EGE 311 LIVING IN IT ERA Coursepack

EGE 312- GENERAL EDUCATION E
(Course Title)
IMs 101 - An Easy Guide for Course Pack Making
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1|Page
Welcome Message
Hi my dear students!
Welcome to the EGE312- General Education Elective 1.
I am so excited and looking forward to a terrific semester with you. Enjoy each day
and know that you are surrounded by support. Try your best in everything you do,
stay positive, have fun, and keep smiling! You’ll do great!
Faculty Information
Name: DHALLY A. ILISAN
E-mail: dhally.ilisan@usep.edu.ph
Contact Number (Office): 645-3050 local 500
n
Consultation Schedule: By appointment arranged
through:
- Official Email
- Fb Messenger/ Class chat room
- UVE Chatbox
Getting help
For academic concerns

- bsit-tagum@usep.edu.ph
DHALLY A. ILISAN
BSIT Program Head (084) 645 - 3050 local 500
For administrative concerns

- ctet@usep.edu.ph
DR. GENNA J. CARMELO
College Dean (084) 645 - 3050 local 502
For UVE concerns

- tagum.ctet.uve@usep.edu.ph
LUCHI A. DELA CRUZ
UVE CTET Coordinator (084) 645 - 3050 local 500
For health and wellness concerns

- tagum.guidance@usep.edu.ph
MARY ROSE A. CHAVEZ
Head-University Assessment & Guidance Center (084) 645 - 3050 local 506
JET T. CARIAGA
- tagmab.clinic@usep.edu.ph
Nurse- USeP Tagum Medical-Dental
(084) 645 - 3050 local 505
KENDI B. ARSITIO
Head- Office of Student Affairs & Services - tagum.osas@usep.edu.ph
(084) 645 - 3050 local 506
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
Cover page ....................................................................................... 1
Welcome Message ............................................................................ 2
Table of Contents ............................................................................. 3
USeP Vision, Mission and Goals …………………... .......................... 4
USeP Graduate Attributes ………………………… ............................ 5
USeP Core Values……………………….... ........................................ 5
Course Overview ………………………… .......................................... 6
Course Map....................................................................................... 7
Module 1 Overview ........................................................................... 8
Lessons 1 .......................................................................................... 9
Lessons 2 .......................................................................................... 29
Lessons 3 .......................................................................................... 50
Lessons 4 .......................................................................................... 63
Module 1 Summary ........................................................................... 77
Module 2 Overview ........................................................................... 78
Lessons 1………………………………. .............................................. 79
Lessons 2 .......................................................................................... 175
Lessons 3 .......................................................................................... 250
Module 2 Summary ........................................................................... 263
References ........................................................................................ 263
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES
VISION
• Premier Research University in the ASEAN.
MISSION
• USeP shall produce world-class graduates and relevant
research and extension through quality education and
sustainable resource management.
GOALS
• At the end of the plan period, the University of
Southeastern Philippines (USeP) aims to achieve five
comprehensive and primary goals:
• 1. Recognized ASEAN Research University

• 2. ASEAN Competitive Graduates and Professionals
• 3. Vibrant Research Community
• 4. Proactive Research-based Economic Empowering
Extension Services
• 5. Capacity for Innovative Resource Generation
4|Page
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

INSTITUTIONAL GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES
• Creates and inspires positive changes in the

LEADERSHIP organization; exercises responsibility with
SKILLS integrity and accountability in the practice of
one’s profession or vocation
CRITICAL AND • Demonstrates creativity, innovativeness, and

ANALYTICAL intellectual curiosity in optimizing available
THINKING resources to develop new knowledge, methods,
SKILLS processes, systems, and value-added technologies.
• Demonstrates concern for others, practices

SERVICE professional ethics, honesty, and exemplifies
ORIENTED socio-cultural, environmental concern, and
sustainability.
LIFELONG • Demonstrates enthusiasm and passion for

continuous personal and professional
LEARNING development.
PROFESSIONAL • Demonstrates proficiency and flexibility in the

area of specialization and in conveying
COMPETENCE information in accordance with global standards.
CORE VALUES OF THE UNIVERSITY
UNITY
STEWARDSHIP
EXCELLENCE
PROFESSIONALISM
5|Page
THE COURSE OVERVIEW
COURSE TITLE : EGE 312- Living in the IT Era

CREDIT : 3.0
SEMESTER : 1ST SEMESTER
TIME FRAME :
COURSE DESCRIPTION : Living in the IT Era, Science, culture and ethics of
information technology, its influence on modern living and human relationships,
and uses for personal, professional and social advancement.
COURSE OUTCOMES :
1. Articulate technological evolution and impact of information technology in
the field of business, education and agriculture.
2. Demonstrate the use of software productivity tools and graphical design in
solving information technology related problems.
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Living in the IT Era
Module Overview:
Welcome, dear students in Module 1. This module introduces you to

overview of the living the IT era. Also, this module introduces you to the
technological progress, use of information technology and the impact of the
technology to the society.
Module Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you shall be able to:
1. Understand the technological evolution and impact of information

technology.
2. Identify the different types of communication from early time up to
present.
3. Appreciate the role and importance of ICT
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Overview of the Living in the IT Era and LESSON 1

technological evolution
Introduction
This lesson will introduce you to the context of the living in the IT Era. Also
this lesson introduces you the basic computer periods, generation of computer,
history of Intel Microprocessor, history of AMD microprocessor, uses of ICT in
daily lives, and the impact of ICT in the society.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this lesson, you shall be able to:
1. Demonstrate the living in the IT Era and the computer period, computer
generation and microprocessor.
2. Identify different online functions, and platforms available today.
3. Research latest trends in information technology.
Let’s Get Started
Name Me. In this activity, you are required to name the logo or an
application.
1. ________________
6. _________________________
2. _______________ 7. _______________________
3. _______________ 8. _________________________
4. ________________
9. ________________________
5. __________________ 10. ________________________
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Let’s Think About it!
Considered the questions that follow:
1. Based on the logo in the activity, what are the good things that happen
in your life while using the application?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Can you imagine yourself if there were no technological discoveries?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Are you thankful for the technology that we have today?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Let’s Explore!
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
What is Information?
- Information is any knowledge that comes to our attention. That could be

voice, image, text and video
What is data?
- Data is information when dealing with the machine
What Counts as information?
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Information Technology
- describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store,

communicate, and/or disseminate information.
- a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer
technology (Hardware and software) with telecommunications technology
(data, image, and voice networks.)
Computer Technology
-A computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data—raw

facts and figures —and processes, or manipulates, it into information we
can use, such as summaries, totals, or reports.
- Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and increase productivity.
A History of Information Technology and Systems
Four basic periods, each characterized by a principal technology used to solve the
input, processing, output and communication problems of the time:
1. Premechanical,
2. Mechanical,
3. Electromechanical, and
4. Electronic
A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
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Petroglyph
https://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/history/history.html
1. Writing and Alphabets. The first humans communicated only through speaking
and picture drawings. In 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today
southern Iraq) devised a writing system. The system, called "cuniform" used signs
corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. From this
first information system — writing — came civilization as we know it today. The
Phoenicians around 2000 B.C. further simplified writing by creating symbols that
expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet). The Greeks
later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the
letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
2. Paper and Pens. For the Sumerians, input technology consisted of a penlike
device called a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. About 2600 B.C., the
Egyptians discovered that they could write on the papyrus plant, using hollow reeds
or rushes to hold the first "ink" - pulverized carbon or ash mixed with lamp oil and
gelatin from boiled donkey skin. Other societies wrote on bark, leaves, or leather.
The Chinese developed techniques for making paper from rags, on which modern-
day papermaking is based, around 100 A.D.
3. Books and Libraries. Permanent Storage Devices. Religious leaders in

Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"" a collection of rectangular clay tablets,
inscribed with cuneiform and packaged in labeled containers — in their personal
"libraries." The Egyptians kept scrolls - sheets of papyrus wrapped around a shaft
of wood. Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically
into leaves and bind them together. The dictionary and encyclopedia made their
appearance about the same time. The Greeks are also credited with developing
the first truly public libraries around 500 B.C.
4. The First Numbering Systems. The Egyptians struggled with a system that
depicted the numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the
number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. The first
numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and
200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. Around
875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. It was through the Arab traders that
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today's numbering system — 9 digits plus a 0 — made its way to Europe sometime
in the 12th century.
5. The First Calculators. The existence of a counting tool called the abacus, one
of the very first information processors, permitted people to "store" numbers
temporarily and to perform calculations using beads strung on wires. It continued
to be an important tool throughout the Middle Ages.
B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840
Difference Engine
1. The First Information Explosion. Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany,

invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450 and sped up the process
of composing pages from weeks to a few minutes. The printing press made written
information much more accessible to the general public by reducing the time and
cost that it took to reproduce written material. The development of book indexes
(alphabetically sorted lists of topics and names) and the widespread use of page
numbers also made information retrieval a much easier task. These new
techniques of organizing information would become valuable later in the
development of files and databases.
2. Math by Machine. The first general purpose "computers" were actually people
who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers." Difficulties in
human errors were slowing scientists and mathematicians in their pursuit of greater
knowledge.
3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.
a. Slide Rule. In the early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman,

invented the slide rule, a device that allowed the user to multiply and divide by
sliding two pieces of precisely machines and scribed wood against each other. The
slide rule is an early example of an analog computer — an instrument that
measures instead of counts.
b. Pascaline. Blaise Pascal, later to become a famous French mathematician, built
one of the first mechanical computing machines as a teenage, around 1642. It was
called a Pascaline, and it used a series of wheels and cogs to add and subtract
numbers.
c. Leibniz's Machine. Gottfried von Leibniz, an important German mathematician
and philosopher (he independently invented calculus at the same time as Newton)
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was able to improve on Pascal's machine in the 1670s by adding additional

components that made multiplication and division easier.
4. Babbage's Engines
a. The Difference Engine. An eccentric English mathematician named Charles

Babbage, frustrated by mistakes, set his mind to creating a machine that could
both calculate numbers and print the results. In the 1820s, he was able to produce
a working model of his first attempt, which he called the Difference Engine (the
name was based on a method of solving mathematical equations called the
"method of differences"). Made of toothed wheels and shafts turned by a hand
crank, the machine could do computations and create charts showing the squares
and cubes of numbers. He had plans for a more complex Difference Engine but
was never able to actually build it because of difficulties in obtaining funds, but he
did create and leave behind detailed plans.
b. The Analytical Engine. Designed during the 1830s by Babbage, the Analytical
Engine had parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. For instance, the
Analytical Engine was to have a part called the "store," which would hold the
numbers that had been inputted and the quantities that resulted after they had
been manipulated. It was also to have a part called the "mill" - an area in which the
numbers were actually manipulated. Babbage also planned to use punch cards to
direct the operations performed by the machine — an idea he picked up from
seeing the results that a French weaver named Joseph Jacquard had achieved
using punched cards to automatically control the patterns that would be woven into
cloth by a loom.
c. Augusta Ada Byron. She helped Babbage design the instructions that would
be given to the machine on punch cards (for which she has been called the "first
programmer") and to describe, analyze, and publicize his ideas. Babbage
eventually was forced to abandon his hopes of building the Analytical Engine, once
again because of a failure to find funding.
C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.
Harvard Mark 1
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The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this
period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical
impulses.
1. The Beginnings of Telecommunication. Technologies that form the basis for

modern-day telecommunication systems include:
a. Voltaic Battery. The discovery of a reliable method of creating and storing

electricity (with a voltaic battery) at the end of the 18th century made possible a
whole new method of communicating information.
b. Telegraph. The telegraph, the first major invention to use electricity for
communication purposes, made it possible to transmit information over great
distances with great speed.
c. Morse Code. The usefulness of the telegraph was further enhanced by the
development of Morse Code in 1835 by Samuel Morse, an American from
Poughkeepsie, New York. Morse devised a system that broke down information (in
this case, the alphabet) into bits (dots and dashes) that could then be transformed
into electrical impulses and transmitted over a wire (just as today's digital
technologies break down information into zeros and ones).
d. Telephone and Radio. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
This was followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and
can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. These two events
led to the invention of the radio by Marconi in 1894.
2. Electromechanical Computing
a. Herman Hollerith and IBM. By 1890, Herman Hollerith, a young man with a
degree in mining engineering who worked in the Census Office in Washington,
D.C., had perfected a machine that could automatically sort census cards into a
number of categories using electrical sensing devices to "read" the punched holes
in each card and thus count the millions of census cards and categorize the
population into relevant groups. The company that he founded to manufacture and
sell it eventually developed into the International Business Machines Corporation
(IBM).
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Herman Hollerith Machine

https://informationtechnoluogy.blogspot.com/#:~:text=Four%20basic%20periods%2C%20each%20characterized,Electrom
echanical%2C%20and
b. Mark 1. Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University, decided to try to

combine Hollerith's punched card technology with Babbage's dreams of a general-
purpose, "programmable" computing machine. With funding from IBM, he built a
machine known as the Mark I, which used paper tape to supply
instructions(programs) to the machine tor manipulating data (input on paper punch
cards), counters to store numbers, and electromechanical relays to help register
results.
D. The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.
Apple 2
1. First Tries. In the early 1940s, scientists around the world began to realize that
electronic vacuum tubes, like the type used to create early radios, could be used
to replace electromechanical parts.
2. Eckert and Mauchly.
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a. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes,

the ENIAC. John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical
engineer, at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of
Pennsylvania, funded by the U.S. Army, developed the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in 1946. It could add, subtract, multiply and
divide in milliseconds and calculate the trajectory of an artillery round in about 20
seconds.
ENIAC
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/birth-of-the-computer/4/78
b. The First Stored-Program Computer. A problem with the ENIAC was that the
machine had no means of storing program instructions in its memory - to change
the instructions, the machine would literally have to be rewired. Mauchly and Eckert
began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer -to
address this problem. John von Neumann joined the team as a consultant and
produced an influential report in June 1945 synthesizing and expanding on Eckert
and Mauchly's ideas, which resulted in von Neumann being credited as the
originator of the stored program concept. Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at
Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator) two years before EDVAC was finished, thereby taking the claim of the
first stored-program computer.
EDVAC
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https://informationtechnoluogy.blogspot.com/#:~:text=Four%20basic%20periods%2C%20each%20characterized
,Electromechanical%2C%20and
c. The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use. Eckert and

Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer), which they hoped would be the world's first general-purpose
computer for commercial use, but they ran out of money and sold their company
to Remington Rand. A machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into
action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial
computer.
https://informationtechnoluogy.blogspot.com/#:~:text=Four%20basic%20periods%2C%20each%20characterized,Electrom
echanical%2C%20and
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3. The Four Generations of Digital Computing. Information technology has

traditionally been broken down into four or five distinct stages or computer
generations, each marked by the technology used to create the main logic element
(the electronic component used to store and process information) used in
computers during the period.
a. The First Generation (1951-1958). The first generation of computers used

vacuum tubes as their main logic elements; punched cards to input and externally
store data; and rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data in programs
written in machine language (instructions written as a string of 0s and 1s) or
assembly language (a language that allowed the programmer to write instructions
in a kind of shorthand that would then be "translated" by another program called a
compiler into machine language).
b. The Second Generation (1959-1963). AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s,

discovered that a class of crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could
be used in the design of a device called a transistor to replace vacuum tubes.
Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one
of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the
primary internal storage technology. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace
punched cards as external storage devices. High-level programming languages
(program instructions that could be written with simple words and mathematical
expressions), like FORTRAN and COBOL, made computers more accessible to
scientists and businesses.
c. The Third Generation (1964-1979). Individual transistors were replaced by

integrated circuits — thousands of tiny transistors etched on a small silicon chip.
Magnetic core memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide
semiconductor memory (MOS), which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed
chips. Increased memory capacity and processing power made possible the
development of operating systems — special programs that help the various
elements of the computer to work together to process information. Programming
languages like BASIC were developed, making programming easier to do.
d. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). The fourth generation of computers

used large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs),
containing hundreds of thousands to over a million transistors on a single, tiny chip,
and microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire
CPU) on a single chip. Microprocessors and VLSICs helped fuel a continuing trend
toward microminiaturization where semiconductor memories increased memory
size and speed at every decreasing price. Personal computers, like the Apple and
IBM PC, were introduced and quickly became popular for both business and
personal use. Fourth generation language software products such as Access,
Lotus 1-2-3, Word for Windows, and many others allowed persons without any
technical background to use a computer.
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The History of Information Systems in Business
Year Main activities Skills required

1970s Mainframe computers were used Programming in COBOL
Computers and data were centralized
Systems were tied to a few business
functions: payroll, inventory, billing
Main focus was to automate existing processes

1980s PCs and LANs are installed PC support, basic networking
Departments set up own computer systems
End-user computing with Word Processors and
Spreadsheets makes departments less dependent
on the IT department
Main focus is automating existing processes

1990s Wide Area Networks (WANs) become corporate Network support, systems
standards integration, database
Senior management looks for system integration administration
and data integration. No more stand-alone
systems.
Main focus is central control and corporate learning

2000s Wide Area Networks expand via the Internet to Network support, systems
include global enterprises and business partners – integration
supply chain and distribution
Senior management looks for data sharing across
systems.
Main focus is efficiencies and speed in inventory,

manufacturing, distribution
Computer Processor History
Year Event
1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic
component of processors.
1903 Nikola Tesla patented electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches" in 1903.
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the
Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patent the first transistor in 1948.
1956 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley were awarded the Nobel Prize
in physics for their work on the transistor.
1958 The first working integrated circuit was developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated
on September 12, 1958. (Geoffrey Dummer is credited as being the first person to
conceptualize and build a prototype of the integrated circuit.)
1960 IBM developed the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York
in 1960.
1965 On April 19, 1965, Gordon Moore made an observation about integrated circuits that
became known as Moore's Law.
1968 Intel Corporation was founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore in 1968.
1969 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) was founded on May 1, 1969.
1971 Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduced the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on
November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 OPS
(operations per second), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00.
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1972 Intel introduced the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972.

