh loky dk tokc ryk'krh gSA jhek nkl dh
rhljh fiQYe ^cqycqy dSu flax* Hkh varjjk"Vªh; Lrj
ij cgq&iz'kaflr jghA ;g fiQYe rhu fd'kksjksa dh
nksLrh] [okc vkSj mudh leL;kvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
ekuo euksfoKku dks csgn ckjhdh ls O;Dr dj ikus
esa jhek nkl dk dksbZ lkuh ugha gSA
vlfe;k flusek ij dksbZ Hkh ppkZ ^vkfe"k*
fiQYe dh ppkZ ds fcuk eqdEey ugha gSA 2019 esa
vkbZ Hkk"dj gtkfjdk dh fiQYe ^vkfe"k* ls igys
Hkk"dj gtkfjdk dh ,d vkSj fiQYe vk pqdh gS&
^dksFkkunh*A vle dh yksd&dFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr bl
fiQYe dks Hkh leh{kdksa dk csgn I;kj feyk ysfdu
^vkfe"k* us rks tSls vlfe;k flusek dks ,d ubZ
Å¡pkbZ ij igqp ¡ k fn;kA fjyht gksus ds igys ls gh
150 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
lqf[kZ;ksa esa jgh bl fiQYe us ns'k&fons'k ds fiQYe
leh{kdksa vkSj vkykspdksa ls iz'kalk rks ikbZ gh] vke
n'kZdksa dks Hkh ;g fiQYe csgn ilan vkbZA bafM;u
,Dlizl s esa izdkf'kr ,d vkys[k esa ^vkfe"k* ds ckjs
esa fy[kk x;k fd& ¶vkfe"k] vius le; ds jksekal
ij cuh vc rd dh lcls cksYM fiQYeksa esa ls ,d
gSA ftls ns[kdj vuqjkx d';i tSls fiQYe funs'Z kd
Hkh ;g dgus dks etcwj gks x, fd mUgksua s Hkkjr esa
vc rd ,slk dqN ugha ns[kk gS 108 feuV yach ;g
fiQYe ,d fookfgr izkS<+ efgyk fuekZyh vkSj ,d
;qok ih,pMh LVwMVas lqeu ds fj'rksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
lqeu dk ,slk ekuuk gS fd ,slk dksbZ Hkh [kkuk ugha
gS ftls vlkekU; ekuk tk, vkSj fuekZyh bl fopkj
ls lger gSA ckj&ckj dh eqykdkrksa ls nksuksa dks 'kh?kz
irk pyrk gS fd mu nksuksa dk Hkkstu ls ,d [kkl
yxko gS [kkl dj ehV lsA ;g yxko èkhjs&èkhjs ,d
u;k :i ys ysrk gS vkSj fiQj 'kq: gksrh gS uSfrdrk
vkSj lkekftd fu;eksa dks ijs èkdsyrh gqbZ ,d izes
dgkuhA¸
^vkfe"k* fiQYe dk oYMZ izhfe;j ^fVªcds k fiQYe
iQsfLVoy esa gqvk vkSj bls ogk¡ vkB Jsf.k;ksa esa
ukekafdr fd;k x;kA bl fiQYe us ns'k ds Hkhrj vkSj
ckgj ds n'kZdksa dks vius vyx dF; vkSj VªhVesVa ls
pfdr dj fn;kA {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa fufeZr bl fiQYe us
bl Js.kh ds varxZr cuus okyh fiQYeksa ds fy, ,d
ubZ vk'kk vkSj vikj laHkkoukvksa ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr
fd;kA
cgjgky] 1935 esa 'kq: gqvk vlfe;k flusek
yxkrkj izxfr ds iFk ij vxzlj gS rFkk uwru iz;ksxksa
dks viukdj viuh laLÑfr dh j{kk djrs gq, u,
fo"k;] u, dF; vkSj ubZ fn'kkvksa dks fiQYeh fp=kiVy
ij mrkjus vkSj mdsjus ds fy, izfrcn~èk gSA :idqoa j
T;ksfr izlkn vxjokyk us bl turkaf=kd foèkk ds
ekè;e ls tupsruk dk tks chM+k mBk;k Fkk og ,d
ijaijk dh rjg vlfe;k flusek esa yxkrkj dk;e gSA
fdlh {ks=kh; flusek dk jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; iVy
ij yxkrkj viuh igpku cuk, j[kuk fdlh pqukSrh
ls de ugha gSA izfrLièkkZ ds bl ;qx esa Js"Brk dh
lk[k dks cpk, vkSj cuk, j[kuk okdbZ dksbZ vklku vlfe;k flusek ds mTToy Hkfo"; ,oa vk;q"; ds
dke ughaA vlfe;k flusek fu%langs blesa liQy jgk izfr] oSf'od Lrj ij Js"B flusek ds :i esa mldh
gSA vlfe;k flusek dk ;gh mRlkg vkSj fuekZrk&funs'Z kdksa igpku ds izfr gesa vk'oLr djrh gSA
dh yxkrkj dqN csgrj rFkk u;k djus dh ftn

µ fganh foHkkx] rstiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] rstiqj] vle

qqq

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 151

 xqtjkrh flusek & ,d ewY;kadu
MkW- o"kkZ lksyadh
cq fu;knh :i esa lkjh nqfu;k esa vkt flusek
lekt ds euksjatu dk ,d O;kid ekè;e
gSA ,d Hkh ,slk lkekftd {ks=k ugha gS tgk¡ flusek dk
çHkko ugha gSA lkekftd gh ugha cfYd jktuSfrd]
vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd] uSfrd] lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRed
{ks=k rd mlls NwVk gqvk ugha gSA
fo'o flusek ds bfrgkl ij ut+j Mkysa rks 28
fnlacj 1895 ds fnu nqfu;k dh igyh çksiQs'kuy
fiQYe isfjl ds xzMaS dSiQs esa fn[kkbZ xbZ FkhA ;g
fiQYe Úkal ds nks HkkbZ ywbl Z vkSj vxLVs cznlZ us
cukbZ FkhA
isfjl esa fo'o dk çFke fiQYe 'kks gqvk mlds
Bhd Ng eghuksa esa gh Hkkjr esa mldk vkxeu gqvkA
7 tqykbZ 1896 dks eqacbZ ds okWVlu gksVy esa çFke
fiQYe 'kks dk vk;kstu gqvkA yqE;sj cznlZ dh fiQYe
ds çn'kZu ls cgqr vfèkd çHkkfor gksdj nknk lkgsc
iQkYds us Hkkjr dh igyh ewd yach fiQYe ^jktk
gfj'paæ* cukbZ tks lu~ 1913 esa çnf'kZr gqbAZ 1920
ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa dbZ ubZ fiQYe fuekZ.k djus
okyh daifu;k¡ mHkjdj lkeus vkb±A blds ckn 1931
esa ^vkye vkjk* ls VkWdh ewoh dk vkjaHk gqvkA mlds
ckn {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dk fodkl gksus yxkA ftlesa igyh
cakXyk fiQYe 1917 esa ^uy ne;arh* cuhA ckn esa
nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ds vykok vlfe;k] vksfM+;k]
iatkch] ejkBh] xqtjkrh vkSj vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa {ks=kh;
fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
le; ds lkFk fganh flusek dh rLohj Hkh cny
jgh gSA vkt fiQYekssa dks ysdj u,&u, ç;ksx gks jgs
152 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
gSaA ftuesa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dk p;u Hkjiwj ek=kk esa gks
jgk gSA gkykafd ;s ç;ksx ckWyhoqM esa igys ls gh gksrs
vk jgs gSAa ysfdu vkt dy ;s ç;ksx c<+ x, gaAS
1934 esa tc fganh fiQYeksa dk liQj 'kq: gqvk rks
fganh Hkk"kk vius vlyh :i esa Fkh] ij vkt ^ikuflag
rksej*] ^mMrk iatkc*] ^ruq osM~l euq*] ^xSaXl vkWiQ
oklsijq * tSlh fiQYeksa us fganh flusek esa Hkk"kk ds VªMas
dks cnyk vkSj fiQYeksa esa fganh ds lkFk gh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk
dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA
le; dh ekax dks ns[krs gq, {ks=kh; fiQYeksa dk
fuekZ.k gksuk t:jh le>dj {ks=kh; Hkk"kk dh fiQYeksa
dk mn~Hko gqvkA
xqtjkr esa xqtjkrh fiQYe mn~;ksx dh 'kq#vkr
1932 esa gqbAZ xqtjkrh flusek Hkkjr ds flusek ds
çeq[k {ks=kh; vkSj LFkkuh; fiQYe mn~;ksxksa esa ls ,d
gSA ml le; igyh xqtjkrh VkWdh ^ujflag esgrk*
cuh FkhA 1947 esa Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ls igys rd
ckjg fiQYeksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA 1940 ds n'kd esa
lar lrh ;k MdSrksa ij vkèkkfjr dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa vkSj yksd dFkkvksa ij dsafær fiQYe
fuekZ.k esa rsth vkbZA 1950&60 ds n'kd esa xqtjkr
ljdkj us dj NwV vkSj lfClMh dh ?kks"k.kk dh
ftlds iQyLo:i fiQYeksa dh la[;k esa o`nf~ èk gqbAZ
orZeku le; esa xqtjkrh flusek dh dgkfu;k¡ iqjk.kks]a
bfrgkl] lekt vkSj jktuhfr ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gaSA
vius mn~Hko ls gh xqtjkrh fiQYedkjksa us Hkkjrh;
lekt ds eqnn~ ksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk u,&u, ç;ksx
fd, gSAa xqtjkrh fiQYeksa dh fLØIV vkSj dgkfu;k¡
vkarfjd :i ls ekuoh; gksrh gSaA ;s fj'rksa vkSj
ikfjokfjd fo"k;ksa ds lkFk ekuoh; vkdka{kkvksa dks
Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[krh gaAS
igyh xqtjkrh fiQYe ukuqHkkbZ odhy n~okjk
funsZf'kr ^ujflaj esgrk* (1932) esa cuh FkhA 1948]
1950] 1968 vkSj 1971 esa xqtjkrh flusek ds dqN
u, vk;ke LFkkfir gq,A orZeku esa xqtjkrh fiQYesa
vkèkqfudrk dh leL;kvksa ds çlax ij ppkZ djrh gSAa
twu 2018 esa vkbZ ^jsok* fiQYe xqtjkrh dFkkdkj
èkzqo HkV~V dh uoydFkk ^rRoefl* ij vkèkkfjr FkhA
^jsok* ,d unh dk uke gS tks eè;çns'k esa vejdaVd
ls fudydj [kaMok ls xqtjrs gq, egkjk"Vª ls gksrh
gqbZ xqtjkr ds Hk:p 'kgj dh if'peh fn'kk esa [kHkkr
dh [kkM+h esa fxjdj vjc lkxj esa foyhu gks tkrh gSA
^jsok* dk nwljk uke ^ueZnk* gSA ;g ^jsok* fiQYe ek¡
ueZnk unh ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kweus okys lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa
dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA Hkkjr esa pkj ufn;ksa dks pkj
osnksa ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA xaxk dks ½Xosn] ;equk
dks ;tqonZs ] ljLorh dks vFkoZons vkSj ueZnk dks
lkeosnA lkeosn dykvksa dk çrhd gSA
jkgqy Hkksys vkSj fouhr dukSft;k n~okjk cukbZ
xbZ ;g xqtjkrh ,Mosp a j Mªkek fiQYe esa psru èkkukuh
vkSj eksuy xTtj us fdjnkj fuHkk;k gSA fiQYe dh
dgkuh ikfjokfjd vkSj lkiQ lqFkjh gSA ftlesa dgkuh
dk eq[; fdjnkj dju 25 o"khZ; ;qod tks fd fons'k
esa gh tUek vkSj ogha iyk c<+k gSA mlds nknk th dk
vkJe ueZnk unh ds rV ij cuk gqvk gSA ftldk iwjk
dkjksckj dju ds nknk th laHkkyrs FksA vc tc nknk
th ugha jgs rks dju vkJe dks cspdj mldh laifRr
ysuk pkgrk gS D;ksfa d nknk th us ejus ls igys cM+h
jde vkJe dks nku esa ns nh FkhA ij tc dju
vkJe esa vkrk gS rks vkJe ds jhfrfjokt rFkk ek¡
ueZnk ds çfr yksxksa dh Jn~èkk HkfDr ns[kdj ueZnk
µ Mh&7] bude VSDl dkWyksuh] U;w flfoy gkWfLiVy ds lkeus] etwjk xsV] lwjr
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
unh ds rV ij cus vkJe esa gh #d tkrk gS rFkk
ueZnk unh dh ifjØek djus fudy iM+rk gSA ftl
cPps us dHkh ek¡ dk I;kj ugha ns[kk ,slk dju fiQYe
dk uk;d Hkh ueZnk dh xksn esa vius thou dks
lefiZr djrk gSA
unh ds egRo dks n'kkZrs gq, bl fiQYe us
ckWDl vkWfiQl ij vfèkdre equkiQk dekdj xqtjkrh
flus jfldksa dks ,d u, ifjn`'; ls euksjt a u djk;kA
;g fiQYe 66osa us'kuy fiQYe ,okMZ esa 'kkfey
xqtjkr dh csLV fiQYe dh dSVxs jh esa 'kkfey gqbAZ
bl fiQYe ds xkus fiQYe ds uk;d psru
èkkukuh us fy[ks gaAS ;g fudV Hkfo"; esa fganh esa rS;kj
gksdj n'kZdksa ds lkeus vk,¡xAs bl fiQYe ds xkuksa us
xqtjkr esa èkwe epkbZ FkhA u, vkèkqfud xkuksa ds lkFk
,d xqtjkrh yksdxhr Hkh gS tks xqtjkfr;ksa ds yksdeq[k
ls fofHkUu voljksa ij xk;k tkrk gSA fganh esa bl
yksdxhr dks xqtjkrh esa gh j[kk x;k gSA dsoy fganh
flusek ns[kus okys n'kZdksa us Hkh bl fiQYe dks cM+s gh
pko ls ns[kk rFkk ilan Hkh fd;kA dsoy unh dh
egRrk dks n'kkZus okyh bl fiQYe dh [kkfl;r ;gh
gS fd fiQYe igys lhu ls ysdj vkf[kjh lhu rd
n'kZdksa dk è;ku gVus ugha nsrhA fganh flusek jfldksa
us Hkh bl fiQYe dks ljkgk ,oa vkuan fy;kA blh ds
pyrs vkt ds u, fiQYedkjksa dks Hkh fcYdqy vyx
fo"k; ij fiQYe cukus dk u;k fopkj bl ^jsok*
fiQYe ls feykA fiQYe esa xk¡o dk ifjn`'; fcYdqy
nsgkrh Hkk"kk ds laokn rFkk vkèkqfudrk ls dkslksa nwj
jgh bl fiQYe dks vkt ds ;qokvksa us Hkh ilan fd;kA
bl fiQYe ls yx jgk gS fd vkus okys le;
esa {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa xqtjkrh fiQYesa Å¡ps iQyd ij
viuk uke ntZ djk,¡xh ,oa ubZ ih<+h ds fy, fiQYekadu
ds fy, u, fo"k; oLrq dks viukdj xqtjkrh fiQYe
baMLVªh esa viuk ,d [kkl eqdke gkfly djsxhA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 153
 fganh flusek vkSj 'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR;
MkW- vuqjkèkk ikaMs;
'ks Dlih;j (26 vizSy 1564&23 vizSy 1616)
ik'pkR; lkfgR; esa vaxstz h Hkk"kk lkfgR; ds
fo'o izfln~èk ukVddkj FksA 'ksDlih;j 16oha 'krkCnh
ds ,sls ukVddkj vkSj dfo Fks ftUgksua s vaxt sz h Hkk"kk
lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa vius ekud LFkkfir fd,A ;g
le; jsul s kal dk FkkA bl nkSjku cM+k cnyko nks
le;kofèk;ksa ds chp gks jgk FkkA lekt] lkfgR;]
laLÑfr vkSj jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko gks jgs
FksA bl le; lkearh oxZ dk gzkl gqvk rks ,d u;k
oxZ Hkh mfnr gqvkA blh nkSjku lkearokn dk Hkh
mUewyu gqvk vkSj ppZ dk izHkqRo VwVkA bu lHkh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp 'ksDlih;j dk tUe gqvk FkkA
'ksDlih;j dks jsuslkal dh mit ekuk tkrk gSA buds
lkfgR; esa Hkh rRdkyhu lekt dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k
gSA buds ukVdksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls jktuSfrd vkSj
lkekftd ifjfLFkr;ksa dk fp=k.k feyrk gS 'ksDlih;j
ds lkfgR; ls rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
tkuk&le>k tk ldrk gSA fganh lkfgR; esa 'ksDlih;j
dk vuqokn fganh lkfgR; ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr ls gh
izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA fganh lkfgR; esa fo'ks"kdj ukVd
foèkk ds izkjaHk esa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk vuqokn
cM+s iSekus ij fd;k x;kA ;g vuqokn varjHkk"kkbZ
vuqokn FkkA fganh Hkk"kk ds iz.ksrk Hkkjrsanq us 'ksDlih;j
ds ukVdksa dk vuqokn fd;kA fganh flusek esa 'ksDlih;j
dk varjizrhdkRed vuqokn yxHkx fganh flusek ds
fodkl ds lkFk gh 'kq: gks tkrk gSA ikjlh fFk;sVj esa
'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk cM+s iSekus ij vuqokn vkSj
154 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
eapu fd;k x;kA ysfdu ;g vuqokn lgh Fkk ;k
:ikarj.k ek=k Hkkf"kd varj.k Fkk bls fuèkkZfjr djuk
cgqr vko';d gSA 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk tc fganh
flusek esa :ikarj.k gksus yxrk gS rks bl izfØ;k dks
;fn vuqokn fln~èkkar dh n`f"V ls lacksfèkr fd;k tk,
rks ;g varjizrhdkRed vuqokn dh Js.kh esa vk,xkA
fganh flusek ds fodkl esa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa
dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;g 'kq#vkr ikjlh
fFk;sVj ds :ikarj.k ls gqvkA izkjaHk esa ikjlh fFk;sVj
n~okjk tks Hkh vuqokn gq, muesa cgqr ls nks"k jgs gSAa
blfy, bUgsa vuqokn dh Js.kh esa j[kuk eqf'dy gSA
ysfdu ikjlh fFk;sVj ds bu :ikarj.kksa ds ekè;e ls
fganh flusek txr esa cgqr fiQYesa cuhaA fganh flusek
esa 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; dks vkèkkj cukdj tks fiQYesa
fufeZr gqbZ gSa mudh kÜ [à kyk cgqr yach gSA ysfdu ;s
lHkh fiQYesa 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; dk iw.kZ vkSj liQy
vuqokn ugha gSaA fganh flusek ds fodkl ds le; ls
ysdj orZeku le; esa Hkh 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa ij
fiQYesa cukbZ tk jgha gS]a ysfdu bu fiQYeksa dks vuqokn
dh Js.kh esa j[kus ls iwoZ budh dksfV dk fuèkkZj.k
fd;k tkuk cgqr gh vko';d gSA 'ksDlih;j ds ukV~;
lkfgR; dks vkèkkj ekudj ftu fiQYeksa dks vuqokn
dgk tkrk gS mudh lwph Øe'k% gS& ^[kwu dk [kwu*
;g] fiQYe lu~ 1935 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks gSeysV
ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe lksgjkc
eksnh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk
:ikarj.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ^dkfiQj&,&b'd* fiQYe
lu~ 1936 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks ,aVksuh ,aM fDy;ksiVs kª
ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA bl fiQYe dk
funZs'ku vuo#n~nhu e[kfyl us ^dkyh ukxu* ;k
^tku eqjhn* ds uke ls fd;k Fkk bldk fganh vuqokn
^ukfLrd izes * ds uke ls Hkh mn~èk`r fd;k x;k gSA
^ikd nkeu ;k 'kghn&,& ukt+* fiQYe lu~ 1940 esa
cuhA bl fiQYe dks estj iQkWj estj ukVd dk
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA bldk :ikarj.k ikjlh fFk;sVj
ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fiQYe #Lre eksnh ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;s nksuksa gh fiQYesa vuqiyCèk gSAa
ysfdu fiQYeksa ij feys dFkkud ;k lkjka'k dh n`f"V
ls bUgsa lerqY; :ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
^tkfye lkSnkxj* fiQYe lu~ 1941 esa cuhA bl
fiQYe dks ^epsV± vkWiQ osful* ukVd dk :ikarj.k
ekuk tkrk gSA bldh izLrqfr dksydkrk dh jkèkk fiQYe
daiuh n~okjk dh xbZ FkhA ;g fiQYe ts- ts- enu ds
funsZ'ku esa cuh Fkh blds laokn vkSj dgkuh iafMr
Hkw"k.k us fy[kh FkhA ;g fiQYe ukVd ds dFkkud dk
lerwY; :ikarj.k gSA ^vku* fiQYe lu~ 1952 esa
cuhA bl fiQYe dks jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V ukVd dk
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe egcwc [kku ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk :ikarj.k
ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ^gSeysV* fiQYe lu~ 1954 esa
cuhA bl fiQYe dks gSeysV ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk
tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe fd'kksj lkgw ds funs'Z ku esa cuh
FkhA ukVd vkSj fiQYe dks rqyukRed :i esa ns[kk
tk, rks ;g ukVd ds lerqY; gSA blesa ik=kksa ds uke
Hkh leku gh j[ks x, gSAa ^vk'kk* fiQYe lu~ 1957 esa
cuh FkhA ;g jaxhu fiQYe FkhA bl fiQYe dks gSeysV
ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe ,e- oh-
