SHABAN Booklet 11th Edition

0
SHABAN
CIVIL
ENGINEERS
BOOKLET
www.shabanbooklet.com
Prepared by Consultant Civil Engineer:
Majed SHABAN
11TH Edition
___________________________
Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
+964 770 446 1234
IRAQI -KURDISTAN REGION , Erbil
SHABAN 11th Edition -1

INDEX
Subject Page
1- