Human Anatomy Physiology 11th

Edition Marieb Test Bank

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Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 10.1

Using Figure 10.1, match the following:

1) Second-class lever.
Answer: A

2) Humerus-ulna joint.
Answer: B

3) Tibia-calcaneus joint.
Answer: A

4) Atlanto-occipital joint.
Answer: C

5) First-class lever.
Answer: C

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 6) The action of lifting a shovel of snow.
Answer: B

Figure 10.2

Using Figure 10.2, match the following:

7) Deltoid.
Answer: B

8) Serratus anterior.
Answer: E

9) Sternocleidomastoid.
Answer: A

10) Pectoralis minor.

Answer: C

11) Coracobrachialis.
Answer: D

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Figure 10.3

Using Figure 10.3, match the following:

12) Trapezius muscle.

Answer: B

13) Teres major muscle.

Answer: D

14) The latissimus dorsi.

Answer: E

15) Rotates scapula.

Answer: B

16) Rhomboid minor and Rhomboid major.

Answer: C

17) Elevates and adducts scapula.

Answer: A

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following muscle actions:

18) Powerful flexor and adductor of hand. A) Flexor digitorum profundus

Answer: D
B) Extensor carpi radialis brevis
19) Flexes distal interphalangeal joints.
Answer: A C) Palmaris longus

20) Stabilizes the wrist during finger D) Flexor carpi ulnaris

extension.
Answer: D

21) Extends and abducts the hand.

Answer: B

22) Tenses skin and fascia of palm during

hand movements.
Answer: C

Match the following:

23) Muscle that opposes and reverses the A) Fixator

action of another muscle.
Answer: B B) Antagonist

24) Muscle that stabilizes the origin of C) Synergist

another muscle.
Answer: A D) Agonist (prime mover)

25) Muscle that is primarily responsible

for bringing about a particular
movement.
Answer: D

26) Muscle that aids another by promoting

the same movement.
Answer: C

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

27) A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second-class lever.

Answer: True False

28) Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage.

Answer: True False

29) Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the same.
Answer: True False

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30) Muscles are only able to pull, they never push.
Answer: True False

31) Regardless of type, all levers follow the same basic principle: effort farther than load from fulcrum = mechanical
advantage; effort nearer than load to fulcrum = mechanical disadvantage.
Answer: True False

32) The buccinator muscle compresses the cheek and is well developed in nursing infants.
Answer: True False

33) Muscles that help maintain upright posture are fixators.

Answer: True False

34) Deep muscles of the thorax promote movements for breathing.

Answer: True False

35) The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction.
Answer: True False

36) The soleus is an antagonist of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion.

Answer: True False

37) Muscles that help to maintain posture are best described as synergists.
Answer: True False

38) In order to propel food down to the esophagus, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles are used.
Answer: True False

39) The major head flexors are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the help of the muscles attached to the hyoid
bone.
Answer: True False

40) The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines its range of motion and power.
Answer: True False

41) Muscle power depends mostly on the total number of muscle fibers (cells) in the muscle.
Answer: True False

42) The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) is the largest tendon in the body.
Answer: True False

43) The diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly during inspiration.

Answer: True False

44) The broadest muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi.

Answer: True False

45) Muscle spasms of the back often are due to the erector spinae contraction.
Answer: True False

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 46) Muscles connecting to the hyoid bone are important for swallowing and speech.
Answer: True False

47) The muscles of facial expression insert into skin or other muscles, not bones.
Answer: True False

48) Most superficial thorax muscles are extrinsic shoulder muscles.

Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

49) Which type of lever is exemplified by the flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle?
A) a first-class lever B) a second-class lever
C) a third-class lever D) a fourth-class lever
Answer: C

50) What muscle is primarily responsible for preventing foot drop?

A) tibialis anterior B) fibularis tertius
C) extensor hallucis longus D) extensor digitorum longus
Answer: A

51) What is the major factor controlling how levers work?

A) the structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever
B) the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
C) the direction the load is being moved
D) the weight of the load
Answer: B

52) Which of the following is NOT a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process?
A) latissimus dorsi B) internal intercostal C) external intercostal D) diaphragm
Answer: A

53) What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle?
A) the length
B) the shape
C) the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction
D) the number of neurons innervating it
Answer: C

54) What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called?
A) a synergist B) a fixator
C) an agonist (prime mover) D) an antagonist
Answer: C

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55) When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the
muscle?
A) The muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other muscles,
respectively.
B) The muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively.
C) The muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively.
D) The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
Answer: D

56) The most powerful muscle in the body is the ________.