jeu ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk
:ikarj.k ugha ekuk tk ldrkA
^n Vsfeax vkWiQ n Jw* ukVd ds vkèkkj ij fganh
flusek esa cgqr lh fiQYesa cuha tSls ^pksjh&pksjh* lu~
1956 esa vuar Bkdqj ds funs'Z ku esa cuhA ^taxyh*
fiQYe 1961 esa lqcksèk eq[kthZ ds funs'Z ku esa cuhA
jktk uokFks ds funsZ'ku esa lu~ 1973 esa ^eupyh*
fiQYe cuhA iz;kx jkt us ^iksxa k iafMr* uke ls lu~
1975 esa fiQYe cukbZA jktdqekj us ^ukSdj choh dk*
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
fiQYe l~u 1989 esa cukbZA blh rtZ ij lu~ 1983
esa jkgqy jkoyh ds funs'Z ku esa ^csrkc* fiQYe cuhA
eueksgu nslkbZ ds funs'Z ku esa lu~ 1983 esa ^enZ*
fiQYe cuhA ;s lHkh fiQYesa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVd ds
Fkhe ij vkèkkfjr ekuh tkrh gSAa bu fiQYeksa esa ewy
ukVd ds leku L=kh ik=k dks fn[kk;k x;k gS tks cgqr
gh yM+kdw] okpky] euekSth vkSj ftn~nh LoHkko dh
gksrh gS ysfdu ukVd ds var esa uk;d mls vius cy
ls fu;a=k.k esa dj ysrk gSA fganh fiQYeksa esa cy ds
LFkku ij izse dks lkèku cuk;k x;k gSA mijksDr
fiQYeksa dh ukf;dk,¡ Hkh viuh bPNkuqlkj thou thuk
ilan djrh gSaA os vius thou esa fdlh Hkh iq#"k dk
gLris{k Lohdkj ugha djuk pkgrh ysfdu izes n~okjk
mUgsa varr% vius vki dks cnyuk iM+rk gSA bu
fiQYeksa esa ukVd ds blh ewy lkj dks varfjr djus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu buesa ls dksbZ Hkh
fiQYe ukVd dk lerqY; :ikarj.k ugha gSA
^nks nwuh pkj* fiQYe lu~ 1968 esa cuhA bls ^n
dkWeMs h vkWiQ ,jlZ* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA
;g fiQYe nscw lsu ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;g fiQYe
nks tqMo+ k gksus ls izdV gksus okyh folaxfr;ksa vkSj
leL;kvksa dks fn[kkus dk iz;Ru djrh gSA fiQj Hkh ;g
fiQYe ukVd dk lerwY; :ikarj.k ugha gSA ^vaxjw *
fiQYe lu~ 1981 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks Hkh ^n
dkWeMs h vkWiQ ,jlZ* dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g
fiQYe xqytkj ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;g fiQYe
ukVd ds dFkkud ls iw.kZr% lkE; cuk, gq, gSA blesa
LFkku ,oa ik=kksa ds ukeksa dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj fn;k
x;k gS ysfdu :ikarj.k dh n`f"V ls ;g fiQYe liQy
jgh gSA
^,d nwts ds fy,* fiQYe lu~ 1981 esa cuhA
bl fiQYe dks ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe ds- ckypanj ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ^d;ker ls d;ker rd* fiQYe
lu~ 1988 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks Hkh ^jksfe;ks ,aM
twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe
ealjw [kku ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA ;s nksuksa gh fiQYesa
izes ds nq[kkar var ds :i esa ekuh tk ldrh gaAS
gkykafd ewy ukVd ds dbZ izlxa ksa dks bu fiQYeksa esa
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 155
:ikarfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA blfy, bUgsa jksfe;ksa ,aM
twfy;V ukVd dk fiQYeh :ikarj.k lerqY; :i esa
ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ^edcwy* fiQYe lu~ 2003 esa
cuhA bl fiQYe dks ^eSdcsFk* ukVd dk :ikarj.k
ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe fo'kky Hkkjn~okt ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe esa dbZ fcanv q ksa dk
Hkkjrh;dj.k djrs gq, :ikarj.k fd;k x;k gSA gkykafd
ewy ukVd ds fo"k; dks izdkjkarj ls vFkok y{k.kk
:i esa :ikarfjr fd;k x;k gSA jktuhfr] iki&iq.;]
izse vkfn tSls izlaxksa dks liQy :i nsus dk iz;kl
ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu ukVd ds dFkkud ls
lerqY; ughaA ^vksd a kjk* fiQYe lu~ 2006 esa cuhA
bl fiQYe dks ^vksFksyks* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk
tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe Hkh fo'kky Hkkjn~okt ds gh
funsZ'ku esa cuh FkhA ewy ukVd L=kh ik=k dh osnukvksa
vkSj fir`lRrkRed lekt dh fonziw rkvksa dk dPpk
fpV~Bk gSA fiQYe esa dFkkud dk Hkkjrh;dj.k djrs
gq, ewy lan's k dks gj n`f"V ls :ikarfjr djus dk
liQy iz;kl n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA ewy ukVd dk
varjizrhdkRed :ikarj.k dh n`f"V ls flusek esa blls
csgrj :ikarj.k cgqr de ns[kus dks fey ldrk gSA
bl :i esa bl fiQYe dks ukVd dk liQy vkSj
lerqY; :ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
^10 ,e,y yo* fiQYe lu~ 2010 esa cuhA
bl fiQYe dks ^v feMlej ukbV~l Mªhe* ukVd dk
:ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g fiQYe 'kjr dVkfj;k
ds funsZ'ku esa cuh FkhA ;g ukVd Lo;a esa gh Hkzfer
:i esa fn[krk gSA blesa dbZ izlxa vkil esa my>s gq,
gSAa LoIu] ifj;k¡] ckSus tknqbZ isM]+ tknqbZ iQwy] tknqbZ
pfj=kksa dh Hkjekj gS bl ukVd esaA bl ukVd ij
vkèkkfjr bl fiQYe esa Hkh dqN izlxa ksa dks :ikarfjr
djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS ysfdu ukVd dh rqyuk
esa fiQYe esa okLrfodrk ”;knk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
bl fiQYe dks ukVd ds dqN fgLlksa dk lerqY;
:ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
^b'dtkns* fiQYe lu~ 2012 esa cuhA bl fiQYe
dks ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gS
vkSj ;g fiQYe gchc iQSly ds funs'Z ku esa cuh FkhA
^b'd* fiQYe lu~ 2013 esa cuhA bl fiQYe dks
156 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk
gS vkSj ;g fiQYe euh"k frokjh ds funs'Z ku esa cuh
FkhA bl fiQYe dks ewy ukVd ds dFkkud dk liQy
:ikarj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA gkykafd vfHku; ds Lrj
ij fiQYe cgqr liQy ugha jgh gS ysfdu ^jksfe;ks ,aM
twfy;V* ij fganh flusek esa vHkh rd ftruh Hkh
fiQYesa cuh gSa mudh rqyuk esa ;g fiQYe gh dFkkud
ds lokZfèkd lerqY; jgh gSA ^xksfy;ksa dh jklyhyk
jkeyhyk* fiQYe lu~ 2013 esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe
dks Hkh ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk
tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe lat; yhyk Hkalkyh ds funs'Z ku esa
cuh FkhA bl fiQYe esa dbZ fcanqvksa dks vkèkqfudrk ls
tksMr+ s gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS tcfd ewy ukVd dk izlxa
yxHkx dbZ lkS o"kks± iqjkuk gSA blds ckotwn Hkh izes
ds izlax dks] ifjokj ds fookn dks vkèkqfud n`f"V ls
lgh ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu :ikarj.k dh n`f"V ls
;g fiQYe vliQy jgh gSA
^gSnj* fiQYe lu~ 2014 esa cuh FkhA bl fiQYe
dks ^gSeysV* ukVd dk :ikarj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g
fiQYe fo'kky Hkkjn~okt ds funsZ'ku esa cuh FkhA ml
fiQYe dks liQy :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA gkykafd
LFkku] ifjos'k vkfn dk Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc
ls Hkkjrh;dj.k djrs gq, vPNk beizksokbts'ku fd;k
x;k gSA fiQYe ds dqN izlxa ukVd ls fcYdqy gh
fHkUu gSaA
^ftxfj;k* fiQYe lu~ 2014 esa cuh FkhA bl
fiQYe dks ^jksfe;ks ,aM twfy;V* ukVd dk :ikarj.k
ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fiQYe jkt iqjksfgr ds funsZ'ku esa
cuh FkhA bl fiQYe esa izes ds lkFk orZeku nkSj esa
fd, tkus okys tkfr] oxZ ds foHksn ls tksMr+ s gq,
fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl fiQYe dk var nq[kkar gSA ysfdu
ukVd ds dFkkud dh n`f"V ls fiQYe dk izlax cgqr
gh fHkUu gSA
fganh flusek ds fodkl esa varjizrhdkRed vuqokn
dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA 'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR;
fganh fFk;sVj ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk fganh flusek ds
fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA lkfgR; ds
fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; dk vè;;u
fganh flusek ds lkFk tksMd + j fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu
varjizrhdkRed vuqokn dh n`f"V ls ;g fo"k; vNwrk
gSA fganh flusek esa 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk :ikarj.k
;k fiQj mu ij vkèkkfjr tks Hkh fiQYesa cuh gSa ml
n`f"V ls ukVd ,d vyx foèkk gS vkSj flusek vyxA
bu nksuksa ds chp esa viuh&viuh laHkkouk,¡ vkSj
leL;k,¡ gSAa ukVd ds ekè;e ls dqN phtsa vPNs
rjhds ls izLrqr dh tk ldrh gSa ysfdu dqN ughaA
rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k flusek ds ekè;e ls
fdlh ukVd dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks mlesa dqN
laHkkouk,¡ c<+ tkrh gSa rks dqN leL;k,¡ Hkh gks ldrh
gSAa flusek ds ekè;e ls ukVdksa dh vis{kk cgqr
vfèkd n'kZdksa dks ,d gh ckj esa tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
ukVd esa n'kZd lhèks rkSj ij vius lkeus pfj=kksa dks
vfHku; djrs gq, ns[krk gSA mldk ik=kksa ls vkeus&lkeus
laidZ LFkkfir gksrk gS tcfd flusek esa ,d nwjh cuh
jgrh gSA ukVd de [kpZ esa rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gS
tcfd fiQYeksa ds fuekZ.k esa cgqr iSlk yxrk gSA
'ksDlih;j us vius ukVdksa ds fy, ,d [kkl izdkj
ds LVst dk fuekZ.k fd;k Fkk ftls ^Xyksc fFk;sVj* ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g fFk;sVj cgqr izfln~èk jgkA
bl izdkj tc fiQYesa fganh flusek txr esa cukbZ tk
jgha gSa] rks mudh iwjh rduhdh O;oLFkk dks funs'Z kdksa
us vius ns'k o Hkk"kk ds fglkc ls cny fn;k gS
'ksDlih;j dk lkfgR; ik'pkR; lkfgR; gS tks lekt]
laLÑfr] ekU;rk] jhfr&fjokt] iks'kkd] [kku&iku bl
rjg ds dbZ lkjs eq[; fcanv q ksa ij fHkUu gS ysfdu
fganh Hkk"kk esa tks Hkh fiQYesa cuha gSa muesa ls vfèkdrj
dk Hkkjrh;dj.k dj fn;k gSA
varjizrhdkRed vuqokn fln~èkkar dh n`f"V ls
fganh flusek ds {ks=k esa 'ksDlih;j ds lkfgR; ij
vkèkkfjr ftruh Hkh fiQYesa cuha gSa os lHkh bl
fln~èkkar ds varxZr vkrh rks gSa ysfdu os liQy vkSj
lerqY; :ikarj.k ugha gSAa lkFk gh fganh flusek ds
fodkl esa varjizrhdkRed vuqokn dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ
jgk gSA varjizrhdkRed vuqokn vFkok :ikarj.k gsrq
fln~èkkar vkSj fu;e gSa vkSj bUgha fln~èkkarksa o fu;eksa
ds vkèkkj ij 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dk :ikarj.k
ewy&rRo dks :ikarfjr fd, tkus dh n`f"V ls fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A 'ksDlih;j ij vaxt sz h lkfgR; esa vufxur
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
iqLrdsa fy[kh xbZ gSa vkSj 'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa dh
jktuhfr] L=kh fp=k.k vkSj fFk;sVj ,oa 'ksDlih;j dk
jax&eap vkfn dh n`f"V ls dbZ 'kksèk Hkh gq, gSa ysfdu
vuqokn dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"kdj varjizrhdkRed vuqokn
ds vkyksd esa dksbZ izekf.kr iqLrd ugha feyrh vkSj
u gh 'kksèk dk;ZA jaxeaph; vkSj flusek dh n`f"V ls
'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa vkSj fganh fiQYeksa ds chp varj
ij dqN vkys[k t:j feyrs gSAa tSls ^edcwy* vkSj
^vksedkjk* ijA ysfdu bu vkys[kksa ds varxZr dsoy
ukVdh; vkSj fiQYeh n`f"Vdks.k ls ckr dh xbZ gS u
fd jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vuqokn dh
n`f"V ls vkSj u var%Hkk"kh] varjHkk"kh vkSj varjizrhdkRed
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA tcfd
'ksDlih;j ds ukVdksa vkSj fiQYeksa ds dbZ ,sls igyw gSa
tks vuNq, gSAa varjizrhdkRed vuqokn lkfgR; vkSj
flusek nksuksa gh foèkkvksa ds eè; ,d lsrq :i esa
djrk gSA blfy, bl fo"k; ds egRo dks le>rs gq,
lkfgR; ,oa flusek ij ckr djus dh t:jr gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- vxzoky] izgykn] flusek] lkfgR; vkSj lekt]
vukfedk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k&2011
2- vxzoky] mTToy] dFkkdkj deys'oj vkSj
fganh flusek] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke
laLdj.k&2012
3- vkteh] izHkqukFk flag] ÝyS'kcSd] f'kYik;u]
laLdj.k&2006
4- vkuan egs'k] vadjq ] nsonas z jkt (la-) jaxeap
ds fln~èkkar] jktdey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke
laLdj.k&2008
5- psuh] 'ksYMku] jaxeap] mRrj izn's k fganh laLFkku]
y[kuÅ] n~forh; laLdj.k&2009
6- eksuk] csdj (,fMVsM)] Vªkl a ys'ku LVMht%
fØfVdy dksUlsIV~l bu fyaxfofLVDl] #ryt izsl]
izFke laLdj.k&2009
7- eksuk] csdj ,aM lkynkg] xzkfcz,y (,fMVsM)]
#ryt balk;DyksihfM;k vkWiQ Vªkalys'ku LVMht %
#ryt izdk'ku] n~forh; laLdj.k&2009
8- ckFlZ] jksyka] ek;Fkksykstht % n daIyhV
,fM'ku bu , U;w Vªkl a ys'ku] izFke laLdj.k&2012
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 157
 9- cSlusV] lqlSu] Vªkalys'ku LVMht] #ryt 12- dSViQksMZ] tkWu lh-] , fyfXofLVd fFk;jh
izsl] r`rh; laLdj.k&2002 vkWiQ Vªkalys'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl&1965
10- Hkkjn~okt] fo'kky] , 'ksDlfilj fVª;ksyksth] 13- lSaMylZ] MSfu;y] lsfe;ksfVDl % n csflDl]
edcwy] vksaedkjk] gSnj] gkiZj dkWfyUl izdk'ku] Hkkjr] #ryt izsl] izFke laLdj.k&2002
izFku laLdj.k&2014
11- cwf Md] lSu iQksM Z] ,aM bZlj oqYi+Qxksax
(,fMVsM)] n VªkLa ysVfs cfyVh vkWiQ n Lisl fcV~ohu]
LVªkaiQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] izFke laLdj.k&1996

