PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Possessive
Subject Object Reflexive Possessive Pronoun
adjective
I Me (me / a mi) Myself My (mi...) Mine (mio/a)
you You (te/ a ti) yourself Your (tu...) Yours (tuyo/a)
he Him (le/se/ a el) himself His (su...) His (suyo/a)
she Her (le/se/ a ella) herself Her (su...) Hers (suyo/a)
it It /lo/se/ a el) itself Its (su...) Its (suyo/a)
Us ( nos/ a
we Ourselves Our (nuestro...) ours (nuestro/a)
nosotros)
You (os/ a
you Yourselves Your (vuestro..) yours (vuestro/a)
vosotros)
Them (se/le/ a
they Themselves Their (su...) theirs (suyo/a)
ellos)

Posititon:

1. Subject pronouns are always BEFORE verbs E.g. I play tennis

2. Object pronouns are always AFTER VERBS or AFTER “to” E.g. I gave him a book

I gave a book to him

3. Possessive adjectives are always BEFORE NOUNS

E.g. This is my book

4. Possessive pronouns are always at the end of a sentence or replacing a Noun

E.g. This book is mine.

This is mine.

5. Reflexive pronouns are used for different purposes

a. For emphasis: Ex. I myself did it.--- after the subject

b. With reflexive verbs Ex. She enjoyed herself

c. As the object of a sentence. I finished it myself

 DEMOSTRATIVES

THIS---- ESTE/A/O
THESE --- ESTOS/AS
THAT-----ESE/ESA/ ESO / AQUEL/ AQUELLA/O
THOSE- ESOS/AS/ AQUELLOS/AS

Eg. This is my book This house is mine

These are my books These books are mine

Prepositions "On", "At", and "In"

A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the
sentence.

Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a
preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to identify a preposition
when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.
 to the office
 at the desk
 on the table
 in an hour
 about myself
A preposition is used to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object.

Here are a few common prepositions and examples.

On
Used to express a surface of something:
 I put an egg on the kitchen table.
 The paper is on my desk.
Used to specify days and dates:
 The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays.
 I was born on the 14th day of June in 1988.
Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer:
 He is on the phone right now.
 She has been on the computer since this morning.
 My favorite movie will be on TV tonight.
Used to indicate a part of the body:
 The stick hit me on my shoulder.
 He kissed me on my cheek.
 I wear a ring on my finger.
Used to indicate the state of something:
  Everything in this store is on sale.
 The building is on fire.

At
Used to point out specific time:
 I will meet you at 12 p.m.
 The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m.
Used to indicate a place:
 There is a party at the club house.
 There were hundreds of people at the park.
 We saw a baseball game at the stadium.
Used to indicate an email address:
 Please email me at abc@defg.com.
Used to indicate an activity:
 He laughed at my acting.
 I am good at drawing a portrait.
Used to indicate festivals:
At Christmas
At Easter
Used to indicate times: At night

In
Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:
 She always reads newspapers in the morning.
 In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks.
 The new semester will start in March.
Used to indicate a location or place:
 She looked me directly in the eyes.
 I am currently staying in a hotel.
 My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California.
Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:
 This painting is mostly in blue.
 The students stood in a circle.
 This jacket comes in four different sizes.
Used to express while doing something:
 In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.
 A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.
Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:
 I believe in the next life.
 We are not interested in gambling.
 QUANTIFIERS
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

a/an + singular ------

some + plural (affirmative/questions) Some+ singular (affirmative/ questions)

any+ plural (negative/questions) Any+ singular (negative/questions)

many + plural (negative) Much + singular (negative)

how many (questions) How much (questions)

few / a few (poco) Little/ a little (poco)

lots of / a lot of Lots of / a lot of

COMPARATIVE/ SUPERLATIVE

1. COMPARATIVE

A. EQUALITY

AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
Eg. She is as tall as Juan

AS+ ADVERB+ AS

She drives as carefully as you

B. SUPERIORITY
- Short adjective/ adverb
ADJECTIVE + ER THAN
She is taller than you
- Long adjective/ adverb
MORE + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB THAN
She is more intelligent than you

2. SUPERLATIVE
A. SUPERIORITY
- Short adjective
THE + ADJECTIVE + EST
 She is the tallest in the class
- Long adjective
THE MOST + ADJECTIVE
She is the most beautiful girl in the world

3. EXCEPTIONS

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Good better the best
Bad worse the worst
Far farther/further the farthest/ furthest
Old Older/elder the oldest/eldest

IMPERSONAL VERBAL FORMS

THERE IS/ ARE------ HAY

THERE WAS/ WERE ---- HABIA
THERE WILL BE -------HABRÁ
THERE HAVE BEEN ----- HA HABIDO

IT IS SAID/BELIEVED/ CONSIDERED/ THOUGHT…..--- SE DICE/ SE CREE/ SE

PIENSA…..