1974 Intel's improved microprocessor chip was introduced on April 1, 1974; the 8080
became a standard in the computer industry.
1976 Intel introduced the 8085 processor in March 1976.
1976 The Intel 8086 was introduced on June 8, 1976.
1979 The Intel 8088 was released on June 1, 1979.
1979 The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor was released and was later chosen as the
processor for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers.
1982 The Intel 80286 was introduced on February 1, 1982.
1985 Intel introduced the first 80386 in October 1985.
1987 The SPARC processor was first introduced by Sun.
1988 Intel 80386SX was introduced in 1988.
1989 Cyrix released their first coprocessors, the FasMath 83D87 and 83S87, in 1989. These
were x87 compatible and designed for 386 computers. The FasMath coprocessors
were up to 50% faster than the Intel 80387 processor.
1991 AMD introduced the AM386 microprocessor family in March 1991.
1991 Intel introduced the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost
processor to the PC market selling for $258.00.
1992 Intel released the 486DX2 chip on March 2, 1992, with a clock doubling ability that
generates higher operating speeds.
1993 Intel released the Pentium processor on March 22, 1993. The processor was a 60 MHz
processor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1994 Intel released the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994.
1995 Cyrix released the Cx5x86 processor in 1995, in an attempt to compete with the Intel
Pentium processors.
1995 Intel introduced the Intel Pentium Pro in November 1995.
1996 Cyrix released their MediaGX processor in 1996. It combined a processor with sound
and video processing on one chip.
1996 Intel announced the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60 MHz bus and 166
MHz with 66 MHz bus on January 4, 1996.
1996 AMD introduced the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133
MHz and bus speeds of 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 was the first processor
developed completely in-house by AMD.
1997 AMD released their K6 processor line in April 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300
MHz and a 66 MHz bus speed.
1997 Intel Pentium II was introduced on May 7, 1997.
1998 AMD introduced their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266
MHz to 550 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor was an
enhanced version of AMD's K6 processor.
1998 Intel released the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512 K or 1 M cache,
400 MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June 1998.
1999 Intel released the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999.
1999 AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or
450 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz was released on February 26, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 550 MHz was released on May 17, 1999.
1999 AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be
produced for the next six years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 600 MHz was released on August 2, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 533B and 600B MHz was released on September 27, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III Coppermine series was first introduced on October 25, 1999.
2000 On January 5, 2000, AMD released the 800 MHz Athlon processor.
2000 Intel released the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4, 2000.
2000 AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to
1.8 GHz and bus speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same
K7 architecture as the Athlon processor.
2000 Intel announces on August 28th that it will recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors
due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional
information about the recall.
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2001 On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz
bus.
2001 On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
2001 AMD announced a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying
processors by their clock speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors will bear monikers of
1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+, etc. Each higher model number will
represent a higher clock speed.
2002 Intel released the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache.
2003 Intel Pentium M was introduced in March 2003.
2003 AMD released the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4
GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.
2003 AMD released the first Athlon 64 processor, the 3200+ model, and the first Athlon 64
FX processor, the FX-51 model, on September 23, 2003.
2004 AMD released the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0
GHz clock speed and 166 MHz bus speed.
2005 AMD released their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512
KB L2 cache per core), on April 21, 2005.
2006 AMD released their new Athlon 64 FX-60 processor, featuring 2x 1024 KB L2 cache,
on January 9, 2006.
2006 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB)
on April 22, 2006.
2006 Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300
(2 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on July 27, 2006.
2006 Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300
(2 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on July 27, 2006.
2006 Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core
2 Duo processor T5500, as well as other Core 2 Duo T series processors, in August
2006.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8 M cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz
FSB) in January 2007.
on January 21, 2007.
FSB) in April 2007.
on April 22, 2007.
2007 AMD renamed the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to Athlon X2 and released the first in
that line, the Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache) on June 1, 2007.
on July 22, 2007.
on October 21, 2007.
2007 AMD released the first Phenom X4 processors (2 M cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066
MHz FSB) on November 19, 2007.
2008 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 and the Core 2 Quad processor
Q9450 in March 2008.
on March 2, 2008.
2008 AMD released the first Phenom X3 processors (2 M cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066
MHz FSB) on March 27, 2008.
2008 Intel released the first of the Intel Atom series of processors, the Z5xx series, in April
2008. They are single core processors with a 200 MHz GPU.
on April 20, 2008.
on August 10, 2008.
2008 Intel released several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008: the Q8200, the Q9400,
and the Q9650.
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on October 19, 2008.
2008 Intel released the first Core i7 desktop processors in November 2008: the i7-920, the
i7-940, and the i7-965 Extreme Edition.
2009 AMD released the first Phenom II X4 (quad-core) processors (6 M cache, 2.5 to 3.7
GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon Neo processor, the MV-40 model, (1.6 GHz and 512 KB
L2 cache) on January 8, 2009.
on January 18, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6 M cache, 2.5 to 3.0
GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009.
FSB) in April 2009.
on May 31, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon II X2 (dual-core) processors (1024 KB L2 cache, 1.6 to
3.5 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Phenom II X2 (dual-core) processors (6 M cache, 3.0 to 3.5
GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon II X4 (quad-core) processors (512 KB L2 cache, 2.2 to
3.1 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009.
2009 Intel released the first Core i7 mobile processor, the i7-720QM, in September 2009. It
uses the Socket G1 socket type, runs at 1.6 GHz, and features 6 MB L3 cache.
2009 Intel released the first Core i5 desktop processor with four cores, the i5-750 (8 M
cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), on September 8, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon II X3 (triple core) processors in October 2009.
FSB) in January 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i5 mobile processors, the i5-430M and the i5-520E in
January 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i5 desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 in January
2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i3 desktop processors, the i3-530, and i3-540 on January
7, 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i3 mobile processors, the i3-330M (3 M cache, 2.13 GHz,
1066 MHz FSB) and the i3-350M, on January 7, 2010.
2010 AMD released the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors on April 27, 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i7 desktop processor with six cores, the i3-970, in July
2010. It runs at 3.2 GHz and features 12 MB L3 cache.
2011 Intel released seven new Core i5 processors with four cores, the i5-2xxx series in
January 2011.
2011 AMD released the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M and the A4-
3310MX on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first mobile processors in their A6 line, the A6-3400M and the A6-
3410MX on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first mobile processors in their A8 line, the A8-3500M, the A8-
3510MX, and the A8-3530MX on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4 M L2 cache,
2.6 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4 M L2 cache,
2.9 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 and the A4-
3400 on September 7, 2011.
2012 AMD released the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 and the
A10-5800K on October 1, 2012.
2013 AMD released one of their fastest desktop processors to date, the Athlon II X2 280, on
January 28, 2013. It has two cores and runs at 3.6 GHz.
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2013 Intel released their first processor to utilize the BGA-1364 socket and feature an Iris
Pro Graphics 5200 GPU. Released in June 2013, it runs at 3.2 GHz and has 6 MB of
L3 cache.
2014 AMD introduced the socket AM1 architecture and compatible processors, like the
Sempron 2650, in April 2014.
2014 AMD released their first Pro A series APU processors, the A6 Pro-7050B, A8 Pro-
7150B, and A10 Pro-7350B, in June 2014. They feature on or two cores and run at 1.9
GHz to 2.2 GHz.
2017 AMD released their first Ryzen 7 processors, the 1700, 1700X, and 1800X models, on
March 2, 2017. They have eight cores, run at 3.0 to 3.6 GHz, and feature 16 MB L3
cache.
2017 Intel released the first Core i9 desktop processor, the i9-7900X, in June 2017. It uses
the LGA 2066 socket, runs at 3.3 GHz, has 10 cores, and features 13.75 MB L3 cache.
2017 AMD released their first Ryzen 3 processors, the Pro 1200 and Pro 1300 models, on
June 29, 2017. They have four cores, run at 3.1 to 3.5 GHz, and feature 8 MB L3
cache.
2017 Intel released the first desktop processor with 12 cores, the Core i9-7920X, in August
2017. It runs at 2.9 GHz and features 16.50 MB L3 cache.
2017 AMD released their first processor with 16 cores, the Ryzen Threadripper 1950X, on
Augus 10, 2017. It runs at 3.4 GHz and features 32 MB L3 cache.
2017 Intel released the first desktop processor with 14 cores, the Core i9-7940X, in
September 2017. It runs at 3.1 GHz and features 19.25 MB L3 cache.
September 2017. It runs at 2.8 GHz and features 22 MB L3 cache.
September 2017. It runs at 2.6 GHz and features 24.75 MB L3 cache
2018 Intel released the first Core i9 mobile processor, the i9-8950HK, in April 2018. It uses
the BGA 1440 socket, runs at 2.9 GHz, has six cores, and features 12 MB L3 cache.
https://www.computerhope.com/history/processor.htm
Usages of ICT in Everyday Life
Agriculture
Education Business
Medical
Other
ICT sector
Banking
Industry
Government
Service
24 | P a g e
Education
Teacher- Search Teaching Materials, participate in online forums and online

conferences as well as to aid their teaching.
Student- browse the Internet for information and distance learning.
Researchers – Collect and process data.
School Administrators- use for administrative process/purposes.
Agriculture
Farmers or farm owner- utilize new technology in order to increase farm

productivity.
Business
Customers- connected online with suppliers to purchase products and save

time and cost.
Suppliers-to keep track of their transactions
Employees- to communicate with their customers for any enquiries.
Banking
Customers- Can make any transactions at the 24-hour service centres or

via online
Bank Administrators- oversee the entire banking activities
Government Service
Government- use to improve the efficiency of the services they offer. Also,
by the use of the technology the government able to monitor and provide
better services.
Employee- able to deliver fast transaction in their respected designated

offices or workstation.
Industry
Workers- use machines that are connected to computers to operate.
Researchers – analyse and collect research data for future references
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Administrators- to oversee the entire operations and to detect errors
Medical
Medical practitioners -use the various machine to examine their patients
Administrator/Employee- use technology to increase the capabilities in

storing, analysing patient information.
Impact of Information Communication Technology in the society
This era of ICT continues to influence our live style both positively and negatively.
some of the issues that result from the use of ICT in the society. This include:
1. Effects on Employment
2. Effects on automated production
3. Issues of worker’s health
4. Cultural Effects
5. Breath through in ICT
1. Effects on Employment
The introduction of computers at the workplace has resulted in Creation of new

jobs, Replacement of computer illiterate workers and Displacement of jobs.
a. Job Creation
ICT has introduced new employment opportunities that never existed

before. The new job titles are computer operators, programmers,
network administrators, ICT science and etc.
b. Job Replacement
The workers that are computer illiterate are replaced with those who
are computer literate
c. Job Displacement
Here the workers do not lose their jobs instead they are moved to
another place or department
2. Automated Production
- Used in manufacturing industries to automate their process in order to

reduce cost, increase production e.g. computer-controlled robots.
3. Issues of worker’s health
- This are effects on our health e.g. Repetitive strain Injuries, Eyestrain,
Headache, electromagnetic emission and environmental issues
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4. Cultural Effects
- ICT has presented challenges to our moral and cultural values. ICT has
changed the way we talk, affected our privacy, human rights and integrity
e.g.
- Use of internet
- Computer related crime e.g hacking, eavesdropping etc.
- Use of computers to forge certificates, passport and other
documents.
- Has been used as a complaint platform against aspects of the
society g drug abuse
Let’s Do It!
Answer the following:
1. This invention replaced vacuum tubes and made computers much

smaller and faster. However, it was eventually replaced by another
invention.
A. RAM
B. ENIAC
C. Transformer
D. Transistor
2. This man is known for starting the company Microsoft back in the year
1975. Since then, he has become one of the richest people in the world.
His name is:
A. Steve Jobs
B. Bill Gates
C. Konrad Zuse
D. Charles Babbage
3. This person created a machine called The Analytical Engine. His ideas
were some of the first that led to the creation of computers.
A. Simon Konrad
B. Charles Babbage
C. John Lovelace
D. William Howard
4. This person created what is now known as the first computer program.
The program was made to help the Analytical Engine calculate numbers.
A. Charles Babbage
B. Konrad Apple
C. Ada Lovelace
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D. William Zuse
5. This invention helped make computers much smaller and faster. What
is it called?
A. Vacuum Tube
B. Random Access Memory
C. Central Processing Unit
D. Integrated Circuit
6. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built their first computer using a
wooden box. Their company has grown and is still around today. The
name of the company is:
A. Microsoft
B. Linux
C. Apple
D. Windows
7. This person is often called the inventor of the modern computer. He
actually created the first fully electronic computer.
A. Konrad Zuse
B. Ada Lovelace
C. William Gates
D. Steve Jobs
8. This invention was 1,000 times faster than any machine built before it.
It was so big that it could fill up a house.
A. Apple 1
B. ENIAC
C. Windows
D. Z3
9. Which of the following that belongs to the fourth generation of computers
used this to control operations?
A. Integrated circuits
B. Transistors
C. Vacuum tubes
D. Microchips
10. Which of the following that belongs to the first generation of computers
used this to control operations?
A. Integrated circuits
B. Transistor
C. Vacuum tubes
D. Microchips
Closure
Wow!!! Well-done my dear student! You probably did great for this lesson.
You have got lots of things about the overview of the living in the IT Era. Now,
you’re able to proceed to the next lesson.
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The Web and the internet LESSON 2
Introduction
The greatest advancement in technology and communication over the past

20 years has been the development and advancement of the internet and
computer networks. There are a lot of things you can do from emailing a friend
to on-line bill paying to downloading data off the Internet to e-commerce,
networking has made our world much smaller and changed the way we
communicate forever (Phenix, 2015). In this lesson, you will encounter exciting
concepts about internet, the web, and computer networks. You will also learn
about the importance of network technology to our daily life. Read and enjoy!
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explore the current breakthrough technologies and disruptive

innovations that have emerged over the past few years.
2. Identify and analyze various emerging technologies and current trends
in the society.
3. Understand the impact of emerging technologies in a global context.
Let’s Get Started
Picture abstraction. Describe the picture on the right side of this box by
focusing on the infrastructures (roads, highways, skyways, flyover) you see.
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___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Considered the following questions
1. What do you think is the role or use of these infrastructures?

2. How important are they to the :
a. Economy of a country?
b. Business organizations?
c. Business organizations?
Let’s Explore!
The reason why I asked you about the picture is because, our next topic is all about
CONNECTION!
Connection of computers and related devices which we call computer network.
The biggest network there is Internet - the connection of computers from different
organizations and individuals in the whole planet earth!
Internet
• It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of thousands of

individual networks all over the world.
• The popular term for the Internet is the “information highway”.
• Rather than moving through geographical space, it moves your ideas and
information through cyberspace – the space of electronic movement of
ideas and information.
The uses of the Internet
• Send email messages.

• Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between computers
• Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and newsgroups
• Surfing the web
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World Wide Web
• The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web
pages containing text and graphic images.
• It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to
related information.
• A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is
called a Web site.
• The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are organized
around and link back to is called the site’s home page.
How to Access the Internet?
• Many schools and businesses have direct access to the Internet using
special high-speed communication lines and equipment.
• Students and employees can access through the organization’s local area
networks (LAN) or through their own personal computers.
• Another way to access the Internet is through Internet Service Provider
(ISP).
An Access provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations
access to the Internet free or for a fee.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• A commercial organization with permanent connection to the Internet that

sells temporary connections to subscribers.
• Examples:
• In North America:
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• Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft network, AT&T Networks.