µ vuqokn ,ao fuoZpu fon~;kihB] egkRek xkaèkh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofon~;ky; oèkkZ] egkjk"Vª&442001

qqq

158 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

 ,d egku dykdkj gh ugha]
,d egku balku Hkh Fks& bjiQku----
vt; efyd
eqa cbZ NwVus dk bruk nq%[k twu 1997 esa Hkh
ugha gqvk Fkk] ftruk dy vpkud bjiQku
[kku ds vkdfLed fuèku dh [kcj ls gqvkA oks esjk
eqgCcr dk ,slk nkSj Fkk] tc yiyikrh ngdrh 'kek
ij ijokuk ;s lkspdj dqckZu gksus ls #d x;k fd
dgha 'kek cq>dj èkqv ¡ k&èkq¡vk u gks tk,!! fiQj Hkh tc
vpkud 'kek cq> xbZ] rks ijokuk èkq,¡ dh ngd esa
,slk >qylk fd dgha dk u jgkA oks 'kek fiQj dHkh
mlds fy, u tyh ---vkSj cl èkq¡vk cudj jg xbZA
dy ^nq%[k* 'kCn cgqr gh [kks[kyk lk yxkA
bjiQku ds fuèku dk lekpkj vklekuh fctyh ds
fxjus ls Hkh dgha T;knk d"Vdkjh FkkA eSaus rRdky
MkW-paæçdk'k dks y?kq lans'k@,l,e,l Hkstk--- fljkt
dks iQksu feyk;k--- og lqudj lUu jg x;kA nksuksa dks
gh ,dckjxh fo'okl ugha gqvkA fiQj vlhe pØorhZ
dks iQksu yxk;k---vlhe dks [kcj fey pqdh Fkh vkSj
os lnes ds dkj.k [kqn dks ckr djus dh fLFkfr esa
ugha ik jgs Fks---
psUubZ esa lc dqN feyk--- dksydkrk---x+kft+;kckn-
--fnYyh -- iwjk ns'k ns[kus dk volj Hkh fiNys 23
lkyksa esa feyk] exj bjiQku [kku tSlk ;kj dgha ugha
feyk vkSj vc feysxk Hkh ugha--- fliQZ 53 lky dh
mez Hkh dksbZ mez gksrh gS ;kj--- gs jke ---
esjk ,d vtht fe=k pqids ls dHkh u feyus
dh dle [kkdj nqfu;k ls tk pqdk Fkk--- eSa iwjs fnu
fliQZ lksprk jgk--- dqN fy[kuk pkgrk Fkk--- dguk
pkgrk Fkk--- jksuk pkgrk Fkk ---
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
bjiQku ls esjh vafre eqykdkr 'kk;n uoacj]
2013 esa xksok esa fiQYe lekjksg ds nkSjku gqbAZ og
varjjk"Vªh; iQudkj cu pqdk Fkk] uke] 'kku&vksj&'kkSdr
ik pqdk FkkA ^ykbiQ vkWiQ ikbZ* fiQYe lekjksg dh
'kk;n mn~?kkVu fiQYe FkhA eqca bZ NksMs+ eq>s 20 lky gks
pqds Fks] eqca bZ esa yksx eq>s [kknh ds dqr&Zs iktkesa esa
lek, nk<+h okys xats ds :i esa tkurs FksA vc eSa
lnkcgkj xatk cu pqdk FkkA bjiQku eq>s ,dckjxh
igpku ugha ik;k Fkk---
eSa mldh fiQYesa ns[krk jgrk FkkA 2004 esa
edcwy ls mls vkSj mlds okLrfod iQu dks vlyh
igpku feyhA bjiQku vfHkuhr ^iku flag rkSej*]
^fcYyw ckjcj*] ^yap ckWDl*] ^CySdesy*] ^fganh
ehfM;e*] ^fidw* vkSj lcls T;knk ^djhc&djhc
flaxy* fiQYesa eq>s cgqr ilan vkbZAa ^vxzt sa h ehfM;e*
Hkh ns[kh] tks ykWd Mkmu ds dkj.k lgh ls çnf'kZr gh
ugha gks ikbZ---
'kk;n 2007&08 rd mldk eksckby uacj tks
esjs ikl Fkk] mlij ,l,e,l dh vnk;xh gksrh jgh
exj mlds ckn mlls esjk laidZ VwV lk x;kA 2018
esa tc og yanu bykt ds fy, x;k] rc eSua s cgqr
dksf'k'k dh mldk eksckby uacj irk djus dh exj
laHko ugha gks ldkA yanu esa esjk NksVk HkkbZ jgrk gSA
eSa bjiQku dh dqN enn djuk pkgrk FkkA vt;
czg~ekRet ds ikl mldk uacj Fkk] ftls nsus ls mlus
badkj dj fn;kA ,d tekus esa tc eSa ukS'kkn ds
baVjO;w ds fy, x;k Fkk] vt; czgekRet iQksVksxkz iQj
ds fdjnkj esa esjs lkFk Fks---
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 159
 nl fnu igys gh MkW- paæçdk'k ls cl ;w¡ gh
eqca bZ vkus&tkus dks ysdj dqN ppkZ gks jgh FkhA
ykWdMkmu u gqvk gksrk rks 'kk;n eSa ,d ckj fiQj
eqca bZ dk pDdj yxk pqdk gksrk vkSj bjiQku ls ;s
f'kdk;r Hkh dj pqdk gksrk fd ns[k HkkbZ] eSa rks ugha
cnyk] exj cgqr lkjs yksx dc ds cny x,--- rqeus
Hkh uke esa jÝrkj okyk ,d j vkSj tksM+ fy;k--- exj
oks eqgCcr dk ,slk nkSj Fkk tc gj dksbZ eqgCcr
djrk FkkA lq ls ysdj l rdA la ls ysdj lat rdA
v ls ysdj cM+dh rdA iM+ok ls ysdj iapeh rdA
vekoL;k ls ysdj iwf.kZek rdA e ls ysdj v rdA
iqjok ls iNqok rd---vkSj ge lc Hkh] vkokt ls
ysdj vk¡[kksa rd] eqgCcr ds eD[ku ls yckyc gqvk
djrs Fks A fdlh us dgk Fkk& bruh eqgCcr er ck¡Vks
fd dHkh tc Hkfo"; esa t:jr iM+]s rks fiVkjk [kkyh
feys!! lcdks lc dqN fn[krk Fkk] ij lc pkgrs Fks
fd fdlh rjg fliQZ ,d ckj dgs rks lgh---ijokuk
tys rks lgh---exj 'kek,¡ tyrh jgha] ijokuk tyk rks]
ij tyrh ykS rd u tk ldkA
ml oDr fiQYe i=kdkfjrk dyerksM+ vankt esa
iwjh jokuxh ij FkhA uke ls yksxksa dks ijs'kkuh gksus
yxh rks fe=kksa dh lykg ij dbZ vkSj uke tksM+ fn,&
bdcky] lathr] iadt] vuqt;s ---vkSj u tkus D;k&D;k-
--;gk¡ rd fd igys fiQYe lekjksg dh dojst ij tks
uke x;k og fooknksa dk dkj.k cu x;kA xqeuke uke
okys us cgqr ,rjkt fd;k fd dSls mlds uke dk
bLrseky fd;k x;k --- gkykafd rc rd O;fDr;ksa ds
uke dk bl rjg dk lokZfèkdkj lqjf{kr ugha gqvk
djrk Fkk---
jkgqy nso] fljkt lbZn] èkhjsæa vkLFkkuk] lat;
fu:ie] js[kk ns'kikaM]s vlhe pØorhZ] lat; eklwe]
ykyef.k ikaMs; --- ;s lc v[kckjksa ds çfrf"Br uke
FksA ;s fy[kus ds fy, dgrs] çsfjr djrs vkSj eSa fy[k
ekjrkA ml nkSj esa tulRrk vkSj uoHkkjr VkbEl
cacbZ@ eqca bZ ds çfln~èk fganh nSfud gqvk djrs FksA eSua s
uoHkkjr VkbEl esa dHkh ugha fy[kkA
fnu esa nÝrj dk dke vkSj nÝrj can gksus ds
ckn fiQYeksa ds çsl 'kks] ikfVZ;k¡ vkfn--- lkekU;r% jkr
ds 12 cts ls igys vaèksjh iwoZ fLFkr vius ljdkjh
vkokl igq¡puk ugha gks ikrk Fkk--- vkSj fiQj lqcg ds
160 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
nks cts rd ys[ku pyrkA tulRrk dh rwrh cksyrh
Fkh --- pkj laLdj.k fnYyh] eqca bZ] dksydkrk] paMhx<+-
-- fiQj lkaè; tulRrk Hkh 'kq: gqvk---
eSa lcjax ds fy, pk.kD; èkkjkokfgd ij vkeq[k
dFkk@doj LVksjh dj jgk Fkk vkSj vDlj jkr gksr&s gksrs
fiQYe flVh esa pk.kD; ;kuh MkW- paæçdk'k n~foosnh
ds ikl muds lSV ij igqp ¡ tk;k djrk FkkA ,d fnu
ogha fljkt Hkh ,d n`'; esa fiQYekadu ds fy, vk,
gq, FksA muds lkFk ,d u;k psgjk] yack Njgjs cnu
dk yM+dk lsukifr Hkælky dk esdvi fd, 'kkWV ds
fy, rS;kj cSBk FkkA
cgqr cM+h&cM+h vk¡[ksa --- viuh mez ls dbZ xquk
T;knk cM+h vk¡[kksa okyk og yM+dk jk"Vªh; ukV~;
fon~;ky; ls gky gh esa eqca bZ vk;k FkkA ckrphr 'kq:
gqb-Z -- rks rfud ladksp ls ifjp; nsrs gq, cksyk&
bjiQku [kkuA
eSa ml le; ,u,lMh] fnYyh vkSj ,iQVhvkbZvkbZ]
iq.ks ls vkus okyksa ls cgqr T;knk çHkkfor Fkk ---
oLrqr% muls eq>s lh[kus dks feyrk Fkk--- dgk¡ eSa ,d
xk¡o nsgkr dk BsB ?kfl;kjk vkSj dgk¡ ;s txexkrh
#igys ijns dh nqfu;k dh vksj nkSMr+ s csgn mRlkgh
vkSj eats gq, çf'kf{kr dykdkj ---vkt Hkh [kqn dks
?kfl;kjs ls vfèkd ugha le> ikrk gw¡--- xk¡o esa
fcVkSM&s+ cksxa ]s vkslkjs dh Nku ckaèkus rd dk dke
fd;k Fkk--- lpeqp esa dbZ ckj [kqjis ;k [kqihZ ls ?kkl
Hkh Nhyh Fkh---
bjiQku ls ckr gksrh jgh] pk.kD; esa mldh
Hkwfedk ij laf{kIr ppkZ ds ckn fdLlk ,u,lMh ij
gh T;knk dsfa ær jgkA irk ugha D;k ckr Fkh ml 'k[l
dh ok.kh esa fd og eu esa lnk ds fy, cl xbZA
tulRrk esa 'kk;n bjiQku dk cgqr NksVk lk lk{kkRdkj
çdkf'kr gks ik;kA
eSa larq"V ugha Fkk] exj bjiQku dks dksbZ f'kdk;r
ugha FkhA blls iwoZ eSa 'kf'k diwj vkSj ulh#n~nhu 'kkg
ds cgqr yacs lk{kkRdkj dj pqdk FkkA Hkwfy,xk ugha ;s
1991&92 dh ckr gSA ml le; lekpkj i=k ;kuh
v[kckj gh gqvk djrs Fks--- lekpkjksa ds pSchl ?kaVksa
ds pSuy ugha FksA fliQZ fçaVehfM;k vkSj vfèkdka'k
dkyh L;kgh ls Nius okyh [kcjs-a -- [kcjksa dks yxkrkj
f?klrs jgus dk pyu ugha FkkA mlds ckn jk"Vªh;
lgkjk esa bjiQku dk lk{kkRdkj vkSj ,u,lMh ls tqM+h
,d ifjppkZ çdkf'kr gqbAZ
bjiQku ls tc Hkh eqykdkr ;k ppkZ gksrh ,d
u;k mRlkg] ubZ ÅtkZ mlesa ns[kus dks feyrh--- 'kk;n
dkafnoyh esa ,d NksVs ls ÝySV esa mldk lifjokj
clsjk FkkA og vdlj dgrk Fkk& efyd] rqe dHkh
cny rks ugha tkvksxs ---irk ugha mu fnuksa eq>
iQVhpj ?kfl;kjs dks og bruk egRoiw.kZ D;ksa le>rk
Fkk !
eq>s 1993 esa la;ksx ls Hkkjr ds varjjk"Vªh;
fiQYe egksRlo esa crkSj fiQYe leh{kd tkus dk
volj feykA eSa 19 fnlacj] 1992 dks gh ,ulhbZvkjVh
ds ,d ikB~;Øe fuekZ.k ds fy, eqca bZ ls fnYyh
igq¡p pqdk FkkA bl chp 01 tuojh] 1993 rd dqN
,slk gks pqdk Fkk] ftls ugha gksuk pkfg, Fkk !!
20 tuojh] 1993 dks fljh iQksVZ ls fonk yh
vkSj 'kk;n 22 tuojh dks eqca bZ igqp ¡ kA ohvkbZih dk
32 baph lwVdsl viuh lcls cM+h frtksjh gqvk djrk
FkkA mlesa lc fy[kk&i<+k Hkjk gksrk FkkA eqca bZ ls
fnYyh vkrs le; lc vPNs ls lwVdsl esa can fd;k
Fkk] exj okilh esa ew"kd egkjkt dh ,slh Ñik izkIr
gqbZ fd foKkiuksa esa gkFkh p<+us ls Hkh u VwVus okys
ohvkbZih lwVdsl dks pwgs th us ,d dksus ls dkVdj
vanj ços'k dh lqfoèkk l`ftr dh vkSj vanj tks Hkh
gLrfyf[kr vkfn Fkk lc dqrj Mkyk--- bruk gh ugha
mlh lwVdsl esa çk.k Hkh R;kx fn,A xk¡o esa lquh
uy&ne;arh dh dFkk ;kn vkbZ] ftlesa ,d [kwaVh ukS
y[kk gkj fuxy tkrh gSA
cqjk oDr Fkk ;kfd çHkq ^çse ex Nkds ix* dk
vuqHko :ih çlkn nsuk pkgrs FksA 'kk;n ekpZ&vçSy
1993 dh ?kVuk Fkh] eu csgn mnkl FkkA fljkt
'kk;n flaxkiqj tk pqds Fks ;k tkus dh rS;kjh esa FksA
NqVV~ h dk fnu Fkk--- iQksu djus ds fy, eq>s eq[;
n~okj@esu xsV rd vkuk iM+rk FkkA eSua s bjiQku dks
µ vkbZ&5] vkbZ CykWd] xksfoaniqje~] x+kft+;kckn] mRrj izn's k
qqq
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
iQksu feyk;k& HkkbZ bjiQku] eu cM+k mnkl gS ;kj---
og fny dh ckr le> ysrk FkkA vkèks ikSus ?kaVs esa og
viuh eksVj lkbfdy ds lkFk gkftj FkkA cgqr yach
ppkZ pyh] mez esa og NksVk t:j Fkk] exj vuqHko esa
cgqr cM+k Fkk --- csgn xaHkhjrk ls cksyk& efyd] tks
Hkh gks] rqe dHkh cnyuk er---
esjs vkokl esa ,d Ms<+ iQqV pkSMk+ iqjkuk [kqjnjk
nhoku] ,d iqjkuh dckM+ ls [kjhnh dqlhZ] vaVksi fgy
ls [kjhnh xbZ ,d iQksfYMax est vkSj iQ'kZ ij fcNk
rhu&pkj iQqV pkSMk+ xn~nk Hkj gqvk djrk FkkA jlksbZ esa
[kkuk idkus dk iwjk bartke FkkA eSa f[kpM+h cukus esa
[kqn dks ikjaxr le>rk FkkA dqdj Hkjdj f[kpM+h
cukbZ vkSj nksuksa us mlh iQ'kZ ij cSBdj [kkbZA mldh
lknxh dk eSa nhokuk FkkA
fiQj eqca bZ NwVk--- exj mlls igys ohjsæa lDlsuk
ds ,d lk{kkRdkj ds tulRrk ds pkjksa laLdj.kksa esa
Nius ds ckn dqN ,slh ckr gqbZ fd fiQYeh yksxksa ds
çfr esjk eksg Hkax gks x;k--- fo'ks"kdj ,u,lMh okyksa
dks ysdj tks ,d ldkjkRed ikxyiu lokj Fkk] og
[kRe gks x;k--- eSaus fiQYe i=kdkfjrk ;k ys[ku ls gh
Lo;a dks vyx dj fn;k--- dk;kZUo;u vkSj fganh dk
ikxyiu yxkrkj c<+rk x;k--- eq>s çokg esa èkdsyk tk
pqdk Fkk vkSj eSa vfèkxe ;kuh lh[krs pys tkus dh
vuojr çfØ;k dk vVwV fgLlk cu x;k A
dy bjiQku ds vlkef;d fuèku ds ckn vpkud
dgkuh dh èkqjh gh VwV xbZ --- eSa mls ;g dgkuh
lqukuk pkgrk Fkk vkSj crkuk pkgrk Fkk fd bl vèkwjh
dgkuh ds ckotwn eSa t:j mulfB;k rks x;k gw]¡
ysfdu cnyk drbZ ugha gw-¡ --
rqe ,d egku dykdkj vkSj mlls Hkh egku
balku Fks bjiQku--- yksx tc Hkh rqEgkjh fiQYesa ns[ksxa ]s
rqEgsa ges'kk eksrhyky vkSj cyjkt lkguh ds lkFk ;kn
djsxa -s --
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 161
 fganh flusek esa çsexzaFk dk jpf;rk&½f"k diwj
fouksn vuqie
fga nh flusek ds lcls cMs+ 'kks eSu ekus tkus
okys ^jktdiwj* 1970 esa 5 ?kaVs ls vfèkd
dh nks baVjoy okyh vius thou dh lcls egRokdka{kh
fiQYe ysdj vkrs gSa] ^esjk uke tksdj*A dgk tkrk gS
fd jktdiwj us vius bl foy{k.k LoIu dks iwjk djus
esa viuh iwjh iwt a h gh ugha] viuh futh laifRr rd
nkao ij yxk nh FkhA ysfdu jktdiwj dh liQy Vhe
ds loksRZ re çn'kZu ds ckotwn thou n'kZu dks lw{erk
ls O;k[;kf;r djrh bl xw<+ fiQYe dks n'kZdksa us fljs
ls udkj fn;kA bl fiQYe dh vliQyrk ds lkFk gh
^vkx*] ^vkokjk*] ^tkxrs jgks*] ^cjlkr* ls jktdiwj
ftu thou ewY;ksa ds lkFk pys Fks] og dgha u dgha
njd lk x;kA ysfdu jktdiwj ds fiQYedkj us
n'kZdksa dh bl ukilan dks pqukSrh dh rjg Lohdkj
fd;k vkSj rhu o"kZ ckn ^ckWch* ysdj n'kZdksa ds chp
vk,A bl fiQYe esa jktdiwj dh iqjkuh Vhe ls fliQZ
,d O;fDr Fks ^[oktk vgen vCckl*] tkfgj gS
mUgksua s ^ckWch* ds fy, oxZ psruk ls ySl iVdFkk gh
lkSaih gksxhA ftldh >yd fiQYe esa fn[krh Hkh gSA
ysfdu jktdiwj ds gkFkksa og iVdFkk ftl :i esa
lkdkj gqb]Z mlus fganh flusek dk bfrgkl cnydj
j[k fn;kA ,slk yx jgk Fkk ckWch ds lkFk muhank lk
fganh flusek vaxM+kbZ ysdj mB [kM+k gqvkA cgqr dqN
ds lkFk ^ckWch* us fganh flusek dks tks fn;k] mlesa
,d ½f"k diwj Hkh FksA
rhu lky igys 17 lky dh mez esa ^esjk uke
tksdj* esa loZJ"s B cky vfHkusrk dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj
162 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ikus okys ½f"k diwj us 20 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ^ckWch*
ds lkFk fganh flusek esa uk;dksa dh igpku cny nhA
;g og nkSj Fkk] tc nso vkuan] eukst dqekj] èkesæ± ]
jkts'k [kUuk] vferkHk cPpu] thrsæa ] latho dqekj]
fouksn [kUuk vkSj 'kf'k diwj tSls çkS<+ vfHkusrk ls
uk;d dks igpku feyrh Fkh] n'kZd jktasæ dqekj ds
vknh gks pqds Fks] jkts'k [kUuk dkyst i<+us tkrs pkgs
tSls fn[krs gks]a fganh n'kZdksa dks Lohdk;Z FksA ,sls esa
,d ,sls uk;d dks ns[kuk okdbZ ftldh ewNsa mxus
dks fn[k jgh Fkh] ftlds psgjs ij cpiu dh dkseyrk
vHkh Hkh dk;e Fkh] ftlds cksy vkSj pky esa fd'kksj
vux<+iu mNkysa ekj jgk Fkk] fganh n'kZdksa ds fy,
,d vn~Hkqr vglkl FkkA inZs ij fn[krk ½f"k diwj
dk dS'kks;Z ml le; ds çkS<+ n'kZdksa dks ukLVsyft;k
esa ys x;k rks ;qokvksa dks igyh ckj vius ;qore ls
inZs ij :c: gksus dk ekSdk feyk] tks mudh rjg
FkksMk+ mPN`a[ky Hkh Fkk] FkksMk+ beks'kuy Hkh] FkksMk
tq>k: Hkh] ftlds fy, I;kj dk eryc] iQwy rqEgsa
Hkstk gS [kr es-a --Hkj ugha Fkk] ge rqe ,d dejs esa can
gks--- Hkh FkkA 70 ds n'kd esa tc fganh flusek ds
lcls çfrcn~èk n'kZd efgyk,¡ Fkh muds fy, rks ½f"k
diwj fdlh migkj dh rjg Fkk] tks fliQZ vkSj fliQZ
I;kj djuk tkurk FkkA vk'p;Z ugha fd 1973 esa
vferkHk cPpu dh ^tathj*] èkesæ± dh ;knksa dh
ckjkr] nso vkuan dh 'kjhiQ cnek'k] jkts'k [kUuk dh
nkx] 'kf'k diwj dh ^vk xys yx tk* tSlh fiQYeksa ds
lkeus ^ckWch* lcls vfèkd dekbZ djus okyh fiQYe
jghA
 okLro esa ½f"k diwj dh [kkfl;r mldh
ekSfydrk Fkh] tc fganh flusek esa vfHku; ,d nwljs
dh udy ls igpkus tk jgs Fks] ½f"k diwj us vius
dks vius LokHkkfod :i esa LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k
dhA ^esjk uke tksdj* esa viuh ;qok f'kf{kdk ij
vk'kDr fd'kksj dks vfHkuhr djrs ^½f"k* 'kk;n gh
dHkh fn[ks] ½f"k dh vk¡[kksa esa jktw dh ped fn[krh
FkhA vfHku; ds çfr ;g lgtrk muds lkFk ges'kk
cuh jghA vius vfHku; dh nwljh ikjh ds var esa
tc n'kZdksa ds lkeus ^eqYd* tSlh fopkjksRrstd
fiQYe ds lkFk vk, rc Hkh muds gjsd ewo esa og
LokHkkfodrk fn[krh FkhA ½f"k diwj ds lkFk tks lcls
cM+h ckr Fkh]os vius vfHku; dh lhek vkSj vius
ik=k dks c[kwch igpkurs FksA mUgsa irk gksrk Fkk fd
dkSu ls ik=k dks os th ldrs gSa] vkSj fdls NksM+ nsuk
csgrj] ;g lh[k 'kk;n muds 'kq#vkrh nkSj dh
^tgjhyk balku* tSlh fiQYe us nh gksxh] ftls ^ckWch*
ds rqjra ckn n'kZd xys ds uhps ugha mrkj ldsA
ysfdu ckn esa ^[ksy [ksy esa*] ^jiQw pDdj*] ^dHkh
dHkh*] ^ge fdlh ls de ugha* tSlh fiQYe esa viuh
ftl ÅtkZ ds lkFk os fn[ks&n'kZdksa dks cgk ys x,A
bu fiQYeksa ds lkFk ;qokvksa ds fy, LVkby vkbdu
cusA jax uk;dksa ds lkFk igys Hkh fn[krs Fks] ½f"k
diwj us vius LosVj] iqyksoj] LdkiQZ] Vksih ls mls
vkSj Hkh pV[k cuk;kA
vius vfHku; ds çfr ½f"k diwj dk ;gh
fo'okl Fkk fd mUgksua s dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh flrkjs ds
lkFk vkus esa dksbZ ladksp ugha fd;kA ftruh mUgksua s
,dy uk;d okyh fiQYe dh] mlls dgha vfèkd
eYVhLVkjjA ^vej vdcj ,aFkuh*] ^ulhc*] ^dqyh*]
^dHkh dHkh* tSlh fiQYe dh ppkZ muds vfHku; ds
cxSj iwjh ugha gks ldrhA ^lkxj* tSlh fiQYe esa
dey gklu tSls vfHkusrk ds lkeus fn[ks rks ^fnokuk*
esa viuh <yrh mez ds lkFk 'kkg#[k [kku ds lkeus
vkus esa ladksp ugha fd;kA ^nkfeuh* vkSj ^pkanuh*
tSlh ukf;dk çèkku fiQYe esa Hkh ½f"k diwj vius
ik=k dks bZekunkjh ls [kM+k dj ;knxkj cukus esa liQy
gksrs gSAa ^nwljk vkneh* esa os vius pkpk 'kf'k diwj
dh çfr Nfo ds :i esa fn[krs gS]a ftlesa muls cM+h
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
mez dh ukf;dk jk[kh vius fnoaxr ifr 'kf'k diwj
dh Nfo muesa ns[kdj I;kj dj cSBrh gS] tcfd os
[kqn 'kknh'kqnk gaSA bl dkEiysDl Hkwfedk dks os ftl
lgtrk ls fuHkk ys tkrs gS]a lkfcr djrk Fkk fd ½f"k
diwj dks [ksy&[ksy esa ugha fy;k tk ldrkA
½f"k diwj dk cpiu flusek dh nqfu;k esa
chrk] tkfgj gS flusek ds chp dgha u dgha os
daiQVscZ y FksA mUgsa irk Fkk fd fganh flusek esa uk;d
ds fy, Mkal vkSj xhr dh vfuok;Zrk gS] mudh
fiQYeksa dks ns[kdj nkos ds lkFk dgk tk ldrk gS fd
vius xhrksa ds lkFk mruk lgt 'kk;n gh fdlh
uk;d dks ns[kk tkrk gksA ^ljxe* ds MiQyh ctk esa
MiQyh ctkrh mudh maxfy;ksa dh fFkjdu ns[k Hkyk
fdlds è;ku esa vk ldrk fd bl MiQyh ds ihNs
fdldh maxfy;k¡ gSA fxVkj dks mUgksua s çseh ;qok dh
igpku ds lkFk tksM+ fn;kA ^ge fdlh ls de ugha*
ls ysdj ^lkxj* rd fxVkj muds yoj Cok; best
dk lkFkh cuk jgkA okLro esa okn~;;a=kksa ds lkFk os
lgt fn[krs FksA xkuksa ds çfr ½f"k diwj dh ;g
lgtrk ^esjk uke tksdj* ds rhrj ds nks vkxs rhrj
---ls gh 'kq: gksrh gS] tks ^cksy jkèkk cksy* rd ns[kh
tk ldrh gSA ½f"k diwj Mkaflax LVkj ugha Fks] ysfdu
^dtZ* tc vkbZ rks fganh flusek ds Js"B Mkaflax LVkj
esa os fxus tkus yxsA okLro esa yxrk gS ½f"k tc rd
vius ik=k dks iwjh rjg vkRelkr~ ugha dj ysr]s os
dSejs ds lkeus ugha vkrs FksA ^çsejksx* ds fuEu
eè;oxhZ; ;qok çseh dh Hkwfedk eas ncs&ncs fn[krs
½f"k diwj vkSj ^ySyk etuwa* ds ukVdh; ½f"k diwj
dks ns[k lgt gh muds vfHku; ds jst a dk vglkl
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu'p; gh tks le; ds lkFk vkSj
Hkh ifjiDo gksrk fn[kkA
vferkHk cPpu ds ckn ½f"k diwj 'kk;n ,sls
,dek=k vfHkusrk gksxa s ftudh çkS<+ Hkwfedk ds] fy,
fiQYe fy[ks tkus dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA deky fd ½f"k
diwj us ftruh fiQYesa vius dSfj;j ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj
esa lksyks uk;d ds :i esa dh] mlls dgha vfèkd
chrs 15 o"kks± esa çkS<+ uk;d ds :i esa dj yhA
^nks nwuh pkj*] ^vfXuiFk*] ^102 ukV vkmV*] ^jktek
pkoy* vkSj ^eqYd* tSlh fiQYe esa ½f"k diwj ds
vfHku; dh ifjiDork fofLer djrh gSA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 163
 ^vfXuiFk* esa tgk¡ os ekfiQ;k jmiQ ykyk dh
[krjukd udkjkRed Hkwfedk esa fn[kkbZ fn,] ogha
^102 ukWV vkmV* esa mUgksaus ,d vLlh ikj dh mez
okys csVs dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] ftls vius gh 102 lky
ds firk ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA vferkHk cPpu ds lkFk
vius ;qok nkSj dh LokHkkfodrk ds lkFk os ;gk¡ Hkh
fn[ksA ^eqYd* esa os ,d ,sls eqlyeku dk psgjk cus
ftls vius gh ns'k esa nks;e ntsZ dk ukxfjd le>k
tkrk gS] vkSj mls viuh ns'kHkfDr çekf.kr djuh
iM+rh gSA ^LVwMVas vkWiQ n bZ;j* esa bu lcls vyx
,d leySfa xd fçafliy ds :i esa os fn[ksA ^diwj
,aM lal*] ^jktek pkoy* tSlh fiQYeksa ds tfj,
mUgksaus vius vfHku; dh fofoèkrk dks ,d cM+h
igpku nhA bu fiQYeksa esa mudh ifjiDork ckj&ckj
;g ;kn fnykrh Fkh fd ,d yoj Cok; dh pkgr esa
geus fdruh cM+h çfrHkk dks xqe gks tkus fn;k FkkA
;g lgh gS fd ½f"k diwj ds vfHku; ;k=kk dh
'kq#vkr gh liQyrk vkSj vokMZ ls gqbAZ ^esjk uke
µ ch&53 lfpoky; dkWyksuh] dadM+ckx] iVuk&800020
qqq
164 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
tksdj* ds lkFk gkfly jk"Vªh; fiQYe iqjLdkj dh
ijaijk bUgksua s ^ckWch* ds lkFk Hkh tkjh j[kh] tc
loZJs"B uoksfnr vfHkusrk dk vokMZ feykA ysfdu
;g Hkh la;ksx ugha fd ;qore vfHkusrk ds :i esa
ntZuksa liQy fiQYesa nsus ds ckotwn vfHkusrk ds :i
esa vokMZ ds fy, budh igpku nwljs nkSj esa gh gks
ldsA lq[kn fd ;qok ½f"k diwj dks lEekuksa us Hkys
gh Hkqyk, j[kk] ysfdu çkS<+ ½f"k diwj dh 'kk;n gh
dksbZ Hkwfedk gksxh] ftls fdlh u fdlh lEeku ls
uoktk u x;k gksA
½f"k diwj fganh flusek ds lcls çfrf"Br ekus
tkus okys diwj [kkunku ls FksA ysfdu viuh Lora=k
psruk ds lkFk diwj ds ncko esa os dHkh ugha fn[ks]
pkgs og 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gh lguk;d ds :i esa ioZs
ij vkuk gks ;k çkS<+ pfj=kksa dks fuHkkuk ;k fiQj V~foVj
ij viuh csykSl vkokt ds lkFk mifLFkr gksuk---
^½f"k diwj* cl ½f"k diwj ds :i esa Hkh ;kn fd,
tkrs jgsxa As
 lq'kkar flag jktiwr & ,d pedrk flrkjk
uhfr lqèkk
v fHkusrk lq'kkar flag jktiwr vius ifjokj]
lkFkh dykdkjksa vkSj ç'kaldksa dks 'kksdkdqy
NksM+ x,A vkt Hkh muds pkgus okyksa ds fy, bl
nq%[kn lPpkbZ dks Lohdkj djuk eqf'dy gSA lq'kkar
dh ftanxh ds iUuksa dks iyVdj ns[ksa rks ;g dkiQh
çsj.kkRed jgk gSA fdls irk Fkk] lky 2006 jk"VªeaMy
[ksy esa ,s'o;kZ jk; ds ihNs crkSj cSdxzkmaM Mkalj
ijiQkWeZ djus okyk fcgkj dk ;g ;qok ,d fnu LVkj
cusxk! egt lkr lkyksa ds fiQYeh liQj esa lq'kkar us
fiQYe mn~;ksx ij viuh xgjh Nki NksMh+ A
yksdfç; Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgd ^ifo=k fj'rk*
esa ekuo ns'keq[k ds fdjnkj ls lq'kkar us n'kZdksa ds
chp viuh iDdh txg cuk yh FkhA lky 2009 ls
2011 ds chp lq'kkar ?kj&?kj ds pgsrs cu pqds FksA
vius 'kehZys fdjnkj vkSj lgt vnkdkjh ls mUgksaus
[kwc rkjhiQsa cVksjh vkSj vokWMZ gkfly fd,A fygktk]
