Base Point and Participation

Factor
 Assumption
• Economic dispatch problem has to be
solved repeatedly by moving the
generators from one economic optimum
schedule to another as the load changes
by a reasonably small amount.
 Steps Involved
• Start from a given schedule-the base
point.
• Next, the scheduler assumes a load
change and investigates how much each
generating unit needs to be moved (i.e.,
“participate” in the load change) in order
that the new load be served at the most
economic operating point.
• Assume that both the first and second
derivatives in the cost versus power output
function are available (i.e., both F’ and F’’
exist).
• As the unit load is changed by an amount
∆Pi, the system incremental cost moves
from λ0 to λ0 + ∆λ.
• For a small change in power output on this
single unit
• The total change in generation (=change
in total system demand) is, of course, the
sum of the individual unit changes.
• Let PD be the total demand on the
generators (where PD = PLoad + PLoss), then
• The earlier equation, can be used to find
the participation factor for each unit as
follows.
 Problems
• The fuel cost equation of 3 generators are as follows:
F1(P1) = 561 + 7.92P1 + 0.001562P12 $/Hr
600 ≤ P1≤ 150 MW
F2(P2) = 310 + 7.85P2 + 0.001942P22 $/Hr
400 ≤ P2≤ 100 MW
F3(P3) = 78 + 7.97P3 + 0.00492P32 $/Hr
200 ≤ P3≤ 50 MW
• Determine the economic operating point for these three
units when delivering a total load of 850 MW. Starting
from the optimal economic solution, use the participation
factor method to calculate the dispatch for a total load of
900 MW.
 Solution
Using Participation Factor Formula
Base Value New Value