• Locally,
• Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special software called
a browser to access the Web.
• Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers, open and transfer
files, display text and images.
• Web browsers are specialized programs.
• Examples of Web browser: Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge (formerly Internet
Explorer), Google Chrome
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Client/Server Structure of the Web
• Web is a collection of files that reside on computers, called Web servers, that
are located all over the world and are connected to each other through the
Internet.
• When you use your Internet connection to become part of the Web, your
computer becomes a Web client in a worldwide client/server network.
• A Web browser is the software that you run on your computer to make it work
as a web client.
Address on the Web: IP Addressing
• Each computer on the internet does have a unique identification number,

called an IP (Internet Protocol) address.
• The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet uses a four-part
number.
• Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255, and each part
is separated from the previous part by period,
• For example, 106.29.242.17
IP Addressing
• The combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.2 billion possible
addresses (256 x 256 x 256 x 256).
• This number seemed adequate until 1998.
• Members of various Internet task forces are working to develop an alternate
addressing system that will accommodate the projected growth.
• However, all of their working solutions require extensive hardware and
software changes throughout the Internet.
Uniform Resource Locators
• The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular computer
on the Internet.
• However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document resides
on that computer.
• To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
• URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
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➢ What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file

➢ The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
➢ The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the file
resides
➢ The name of the file
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers use to move files
from one computer to another on the Internet.
• The most common transfer protocol used on the Internet is the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet are the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) and the Telnet Protocol
• A number of search tools have been developed and available to you on
certain Web sites that provide search services to help you find information.
• Examples:
➢ Yahoo → www.yahoo.com
➢ Facebook → www.facebook.com
➢ twitter → www.twitter.com
➢ AltaVista → www/alta-vista.com
➢ MSN WebSearch → www.search.msn.com
The next question is, how do individuals and/or organizations communicate

their data and information over the internet? How do people inside a
business organization share data within and their partners?
It is through Computer Networks
34 | P a g e
Computer Networks
Computer network is a system containing any combination of computers,

computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display devices, or telephones
interconnected by telecommunication equipment or cables: used to transmit or
receive information.
Network Types
- Computer networks vary in shape and size depending on usage.
Type of Computer Network
1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
4. Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
A Local Area Network(LAN) spans a relatively small area

• LAN are usually confined to one building or a group of buildings
• Data travel between network devices via network cables.
• The most common type of Local Area Network is called Ethernet
35 | P a g e
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
- A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic

area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
- Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.
- In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
- The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM,
ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
- It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
Wide Area Network (WAN)
- A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical

area such as states or countries.
- A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
- A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a
large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or
satellite links.
- The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
- A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,
and education.
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Personal Area Network (PAN)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of
personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of
the Personal Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
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There are two types of Personal Area Network:
1. Wired Personal Area Network

2. Wireless Personal Area Network
Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed

by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range
network.
Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using
the USB.
Examples Of Personal Area Network:
Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person.
For example, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a person
establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with another
device to share the information.
Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also
known as a home network. A home network is designed to integrate the devices
such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the internet.
Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and
to a corporate network using a VPN
38 | P a g e
Physical Media
Types of Physical Media
1. Copper Media
a. Coaxial Cabel – Thick or Thin
b. Unshielded Twisted Pair –CAT 3,4,5,5e & 6
2. Optical Fiber Media
a. Multimode
b. Singlemode
3. Wireless Media
a. Short Range
b. Medium Range(Line of Sight)
c. Satellite
Copper Media : Coaxial
• Coaxial cable is a copper-cored cable surrounded by a heavy shielding

and is used to connect computers in a network.
• Outer conductor shields the inner conductor from picking up stray signal
from the air.
• High bandwidth but lossy channel.
• Repeater is used to regenerate the weakened signals.
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Copper Media: Twisted Pair
• Twisted-pair is a type of cabling that is used for telephone communications

and most modern Ethernet networks.
• A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are twisted
to provide protection against crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent
pairs.
• There are two basic types, shielded twisted-pair (STP) and unshielded
twisted-pair (UTP).
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Fiber Media
• Optical fibers use light to send information through the optical medium.
• It uses the principal of total internal reflection.
• Modulated light transmissions are used to transmit the signal.
• Light travels through the optical media by the way of total internal reflection.
• Modulation scheme used is intensity modulation.
• Two types of Fiber media:
o Multimode
o Singlemode
• Multimode Fiber can support less bandwidth than Singlemode Fiber.
• Singlemode Fiber has a very small core and carry only one beam of light. It
can support Gbps data rates over > 100 Km without using repeaters.
40 | P a g e
Fiber Optic Cable
• Contains one or several glass fibers at its core

• Surrounding the fibers is a layer called cladding
Wireless Media
• Very useful in difficult terrain where cable laying is not possible.

• Provides mobility to communication nodes.
• Right of way and cable laying costs can be reduced.
• Susceptible to rain, atmospheric variations and Objects in transmission
path.
• Indoor : 10 – 50m : BlueTooth, WLAN

• Short range Outdoor : 50 – 200m: WLAN
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• Mid Range Outdoor : 200m – 5 Km : GSM, CDMA, WLAN Point-to-

Point, Wi-Max
• Long Range Outdoor : 5 Km – 100 Km : Microwave Point-to-Point
• Long Distance Communication : Across Continents : Satellite
Communication
Terrestrial Microwave
• Microwaves do not follow the curvature of earth

• Line-of-Sight transmission
• Height allows the signal to travel farther
• Two frequencies for two way communication
• Repeater is used to increase the distance Hop-by-Hop
Satellite Communication
Network Devices
- An electronic device which are required for communication and interaction

between devices on computer network.
- Type of Network Devices
1. Hub
2. Repeater
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3. Bridge
4. Switch
5. Router
6. Gateways
7. Brouter
Repeater
A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over
the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend
the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An
important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal.
When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at
the original strength. It is a 2 port device.
https://t4tutorials.com/computer-network-devices-router-repeaters-gateway-bridge-and-hub/
Hub
A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects
different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected
devices. In other words, collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub
remains one. Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best path for data
packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage.
Types of Hub
• Active Hub:- These are the hubs which have their own power supply and
can clean, boost and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both
as a repeater as well as wiring centre. These are used to extend the
maximum distance between nodes.
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• Passive Hub :- These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes and
power supply from active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network
without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to extend the distance
between nodes.
http://www.geocities.ws/cnamirah/hub.html
Bridge
A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the
functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and
destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same
protocol. It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
Types of Bridges
• Transparent Bridges:- These are the bridge in which the stations are
completely unaware of the
• bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the
network, reconfiguration of
• the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes i.e.
bridge forwarding and bridge learning.
• Source Routing Bridges:- In these bridges, routing operation is performed
by source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The hot can
discover frame by sending a special frame called discovery frame, which
spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to destination.
https://www.jugadtech.com/what-is-the-difference-between-hub-bridgeswitch-and-router/
Switch
A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is
44 | P a g e
a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before forwarding
data, that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors
and forward good packets selectively to correct port only. In other words, switch
divides collision domain of hosts, but broadcast domain remains same.
https://mechatronicsly.com/computer-science/networks/network-devices-switches/
Routers
A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect
LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically updating routing table based on
which they make decisions on routing the data packets. Router divide broadcast
domains of hosts connected through it.
https://www.linksys.com/us/p/P-E5400/
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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/
Gateway
A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together

that may work upon different networking models. They basically work as the
messenger agents that take data from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to
another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at
any network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switch or router.
Brouter
It is also known as bridging router is a device which combines features of both

bridge and router. It can work either at data link layer or at network layer. Working
as router, it is capable of routing packets across networks and working as bridge,
it is capable of filtering local area network traffic.
Servers
– are powerful computer that serves as central source of resource that

organizations or individuals use.
- Examples of servers are:
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- Database server – provides data services to users. Example Enrolment

system server in our school manned by sir Francis Nini our local
technician.
- Web server – provides services to web request. When you type in the
web address of a website in the address bar of a browser (Example:
www.facebook.com) the computer that responds to you request is
called web server.
Network topology
Network Topology refers to the shape of a network, or the network's layout. How
different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how they
communicate are determined by the network's topology.
Basic topologies:
- Star
o All devices are connected to a central hub.
o Nodes communicate across the network by passing data
through the hub or switch.
- Bus
o All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed
loop.
o Each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either
side of it.
- Ring
o All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or
backbone.
o There are terminators at each end of the bus that stops the signal
and keeps it from traveling backwards.
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Let’s Do It!
1. What is a standalone computer?

A. A computer not connected to a network
B. A computer connecter to a network
C. A portable computer
D. A computer connected to the printer
2. Which of the following is TRUE for Coaxial cables?
A. It uses copper wires, which are good conductors of electricity
B. Coaxial cables provide effective protection against EMI during data
transmissions.
C. It uses light rays instead of electricity to transmit data
D. It can be differentiated into two categories, single-mode and
multimode.
3. In case of fiber-optic cables, which transmission mode is used for
transmitting data over long distances?
A. Infrared
B. Radio
C. Single mode
D. Multimode
4. What is a computer network?
A. A number of computer in a room
B. A number of connected computers
C. A type of computer.
D. A number of devices
5. What is the maximum bandwidth that can be supported by fiber optics
cable?
A. 10 Mbps
B. 50 Mbps
C. 2000 Mbps
D. 100 Mbps
6. What does LAN stand for?
A. Local Area Network
B. Low Area Network
C. Local Arial Net
D. Local Area Networking
7. Radio waves and microwaves are used in which of the following
communications?
A. Voice over IP
B. IP Telephony
C. Wireless
D. Enterprise
8. Which network topology requires terminators?
A. Bus Network
B. Start Network
C. Ring Network
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D. Hybrid Network
9. Which Network Topology is fastest?
A. Bus Network
B. Ring Network
C. Star Network
D. Square Network
10. Name for the thin tubes of glass used by much of the Internet to send
data quickly over long distances underground.
A. Ethernet
B. Hub
C. Wifi
D. Fiber optic
Closure
You have got lots of things about the web and the internet. Now, you’re able to
proceed to the next lesson.
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Digital Technology and Social Change LESSON 3
Introduction
Digital technology is prevalent in almost every aspect of human life. It has

changed the way we do things, the way we work, we socialize. It has brought a lot
of bright things to help improve our daily life. In this lesson, you will encounter
topics on current digital technology and its change brought to us. Enjoy learning!
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the role of ICT in social change.

2. Understand the strength, weakness, opportunities, and imminent
threats of the digital age.
3. Articulate basic, but fundamental definition of complex issues
and dynamics that humans encounter every day, such as
technology, social progress, development, and digitalization.
Let’s Get Started
IMAGE ANALYSIS. Analyze the photograph below and Discuss briefly.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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Consider the following questions:

1. What do you think the guy is doing?
2. What digital technology do you see in the image?
3. How does digital technology you see in the image play a part in that
scenario?
Let’s Explore!
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
- Digital technology is evolving at a rapid rate.
- It has changed the way you:
• manage your work
• communicate with others
• entertain yourself (Houston Public Library).
Digital technology has changed the way people work and play. Due to the
advancement in digital technology, there are various digital devices available in the
market today. Before buying a digital device, such as a portable audio player or
video player, you should do extensive research on the various devices available in
the market. It is also important to understand the different features of each digital
device. In addition, it is important to familiarize yourself with the various digital
devices and digital terminology (Houston Public Library, No date).
Below are prime examples of changes in the digital world:
1. Audio Technology Change
For example, you use traditional devices, such as a transistor radio or a Walkman,
for listening to music. Now, with the use of digital technology, you can download
music form the Internet to your computer. You can then copy these songs right to
your mobile phone and listen to them.
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2. Telephone Technology Change
The latest model of cell phones use merging technologies that allow you
to take picture, record videos, listen to songs, or even watch movies and
videos downloaded from the internet. You can connect these cell phones
to a computer and transfer the pictures and videos to the computer.
3. Video Technology Change
You can also use digital technology to record video. For example, you
can use a digital camcorder to record a video of family occasions and
parties. The video is recorded and stored in a digital format.
You can transfer the recorded videos to a computer and then share them
with your friends by copying the videos using your mobile phones and
any other device capable of playing videos.
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This leads us to trend happening nowadays, that is, the functions of

different digital technologies are being merged in a single multipurpose
digital device – mobile device such as cellular phones.
This technology pretty much does all the things you need. From listening
to songs, watching your videos, surfing the internet, doing webinars, take
picture and videos, do social media such as Facebook and Instagram
among others.
Digital technology has also changed the way people work. Today, work
is no longer a place where you have to go. It is a task that has to be
completed, or a job that has to be done. Advanced digital technology
allows people to work from remote locations such as their houses or
regional work centers that minimize commuting distances. This saves
travel time and increases productivity. Nowadays, we have this what we
commonly call Work from Home(WFH).
A variety of career options are available for people who have adequate
knowledge of computers. With more computer knowledge, more
opportunities become available.
Digital Technology and Your Work Place
▪ Due to the developments in digital technology, people can work from remote
locations.
▪ People do not have to necessarily travel long distances to reach their office
every day.
▪ Telecommuting is an arrangement that allows people to work from home or
from a remote office.
WORK FROM HOME(WFH)
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WORKING IN REMOTE OFFICE
In terms of applying for a job, companies looking for qualified applicants allow
jobseekers to apply ONLINE! Meaning, applicant can send their credentials to
company’s email or other online platforms and have the interview still online
through web conferencing applications such as Zoom or Google Meet or any other
video conferencing apps.
HOME-BASED JOBS
“EMPLOYER’S OFFICE/HEADQUARTERS IN THE OTHER PART OF THE

WORLD, EMPLOYEE IN ANOTHER PART OF THE WORLD.”
Most notably, there are jobs nowadays that is performed totally online. These so
called, home-based workers. These are workers who spend their whole time doing
their job, submit their reports and outputs online. Literally, they stayed at home for
the entire duration of the work in that company. This is particularly prevalent
nowadays. Skilled IT and other professionals have their base companies from
other parts of the world such as the US and Europe. They do not to physically meet
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as EVERYTHING IS DONE ON THE INTERNET. Wow, that is really cool, right?!

Below is an example of job in US.
Digital Technology in Education
Digital education means digital learning. It is a type of learning that is supported by

digital technology or by instructional practice that makes effective use of digital
technology (Verma, 2017).
Flewitt in 2011 mentioned about the shift to new media literacies and the need for
digital literacy that encompasses both media and digital technology in student’s
learning.
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Nowdays, learners want a more diverse way of learning. Teachers have to adopt
to new ways of doing the teaching-learning process. Learning cannot only be done
inside the four walls of a classroom. Learning can be done ANYWHERE and
ANYTIME!
Below are some of the tools used to enhance the teaching-learning process:
Enhancing Learning: Tools for The Digital Classroom (Ekaran, 2018)
There is certainly no shortage of tech-based tools to use in the classroom. In this

article we’ll examine some of the best, focusing specifically on those that are
designed for encouraging, enhancing, and managing learning.
1. Socrative
Socrative professes to be “your classroom app for fun, effective classroom

engagement”. In a nutshell, it is a cloud-based student response system, allowing
teachers to immediately test student understanding by way of mini-quizzes,
assigned to them on class laptops or tablets. Quizzes can be multiple choice,
graded short answer, true-false, or open-ended short response. Socrative’s
strength lies in its “on the fly” assessment method, providing teachers with valuable
and timely feedback.
2. SelfCAD
SelfCAD is a free, cloud-based 3D CAD software package for students. It is

incredibly easy to use, yet provides an authentic, ‘real world’ 3D design experience.
Another notable feature— SelfCAD has teamed up with MyMiniFactory, to provide
a database of already completed 3D printable designs, making thousands of 3D
objects available for immediate 3D printing. All round, it is a very powerful and
effective tool for learning in STEM, and a number of schools are getting on board.
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4. Quizlet / Quizlet Live
Quizlet provides a platform for students and teachers to create and share their own
learning materials, including flashcards and diagrams. Quizlet Live is the free in-
class quiz game, produced by Quizlet, that can then bring these learning materials
to life. In this engaging and interactive game, students must all contribute, stay
focused and communicate well to win. Quizlet consistently receives excellent
reviews and is a great way to bring study notes to into the 21st century.
5. Google Classroom
Google Classroom is a powerful community based social tool for learning. It allows
students to post questions and receive answers from their teachers and fellow
students. Furthermore, teachers can post intriguing questions and lesson materials
for review at home. It can also be integrated with other Google products such as
Google Forms, which can be a great way to get feedback from students.
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6. Edmodo
Edmodo is a cloud-based learning management application for teachers to connect

and collaborate with parents and students. The solution allows teachers to create
academic groups, distribute assignments and homework, schedule online tests
and track student performance.
Below are examples of digital transformations on the way we communicate

and socialize (Atkinson, 2020)
Video Communication
Perhaps, the most notable technological advancement that has changed the way
we communicate with others is video chats, messages or conferences. It makes
talking to friends and family more personal. For businesses, video conferences
make it easier to see what’s going on, view charts and data, view presentations
and more. The following are just a few examples of video communication:
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Skype – this is one of the most popular ways for personal and professional video
communication. Talk to other Skype members for free, share information and
more.
FaceTime – the iPhone doesn’t even require an app like Skype to video chat. All
you need is another iPhone user to communicate with via video.
Apps and tools like Slack or Cisco WebEx are great examples of video
conferencing at its finest. They can also be used to manage and increase workflow.
Faster Communication
It started with text messaging and has only improved from there. We can now send
a text message within seconds and add images, emojis and other effects to friends
and family members around the world. If you have compatible smartphones, like
two iPhones, you can send iMessages which has plenty of options for personalizing
your messages. Other examples of faster communication are:
FB Messenger – Hundreds of millions of people around the world have Facebook.