A) quadriceps femoris B) gastrocnemius
C) rectus abdominis D) gluteus maximus
Answer: A

57) Which of the following describes a bipennate pattern of fascicles?

A) An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into only one side of a tendon.
B) An arrangement that looks like many feathers side by side.
C) An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides.
D) An arrangement of five fascicles on each side of the tendon.
Answer: C

58) Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles?

A) They move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing.
B) They depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed.
C) They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.
D) They are often called strap muscles.
Answer: C

59) The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. What is its
action?
A) to flex and adduct the humerus and to act as a synergist of the pectoralis major
B) to help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity and rotate the humerus laterally
C) to initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward dislocation
of the humerus
D) to extend and medially rotate the humerus and to act as a synergist of the latissimus dorsi
Answer: C

60) Which of the following muscles is NOT a rotator cuff muscle?

A) levator scapulae B) supraspinatus C) subscapularis D) teres minor
Answer: A

61) Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead?
A) the temporalis B) the frontal belly of the epicranius
C) the zygomaticus major D) the medial pterygoid
Answer: B

62) At the grocery store a cute, little curly-haired child is standing behind you in line. You turn around for a
moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use?
A) hyoglossus B) orbicularis oris C) stylohyoid D) genioglossus
Answer: D

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63) Which of these is the function of the external oblique muscles?
A) extend vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite sides
B) pull ribs toward one another to elevate the rib cage
C) elevate and adduct scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius
D) flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall
Answer: D

64) Which of the following muscles is involved in crossing one leg over the other to produce the cross-legged
position?
A) the gastrocnemius B) all of the hamstrings
C) the sartorius D) the quadriceps femoris
Answer: C

65) Which of the following muscles inserts to the posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon?
A) the semitendinosus B) the gastrocnemius
C) the tibialis anterior D) the sartorius
Answer: B

66) If a lever operates at a mechanical advantage, it means that the ________.

A) lever system is useless
B) load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
C) effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
D) load is near the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum
Answer: D

67) Which of the following muscles fixes and stabilizes the pelvis during walking?
A) internal oblique B) transversus abdominis
C) external oblique D) rectus abdominis
Answer: D

68) A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement is a(n) ________.

A) antagonist B) synergist
C) agonist (prime mover) D) fixator
Answer: A

69) What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an
agonist acts?
A) an antagonist B) an agonist C) a prime mover D) a synergist
Answer: D

70) Which of the following is NOT a member of the hamstrings?

A) gracilis B) semitendinosus C) biceps femoris D) semimembranosus
Answer: A

71) A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that inserts to the muscle which adults also use for
whistling (orbicularis oris). What is this muscle called?
A) zygomaticus B) buccinator C) platysma D) masseter
Answer: B

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72) The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________.
A) clavicle B) sternum
C) platysma D) mastoid process of the temporal bone
Answer: D

73) In general, a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ________.
A) adduction B) extension C) abduction D) flexion
Answer: D

74) Which of these is NOT a way of classifying muscles?

A) the type of muscle fibers B) muscle location
C) the type of action they cause D) muscle shape
Answer: A

75) Which of the following muscles is used to form a smile?

A) orbicularis oris B) zygomaticus major
C) mentalis D) corrugator supercilli
Answer: B

76) Which of the following best describes the orbicularis oris?

A) It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips. B) It closes the eye.
C) It draws the eyebrows together. D) It pulls the lower lip down and back.
Answer: A

77) Which muscle group is involved when a "pulled groin" occurs?

A) thigh adductors B) quadriceps C) hamstrings D) lateral rotators
Answer: A

78) What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called?
A) functional levers B) dysfunctional levers
C) power levers D) speed levers
Answer: C

79) Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What muscle is usually
strained under these conditions?
A) the brachioradialis B) the triceps brachii
C) the flexor digitorum profundus D) the anconeus
Answer: A

80) Which muscle(s) is (are) contracted to exhale forcibly?