2011 esa tc mUgksua s NksVs insZ dks NksMu+ s dk iQSlyk
fd;k rks lHkh grçHk jg x,A ç'kaldksa ds fny VwV
x,A lq'kkar ds fy, Hkh ,d VkWi Vhvkjih okys 'kks dks
NksMu+ k vklku ugha Fkk] ysfdu mUgksaus ;g fu.kZ; fy;k
D;ksfa d mUgsa dqN vyx dj fn[kkuk FkkA mUgksua s vius
liuksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dj j[kh FkhA
fcgkj ds iwf.kZ;k ftys ds eyMhgk esa 1986 esa
tUes lq'kkar flag jktiwr laHkzkra ifjokj ls FksA ik¡p
HkkbZ& cguksa esa lcls NksVs vkSj ek¡ ds csgn djhcA
lq'kkar tc 16 lky ds Fks] rc mudh ek¡ dh e`R;q gks
xbZ Fkh] ftldk mu ij xgjk vlj jgkA ysfdu lq'kkar
"kk ISSN 0523-1418
i<+kbZ esa gksugkj FksA ckjgoha ds ckn mUgksua s bathfu;fjax
dh ijh{kk nh vkSj ns'kHkj esa lkrosa LFkku ij vk,A
lq'kkar fnYyh dkWyt s vkWiQ bathfu;fjax ls esdfS udy
bathfu;fjax dj jgs Fks] tc muds eu esa Mkal vkSj
vfHku; dk 'kkSd tkxkA 'kkSd rks 'kk;n igys ls jgk
gksxk] ysfdu vc ,d dqycqykgV FkhA ,slh gypy
eph fd lq'kkar us bathfu;fjax NksMh+ vkSj lius lkdkj
djus lhèks eqca bZ vk x,A
lq'kkar ds liQj dks ns[kdj ,d ckr rks lkiQ gS
fd oks ^fjLdVsdj* FksA bathfu;fjax NksMd + j Mkal ls
tqM]s+ Mkal NksMd + j NksVs insZ ls vkSj tc ogk¡ 'kh"kZ ij
Fks rks esu yhM jksy NksMd + j fiQYeksa dh vksj Nykax
yxk nhA ^';ked Mkoj* Mkal xziq esa 'kkfey lq'kkar us
dHkh 'kkfgn diwj vkSj ,s'o;kZ jk; ljh[ks dykdkjksa
ds ihNs Mkal fd;k FkkA ml oDr Hkh mUgsa fiQYeh
nqfu;k pk¡n& rkjksa dh nqfu;k yxrh Fkh] ftls nwj ls gh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu foKku ds Nk=k jgs lq'kkar
Hkyk pkan&rkjksa dks Nwus ls dgk¡ Mjus okys FksA mUgksua s
cSjh tkWu ,fDVax Ldwy ls vfHku; lh[kk] ukfnjk
cCcj ds ^,dtqV fFk;sVj* ls Hkh tqM+sA ek;kuxjh us
Hkh mudh dM+h esgur dh dæ j[khA lky 2008 esa
èkkjkokfgd ^fdl ns'k esa gS esjk fny* ds lkFk mudk
dfj;j 'kq: gqvkA vkSj fiQj 2009 esa vk;k ^ckykth
VsyhfiQYEl* dk lhfj;y ^ifo=k fj'rk*] ftlls lq'kkar
;qok fnyksa dh èkM+du cu x,A bl 'kks ds fy, lq'kkar
us ges'kk ,drk diwj dk vkHkkj ekukA
tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 165
 ^ifo=k fj'rk* NksMu+ s ds ckn yxHkx nks lkyksa
rd mudh xSj&ekStnwxh us ç'kaldksa dks fujk'k dj
fn;k FkkA ysfdu 2013 esa vkbZ vfHk"ksd diwj ds
funs'Z ku esa cuh fiQYe ^dkbZ iks ps*] ftlesa lq'kkar dk
vYgM+iu yksxksa dks cgqr jkl vk;kA muesa ,d
u;kiu Fkk_ Hkjiwj ,uthZ] Hkksyh lwjr vkSj çHkko'kkyh
O;fDrRoA ,d&nks fiQYeksa ds ckn gh fiQYe leh{kdksa
n~okjk mUgsa vkus okys le; dk pedrk flrkjk crk;k
tkus yxkA lq'kkar vius fdjnkjksa ds pquko esa ç;ksx
djrs jgrs Fks] ftlesa oks dHkh liQy jgs] dHkh ughaA
vius 7 lky ds fiQYeh liQj esa mUgksua s n'kZdksa dks
^fMVsfDVo C;kseds'k c['kh*] ^,e,l èkksuh*] ^'kqn~èk
nslh jksekal*] ^ihds*] ^dsnkjukFk*] ^lksufpfM+;k*] ^fNNksj*s
tSlh fiQYesa nha] ftlesa muds vfHku; dh dkfcfy;r
ij lHkh us eqgj yxkbZA fiQYe ^ihds* esa egt 10
feuV ds fdjnkj esa Hkh lq'kkar us lcdk è;ku viuh
vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k FkkA
[kkldj ^,e,l èkksuh% ,u vuVksYM LVksjh* ds
fy, lq'kkar dks cgqr ljkguk feyhA fiQYe esa [kqn dks
èkksuh fn[kkus ds fy, lq'kkar us eghuksa dM+h esgur dh
Fkh] pky&<ky ls ysdj èkksuh dk cSfVax vanktA
gsyhdkWIVj 'kkWV dk og gj fnu ?kaVksa vH;kl djrs
FksA ,d niQk Vªfs uax ds nkSjku lfpu rsna y q dj Hkh
mudh cYysckth ns[kdj gSjku jg x, FksA lq'kkar dks
iwoZ Hkkjrh; fodsVdhij fdj.k eksjs us iwjs 9 eghus
rd Vªfs uax nh FkhA fiQYe ^dsnkjukFk* dk ealwj [kku gks
;k ^lksufpfM+;k* dk y[ku flag_ lq'kkar vius fdjnkjksa
ds fy, ckjhdh ls rS;kjh djrs Fks vkSj ;g ckr LØhu
ij Hkh ut+j vkrh FkhA
gkykafd] gj dykdkj dh rjg muds Hkh liQj
esa dqN eksM+] dqN mrkj& p<+ko vk,] dqN O;fDrxr
thou esa rks dqN çksiQs'kuy Lrj ijA ysfdu muds
dke esa ges'kk ,d vkRefo'okl fn[kkA ,d lk{kkRdkj
ds nkSjku lq'kkar us dgk Fkk& ¶eSa ,d fefMy Dykl
dk yM+dk gw]¡ ftlds fy, fiQYeksa esa vkuk NksVh ckr
ugha FkhA ftl fnu eSua s bathfu;fjax NksMd + j eqca bZ vkus
vkSj fiQYeksa esa dke djus dk iQSlyk fy;k] mlh fnu
ls eSa vius fnekx esa lqijLVkj cu x;kA¸
lq'kkar csckdh ls viuh ckr j[kuk tkurs FksA
tc lat; yhyk Hkalkyh dh fiQYe ^in~ekor* dks
166 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
ysdj dj.kh lsuk n~okjk fgald fojksèk fd;k tk jgk
Fkk rks lq'kkar us xqLls esa vkdj vius uke ls ^jktiwr*
gVk fy;k FkkA tc yksxksa us mUgsa Vªkys fd;k] rks lq'kkar
us fy[kk& ¶eSaus viuk ljuse ugha cnyk gSA rqe ;fn
cgknqjh fn[kkvksxs rks eSa rqels 10 xq.kk T;knk jktiwr
gwA¡ ysfdu dk;jrkiw.kZ gjdr ds f[kykiQ gwA¡ ¸
flYoj LØhu ls tqnk lq'kkar dh viuh ,d
vyx nqfu;k Hkh FkhA oks czge~ kaM vkSj xzgksa dh ckrsa
fd;k djrs FksA foKku dks ysdj muesa ,d dkSrgw y
FkkA dfork,¡ fy[krs FksA mUgksua s ^fiQyhi jkWFk* dks i<+k
FkkA vius baLVkxzke iksLV esa oks ^bZ bZ dfeaXl* dks
mn~èk`r djrs FksA og DokaVe fln~èkkar ls ysdj [kxksy
HkkSfrdh rd dh tkudkjh j[krs FksA muds ikl 200
fdyks dk Hkkjh Hkjde VsyhLdksi Fkk] ftls oks
^lksufpfM+;k* dh 'kwfVax ds nkSjku pacy rd ysdj
x, Fks rkfd oks usC;qyk dks vPNs ls eglwl dj ik,a¡
(usC;qyk varfj{k esa ik, tkus okys èkwy vkSj xSl ds
feJ.k ls cus cknyksa dk lewg gksrk gS)A muds ?kj esa
HkkSfrd foKku ls tqMh+ fdrkcksa dk vPNk ladyu FkkA
dksjksuk ok;jl ykWdMkmu ds nkSjku ?kj cSBdj lq'kkar
dksfMax lh[k jgs FksA mUgsa daI;wVj xsfeax ls yxko Fkk
vkSj blds ihNs dh Hkk"kk lh[kus ds fy, mRlqd FksA
lq'kkar vkRefo'okl ls ycjst+ FksA bruk fd
mUgksua s vius 50 liuksa dh lwph cuk j[kh Fkh] ftls
oks viuh ftanxh esa ikus dh [okfg'k j[krs FksA buesa
ls dqN X;kjg lius lq'kkar us iwjs Hkh fd,] tcfd
ckdh vc fliQZ iUuksa ij vafdr jg x, gSAa muds
[okcksa dh fyLV esa gokbZ tgkt mM+kuk] Cyw gksy esa
xksrk yxkuk] ,d gtkj isM+ yxkuk] fdrkc fy[kuk]
fMt+uhySMa tkuk] [ksrh djuk] eqÝr f'k{kk ds fy,
dke djuk] cPpksa dks Mkal lh[kkuk] vaVkdZfVdk ?kweus
tkuk] ,d lfØ; Tokykeq[kh dh iQksVksxzkiQh djuk
ln`'k lius 'kkfey FksA lq'kkar ds liuksa dh fyLV
mudh lksp] n'kZu vkSj foKku ds çfr muds >qdko
dks fn[kkrh gSA
lq'kkar flag jktiwr ,d ,sls dykdkj Fks] ftuesa
vlhe laHkkouk,¡ fn[krh FkhaA NksVs 'kgjksa ls vk, cM+s
[okc cqurs gtkjksa yksxksa ds fy, oks çsj.kk FksA ,sls esa
mudk tkuk fdlh nq%LoIu dh rjg gSA 14 twu 2020
dks lq'kkar us vius eqacbZ vkokl ij vkRegR;k dj
nqfu;k dks ges'kk ds fy, vyfonk dg fn;kA vkdka{kkvksa
vkSj tquuw ds chp lq'kkar fMçs'ku ls tw> jgs Fks] tks
mudh ftanxh dk lcls vatkuk igyw cudj jg x;kA
vkt ihNs NwV x, gSa rks lq'kkar ds çHkkoh fdjnkj]
muds fopkj] mudk la?k"kZ vkSj ,d ;knxkj liQjA
lq'kkar dh fiQYe ^fNNksj*s dk ,d laokn gS] tks
'kk;n gj la?k"kZjr balku ds fy, lVhd gS] ¶ge
gkj&thr] lDlsl&iQsY;j esa bruk my> x, gSa-- fd
ftanxh thuk Hkwy x, gS-a - ftanxh esa vxj dqN lcls
T;knk t+:jh gS-- rks oks gS [kqn ftanxh-----¸