An easy way to communicate quickly with other FB users is through their FB
Messenger app. Send messages, videos, images, emojis and more.
Voxer – This app is like having your own walkie talkie. It requires that both parties
are using this app. With just one tap, your message will be sent lightning fast.
Additionally, you can send audio or video messages in a moment’s notice. It’s a
great tool for businesses with mobile reps.
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Cost-Effective Communication
In the past, we were locked into one of the few traditional phone companies and a
slave to their rates. Especially, with regards to international phone calls. Let’s also
not forget how traveling outside your country can also rack up roaming charges.
Nowadays, we don’t even have to worry about any of these fees because we have
communication options like the following:
WhatsApp – With this app, you can send unlimited messages, enjoy group chats,
send messages from your web browser, call friends and family members who also
have this app, which includes free international calls.
WeChat – This app is similar to WhatsApp as it also offers free messages, voice
or video calls, group chats, desktop chat, and will even translate messages into
your local language.
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Social Media
Social Media has not only changed the way we communicate, but it has also
revolutionized our daily lives in many ways like web browsing, connecting with
others and getting the news. For example, we can get news quicker via Social
Media than traditional outlets and we’re always informed on what’s trending
throughout the world.
Social Media has also taught us how to communicate within a number of characters
like Twitter or through video clips like Snap Chat. Additionally, we’ve been taught
how to express ourselves and our businesses through images via Instagram. We
can’t overlook how hashtags have also impacted the way we express ourselves
and look up content, thanks to companies like Twitter and Instagram (Atkinson,
2020).
There is a little CAVEAT!
Though digital technology has brought us a lot of good things, still there are
negative effects.
Stueber in 2020 discussed below about the negative effects of digital technology if
not used properly:
Diminishes Relationships and Social Skills
As children use mobile devices more and more, they’re more apt to be virtually
connected with family and friends, rather than spending time together physically;
they’re more likely to text, chat on social media, or connect through online gaming
than actually meeting them in person.
Stimulates Health Issues
The overuse of mobile devices can be harmful to children’s health, as the more
they use mobile devices, the less physical activities they do. In addition, when
children choose to play on their devices over physical activity, they often couple
their activity with mindless snacking and other unhealthy habits. Over time, those
habits can lead to significant weight gain and other associated health problems.
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Reduces Sleep Quality
A study from JAMA Pediatrics found that children and adolescents who use media
before bed were two times more likely to not get enough sleep at night. Even
further, having access to a media device in their sleeping environment, even if the
device was not being actively used near bedtime, was also associated with an
inadequate amount of sleep. This will, overtime, result to bad health effects.
As digital technology users, we have to be careful and watchful always in the way
we use them. The point here is that, we have to know when, where, and how to
use these so-called digital technologies. It is totally up to us whether we use it for
to better our daily tasks and our daily life or to promote bad things to others and
most importantly to us.
Let’s Do It!
1. Explain how digital technology change the way we do things.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Cite some positive and negative impacts digital technology has brought
humans.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. What is your perception on home-based jobs? How would it affect the

overall well-being of an employee?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Closure
You have got lots of things digital Technology and social change. Now, you’re able
to proceed to the next lesson.
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Privacy, Security and Ethics LESSON 4
Introduction
This lesson will introduce you to the privacy, security and ethics. Also,
introduce to you the significant concerns for effective implementation of computer
technology, computer crimes, computer ethics, issues related to the impact of
technology on people and how to protect ourselves on the Web.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the difference between privacy, security and ethics.

2. Explain various risks to internet privacy, ways to protect computer
security and computer ethics.
Let’s Get Started
Let’s visit your Facebook account. I want you to open your FB account. Then
answer the series of questions below.
1. How many friend requests do you have?

2. How many friends do you have?
3. Do you accept friend requests even if you did not know the person?
4. Do you have birthdate information in your FB account?
5. Does your birth date information is the right date for your birthday?
6. Does your Fb name is your real name?
7. Did you set your privacy setting on your FB account?
Considered the questions that follows:
1. Do you experience that your account was hacked?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Does your FB account have a strong password and do not relate to your
personal information? Such as your last name and your birthdate.
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Have you realized that your information was exposed to the public?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. Do you realize that setting privacy is very important? And do not display
more information to the public? With that, are you excited to explore the
topic?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Let’s Explore!
The ubiquitous use of computers and technology prompts some very important
questions about the use of personal data and our right to privacy.
PEOPLE
Privacy – What are the threats to personal privacy and how can we protect
ourselves?
Security – How can access to sensitive information be controlled and how

can we secure hardware and software?
Ethics – How do the actions of individual users and companies affect

society?
Privacy
- Where is my data?
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- How is it used?
- Who sees it?
- Is anything private anymore?
Everything about you is in at least one computer file
How Did They Get My Data?
• Loans
• Charge accounts
• Orders via mail
• Magazine subscriptions
• Tax forms
• Applications for schools, jobs, clubs
• Insurance claim
• Hospital stay
• Sending checks
• Fund-raisers
• Advertisers
• Warranties
• Military draft registration
• Court petition
- concerns the collection and use of data about individuals

- Three primary privacy issues:
▪ Accuracy
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▪ Property
▪ Access
Privacy Definition
“The right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of

rights, and the right most valued by a free people”
• Information privacy is a combination of:
• Communications privacy
- Ability to communicate with others without

being monitored by other persons or
organizations.
• Data privacy
- Ability to limit access to one’s data by other

individuals and organizations to exercise a
substantial degree of control over that data
and its use
Large Databases
▪ Large organizations compile information about us.

▪ Big Data
Ever growing volume of data
▪ Data Collectors include
Government agencies
Telephone companies
Credit card companies
Supermarket scanners
Financial institutions
Search engines
Social networking sites
▪ Federal government has over 2,000 databases

▪ Telephone companies
Reverse directory lists of calls we make
▪ Supermarkets
What we buy and when
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• Information Resellers/Brokers
o Collect and sell personal data
o Create electronic profiles
• Freedom of Information Act
o Entitlement to look at your records held by government agencies
• Personal information is a marketable commodity, which raises many issues:

o Collecting public, but personally identifying information (e.g.,
Google’s Street View)
o Spreading information without personal consent, leading to identity
theft
o Spreading inaccurate information
▪ Mistaken identity
Private Networks
▪ Employers can monitor e-mail legally

75 percent of all businesses search employees’ electronic mail and computer files
using snoopware.
A proposed law could prohibit this type of electronic monitoring or at least require
the employer to notify the employee first
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The Internet and the Web
• Illusion of anonymity
o People are not concerned about privacy when surfing the Internet or
when sending e-mail
• History Files
• Temporary Internet Files
o Browser cache
• Cookies
• Privacy Mode
• Spyware
History Files and Temporary Internet Files
History Files
• Include locations or addresses of sites you have recently visited
Temporary Internet Files / Browser Cache

• Saved files from visited websites
Viewing and Blocking Cookies
▪ Cookies
Small pieces of information that are deposited on your hard disk from web sites
you have visited
First-party cookies
Third-party cookies
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Privacy Modes
• Privacy Modes
o InPrivate Browsing
▪ Internet Explorer
o Private Browsing
▪ Safari
o Eliminate history files
Spyware
• Designed to secretly record and report your activities on the Internet

• Web bugs
o Small images or HTML code hidden within an e-mail message
o When a user opens the message, information is sent back to the
source of the bug
• Computer monitoring software
o Invasive and dangerous
o Keystroke Loggers
▪ Record activities and keystrokes
• Anti-Spyware programs
Online Identity
▪ The information that people voluntarily post about themselves online

▪ Archiving and search features of the Web make it available indefinitely
▪ Major Laws on Privacy
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
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Security
▪ Cybercrime or computer crime is any offense that involves a computer and

a network
▪ Hackers
Gain unauthorized access
Computer Crime
• Criminal offense that involves a computer and a network

• Effects over 400 million people annually
• Costs over $400 billion each year
▪ Malicious Programs - Malware

Viruses
Worms
Trojan horse
Zombies
▪ Denial of Service
(DoS) attack
• Social networking risks

• Cyber-bullying
• Rogue Wi-Fi hotspots
• Data manipulation
o Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
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• Identity Theft
• Cyber-bullying
▪ Internet scams
Phishing
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Measures to Protect Computer Security
Principle measures to ensure computer security

• Restricting access
• Encrypting data
• Anticipating disasters
o Physical security
o Data security
o Disaster recovery plan
• Preventing data loss
Restricting Access
• Biometric scanning
o Fingerprint scanners
o Iris (eye) scanners
• Passwords
o Dictionary attack
• Security Suites
• Firewalls
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Encrypting Data
Encryption
• Coding information to make it unreadable, except to those who have the
encryption key
o E-mail encryption
o File encryption
o Web site encryption
o Virtual private networks (VPNs)
o Wireless network encryption
• WEP, WPA, and WPA2
Anticipating Disasters
• Anticipating Disasters
o Physical Security
o Data Security
o Disaster Recovery Plan
• Preventing Data Loss

o Frequent backups
o Redundant data storage
Making IT Work for You ~ Cloud-Based Backup
• Cloud-based backup services such as Carbonite provide cloud-based

backup services
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Ethics
Ethics - Standards of moral conduct
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Computer Ethics – guidelines for the morally acceptable use of computers

• Copyright
o Gives content creators the right to control the use and distribution
• of their work
o Paintings, books, music, films, video games
• Software piracy
o Unauthorized copying and distribution of software
o Digital rights management (DRM)
o Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Plagiarism
A Look to the Future ~ The End of Anonymity
• Most forums and comment areas on websites allow users to post messages
anonymously
• Some use this for abusive and threatening comments
o Online harassment
o Cyberbullying
o Stalking
o Damaging reputations
• How do you feel?
Let’s Do It!
Answer the following questions:
1. Which of the following describe the Information privacy?

A. The combination of communications privacy and data privacy
B. The ability to communicate with others without those communications
being monitored by another person or organization.
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C. The ability to limit access to one’s personal data by other individuals and
organizations in order to exercise a substantial degree of control over that
data and its use
D. None of the above
2. Program that come into a computer system disguised as something else are
called------
A. Trojan Horses
B. Viruses
C. Web bugs
D. Zombies
3. An electronic text file that a Web site downloads to visitors’ hard drives so it can
identify them on subsequent visits.
A. Electronic Discovery
B. Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
C. Cookies
D. Downloads
4. A device that records vehicle and occupant data for a few seconds before,
during, and after any vehicle crash that is severe enough to deploy the vehicle’s
air bags.
A. Vehicle event data recorder
B. Block box
C. Virtualization software
D. Vehicle event software
5. Computer criminals who create and distribute malicious programs.

A. Antispies
B. Crackers
C. Cyber traders
D. Identity thieves
6. Which of the following is used by people trying to trick you into revealing
personal information such as username and passwords
A. Spyware
B. Hacking
C. Virus
D. Phishing
7. Controlling access to sensitive electronic information so only those with a

legitimate need to access it are allowed to do so is known as?
A. Piracy
B. Ethics
C. IT Security
D. Privacy
8. Data cannot be changed without authorization is an example of?

A. Confidentiality
B. Integrity
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C. Availability
D. Accessibility
9. Backup, Data Encryption, Data Masking, and Data Erasure are component
of?
A. Incident management
B. Digital forensics
C. Data security
D. Data Privacy
10. It is used to ensure that an organization’s selection and application of human
resources (both employee and contractor) are controlled to promote security.
A. Personnel security
B. Training and awareness
C. Physical security
D. Data encryption
wer: Telemedicine.
Closure
You have got lots of things about the privacy and security. Congrats you reach until
the end of the module.
Module 1 Summary
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Discovering Office productivity and Graphic

Design Platform
Module Overview:
Welcome, dear students in Module 2. This module introduces you to Word

processing, slide presentation, spreadsheet processing, and Graphic Design
platform.
Module Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you shall be able to:
1. Discover the interesting ways in using the word processing, slide

presentation, spreadsheet processing, and graphics design platform.
2. Apply the various tools and techniques of the word processing, slide
presentation, spreadsheet processing, and graphics design platform.
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Word Processing & Slide Presentation LESSON 1
Introduction
This lesson will introduce you to word processing & Slide presentation. Also,
this lesson will introduce you to the formatting, tools and how to collaborate online.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify the steps in creating and modifying word processing and slide
presentation.
2. Apply the basic commands of the word processing and slide
presentation.
Let’s Get Started
WORD HUNT. In this activity, you should find and circle the hidden word.
The hidden word can be positioned in all directions, written from left to right
from right to left, horizontally, vertically and diagonally, but is always on one
straight line. Enjoyed hunting the word.
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Consider the following questions:

1. Does the word in the puzzle is related to Google docs and Google
Slide?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. Did you experience generating google docs and google slide

presentation?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. Can you describe now what is Google docs and google slide
presentation based on the word hunt words.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Let’s Explore!
Word processing
Refers generally to the creation, editing, formatting, storage, and output of both
printed and online or electronic documents. Word processing is undoubtedly the
most-used business application for personal computers, perhaps alongside World
Wide Web browsers and electronic mail application
Word processing software includes basic application designed for casual business
or home users and powerful, advanced applications capable of meeting the most-
demanding needs of businesses
Word processing Example
1. Microsoft word
2. Google Docs
3. OpenOffice Writer
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Google Docs
Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format text
documents and collaborate with other people in real time. Here's what you can do
with Google Docs:
• Upload a Microsoft Word document and convert it to a Google document.
• Add flair and formatting to your documents by adjusting margins, spacing,

fonts, and colors.
o Invite other people to collaborate on a document with you, giving
them edit, comment or view access.
• Collaborate online in real time and chat with other collaborators—right from
inside the document.
• View your document's revision history and roll back to any previous version.
• Download a Google document to your desktop as a Word, OpenOffice, RTF,

PDF, HTML or zip file.
• Translate a document to a different language.
• Email your documents to other people as attachments.
To create a new file:

1. From Google Drive, locate and select the New button, then choose
the type of file you want to create. In our example, we'll
select Google Docs to create a new document.
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2. Your new file will appear in a new tab on your browser. Locate and
select Untitled document in the upper-left corner.
3. The Rename dialog box will appear. Type a name for your file, then
click OK.
4. Your file will be renamed. You can access the file at any
time from your Google Drive, where it will
be saved automatically. Simply double-click to open the file
again.
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You may notice that there is no Save button for your files. This is because Google
Drive uses autosave, which automatically and immediately saves your files as you
edit them.
Using templates
A template is a pre-designed file you can use to quickly create new documents.
Templates often include custom formatting and designs, so they can save you
a lot of time and effort when starting a new project. Most templates are designed
to help you create specific types of files. For instance, you could use a template
to quickly create a resume or newsletter.
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You can find a wide selection of templates in the Google Drive Template Gallery.
Unfortunately, we've found that many of these templates aren't very well designed,
and it's often difficult to find specific templates within the gallery. For this reason,
we recommend using templates made by Google, which tend to be of higher quality
than user-submitted templates.
To use an official Google template:
1. Navigate to the template gallery.
2. When you've found a template you want to use,

click the template to select it.
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3. A new file will be created with the selected template. You can then
customize the file with your own information.
Downloading and printing files from Google Drive
Once you've created a file, it will be accessible whenever you sign in to Google
Drive. However, there may be times when you want to download or print a file
for offline access.
To download a file:
1. Locate and right-click the file you want to download, then
select Download.
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2. The file will be downloaded to your computer.
To choose a file format:
By default, Google Drive will choose the most common file format whenever you
download a file. For example, if you download a Google Document, it will
automatically be saved as a .docx file, which is used by Microsoft Word and most
other word processors. However, there may be times when you want to choose a
different format, such as PDF.
1. Double-click the desired file to open it.
2. The file will appear in a new tab. Select File > Download as, then
choose the desired file type. In this example, we'll
choose PDF Document (.pdf).
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3. The file will be downloaded to your computer in the desired file type.
To print a file:
1. Double-click the desired file to open it.
2. Select File > Print.
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3. The Print dialog box will appear, along with a preview of your file on
the right. Choose the desired options, then click Print.
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Note that these options will vary depending on the type of file you're printing. For
example, you'll have different options for printing a spreadsheet than you would for
printing a presentation.
The Google Docs interface
The Google Docs interface includes the toolbar at the top of the screen, as well
as the document itself. It allows you to type and modify text, in addition
to sharing a document with others.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the Google Docs interface.
Page setup options
When you first create a Google document, you may want to change page
setup options like page orientation, margins, or paper size, depending on the
type of document you are creating. You can access these options by clicking Page
setup in the File menu.
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In the Page setup dialog, you can customize several options:
• Page orientation is whether your page is oriented in portrait or

landscape format. Landscape format means the page is
oriented horizontally, while portrait format means it is
oriented vertically.
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• Page margins are the gaps between the body of the document and
the edge of the page.
• Paper size lets you change the dimensions of the page. This is
particularly useful if you are printing the document on a custom
paper size.
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• Page color is the background color of the document. This may be

useful as a decorative option if you plan on publishing your
document on the Web.
To insert text:
1. Locate the insertion point, which is a blinking vertical line. In a blank
document, this will be near the top-left corner of the page. If the
document already has text, you can click in different parts of the
document to move the insertion point.
2. When you begin typing, the text will appear next to the insertion
point.
To select text:
Before you can move or format text, you'll need to select it. To do this, click and
drag your mouse over the text, then release the mouse. A highlighted box will
appear over the selected text.
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To delete text:
There are several ways to delete—or remove—text:
• To delete text to the left of the insertion point, press

the Backspace key on your keyboard.
• To delete text to the right of the insertion point, press the Delete key
on your keyboard.
• Select the text you want to remove, then press the Delete key.
If you select text and start typing, the selected text will automatically be deleted
and replaced with the new text.
Copying, cutting, and pasting text
You may find that sometimes it's easier to copy and paste text that repeats often
in your document. Other times, there may be text you want to move from one area
of the document to another, in which case you'll need to cut and paste or drag
and drop the text.
Typically, the copy, cut, and paste commands are found in the Edit menu of many
word processing applications. However, Google Docs uses keyboard
shortcuts—or a combination of keys—to perform these commands. If you try to
select copy, cut, or paste from the Edit menu in Google Docs, Google reminds you
to use keyboard shortcuts.
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If you use Google Chrome as your web browser, you can download the
free Chrome Google Docs app from the Chrome Web Store. It will allow you to
select copy, cut, and paste from the Edit menu, as well as to right-click the mouse
to copy, cut, and paste text.
To copy and paste text:

1. Select the text you want to copy.
2. Press Ctrl+C (Windows) or Command+C (Mac) on your keyboard

to copy the text.
3. Place your insertion point where you want the text to appear.
4. Press Ctrl+V (Windows) or Command+V (Mac) on your keyboard

to paste the text. The text will appear.
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To cut and paste text:

1. Select the text you want to copy.
2. Press Ctrl+X (Windows) or Command+X (Mac) on your keyboard

to cut the text.
3. Place your insertion point where you want the text to appear.

to paste the text. The text will appear.
To drag and drop text:

1. Select the text you want to move to another place in the document.
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2. Click and drag the text to the location where you want it to appear.
The cursor will have an insertion point under it to indicate you're
moving text.
3. Release the mouse button, and the text will move to the new location.
To insert special characters:
Google Docs offers a large collection of special characters. They are useful when
writing equations, and they can serve as decorative accents as well.
1. Place the insertion point where you want to insert a special

character.
2. Click Insert, then select Special characters.
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3. The Insert Special Characters dialog box will appear.
4. Use the drop-down arrows above the character grid to browse

groups of symbols. In our example, we are browsing for musical
symbols to add to our document.
5. Click the desired symbol to insert it into your document.
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6. The symbol will appear in your document.
Spell check and suggested spelling
By default, Google Docs will automatically check for misspelled words and
make suggested spellings. Words with spelling suggestions are underlined in
red.
To use suggested spelling:

1. Right-click an underlined word. A drop-down menu with suggested
spellings for the misspelled word will appear. Select the correct
spelling from the list.
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2. The correct spelling will appear in place of the misspelled word in the
document.
Occasionally, Google Docs will suggest spellings for a word it does not recognize,
like the name of a person or a company. If you are certain of the spelling, you can
add the word to the dictionary. Once you add a word to the dictionary, Google Docs
will keep the spelling of the word.
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Using find and replace
When you're working with longer documents, it can be difficult and time consuming
to locate a specific word or phrase within the document. Google Docs can
automatically search your document using the find feature, and it even allows you
to change words or phrases using the replace feature.
To find text:
1. Click Edit, then select Find and replace.
2. The Find and replace dialog box will appear.

3. Type the text you want to find in the Find field. The number of
times the word appears in the text will appear in the Find field, and
each appearance will be highlighted throughout the document.
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4. If the word appears more than once, you can click

the Prev and Next arrows to jump to the next appearance. When the word
is selected, the highlight will darken and pulsate briefly.
5. Click X to close the dialog box.
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To replace text:
1. Click Edit, then select Find and replace. The Find and
replace dialog box will appear.
2. Type the text you want to find in the Find field. Type the text you
want to replace it with in the Replace with field.
3. Click Next or Prev and then Replace to replace text. If you want to
replace all occurrences of the text within the document,
click Replace all.
The Toolbar Shortcut menu
Google Docs offers a variety of text formatting options you can use to modify the
look and feel of your document. These options are located in the Toolbar
Shortcut menu. In the next few pages, you'll learn how these options can help
enhance your document's appearance.
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To change the font:

1. Select the text you want to modify.
2. Click the Font box from the toolbar. A drop-down menu of fonts
appears. The name of each font has been formatted to look like the
style it describes.
3. Select the font you want to use. In our example, we'll select the
Roboto font.
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4. The selected text will change to the new font.
If you don't see the font you're looking for—or if you would like more fonts to choose
from—Google Docs allows you to add additional fonts to the Font drop-down menu.
Click More fonts from the bottom of the Font drop-down menu to open
the Fonts dialog box.
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To change font size:

2. Click the Font size box from the toolbar. A drop-down menu of font
sizes appears.
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3. Select the font size you want to use. In our example, we'll change
the font size to 24 to make it larger.
4. The text will change to the new font size.
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To change text color:

2. Click the Text color box from the toolbar. A drop-down menu of text
colors appears.
3. Select the box of the text color you want to use. In our example, we'll
choose blue.
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4. The text will change to the new color.
To use the bold, italic, and underline buttons:

2. Click the bold (B), italic (I), or underline (U) button from the shortcut
toolbar.
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To change text alignment:
There are four alignment buttons in Google Docs.
• Left align: Aligns all selected text to the left margin

• Center align: Aligns text an equal distance from the left and right
margins
• Right align: Aligns all selected text to the right margin
• Justify: Text is equal on both sides and lines up equally to the right
and left margins; many newspapers and magazines use full
justification
1. Select the text you want to align.
2. Click the desired alignment button.
3. The text will realign.
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Line and paragraph spacing
In Google Docs, line spacing is measured in lines. For example, when text
is double spaced, the line spacing is two lines high. You can reduce the line
spacing to fit more lines on the page, or you can increase it to improve readability.
To format line spacing:

1. Select the text you want to format.
2. Click the Line spacing button, then select the desired line spacing
option from the drop-down menu. You can also click Custom
spacing to fine tune the spacing.
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3. The line spacing will adjust in the document.
Paragraph spacing
Just as you can format spacing between lines in your document, you can choose
spacing options between each paragraph. Typically, extra spaces are added
between paragraphs, headings, or subheadings. Extra spacing between
paragraphs is another way to help to make a document easier to read.
To format paragraph spacing:

1. Select the text you want to format.
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2. Click the Line spacing button.

3. Select Add space before paragraph or Add space after
paragraph from the drop-down menu. You can also click Custom
spacing to fine tune the spacing.
4. The paragraph spacing will adjust in the document.
To remove paragraph spacing, click the line spacing button, then select Remove
space before paragraph or Remove space after paragraph.
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Hyperlinks
A hyperlink is a link to a web address (or URL). If you want to include a web
address in your Google document, you can format it as a hyperlink for someone to
click. The hyperlink will then open the webpage in a new browser window.
To insert a hyperlink:
Hyperlinks have two basic parts: the address (URL) of the webpage and
the display text. For example, the address could
be http://www.apple.com/ipad and the display text could be Apple iPad. When
you're creating a hyperlink in Google Docs, you'll be able to choose both the
address and the display text.
1. Select the text you want to make a hyperlink.
2. Click the Insert link button, or right-click the selected text and
click Link.
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3. The Edit Link dialog box will appear. In the Text field, the selected
text will appear. You can modify this text if you want.
4. Type the address you want to link to in the Link field. Google Docs
may automatically fill in this field if the text you've selected looks like
a URL.
5. Click Apply. The text you selected will now be a hyperlink.
6. Click the link to view the URL.
If you want to change or remove the hyperlink, click the link and
select Change or Remove from the options that appear below the hyperlink.
Headers and footers
The header is a section of the document that appears in the top margin, while
the footer is a section of the document that appears in the bottom margin. Text
entered in the header or footer will appear on each page of the document.
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To insert a header or footer:

1. Click Insert, then select either Header or Footer from the drop-
down menu.
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2. Depending on your selection, the insertion point will relocate to either

the top or bottom margin of the page.
3. Type the desired text. When you're finished, press the Esc key on
your keyboard to close the header or footer.
After you close the header or footer, it will still be visible, but it will be locked. To
edit it again, just click anywhere on the header or footer, and it will become
unlocked.
Formatting text in a header or footer
To format text in headers and footers, you can use many of the same formatting
options that are available to format text in the body of your document. You
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can align the text, modify the font style and size, and add bolding, italics,
and underlining. Visit our lesson on Formatting Text and Adding Hyperlinks to
learn more about the formatting options available in Google Docs.
To add page numbers to a header or footer:
Google Docs can automatically label each page with a page number and place it
in a header or footer. If you want to display the word Page as part of the page
number, you will need to type Page at the desired location in the header.
1. Select the document's header or footer.

2. Place the insertion point where you want the page number to
appear. Type the word Page if you want.
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3. Click Insert and hover the mouse over Page number, then
select Top of page or Bottom of page.
4. The page number will appear.
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To display the page count:
Google Docs can also automatically display the page count—or how many pages
your document has—in the header or footer. If you want to add the page count
next to the page number, you will need to type the word of after the page number.
1. Place the insertion point after the page number, then type of.
2. Click Insert, then select Page count from the drop-down menu.
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3. The page count will appear in the document after the page number.
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Page breaks
Page breaks allow you to have more control over the layout of your document.
You might use a page break if you're writing a paper that has a title page or
a bibliography to ensure it starts on a new page.
To insert a page break:

1. Place the insertion point at the location where you want the page
break to appear.
2. Click Insert, then select Page break from the drop-down menu.
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3. The page break will appear in the document.
To remove a page break, place the insertion point below the break and press
the Backspace key on your keyboard. You may need to press the key several
times to delete the break.
Working with footnotes
A footnote provides additional information on the text it refers to. It could include
information for how to learn more about the topic, or it could include a citation (a
reference to published work) for a quote used in the text. Footnotes are commonly
used in research reports and academic writing.
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To add footnotes:
1. Place the insertion point after the text the footnote will refer to.
2. Click Insert, then select Footnote from the drop-down menu.
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3. Google Docs will place a superscript number in the body of the

document, as well as at the bottom of the page. The insertion point
will now be at the bottom of the page.
4. Type the text you want to display as additional information.
5. When you're done, press the Esc key on your keyboard to return to
the body of the document.
Horizontal lines
Horizontal lines separate text into sections. The addition of a few thoughtfully
placed horizontal lines can make your document more visually appealing and
easier to read.
To add a horizontal line:

1. Place the insertion point at the location where you want the
horizontal line to appear.
2. Click Insert, then select Horizontal line from the drop-down menu.
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3. The horizontal line will appear in the document.
To remove a horizontal line, double-click the line to select it, then press
the Backspace or Delete key on your keyboard.
To insert a table:
1. Place the insertion point at the location where you want to insert a
table.
2. Click the Table drop-down menu and hover the mouse over Insert
table. A grid of squares appears.
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3. Drag the mouse over the grid of squares to select the number
of columns and rows in the table.
4. Click the mouse, and the table appears in the document. The
insertion point will now be in the top-left cell.
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To delete the table, right-click anywhere on the table and select Delete table from
the menu that appears.
To add an additional row:

1. Right-click in a row adjacent to the location where you want to add
a row, then select Insert row above or Insert row below from the
menu that appears.
2. The new row appears in the table.
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To add an additional column:

1. Right-click in a column adjacent to the location where you want the
new column to appear, then select Insert column left or Insert
column right from the menu that appears.
2. The new column appears in the table.
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To delete a row or column:

• Right-click the mouse in the row or column you want to delete, then
select Delete row or Delete column from the menu that appears.
Editing table properties
In Google Docs, you can make modifications to an existing table by adjusting

the table properties like cell dimensions, alignment, border size, and color.
To modify cell dimensions:
You can modify the dimensions of cells by adjusting their border lines.
1. Hover over the border line you want to modify. The cursor will
change into a double arrow.
2. Click and drag the border line. A blue guide line will appear to help
you see the new length and width of the cell.
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3. Release the mouse at the desired location. The cell dimensions will
change.
You can also enter exact cell dimensions using the Table Properties dialog box.
Right-click the cell you want to modify, then select Table properties from the
menu that appears.
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To modify horizontal cell alignment:
You can modify the horizontal alignment of a cell so its contents are aligned to
the left, center, or right side of the cell. In Google Docs, horizontal cell alignment is
changed by selecting one of the four alignment buttons in the shortcut toolbar.
1. Select the cell or cells you want to align.
2. Click the desired alignment button from the four options in

the shortcut toolbar.
3. The text will realign.
To modify vertical cell alignment:
Vertical cell alignment refers to aligning the contents of a cell to the top, middle,
or bottom area of a cell. In Google Docs, you can change the vertical alignment of
a cell by modifying the Cell vertical alignment in the Table properties dialog box.
1. Select the cell or cells you want to align.
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2. Right-click and select Table properties from the menu that appears.
3. The Table Properties dialog box appears. Click the Cell vertical
alignment box.
4. Select the desired alignment.
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5. Click OK. The text will realign.
To modify border size:

1. Right-click anywhere in the table. Select Table properties from the
menu that appears.
2. The Table Properties dialog box will appear. Click
the Table border size drop-down arrow, then select the desired
size.
3. Click OK. The new border size will appear in the document.
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To change cell background color:

1. Select the cell or cells you want to modify.
2. Right-click and select Table properties from the menu that appears.
3. The Table Properties dialog box will appear. Click the Cell
background color drop-down arrow, then select the desired color.
4. Click OK. The new color will be applied to the cells.
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To modify border color:

1. Right-click anywhere in the table. Select Table properties from the
menu that appears.
2. The Table Properties dialog box will appear. Click
the Table border color drop-down arrow, then select the desired
color.
3. Click OK. The new border color will be applied to the table.
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To upload an image:
1. Place the insertion point in the document where you want to insert
the image.
2. Click Insert > Image > Upload from computer.
3. Select the image you'd like to use and then click Open.
Searching for images
When you search for an image in Google Docs, it's important to know that almost
all of the images Google finds will belong to someone else. Google tries to filter
the results to only show free Creative Commons images, but it is important to go
to the source of an image to check the copyright license. For more information on
how to use images found on the Internet, read our lesson on Copyright and Fair
Use.
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To search for an image:

1. Place the insertion point in the document where you want to insert
the image.
2. Click Insert > Image > Search the web.
3. A search pane will appear on the right side of the window. Type the
desired search term, then press Enter.
4. Review the search results. Select the desired image, then

click Insert.
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5. The image will appear in the document.
To delete an image, select it and press the Backspace or Delete key on your
keyboard.
Other options for inserting images
Google Docs offers several additional options for inserting images. If you have the
URL of an image or collection of images stored in online albums or in your Google
Drive, you can easily access and insert these pictures as well. Always remember
to check the copyright license of an image before placing it in your document.
• By URL: This option is useful if you have the URL of a particular

image. When the URL is entered correctly in the Paste URL of
image... field, a preview of the image will appear. Click Select to
insert the image into your document.
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• Your photos: Selecting Photos gives you access to your Google

account profile images. If you use Google Photos to organize your
photos, any albums you have created there will also be visible in the
dialog box. Click an album to open it and select an image.
• Google Drive: If you have images stored in your Google

Drive account, clicking Google Drive will give you access to these
images. You have the option of sorting pictures to show all of the
images in your Google Drive, only those shared with you, or only
your most recently uploaded images.
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Editing images
Sometimes when you insert an image or a picture from a file, you may find that you
will need to change the position of the image or resize it to make it look well
placed in your document.
To edit the position of an image:
You may notice that it is difficult to change the position of the image to another
location in the document. This is because of the text-wrapping settings on the
image. You'll need to change the text-wrapping setting if you want to move the
image freely, or if you just want the text to wrap around the image in a more natural
way. The positioning options are:
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• In line: This option aligns the image with the text. The image will
move with the text if additional text is added or deleted. However,
this option gives you less freedom to move the image where you
want.
• Wrap text: This option causes the text to wrap around the image.
Use this option if you want to move the image to another location in
the document.
• Break text: This option is like text wrapping, but the image will act
as a break—meaning text will only appear above and below the
image, not to the left or right.
1. Select the image you want to change the position of. The three
positioning options appear below the image.
2. Select Wrap text. Hover the mouse over the image, and the cursor
will change into directional arrows. Click and drag the image to the
desired location.
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3. Release the mouse, and the image will move to the selected position.
The text wraps around the image.
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To edit the size of an image:

1. Select the image you want to resize. Resizing handles appear
around the image.
2. Click and drag one of the corner sizing handles. The image will
change size while keeping the same proportions. If you want to
stretch it horizontally or vertically, you can use the side sizing
handles.
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Sharing files
Whenever you share a file from your Google Drive, you can let others view and
even edit that same file. While you can share any file stored on your Google Drive,
it's important to note that you can only use the collaboration features for
files created within your Drive.
Let's look at the example of Olenna, an art teacher who uses her Google Drive to
organize letters, lesson plans, and more. Olenna's files include:
• Files she keeps private, like her spreadsheet with classroom

expenses
• Files she lets others edit, like the lesson-planning documents she
creates with her co-teacher
• Files she shares publicly and doesn't let others edit, like the
newsletters and announcements she shares with her students and
their parents
• Files others share with her, including ones she can edit, like her
co-teacher's supply inventory; and ones she can't, like a schedule
sent to her by the principal
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As you can tell, no single sharing setting would be right for all of Olenna's files. The
settings you choose for each of your shared files will probably depend on why
you're sharing it in the first place.
When you share a file with a limited group of people, your collaborators
must sign in with a Google account to view or edit the file. However, when you
share with a larger group or make the file public, your collaborators will not need
a Google account to access the file.
To share a file with a limited group of people:

1. Locate and select the file you want to share, then click
the Share button.
2. A dialog box will appear. In the People box, type the email addresses of the
people you'd like to share the file with. If you want, you can add
a message that will be emailed to the people you share the file with.
3. Click Send. Your file will be shared.
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For more control over your files, you can click the drop-down arrow to decide
whether people can edit, comment on, or simply view the file.
Sharing with a link
You can easily share a file with a larger group of people by providing a link to any
file in your Google Drive. A link is basically a URL or web address for any file you
want to share. This can be especially helpful for files that would be too large to
send as an email attachment, like music or video files. You can also share a file
by posting the link to a public webpage. Anyone who clicks the link will be
redirected to the file.
To share a link:
1. Locate and select the file you want to share, then click
the Share button.
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2. A dialog box will appear. Click Get shareable link.
3. A link to the file will be copied to your web clipboard. You can
then paste the link in an email message or on the Web to share the
file. When you're finished, click Done.
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Files shared with you
People can also choose to share files with you. These files will appear in
your Shared with Me folder. However, if you'd prefer to access a file from your
Google Drive without switching to this view, you can move it. To do this, navigate
to your Shared with Me folder, hover the mouse over the desired file, then
select Add to My Drive.
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Collaboration tools
Whenever you share a file in a Google Drive format, you'll have the option to allow
your co-editors to change and edit the file. Google Drive offers several tools that
enhance collaboration by making it easier to communicate with your co-editors
and to see which changes have been made and by whom.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the collaboration features
in Google Drive.
Suggesting mode
Google Drive also has a feature called Suggesting mode, which is similar to
the Track Changes feature in Microsoft Office. This allows each collaborator to
make changes, while giving the other collaborators a chance to review the changes
before making them permanent. This page has more information about how to
make suggested edits and accept or reject other people's changes.
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Typing with your voice

1. Click Tools, then select Voice typing.
2. Click the microphone in the small dialog box that appears.
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3. If a popup appears, click Allow.
4. Start talking, and Google will transcribe what it hears. You can add
punctuation using voice commands like comma and period. Here is what
we said in our example:
"Google’s voice typing feature works pretty well (comma) and it even lets
you add punctuation using voice commands (period) Even though mistakes
are likely to occur (comma) it is still a great way to create notes very quickly
(period)"
And here is what Google transcribed:
5. Click the microphone again to turn off voice typing.
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Google’s voice recognition is good, but it knows that it isn’t perfect, so it underlines
words that it’s not sure about in gray. This makes it easier for you to spot any
errors.
To fix an error, place your cursor over underlined text, right-click, and choose the
best option.
Making edits with your voice
Voice commands allow you to make edits to your text without touching the
keyboard. To find a full list of available voice commands, hover over the
microphone, and click the question mark.
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Here are some examples of how to use voice commands.
• "Select are likely to occur."
• "Delete."
• "Might happen."
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• "Stop listening." This command turns off voice typing

.
While it is possible to do extensive edits using only your voice, it can be

challenging. If you’re able to work with a mouse and keyboard, you're probably
better off using those to make your edits.
Voice typing might not be the best way to edit your resume, but it is a great tool for
when you are brainstorming or need to quickly take some notes.
The Google Slides interface
When you create a new presentation in Google Slides, the interface for Slides
will appear. This interface displays the toolbar, along with the main view of your
presentation. It allows you to create and modify slides, choose a theme,
and share the presentation with others.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the interface for Google
Slides.
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Choosing a theme
When you first create a new presentation, Google Slides will prompt you to
choose a theme. Themes give you a quick and easy way to change the overall
design of your presentation. Each theme has a unique combination
of colors, fonts, and slide layouts. Select a theme from the panel on the right
side of the window, and it will be applied to your entire presentation.
You can choose from a variety of new themes at any time, giving your entire
presentation a consistent, professional look. If you want to change your theme,
you can open the Themes panel again by clicking the Theme command on
the shortcut toolbar.
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Working with the Google Slides environment
Here, we'll show you how to navigate the Google Slides environment. You'll learn
how to use the menu and shortcut toolbars, zoom in and out, and play your
presentation.
The menu and shortcut toolbars
The Google Slides interface uses a traditional menu system with a shortcut
toolbar. The menus contain commands grouped by function. The shortcut
toolbar has buttons for some frequently used commands.
Showing and hiding the menus
You can choose to minimize the menu bar to free up more space to display your
slides. Click the Hide the menus command to hide the menu bar, leaving only
the shortcut toolbar at the top of the window. Click it again to show the menu bar
again.
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Zooming in and out
You can zoom in and out of your presentation with the Zoom shortcut.
Click Zoom on the shortcut toolbar, then move the mouse cursor over your slide.
The cursor will change to a magnifying class with a plus sign inside of it. Now you
can left-click to zoom in or right-click to zoom out. Press Escape on your keyboard
to return your cursor to normal.
You can set the zoom more precisely in the View menu.
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Playing the presentation
When you are ready to show your presentation—or if you want to see what it will
look like during a presentation—click the Present button to the right of the menus.
You can also click the drop-down arrow for additional presentation options.
Understanding slides and slide layouts
When you insert a new slide, it will usually have placeholders to show you where
text will be placed. Slides have different layouts for placeholders, depending on
the type of information you want to include. Whenever you create a new slide, you'll
need to choose a slide layout that fits your content.
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Creating a slide and selecting a layout
Whenever you start a new presentation, it will contain one slide with the Title
Slide layout. You can insert as many slides as you need from a variety of layouts.
1. Click the drop-down arrow next to the New slide command.
2. Choose the desired slide layout from the menu that appears.
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3. The new slide will appear.
To change the layout of an existing slide, click the Layout command, then choose
the desired layout.
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To quickly add a slide that uses the same layout as the selected slide, click the
New slide command.
Organizing slides
Google Slides presentations can contain as many slides as you need. The Slide
Navigation pane on the left side of the screen makes it easy to organize your
slides. From there, you can duplicate, rearrange, and delete slides in your
presentation.
• Duplicate slides: If you want to copy and paste a slide quickly, you
can duplicate it. To duplicate slides, select the slide you want
to duplicate, right-click the mouse, and choose Duplicate
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slide from the menu that appears. You can also duplicate multiple
slides at once by selecting them first.
• Move slides: It's easy to change the order of your slides. Just click
and drag the desired slide in the Slide Navigation pane to the
desired position.
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• Delete slides: If you want to remove a slide from your presentation,

you can delete it. Simply select the slide you want to delete, then
press the Delete or Backspace key on your keyboard.
Customizing slide layouts
Sometimes you may find that a slide layout doesn't exactly fit your needs. For
example, a layout might have too many—or too few—placeholders. You might also
want to change how the placeholders are arranged on the slide. Fortunately,
Google Slides makes it easy to adjust slide layouts as needed.
Adjusting placeholders
• To select a placeholder: Hover the mouse over the edge of the
placeholder and click (you may need to click the text in the
placeholder first to see the border).
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• To move a placeholder: Select the placeholder, then click and drag it to

the desired location.
• To resize a placeholder: Select the placeholder you want to

resize. Sizing handles will appear. Click and drag the sizing
handles until the placeholder is the desired size. You can use the corner
sizing handles to change the placeholder's height and width at the same
time.
• To delete a placeholder: Select the placeholder you want to delete, then

press the Delete or Backspace key on your keyboard.
Using blank slides
If you want even more control over your content, you may prefer to use a blank
slide, which contains no placeholders. Blank slides can be customized by adding
your own text boxes, pictures, charts, and more.
• To insert a blank slide, click the drop-down arrow next to the New
slide command, then choose Blank from the menu that appears.
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While blank slides offer more flexibility, keep in mind that you won't be able to take
advantage of the pre-designed layouts included in each theme.
Changing the theme
You can quickly alter the layout and color palette of all of your slides by changing
the theme of the presentation. The theme can be changed at any time.
1. Click the Theme command on the shortcut toolbar.
2. The Themes pane will appear. Select the desired theme.
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3. The theme will be applied to the entire presentation.
To select a different background color for your slides, open the Slide menu and
click Change background, then select a new color. If you select a color from the
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Theme palette, it will change when you select a different theme. The other colors
will remain the same in any theme.
Be aware that if you have moved or resized a placeholder, it won't change with the
theme. To fix this, you can reapply the slide's original layout in the Layout menu.
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Playing your presentation
Once you've arranged your slides, you may want to play your presentation. This is
how you will present your slide show to an audience.
1. Click the Present button to the right of the menus. You can also click
the drop-down arrow for additional presentation options.
2. The presentation will appear in a maximized window. A navigation

bar in the lower-left corner provides you with several options for
displaying your presentation.
3. You can advance to the next slide by clicking your mouse or

pressing the spacebar on your keyboard. You can also use
the arrow keys on your keyboard to move forward or backward
through the presentation.
4. Press the Esc key to exit presentation mode.
Google Slides has one pane to manage all of your transitions and animations.
The Animations pane will allow you to configure the transition and all animations
for the current slide.
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Transitions and animations are best used in moderation. Adding too many of these
effects can make your presentation look a little silly and can even be distracting to
your audience. Consider using mostly subtle transitions and animations—or not
using them at all.
To add a transition:
1. Select the desired slide, then click the Transition command on the
toolbar.
2. The Animations pane will appear. Open the drop-down menu at the
top of the pane, then select a transition.
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3. The transition will be applied to the current slide. You also can adjust
the speed of the transition or apply the same transition to all slides.
To add an animation:
1. Right-click the desired object, then select Animate.
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2. The Animations pane will appear. A default animation will be added

to the selected object and displayed in the pane.
3. Open the first drop-down box and select the desired animation.
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If the Animations pane is already open and you want to add more animations, you
can select an object and click Add animation. You can also add multiple animations
to one object.
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Let’s Do It!

1. Google Docs is most similar to which application?
A. Microsoft Word
B. Microsoft PowerPoint
C. Microsoft Outlook
D. Adobe Creative Suite
2. Inserting a header at the top of a page will make it appear on ____.
A. The first page only
B. Every page
C. Every other page
D. The last page only
3. Which command would you use to double-space the text in your document?
A. Line spacing
B. Bulleted list
C. Justify
D. Increase Indent
4. Google Docs allows you to insert or upload images from which source(s)?
Select all that apply.
A. The web search tool built into Google Docs
B. Your computer’s hard drive
C. Google Drive
D. Google Photos
5. To add text boxes or shapes to your document, you will need to ________.
A. Use the file menu
B. Insert a special character
C. Format the paragraph style
D. Insert a drawing
6. Google Slides is most similar to which of the following programs?
A. Microsoft Project
B. Adobe Photoshop
C. Microsoft Word
D. Microsoft PowerPoint
7. The drop-down arrow next to the New Slide commands lets you choose
________.
A. Transition
B. Slide layouts
C. Slide dimensions
D. Print settings
8. When presenting your slide show, what are some of the ways you can
advance to the next slide? Select all that apply.
A. Pressing the shift key
B. Pressing the spacebar
C. Clicking your mouse
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D. Using the arrow keys

9. What is the fastest way to change all of the slide layouts and colors of your
presentation?
A. Manual change the colors and layouts on each slide
B. Apply a new theme
C. Delete the slides and reinsert them
D. Apply a transition
10. Let's say you want to add a company logo to the bottom-right corner of every
slide. What's the most efficient way to do this?
A. Insert the logo once, copy it, then paste it to the other slides.
B. Insert the logo on the master slide
C. Use the insert picture command on the insert tab
D. Copy the picture, select all of the slide thumbnails, right-click, and
choose paste.
Closure
You have got lots of things about the Google docs and google slide presenation.
Now, you’re able to proceed to the next lesson.
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Spreadsheet Processing LESSON 2
Introduction
This lesson will introduce you on how to navigate the google sheet and its
functions. Also, this lesson will introduce to you the various formula available in
google sheet.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the spreadsheet processing environment.

2. Apply the various formula and methods spreadsheet processing.
Let’s Get Started
COMPUTE ME. In this activity I want you to compute the data given below.
Addition Multiplication
2 2 ?? 2 2 ??
3 6 ?? 3 6 ??
5 7 ?? 5 7 ??
Division Subtraction
2 2 ?? 2 2 ??
3 6 ?? 3 6 ??
5 7 ?? 5 7 ??
Let’s Think About it
Considered the questions that follow:
1. What is your technique in computing the data given?

2. Did you use a calculator?
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3. How much time did you spend in computing the subtraction,

multiplication, division, and addition table?
Let’s Explore!
What is google sheets?
Google Sheets is a free, an online spreadsheet app that lets you create
and format spreadsheets and work with other people. That means you open it in
your browser window like a regular webpage, but you have all the functionality of
a full spreadsheet application for doing powerful data analysis.
How Google Sheets differ from Excel?
• Google Sheets is cloud-based whereas Excel is a desktop program.

• Collaboration is baked into Sheets, so it works extremely well. Excel is still
trying to play catch up here.
• Both have charting tools and Pivot Table tools for data analysis, although
Excel’s are more powerful in both cases.
• Excel can handle much bigger datasets than Sheets, which has a limit of
2 million cells.
• Being a cloud-based program, Google Sheets integrates really well with
other online Google services and third-party sites.
• Both have scripting languages to extend their functionality and build
custom tools. Google Sheets uses Apps Script (a variant of Javascript)
and Excel uses VBA.
How to create your first Google Sheet?
To create a new Google spreadsheet:

1. While viewing your Google Drive, click New and select Google
Sheets from the drop-down menu.
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2. The spreadsheet will appear in a new browser tab.
3. To name your spreadsheet, locate and select Untitled

spreadsheet at the top of the page. Type a name for your
spreadsheet, then press Enter on your keyboard.
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4. Your spreadsheet will be renamed.
5. Whenever you need to view or edit your spreadsheet, you can

access it again from your Google Drive, where it will
be saved automatically.
You may notice that there is no save button. This is because Google Drive
uses autosave, which automatically and immediately saves your files as you edit
them.
Google Sheets interface
In order to use and edit spreadsheets, you will need to become familiar with
the Google Sheets interface.
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Cell basics
Every spreadsheet is made up of thousands of rectangles, which are

called cells. A cell is the intersection of a row and a column. Columns are
identified by letters (A, B, C), while rows are identified by numbers (1, 2, 3).
Each cell has its own name—or cell address—based on its column and
row. In this example, the selected cell intersects column C and row 10, so the cell
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address is C10. Note that a cell's column and row headings become darker when
the cell is selected.
You can also select multiple cells at the same time. A group of cells is known
as a cell range. Rather than a single cell address, you'll refer to a cell range using
the cell address of the first and last cells in the cell range, separated by a colon.
For example, a cell range that included cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 would be
written as A1:A5.
In the images below, two different cell ranges are selected:
• Cell range A2:A8
• Cell range A2:B8
Understanding cell content
Any information you enter into a spreadsheet will be stored in a cell. Each cell
can contain several different types of content,
including text, formatting, formulas, and functions.
• Text: Cells can contain text, such as letters, numbers, and dates.
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• Formatting attributes: Cells can contain formatting attributes that

change the way letters, numbers, and dates are displayed. For
example, percentages can appear as 0.15 or 15%. You can even
change a cell's background color.
• Formulas and functions: Cells can contain formulas and functions that
calculate cell values. In our example, SUM(B2:B8) adds the value of each
cell in cell range B2:B8 and displays the total in cell B9.
To select cells:
To input or edit cell content, you'll first need to select the cell.
1. Click a cell to select it.

2. A blue box will appear around the selected cell.
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You can also select cells using the arrow keys on your keyboard.
To select a cell range:
Sometimes you may want to select a larger group of cells, or cell range.
1. Click and drag the mouse until all of the cells you want to select
are highlighted.
2. Release the mouse to select the desired cell range.
To insert cell content:

1. Select the desired cell.
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2. Type content into the selected cell, then press Enter. The content
will appear in the cell and the formula bar. You can also input
content into and edit cell content in the formula bar.
To delete cell content:

1. Select the cell you want to delete.
2. Press the Delete or Backspace key on your keyboard. The cell's contents
will be deleted.
To copy and paste cells:
It's easy to copy content that is already entered into your spreadsheet
and paste this content to other cells.
1. Select the cells you want to copy.