A) diaphragm alone B) internal intercostals and rectus abdominus
C) rectus abdominis and diaphragm D) external intercostals and diaphragm
Answer: B

81) Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh?
A) biceps femoris B) iliopsoas and rectus femoris
C) soleus D) vastus medialis
Answer: B

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82) First-class levers ________.
A) are used when standing on tip-toe
B) are typified by tweezers or forceps
C) have load at one end of the lever, fulcrum at the other, and effort applied somewhere in the middle
D) in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending on specific
location
Answer: D

83) What do the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus muscles have in common?
A) All act on the tongue.
B) Each acts synergistically to elevate the jaw.
C) All names reflect direction of muscle fibers.
D) All names indicate the relative size of the muscle.
Answer: A

84) If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF?
A) first-class lever B) second-class lever C) third-class lever D) fourth-class lever
Answer: C

85) Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the thigh at the hip?
A) adductor magnus B) tibialis posterior C) gluteus maximus D) vastus lateralis
Answer: A

86) Which of the following muscles is involved in inversion at the ankle joint?
A) extensor digitorum longus B) fibularis (peroneus) tertius
C) fibularis (peroneus) longus D) tibialis anterior
Answer: D

87) Which of the following muscles serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in infants as the
buttocks and arm muscles are poorly developed?
A) the vastus medialis B) the vastus lateralis
C) rectus femoris D) the vastus intermedius
Answer: B

88) Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee?
A) gluteal muscles B) soleus C) brachioradialis D) hamstring muscles
Answer: D

89) Which of the following muscles does NOT act in plantar flexion?
A) flexor digitorum longus B) gastrocnemius and soleus
C) tibialis posterior D) popliteus
Answer: D

90) ________ is a powerful forearm extensor at the elbow joint.

A) Brachialis B) Biceps brachii C) Triceps brachii D) Brachioradialis
Answer: C

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 91) The ________ is known as the "boxer's muscle."
A) biceps brachii B) serratus anterior
C) rectus abdominis D) flexor digitorum longus
Answer: B

92) The ________ runs deep to the internal oblique.

A) latissimus dorsi B) external oblique
C) transversus abdominis D) rectus abdominis
Answer: C

93) The ________ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing.
A) risorius B) buccinator C) mentalis D) orbicularis oris
Answer: B

94) The ________ tightens the neck and draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing horror.
A) sternohyoid B) platysma
C) mentalis D) sternocleidomastoid
Answer: B

95) The ________ is the main chewing muscle.

A) masseter B) hyoglossus C) lateral pterygoid D) buccinator
Answer: A

96) The abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the abdominal wall is
called a ________.
A) sprain B) hyperextension C) hernia D) pulled muscle
Answer: C

97) The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________.
A) rectus femoris B) semitendinosus C) semimembranosus D) biceps femoris
Answer: A

98) The ________ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus.
A) supraspinatus B) teres major C) infraspinatus D) teres minor
Answer: B

99) The ________ extends the great toe.

A) extensor hallucis longus B) gastrocneumius
C) fibularis (peroneous)tertius D) tibialis anterior
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

100) From superficial to deep, order the transversus abdominis, external oblique and internal oblique muscles.
Describe the orientation of the muscle fibers for each of these as well as for the rectus abdominis muscles.
Answer: Fibers of the external oblique muscle run downward and medially (like outstretched fingers in pants
pockets) and at right angles to those of the internal oblique that runs just deep to it. Under these is the
transversus abdominis whose fibers run horizontally across the abdomen at an angle to both oblique
muscles. The rectus abdominis muscles run medially from the pubis to the rib cage.

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101) What are the components of a lever system? Describe the role of each component.
Answer: The lever system components are lever, fulcrum, effort, and load. The lever is a rigid bar that moves on a
fixed point (the fulcrum) when a force is applied to it. The applied force, or effort, is used to move a
resistance, or load.

102) Bodybuilders are known for their "great quads." Describe the quadriceps muscles.
Answer: These are the muscles of the front and sides of the thigh, and include the rectus femoris and the lateral,
medial, and intermediate vastus muscles.

103) A woman mentions to her friend that another person on the beach has "great abs." What is she talking about?
Answer: The woman is referring to well-developed rectus abdominis muscles. This is a term coined by
bodybuilders and refers to the bulging muscles between the tendinous intersections.

104) Muscles that act as synergists seem to have valuable functions, especially in stabilizing joints. Briefly explain
their functions.
Answer: Synergists aid prime movers (agonists) by promoting the same movement or by reducing undesirable or
unnecessary movements that might occur as the prime mover contracts. These latter muscles are called
fixators.

105) How does an antagonist differ from a prime mover (agonist)? How is it the same?
Answer: A prime mover is the muscle that causes the desired movement to occur. An antagonist is a muscle that
opposes the action of the prime mover in a given movement. If, however, the direction of movement
reverses, the former antagonist is now the prime mover and the former prime mover is now the
antagonist.