µ lh&204] tklehu iwue dkWEIysDl] vk'kk uxj] Bkdqj dkWEIysDl] dkafnoyh iwo]Z eqca bZ&400101

qqq

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 167

laidZ lw=

1- MkW- iwjupan VaMu] Mh&67] 'kqHke ,Udyso] if'pe fogkj] ubZ fnYyh&110063
2- Jh gfjjke] fganh f'k{kd] f'k{kk funs'kky;] jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh] fnYyh&100086
3- MkW- ,e- jkepaæe] çkpk;Z (,iQ-,-lh-)] xouZeVas fMxzh dkWyt
s ] eydktfxjh] esMp
~ y ftyk
4- Jh izoh.k dqekj] lgk;d vkpk;Z] fganh foHkkx] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; tutkrh; fo'ofon~;ky;] vejdaVd]
eè; izns'k&484887
5- Jh eukst ikaMs;] fganh foHkkx] jk-rq-e- ukxiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] 'kS{kf.kd ifjlj] vejkorh ekxZ]
Ukkxiqj] egkjk"Vª&440033
6- MkW- vfer flag] lgk;d vkpk;Z] fganh foHkkx] ';keyky dkWyst (lkaè;)] fnYyh
7- Jherh oqQra yk nRr] ½f"kds'k vikVZeVas ] U;w xqokgkVh] ih- vks- uwuekVh] ftyk&dke:i(esVkª )s ] vle&781020
8- MkW- vpZuk >k] izoDrk] lsVa ,Ul dkWyt
s iQkWj oweus ] esga nhiVue
9- MkW- vydk vkuan] ,l-ih-,e- dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
10- MkW- dju flag ÅVoky] ,lksfl,V çksiQslj ,oa vè;{k fganh foHkkx] ekSykuk vktkn us'kuy mnwZ ;wfuoflZVh]
gSnjkckn&32
11- MkW- fiz;adk] ch&55] Lo.kZ ikdZ] eqaMdk] fnYyh& 110041
12- Jh nhid nhf{kr] ÝySV uacj&410] Cykd&2] th ds izkbM] ckykth uxj jksM ;izky] fldanjkckn] esMpy]
rsyaxkuk&500087
13- MkW- foiqy dqekj] lgk;d izoDrk (fganh foHkkx)] eksrhyky usg: dkWyt
s (lkaè;)] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;]
fnYyh
14- MkW- Jo.k dqekj] lgk;d izkè;kid (fganh)] fnYyh Ldwy vkWiQ tuZfy”e] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
15- MkW- fouhrk dqekjh] ,lksfl,V izksiQslj] Lokeh Jn~èkkuan dkWyt
s ] vyhiqj] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh
16- Jh gsrjke] 'kksèkkFkhZ] jktdh; ekWMy mPp ekè;fed fon~;ky;] djlku] paMhx<+&160002
17- Jh mes'k dqekj] lgk;d vkpk;Z (fganh)] jktdh; okf.kT; egkfon~;ky;] vyoj ('kksèkkFkhZ jkt ½f"k
Hkr`gZ fj eRL; fo'ofon~;ky;] vyoj)
18- MkW- feyu jkuh tekfr;k] lgk;d izkè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] f=kiqjk fo'ofon~;ky;] vxjryk

168 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418

19- MkW- lquhy dqekj frokjh] vflLVsVa çksiQslj] fganh foHkkx] 'kghn Hkxr flag dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;]
ubZ fnYyh&110017
20- MkW- vkyksd jatu ikaM;s ] vflLVsVa çksiQslj] jkekuqtu dkWyt
s ] fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] dkydk th] ubZ
fnYyh&19
21- MkW- xksj[kukFk frokjh] lgk;d vkpk;Z] ih- th- foHkkx] mPp f'k{kk vkSj 'kksèk laLFkku] nf{k.k Hkkjr fganh
izpkj lHkk ,oa laiknd ladY; (=kSekfld) [kSjrkckn] gSnjkckn&500004
22- MkW- vuqiek] ,iQ&133] nwljh eafty] tequk vjdkMs] uojax dkWEIysDl] gSnjkckn] rsyaxkuk&500001
23- MkW- jhrkef.k oS';] lg;ksxh vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle
24- lqJh iwtk c#ok] vfrfFk vè;kfidk] fganh foHkkx] xqokgkVh fo'ofon~;ky;] vle
25- MkW- dapu oekZ] lh&1@1103] olar dqat] ubZ fnYyh&110070
26- MkW- èkU;k- ,y] izkè;kfidk] ds- ,l- ,e- Mh- dkWyt
s ] 'kkLrkadksV~Vk] dksYyeA
27- izks- vkyksd ikaMs;] fganh foHkkx] gSnjkckn fo'ofon~;ky;] gSnjkckn&46
28- MkW- chuk nsccekZ] eykapk fuokl] xouZesVa DokVZj dkWEIysDl] ,- th- vkWfiQl ds ikl] Vkbi&IV] CykWd
14@34] vHk; uxj] vxjryk] if'peh f=kiqjk&799005
29- MkW- vuq'kCn] fganh foHkkx] rstiqj fo'ofon~;ky;] rstiqj] vle
30- MkW- o"kkZ lksyd
a h] Mh&7] bude VSDl dkWyksuh] U;w flfoy gkWfLiVy ds lkeus] etwjk xsV] lwjr
31- MkW- vuqjkèkk ikaMs;] vuqokn ,ao fuoZpu fon~;kihB] egkRek xkaèkh varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofon~;ky; oèkkZ]
egkjk"Vª&442001
32- Jh vt; efyd] vkbZ&5] vkbZ CykWd] xksfoaniqje~] x+kft+;kckn] mRrj izn's k
33- Jh fouksn vuqie] ch&53] lfpoky; dkWyksuh] dadM+ckx] iVuk&800020
34- Jherh uhfr lqèkk] lh&204] tklehu iwue dkWEIysDl] vk'kk uxj] Bkdqj dkWEIysDl] dkafnoyh iwo]Z
eqac bZ& 400101

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 169

170 n tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 H "kk ISSN 0523-1418
 dsanzh; fganh funs'kky;
Hkk"kk if=dk dh lnL;rk gsrq vkosnu i=

lsok es]a
funs'kd
dsna zh; fganh funs'kky;] mPprj f'k{kk foHkkx]
f'k{kk ea=ky;] if'peh [kaM&7] vkj- ds- iqje~ ubZ fnYyh & 110066
bZ-esy chdsalesunit@gmail.com
Qksu ua- & 011&26105211 ,DlVs'a ku ua- 201] 244
egksn;@egksn;k]
Ñi;k eq>s Hkk"kk ¼n~oSekfld if=dk½ dk ,d o"kZ ds fy, @ ik¡p o"kZ ds fy,@ nl o"kZ ds fy,@ chl o"kZ
ds fy, fnukad -------------------- ls lnL; cukus dh Ñik djsaA eSa if=dk dk okf"kZd@ iapo"khZ;@ nlo"khZ;@
chl o"khZ; lnL;rk 'kqYd ------------------- #i,] funs'kd] dsna zh; fganh funs'kky;] ubZ fnYyh ds i{k esa ubZ fnYyh
fLFkr vuqlfw pr cSda esa ns; fMekaM Mªk¶V ls- ------------------- fnukad ------------------- n~okjk Hkst jgk@jgh gw¡A
Ñi;k ikorh fHktok,¡A
uke % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iwjk irk % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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eksckby@nwjHkk"k % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bZ&esy % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lacn~èkrk@O;olk; % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vk;q % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iwjk irk ftl ij % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if=dk izsf"kr dh tk, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lnL;rk 'kqY d Mkd [kpZ lfgr
okf"kZd lnL;rk #- 125-00
iap o"khZ; lnL;rk #- 625-00
nlo"khZ; lnL;rk #- 1250-00
chlo"khZ; lnL;rk #- 2500-00
fMekaM Mªk¶V funs'kd] dsanzh; fganh funs'kky; ds i{k esa ubZ fnYyh fLFkr vuqlfw pr cSd
a esa ns; gksuk pkfg,A
Ñi;k Mªk¶V ds ihNs viuk uke ,oa iwjk irk Hkh fy[kaAs

uke ,oa gLrk{kj

uksV % Ñi;k irs esa ifjorZu gksus dh n'kk esa de ls de nks ekg iwoZ lwfpr djus dk d"V djsAa

"kk ISSN 0523-1418 tqykbZ&vxLr 2020 n 171