2. Press Ctrl+C (Windows) or Command+C (Mac) on your keyboard
to copy the cells.
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3. Select the cell or cells where you want to paste the cells. The
copied cells will now have a box around them.

to paste the cells.
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To cut and paste cells:
Unlike copying and pasting—which duplicates cell content—cutting and

pasting moves content between cells.
1. Select the cells you want to cut.
2. Press Ctrl+X (Windows) or Command+X (Mac) on your keyboard

to cut the cells. The cell content will remain in its original location
until the cells are pasted.
3. Select the cell or cells where you want to paste the cells.

to paste the cells.
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There may be times when you want to copy and paste only certain parts of a cell's
content. In these cases, you can use the Paste Special option. Click Edit in the
toolbar menu, hover the mouse over Paste Special, and select your desired paste
option from the drop-down menu.
To drag and drop cells:
Rather than cutting and pasting, you can drag and drop cells to move their
contents.
1. Select a cell, then hover the mouse over an outside edge of the
blue box. The cursor will turn into a hand icon.
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2. Click and drag the cell to its desired location.
3. Release the mouse to drop the cell.
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To use the fill handle:
There may be times when you want to copy the content of one cell to several other
cells in your spreadsheet. You could copy and paste the content into each cell,
but this method would be time consuming. Instead, you can use the fill handle to
quickly copy and paste content from one cell to any other cells in the same row or
column.
1. Select the cell you want to use. A small square—known as the fill
handle—will appear in the bottom-right corner of the cell.
2. Hover the mouse over the fill handle. The cursor will change to a
black cross.
3. Click and drag the fill handle over the cells you want to fill.
A dotted black line will appear around the cells that will be filled.
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4. Release the mouse to fill the selected cells.
Using the fill handle to continue a series
The fill handle can also be used to continue a series. Whenever the content of a
row or column follows a sequential order—like numbers (1, 2,
3) or days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday)—the fill handle will guess what
should come next in the series. In our example below, the fill handle is used to
extend a series of dates in a column.
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5. Release the mouse to fill the selected cells.
Using the fill handle to continue a series
The fill handle can also be used to continue a series. Whenever the
content of a row or column follows a sequential order—like numbers (1, 2,
3) or days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday)—the fill handle will guess what
should come next in the series. In our example below, the fill handle is used to
extend a series of dates in a column.
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Google Sheets - Modifying Columns, Rows, and Cells
By default, the cells of every new spreadsheet are always the same size.
Once you begin entering information into your spreadsheet, it's easy
to customize rows and columns to better fit your data.
In this lesson, you'll learn how to change the height and width of rows and
columns, as well as how to insert, move, delete, and freeze them. You'll also
learn how to wrap and merge cells.
To modify column width:
In our example below, some of the content in column B is too long to be

displayed. We can make all of this content visible by changing the width of
column B.
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1. Hover the mouse over the line between two columns. The cursor
will turn into a double arrow.
2. Click and drag the column border to the right to increase column
width. Dragging the border to the left will decrease column width.
3. Release the mouse when you are satisfied with the new column
width. All of the cell content is now visible.
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To autosize a column's width:
The autosizing feature will allow you to set a column's width to fit its
content automatically.
1. Hover the mouse over the line between two columns. The cursor
will turn into a double arrow.
2. Double-click the mouse.
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3. The column's width will be changed to fit the content.
To modify row height:
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You can make cells taller by modifying the row height. Changing the row height
will create additional space in a cell, which often makes it easier to view cell
content.
1. Hover the mouse over the line between two rows. The cursor will
turn into a double arrow.
2. Click and drag the row border down to increase the height.
Dragging the border up will decrease the row height.
3. Release the mouse when you are satisfied with the new row height.
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To modify all rows or columns:
Rather than resizing rows and columns individually, you can modify the height and
width of every row and column in a spreadsheet at the same time using the Select
All button. This method allows you to set a uniform size for the spreadsheet's
rows and columns. In our example, we'll set a uniform row height.
1. Click the Select All button just below the formula bar to select
every cell in the spreadsheet.
2. Hover the mouse over the line between two rows. The cursor will
turn into a double arrow.
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3. Click and drag the row border to modify the height.
4. Release the mouse when you are satisfied with the new row height
for the spreadsheet.
Inserting, deleting, and moving rows and columns
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After you've been working with a spreadsheet for a while, you may find that you
want to add new columns or rows, delete certain rows or columns, or
even move them to a different location in the spreadsheet.
To insert a column:
1. Right-click a column heading. A drop-down menu will appear.
There are two options to add a column. Select Insert 1 left to add a
column to the left of the current column, or select Insert 1 right to
add a column to the right of the current column.
2. The new column will be inserted into the spreadsheet.
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To insert a row:
1. Right-click a row heading. A drop-down menu will appear. There
are two options to add a row. Select Insert 1 above to add a
row above the current row, or select Insert 1 below to add a
column below the current row.
2. The new row will be inserted into the spreadsheet.
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If you need to add more than one row at a time, you can scroll to the bottom of
the spreadsheet and click the Add button. By default, this will add 1000 new rows
to your spreadsheet, but you can also set the number of rows to add in the text
box.
To delete a row or column:
It's easy to delete any row or column you no longer need in your spreadsheet. In
our example, we'll delete a row, but you can delete a column in the same way.
1. Select the row you want to delete.
2. Right-click the row heading, then select Delete row from the drop-
down menu.
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3. The rows below the deleted row will shift up to take its place. In
our example, row 8 is now row 7.
There's a difference between deleting a row or column and simply clearing its
contents. If you want to remove the content of a row or column without causing
the others to shift, right-click a heading, then select Clear row or Clear column.
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To move a row or column:
Sometimes you may want to move a column or row to make it more accessible in
your spreadsheet. In our example, we'll move a column, but you can move a row
in the same way.
1. Select the column you want to move, then hover the mouse over the
column heading. The cursor will become a hand icon.
2. Click and drag the column to its desired position. An outline of the
column will appear.
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3. Release the mouse when you are satisfied with the new location.
Wrapping text and merging cells
Whenever you have too much cell content to be displayed in a single cell,
you may decide to wrap the text or merge the cell rather than resize a column.
Wrapping the text will automatically modify a cell's row height, allowing the cell
contents to be displayed on multiple lines. Merging allows you to combine a cell
with adjacent empty cells to create one large cell.
To wrap text:
1. Select the cells you want to wrap. In this example, we're selecting
cell range C3:C10.
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2. Open the Text wrapping drop-down menu, then click

the Wrap button.
3. The cells will be automatically resized to fit their content.
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To merge cells:
1. Select the cells you want to merge. In this example, we're selecting
cell range A1:C1.
2. Select the Merge cells button.
3. The cells will now be merged into a single cell.
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To unmerge a cell, click the drop-down arrow next to the Merge cells button,
then select Unmerge from the drop-down menu.
Freezing rows and columns
When working with large spreadsheets, there will be times when you'll want
to see certain rows or columns all the time, especially when using header cells as
in our example below. By freezing rows or columns in place, you'll be able to scroll
through your spreadsheet while continuing to see the header cells.
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To freeze a row:
1. Locate the row or rows you want to freeze. In this example, we'll
freeze the top two rows. Note: You do not need to select the rows
you want to freeze.
2. Click View in the toolbar. Hover the mouse over Freeze, then
select the desired number of rows to freeze from the drop-down
menu.
3. The top two rows are frozen in place. You can scroll down your
worksheet while continuing to view the frozen rows at the top.
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To freeze a column:
1. Locate the column or columns you want to freeze. In this example,
we'll freeze the leftmost column. Note: You do not need to select the
columns you want to freeze.
2. Click View in the toolbar. Hover the mouse over Freeze, then select
the desired number of columns to freeze from the drop-down menu.
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3. The leftmost column is now frozen in place. You can scroll across
your worksheet while continuing to view the frozen column on the
left.
To unfreeze rows, click View, hover the mouse over Freeze, then
select No rows. To unfreeze columns, click View, hover the mouse over Freeze,
then select No columns.
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Google Sheets - Creating Simple Formulas
When working with numerical information, Google Sheets can be used to

perform calculations. In this lesson, you'll learn how to create simple
formulas that will add, subtract, multiply, and divide values. You will also be
introduced to the basics of using cell references in formulas.
Mathematical operators
Google Sheets uses standard operators for formulas: a plus sign for
addition (+), minus sign for subtraction (-), asterisk for multiplication (*), forward
slash for division (/), and caret (^) for exponents.
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All formulas must begin with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell
contains—or is equal to—the formula and the value it calculates.
Using cell references
When a formula contains a cell address, it is using a cell reference.

Creating a formula with cell references is useful because you can update the
numerical values in cells without having to rewrite the formula.
By combining a mathematical operator with cell references, you can create

a variety of simple formulas in Google Sheets. Formulas can also include a
combination of a cell reference and a number.
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Creating formulas
In our example, we'll use simple formulas and cell references to help calculate a
budget.
To create a formula:
1. Select the cell that will display the calculated value.
2. Type the equals sign (=).

3. Type the cell address of the cell you want to reference first in the
formula. A dotted border will appear around the cell being
referenced.
4. Type the operator you want to use. For example, type the addition
sign (+).
5. Type the cell address of the cell you want to reference second in
the formula.
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6. Press the Enter key on your keyboard. The formula calculates, and
Google Sheets displays the result.
To see how the formula recalculates, try changing the value in either cell. The
formula automatically displays the new value.
Google Sheets will not always tell you if your formula contains an error, so it's up
to you to check all of your formulas.
To create a formula using the point-and-click method:
Rather than type cell addresses, you can point and click the cells you want to
include in your formula.
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1. Select the cell that will display the calculated value.
2. Type the equals sign (=).

3. Click the cell you want to reference first in the formula. The
address of the cell appears in the formula.
4. Type the operator you want to use in the formula. For example, type
the multiplication sign (*).
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5. Click the cell you want to reference second in the formula. The
address of the cell appears in the formula.
6. Press the Enter key on your keyboard. The formula will be

calculated, and the value will appear in the cell.
To edit a formula:
Sometimes you may want to modify an existing formula. In our example, we typed
an incorrect cell address in our formula, so we need to correct it.
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1. Double-click the cell containing the formula you want to edit. The formula
will be displayed in the cell.
2. Make the desired edits to the formula. In our example, we will

replace C4 with C5.
3. When you're finished, press the Enter key on your keyboard. The
formula recalculates, and the new value displays in the cell.
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Google Sheets - Creating Complex Formulas

You may have experience working with formulas that contain only one operator,
such as 7+9. More complex formulas can contain several mathematical
operators, such as 5+2*8. When there's more than one operation in a formula,
the order of operations tells Google Sheets which operation to calculate first. To
write formulas that will give you the correct answer, you'll need to understand the
order of operations.
Order of operations
Google Sheets calculates formulas based on the following order of operations:
1. Operations enclosed in parentheses

2. Exponential calculations (3^2, for example)
3. Multiplication and division, whichever comes first
4. Addition and subtraction, whichever comes first
• A mnemonic that can help you remember the order

is Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally.
• First, we'll start by calculating anything inside parentheses. In this case,

there's only one thing we need to calculate: 6-3=3.
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As you can see, the formula already looks simpler. Next, we'll look to see if there
are any exponents. There is one: 2^2=4.
Next, we'll solve any multiplication and division, working from left to right. Because
the division operation comes before the multiplication, it's calculated first: 3/4=0.75.
Now, we'll solve our remaining multiplication operation: 0.75*4=3.
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Next, we'll calculate any addition or subtraction, again working from left to right.
Addition comes first: 10+3=13.
Finally, we have one remaining subtraction operation: 13-1=12.
Now we have our answer: 12. And this is the exact same result you would get if
you entered the formula into Excel.
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Creating complex formulas
In the example below, we'll demonstrate how Google Sheets solves a complex
formula using the order of operations. The complex formula in cell D6 calculates
the sales tax by adding the prices together and multiplying by the 5.5% tax rate
(which is written as 0.055).
Google Sheets follows the order of operations and first adds the values inside the
parentheses: (D3+D4+D5) = $274.10. Then it multiplies by the tax
rate: $274.10*0.055. The result will show that the tax is $15.08.
It's especially important to follow the order of operations when creating a formula.
Otherwise, Google Sheets won't calculate the results accurately. In our example,
if the parentheses are not included, the multiplication is calculated first and the
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result is incorrect. Parentheses are often the best way to define which calculations
will be performed first in Google Sheets.
To create a complex formula using the order of operations:
In the example below, we'll use cell references along with numerical values to
create a complex formula that will calculate the subtotal for a catering invoice.
The formula will calculate the cost of each menu item first, then add these values.
1. Select the cell that will contain the formula. In our example, we'll
select cell C5.
2. Enter your formula. In our example, we'll type =B3*C3+B4*C4. This

formula will follow the order of operations, first performing the
multiplication: 2.79*35 = 97.65 and 2.29*20 = 45.80. It then will add
these values to calculate the total: 97.65+45.80.
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3. Double-check your formula for accuracy, then press Enter on your

keyboard. The formula will calculate and display the result. In our
example, the result shows that the subtotal for the order is $143.45.
Google Sheets - Working with Functions

A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using
specific values in a particular order. Excel includes many common functions that
can be used to quickly find the sum, average, count, maximum value,
and minimum value for a range of cells. In order to use functions correctly, you'll
need to understand the different parts of a function and how to
create arguments to calculate values and cell references.
The parts of a function
Similar to entering a formula, the order in which you enter a function into a
cell is important. Each function has a specific order—called syntax—that must be
followed in order for the function to calculate properly. The basic syntax to create
a formula with a function is to insert an equals sign (=), a function
name (AVERAGE, for example, is the function name for finding an average), and
an argument. Arguments contain the information you want the formula to
calculate, such as a range of cell references.
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Working with arguments
Arguments can refer to both individual cells and cell ranges and must be
enclosed within parentheses. You can include one argument or multiple
arguments, depending on the syntax required for the function.
For example, the function =AVERAGE (B1:B9) would calculate the average of
the values in the cell range B1:B9. This function contains only one argument.
Multiple arguments must be separated by a comma. For example, the

function =SUM(A1:A3, C1:C2, E1) will add the values of all of the cells in the three
arguments.
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Creating a function
Google Sheets has a variety of functions available. Here are some of the most
common functions you'll use:
• SUM: This function adds all of the values of the cells in the argument.
• AVERAGE: This function determines the average of the values included in
the argument. It calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value
by the number of cells in the argument.
• COUNT: This function counts the number of cells with numerical data in
the argument. This function is useful for quickly counting items in a cell
range.
• MAX: This function determines the highest cell value included in the
argument.
• MIN: This function determines the lowest cell value included in the
argument.
• VLOOKUP: This function is use to find things in a table or a range by row.
To create a function using the Functions button:
The Functions button allows you to automatically return the results for a
range of cells. The answer will display in the cell below the range.
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1. Select the range of cells you want to include in the argument. In our
example, we'll select D3:D12.
2. Click the Functions button, then select the desired function from the
drop-down menu. In our example, we'll select SUM.
3. In the cell directly below the selected cells, the function appears.
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4. Press the Enter key on your keyboard. The function will be calculated,
and the result will appear in the cell. In our example, the sum
of D3:D12 is $765.29.
To create a function manually:
If you already know the function name, you can easily type it yourself. In the
example below, which is a tally of cookie sales, we'll use the AVERAGE function
to calculate the average number of units sold by each troop.
1. Select the cell where the answer will appear. In our example, we'll
select C10.
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2. Type the equals sign (=), then type the desired function name. You can
also select the desired function from the list of suggested functions that
appears below the cell as you type. In our example, we'll type =AVERAGE.
3. When typing a function manually, Google Sheets also displays a window

that lists the specific arguments the function needs. This window appears
when the first parenthesis is typed and stays visible as the arguments are
typed.
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4. Enter the cell range for the argument inside parentheses. In our
example, we'll type (C3:C9). This formula will add the values of cells
C3:C9, then divide that value by the total number of values in the range.
5. Press the Enter key on your keyboard, and the answer appears.
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Google Sheets - Sorting and Filtering Data
Google Sheets allows you to analyze and work with a significant amount of
data. As you add more content to your spreadsheet, organizing information in it
becomes important. Google Sheets allows you reorganize your data
by sorting and applying filters to it. You can sort your data by arranging it
alphabetically or numerically, or you can apply a filter to narrow down the data and
hide some of it from view.
Types of sorting
When sorting data, it's important to first decide if you want the sort to apply to
the entire sheet or to a selection of cells.
• Sort sheet organizes all of the data in your spreadsheet by one column.
Related information across each row is kept together when the sort is
applied. In the image below, the Name column has been sorted to display
client names in alphabetical order. Each client's address information has
been kept with each corresponding name.
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• Sort range sorts the data in a range of cells, which can be helpful when
working with a sheet that contains several tables. Sorting a range will not
affect other content on the worksheet.
To sort a sheet:
In the example above, sort a list of customers alphabetically by last name. In

order for sorting to work correctly, your worksheet should include a header row,
which is used to identify the name of each column. We will freeze the header row
so the header labels will not be included in the sort.
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1. Click View and hover the mouse over Freeze. Select 1 row from the menu
that appears.
2. The header row freezes. Decide which column will be sorted, then click
a cell in the column.
3. Click Data and select Sort Sheet by column, A-Z (ascending) or Sort
Sheet by column, Z-A (descending). In our example, we'll select Sort
Sheet by column, A-Z.
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4. The sheet will be sorted according to your selection.
To sort a range:
In the example above, select a secondary table in a T-shirt order form to sort the
number of shirts that were ordered by class.
1. Select the cell range you want to sort. In our example, we'll select
cell range G3:H6.
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2. Click Data and select Sort range from the drop-down menu.
3. The Sorting dialog box appears. Select the desired column you
want to sort by.
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4. Select ascending or descending. In our example, we'll select descending

(Z-A). Then click Sort.
5. The range will be sorted according to your selections (in our

example, the data has been sorted in descending order according to
the Orders column).
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To create a filter:
In the example, apply a filter to an equipment log worksheet to display only the
laptops and projectors that are available for checkout. In order for sorting to work
correctly, your worksheet should include a header row, which is used to identify
the name of each column. We will freeze the header row so the header labels will
not be included in the filter.
1. Click View and hover the mouse over Freeze. Select 1 row from
the menu that appears.
2. Click any cell that contains data.
3. Click the Filter button.
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4. A drop-down arrow appears in each column header.
5. Click the drop-down arrow for the column you want to filter. In this
example, filter column B to view only certain types of equipment.
6. Click Clear to remove all of the checks.
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7. Select the data you want to filter, then click OK. In this example,
check Laptop and Projector to view only these types of equipment.
8. The data will be filtered, temporarily hiding any content that doesn't match
the criteria. In this example, only laptops and projectors are visible.
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Applying multiple filters
Filters are cumulative, which means you can apply multiple filters to help
narrow down your results. In this example, you already filtered our worksheet to
show laptops and projectors, and we'd like to narrow it down further to only show
laptops and projectors that were checked out in August.
1. Click the drop-down arrow for the column you want to filter. In this
example, we will add a filter to column D to view information by date.
2. Check or uncheck the boxes depending on the data you want to filter, then
click OK. In the example, you uncheck everything except for August.
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3. The new filter will be applied. In the example, the worksheet is now filtered
to show only laptops and projectors that were checked out in August.
If you're collaborating with others on a sheet, you can create a filter view.
Creating a filter view allows you to filter data without affecting other people's view
of the data; it only affects your own view. It also allows you to name views and save
multiple views. You can create a filter view by clicking the drop-down arrow next
to the Filter button.
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To clear all filters:

• Click the Filter button, and the spreadsheet will return to its
original appearance.
SUMIF
Returns a conditional sum across a range.
Syntax
SUMIF(range, criterion, [sum_range])
• range - The range which is tested against criterion.