SOME/ ANY/ NO/ EVERY + COMPOUNDS

SOMEONE/ SOMEBODY

SOMETHING In affirmative sentences or questions (when

you expect the answer to be affirmative)
SOMEWHERE

ANYONE/ANYBODY
ANYTHING In negative and questions
ANYWHERE

NO ONE/ NOBODY
NOTHING In affirmative sentences (the meaning is
negative
NOWHERE

EVERYBODY/EVERY ONE
EVERYTHING In all sorts of sentences
 EVERYWHERE

VERY IMPORTANT

All these compounds require the verb to be third person singular

Eg. Somebody is coming
Nobody has arrived

Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or
abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns
should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

 bottle – bottles
 cup – cups
 pencil – pencils
 desk – desks
 sticker – stickers
 window – windows
For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

 box – boxes
 watch – watches
 moss – mosses
 bus – buses
For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

 wolf – wolves
 wife – wives
 leaf – leaves
 life – lives
Some nouns have different plural forms.

 child – children
 woman – women
  man – men
 mouse – mice
 goose – geese
Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

 baby – babies
 toy – toys
 kidney – kidneys
 potato – potatoes
 memo – memos
 stereo – stereos
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

 sheep – sheep
 deer – deer
 series – series
 species – species

Adverbs
Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.

 The fire engine runs fast.

 Listen to his speech carefully.
 I browse the web frequently.
 It rained hard.
An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence.

 The news is very surprising!

 The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful.
 Nature is really amazing!
An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence.

 It rains very hard.

  Computers run much faster these days.
 I clean my room less frequently because I am busy.
Commonly, adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding 'ly'.

 slow – slowly
 quick – quickly
 comfortable – comfortably
 loud – loudly
 clear – clearly
To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'.

 happy – happily
 easy – easily

ARTICLES

The definite article the is the most frequent word in English.

We use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly
what we are referring to.
• because there is only one:
The Pope is visiting Russia.
The moon is very bright tonight.
The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979.
This is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective:
He is the tallest boy in the class.
It is the oldest building in the town.
• because there is only one in that place or in those surroundings:

We live in a small village next to the church. = (the church in our village)
Dad, can I borrow the car? = (the car that belongs to our family)
When we stayed at my grandmother’s house we went to the (the beach near my grandmother’s
=
beach every day. house)
Look at the boy in the blue shirt over there. = (the boy I am pointing at)

• because we have already mentioned it:

A woman who fell 10 metres from High Peak was lifted to safety by a helicopter. The woman fell
while climbing.
The rescue is the latest in a series of incidents on High Peak. In January last year two men walking
on the peak were killed in a fall.
We also use the definite article:
• to say something about all the things referred to by a noun:
The wolf is not really a dangerous animal (= Wolves are not really dangerous animals)
The kangaroo is found only in Australia (= Kangaroos are found only in Australia)
The heart pumps blood around the body. (= Hearts pump blood around bodies)
We use the definite article in this way to talk about musical instruments:
Joe plays the piano really well.(= Joe can play any piano)
She is learning the guitar.(= She is learning to play any guitar)
• to refer to a system or service:
How long does it take on the train?
I heard it on the radio.
You should tell the police.
• With adjectives like rich, poor, elderly, unemployed to talk about groups of people:
Life can be very hard for the poor.
I think the rich should pay more taxes.
She works for a group to help the disabled.

The definite article with names:

We do not normally use the definite article with names:
William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Paris is the capital of France.
Iran is in Asia.
But we do use the definite article with:
• countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic:
the United Kingdom; the Kingdom of Nepal; the United States; the People’s Republic of China.
• countries which have plural nouns as their names:
the Netherlands; the Philippines
• geographical features, such as mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers, seas, oceans and
canals:
the Himalayas; the Canaries; the Atlantic; the Atlantic Ocean; the Amazon; the Panama Canal.
• newspapers:
The Times; The Washington Post
• well known buildings or works of art:
the Empire State Building; the Taj Mahal; the Mona Lisa; the Sunflowers
• organisations:
the United Nations; the Seamen’s Union
• hotels, pubs and restaurants*:
the Ritz; the Ritz Hotel; the King’s Head; the Déjà Vu
*Note: We do not use the definite article if the name of the hotel or restaurant is the name of the
owner, e.g.,Brown’s; Brown’s Hotel; Morel’s; Morel’s Restaurant, etc.
• families:
the Obamas; the Jacksons

NEVER WHEN WE REFER TO SOMETHING IN GENERAL AND PLURAL

The people think--- people think

The happiness- HAPPINESS IS…..