106) An elderly woman, with extensive osteoarthritis of her left hip joint, entered the hospital to have a total hip joint
replacement (prosthesis implantation). After surgery, her left hip had to be maintained in abduction to prevent
dislocation of the prosthesis while healing was occurring. An abduction pillow was used to keep the legs apart,
especially when lying on her side. Name the abductor muscles and describe the action of each that need to be
strengthened in order to help maintain abduction.
Answer: Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. These muscles originate on the pelvis; they act
as major extensors of the thigh and abduct and rotate the thigh as well. The tensor fascia lata also abducts
the thigh.

107) A wide receiver for a college football team pulled a hamstring muscle. What muscles could be affected and
what would the effect be?
Answer: The muscles include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. They are important
flexors of the leg and extensors of the thigh. Injuries here could make it impossible to run properly or to
extend the thigh.

108) How can a lever system work at a mechanical disadvantage but still be of use to us?
Answer: A lever that operates with the load far from the fulcrum and the effort applied near the fulcrum is
operating at a disadvantage in terms of power, but the advantage is that the load can move over large
distances at a rapid rate. Wielding a shovel is an example.

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 109) List and describe the muscles involved in biting and chewing an apple?
Answer: Open and close lips – levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris
Open the mouth – digastric and mylohyoid
Closing the mouth and chewing – masseter, temporalis, and pterygoids
Tongue – genioglossus, hypoglossus, and styloglossus
Extra – buccinator holds food in teeth grinding area

110) A college student told her friend that she was going to the gym to work on tightening her gluteus maximus.
Which muscle is she referring to and what is its function?
Answer: The college student was referring to the largest and most superficial gluteus muscle that forms the bulk
of the buttock mass. It functions as the major extensor of the thigh and is most effective when the thigh is
flexed and force is necessary.

111) Damage to the ischiocavernosus muscle would have what effect?

Answer: In the male, it would be impossible to achieve an erection of the penis. In the female, the clitoris would
not become erect.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

112) David is playing football when he suffers from a ruptured calcaneal tendon. The rupture is accompanied by
abrupt pain and the calf muscle bulges due to the release of two muscles from their insertion. Name these two
muscles.
Answer: Gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and soleus.

113) Brian decided to enter a 5-mile race designed to raise money for a class trip. He did not do any preconditioning,
nor has he ever jogged before. The morning after the race, Brian had so much pain in both his shins, he was
unable to go to school. What caused this pain?
Answer: Brian was not conditioned for this type of run, and he now has shin splints. This is a condition in which
the anterior tibialis muscle is irritated, and as the inflamed muscle swells, its circulation is impaired by
the tight fascial wrappings, causing pain and tenderness.

114) A young pregnant woman went to a childbirth class and the instructor informed them about strengthening the
muscles of the pelvic floor. What are these muscles?
Answer: The levator ani and coccygeus muscles form the bulk of the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor).
Strengthening these muscles helps in the delivery of the child by resisting downward forces when
"pushing."

115) A nurse can facilitate respiratory functioning by encouraging deep breathing exercises such as diaphragmatic
breathing. Explain diaphragmatic breathing.
Answer: Diaphragmatic breathing is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causing pressure
in the abdominopelvic cavity below that facilitates blood to the heart. Diaphragmatic breathing promotes
maximum inhalation and lung expansion.

116) In emphysema, the lungs become overdistended with trapped air, which increases the effort required for
breathing. Describe the muscles involved when breathing becomes a forced process, such as a patient who has
emphysema.
Answer: During forced inspiration, the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles help lift the ribs and the erector
spinae muscle help in deep inspirastion. Forced expiration is aided by internal intercostal muscles that
pull the ribs inferiorly and by abdominal wall muscles that push the diaphragm superiorly by
compressing the abdominal contents.

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117) The nurse is explaining Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. What factors may contribute to a
weakening of the pelvic floor muscles?
Answer: Aging and multiple births.

118) Tom has been told that he has an inguinal hernia. What is an inguinal hernia and what is its possible cause?
Answer: An inguinal hernia is an abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents, usually the small intestine, through
a weak spot in muscles of the abdominal wall. It is usually a result of increased intraabdominal pressure
during lifting or straining.

119) A patient has a stroke and has weakness on his right side. How will the weakness affect his ability to swallow?
Answer: The patient may have difficulty swallowing related to weakness or paralysis of the suprahyoid muscles.
The suprahyoid muscles help elevate the larynx and close the epiglottis to prevent choking during the
swallowing process.

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