• criterion - The pattern or test to apply to range.
• If range contains text to check against, criterion must be a
string. criterion can contain wildcards including ? to match any
single character or * to match zero or more contiguous characters.
To match an actual question mark or asterisk, prefix the character
with the tilde (~) character (i.e. ~? and ~*). A string criterion must be
enclosed in quotation marks. Each cell in range is then checked
against criterion for equality (or match, if wildcards are used).
• If range contains numbers to check against, criterion may be either
a string or a number. If a number is provided, each cell in range is
checked for equality with criterion. Otherwise, criterion may be a
string containing a number (which also checks for equality), or a
number prefixed with any of the following operators: = (checks for
equality), > (checks that the range cell value is greater than the
criterion value), or < (checks that the range cell value is less than the
criterion value)
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• sum_range - The range to be summed, if different from range.
Examples:
AVERAGEIF function
- calculates the average of cells that meet one or multiple criteria.
Range
The range of cells that you want to apply the criteria against.
Criteria
The criteria used to determine which cells to average.
Average_range
Optional. It is the cells to average. If average_range is omitted, it

uses range as the value for this parameter.
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EXAMPLES:
What is the average value What is the average value

in the year 2012? from year 2012 and above?
IF FUNCTION
– evaluates a condition and returns TRUE if the condition is met, else returns
FALSE.
Syntax of IF function in Google Sheets:
IF(logical_expression, value_if_true, value_if_false)

where,
• logical_expression – This is the condition that you check in the function. It
is an expression or reference to a cell containing an expression that would

return a logical value, i.e. TRUE or FALSE.
• value_if_true – The value the function returns if logical_expression is
TRUE.
• value_if_false – (optional argument) The value the function returns if
logical_expression is FALSE. If you don’t specify the value_if_false
argument and the checked condition is not met, the function would return
FALSE.
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EXAMPLE 1:
In the example above checks whether the GRADE is greater than or equal
to 75. If it is, then it returns PASSED, else it returns FAILED.
EXAMPLE 2:
In the example above, a sales rep gets no commission if the sales are less than
50K, gets a 4% commission if the sales are between 50-80K and 10%
commission if the sales are more than 80K.
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COUNTIF Function
The COUNTIF function in Google Sheets is used to count the number of

times a value is found in a selected data range that meets the specified criteria. It
is basically a combination of the IF function and COUNT function.
The syntax for the COUNTIF function is:
=COUNTIF(range, criterion)
• range - The range that is tested against criterion.

• criterion - The pattern or test to apply to range.
• If range contains text to check against, criterion must be a
string. Criterion can contain wildcards including ? to match any single
character or * to match zero or more contiguous characters. To match an
actual question mark or asterisk, prefix the character with the tilde (~)
character (i.e. ~? and ~*). A string criterion must be enclosed in quotation
marks. Each cell in range is then checked against criterion for equality (or
match, if wildcards are used).
• If range contains numbers to check against, criterion may be either a string
or a number. If a number is provided, each cell in range is checked for
equality with criterion. Otherwise, criterion may be a string containing a
number (which also checks for equality), or a number prefixed with any of
the following operators: =, >, >=, <, or <=, which check whether the range
cell is equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, or less than
or equal to the criterion value, respectively.
Example:
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In the example above you want to test the sales range of B2:B7 again this criterion
expression of “>400”. As data range contains numeric values, so you will place
the express in double quotation marks.
You can see the COUNTIF function has tested the selected sales data and
counted the values against specified criterion where sales figures are greater than
400 and returned the result as 2.
Google Sheets VLOOKUP: Syntax and Usage
The VLOOKUP function in Google Sheets is designed to perform a vertical

lookup - search for a key value (unique identifier) down the first column in a
specified range and return a value in the same row from another column.
The syntax for the Google Sheets VLOOKUP function is as follows:
VLOOKUP(search_key, range, index, [is_sorted])
The first 3 arguments are required, the last one is optional:
where,
Search_key (field to match)- is the value to search for (lookup value or unique
identifier). For example, you can search for the word "apple", number 10, or the
value in cell A2.
Range (where to search) - two or more columns of data for the search. The
Google Sheets VLOOKUP function always searches in the first column of range.
Index (what you want to returned)- the column number in range from which a
matching value (value in the same row as search_key) should be returned.
The first column in range has index 1. If index is less than 1, a Vlookup formula
returns the #VALUE! error. If it's greater than the number of columns in range,
VLOOKUP returns the #REF! error.
Is_sorted - indicates whether the lookup column is sorted (TRUE) or not (FALSE).
In most cases, FALSE is recommended.
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If is_sorted is TRUE or omitted (default), the first column of range must be sorted
in ascending order, i.e. from A to Z or from smallest to largest.
In this case a Vlookup formula returns an approximate match. More

precisely, it searches for exact match first. If an exact match is not found, the
formula searches for the closest match that is less than or equal to search_key. If
all values in the lookup column are greater than the search key, an #N/A error is
returned.
If is_sorted is set to FALSE, no sorting is required. In this case, a Vlookup

formula searches for exact match. If the lookup column contains 2 or more values
exactly equal to search_key, the 1st value found is returned.
For example: You have main table and lookup table like shown in the
screenshot below. The tables have a common column (Order ID) that is a unique
identifier. You aim to pull the status of each order from the lookup table to the main
table.
Enter it in the first cell (D3) of the main table, copy down the column, and you will
get a result similar to this:
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Let’s Do It!
Perform the following scenarios in google sheets:
Scenario 1: You’ve been given a spreadsheet that contains the Apple sales by
quarter for three regions. You’ve been asked to summarize the data
and provide the following information:
• What are the total sales by quarter?
• What are the average sales by quarter?
• How many times per quarter were sales greater than 400?
• Total number of times for all quarters, sales were greater than
400?
When you're finished, your spreadsheet should look something like this:
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Scenario 2: You’ve been asked to compute grades applying VLOOKUP function

in spreadsheet that automatically give the numerical equivalent grade
like this:
Numerical
Grade
Equivalent
74-50 5.00
76-75 3.00
79-77 2.75
82-80 2.50
85-83 2.25
88-86 2.00
91-89 1.75
94-92 1.50
97-95 1.25
100-98 1.00
• Display the remarks of PASSED, FAILED, and INVALID GRADE

that would apply IF function.
When you're finished, your spreadsheet should look something like this:
Closure
You have got lots of things about the Spreadsheet processing. Now, you’re able to
proceed to the next lesson.
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Graphics Design Platform LESSON 3
Introduction
This lesson will introduce you to the graphic design platform using Canva.
this lesson introduces user interface and all of Canva’s features and functionality.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Distinguish the different template of the graphical design platform.

2. Apply the principle on designing.
Let’s Get Started
ACCOMPLISHED ME. In this activity I want you to write brief statements

describing graphics designing in the KWL Chart below with What you
already know and What you want to know. After completing this lesson, fill
in the last column with what I learned.
What I Know What I want to know What I Learned
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
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Considered the following questions:

1. After doing the activity, do you realize that you use various
graphical tools to accomplish your graphic design?
2. Are you excited with the new graphical tool to be introduced to
you?
3. Do you want a graphical tool that is users friendly and easy to
use?
Let’s Explore!
What’s the vision behind Canva?
- Canva is a simple new way to design beautiful and professional

graphics.
- Launched in 2013 and within 14 months of launch, had more than 1
million users creating more than 7 million designs.
- Released its iPad app in October 2014, bringing together its simple drag-
and drop design interface with a library of more than 1 million photos,
graphics and fonts.
What can I do with Canva?
- Canva provides a simple new way to design.

- Allows you to take your vision or message and translating it into a
design.
- Users have access to more than 1 million images and graphics,
beautifully designed layouts, easy photo editing and filtering
capabilities, and the ability to share.
- There’s also a social platform where you can make your designs public
for anyone to see.
Who designs with Canva?
- Anyone, including non-designers, can design with Canva.

- Canva’s vision is to provide an intuitive tool that allows people to create
beautiful and professional designs, eliminating the friction posed by
expensive and complicated platforms like Photoshop or InDesign.
- Canva takes the thinking out of learning the UI; you can spend more
time creating.
- Canva has found a strong presence in social media, marketing,
business, entrepreneurial, and educational communities.
What can I create with Canva?
- Canva allows anyone to communicate effectively with many design

types.
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- Canva can be used for creating presentations for work, developing

pitch proposals, and creating blog graphics and social media posts.
- Canva gives you the tools you need to create stunning graphics that
convey your message.
The Canva homepage is where all of your designs will be saved. You can come
back here and access them at any time. To visit your home page go to
www.canva.com
The Two ways to search
1. To use the category folders found in the master search panel.
2. To perform a keyword search in Canva’s rich library of more than one

million stock photographs.
Starting a new design
To create a new design, simply click on the icon of a design type such as 'social
media’, 'presentation' or ‘poster'. If you don’t see the design type you're looking
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for, click on the ‘more’ button (righthand side) and you'll see a huge array of other
design types that you can select.
How to use custom dimensions?
You can also create a design with your own ‘custom dimensions’ by clicking the
button in the top right-hand corner of your page. Use the drop down menu to
choose ‘pixels’, ‘mm’ or ‘inches’.
Creating your first design
To create your first design, simply click on a design type.
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Choosing a layout
On the left you'll see a number of ‘layouts’ that have been specifically designed.
Choose any of the layouts by dragging them onto the page.
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Edit your background
You can easily edit any aspect of your layout
Downloading your design
- When youre done with your design, you can export it as a PDF, PNG
or just click the option you want.
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Upload your own photos /videos
You can upload your own images/videos by clicking the ‘upload’ tab and then the
big green button ‘upload your own images/videos’. Any images/videos that you
upload will automatically be saved in your Canva account so you can use them
later.
Searching for images
You can also search for images inside Canva’s library. Conducting a search for a
picture of ‘business’ will return a collection of business themed images that you
can drag onto the page and enlarge so it takes up the entire background.
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Grids are your new best friend
One of the most important staples for any new Canva designer is to learn how to
use ‘grids’. Simply search in Canva for the word ‘grid’ and then drag one onto your
page.
Use free photos
If you are after some free photos for your designs, simply search for 'free photos’
in Canva and you will have hundreds of beautiful images to use. Once you have
chosen one, simply drag it into your grid.
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Use photo filters
Once you have an image in your design, you can easily apply filters. Simply click
on the image and filters will appear. In the design below I have added the filter
'drama' to each of the images, which looks quite effective.
Use advanced photo filters
There are also 'advanced options' available for filters. Simply click on the filter
menu and then click 'advanced options'. You will be able to edit the images
'saturation', 'tint’, 'blur' and more.
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Get creative with grids
Grids are extremely versatile. You can easily resize them like in this design below
so that they only take up part of your design
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Five steps to use stunning shapes
1. Select a shape
Start by choosing an image from our library or uploading your own image and
covering the whole background of your design. Then search for a 'square' and
drag one onto your page.
2. Change the square to black
Change the color of your square to black by clicking on the square, choosing the
color picker, then choosing the color black.
3. Reduce transparency
Add some ‘transparency’ to your square, as above:
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4. Resize your shape
Now resize your square to take over a section of your background, as above.
This will become the perfect background to apply text on top.
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5. Add text to your design
Go to the ‘text’ tab and add some text to your page by clicking ‘add
heading’. You can easily change the text font, size and color. Then drag it
into position.
Let’s Do It!
I Want you to design the following using the Canva:
1. T-shirt design
2. Bible Verse Poster
3. Birthday Poster
4. Event Poster
5. Your Pictures from birth to present then convert it to video with music.
Closure
You have got lots of things about the Canva.
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Module 2 Summary
You have completed the module of Probability and Statistics Inference 2.

Key points covered in the module include:
• There are three basic types of probability. They are classical
probability, empirical probability, and subjective probability. Classical
probability uses samples spaces. Empirical probability uses frequency
distributions, and subjective probability uses an educated guess to
determine the probability of an event. The probability of any event is a
number from 0 to 1. If an event cannot occur, the probability is 0. If an
event is certain, the probability is 1. The sum of the probability of all
the events in the sample space is 1. To find the probability of the
complement of an event, subtract the probability of the event from 1.
• A normal distribution can be used to solve a variety of problems in
which the variables are approximately normally distributed.
• A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a population. There are
two types of statistical hypotheses: the null and the alternative
hypotheses. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference, and
• the alternative hypothesis specifies a difference.
References:
1. Bluman, Allan G. Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach. New York:

McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009.
2. Walpole, R. and Myers, P. Probability and Statistics for Engineer’s and
Scientist, 5th Edition, Macmillan Publishing
3. Broto, A Simplified Approach to Inferential Statistics, nd Edition, national
Bookstore, Philippines, 2007
4. Mendenhall et.al. Introduction to probality and statistics. 12th Edition,
Thomson Asia Edition.
5. Rosekrantz, W. Introduction to Probabilty and Statistics for Science,
Engineering and Finance.Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.2009
6. Ekaran, S. (2018). Top 10 Tools For The Digital Classroom. From:
https://elearningindustry.com/tools-for-the-digital-classroom-top-10, Retrieved:
Sept. 15, 2020
7. Phenix, D. (No Date). Computing in the Modern World: The Basics of
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Computer Networking
8. Stueber, S. (2019). The positive and negative effects of technology on
children. From: https://www.thesilverlining.com/westbendcares/blog/the-
positive-and-negative-effects-of-technology-on-children, Retrieved: Sept. 14,
2020.
9. The Digital Technology Basics. Houston Public Library
10. Vermaat et. al. (2018). Discovering Computers 2018: Digital Technology,
Data, Devices, 1st Edition. Cengage
11. Williams and Sawyer(2015). Using Information Technology, 11th edition.
McGraw-Hill
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EGE 311 LIVING IN IT ERA Coursepack

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EGE 312- GENERAL EDUCATION E

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Cover page ....................................................................................... 1

Welcome Message ............................................................................ 2

Table of Contents ............................................................................. 3

USeP Vision, Mission and Goals …………………... .......................... 4

USeP Graduate Attributes ………………………… ............................ 5

USeP Core Values……………………….... ........................................ 5

Course Overview ………………………… .......................................... 6

Module 1 Overview ........................................................................... 8

Module 1 Summary ........................................................................... 77

Module 2 Overview ........................................................................... 78

Lessons 1………………………………. .............................................. 79

Lessons 2 .......................................................................................... 175

Lessons 3 .......................................................................................... 250

Module 2 Summary ........................................................................... 263

References ........................................................................................ 263

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

• 1. Recognized ASEAN Research University

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

• Creates and inspires positive changes in the

CRITICAL AND • Demonstrates creativity, innovativeness, and

• Demonstrates concern for others, practices

LIFELONG • Demonstrates enthusiasm and passion for

PROFESSIONAL • Demonstrates proficiency and flexibility in the

CORE VALUES OF THE UNIVERSITY

THE COURSE OVERVIEW

COURSE TITLE : EGE 312- Living in the IT Era

Living in the IT Era

Welcome, dear students in Module 1. This module introduces you to

Upon completion of this module, you shall be able to:

1. Understand the technological evolution and impact of information

Overview of the Living in the IT Era and LESSON 1

Upon completion of this lesson, you shall be able to:

Let’s Get Started

5. __________________ 10. ________________________

Let’s Think About it!

Considered the questions that follow:

2. Can you imagine yourself if there were no technological discoveries?

3. Are you thankful for the technology that we have today?

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

- Information is any knowledge that comes to our attention. That could be

- Data is information when dealing with the machine

What Counts as information?

- describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store,

-A computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data—raw

A History of Information Technology and Systems

A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

3. Books and Libraries. Permanent Storage Devices. Religious leaders in

B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840

1. The First Information Explosion. Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany,

3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.

a. Slide Rule. In the early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman,

was able to improve on Pascal's machine in the 1670s by adding additional

a. The Difference Engine. An eccentric English mathematician named Charles

C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.

5. 10. ______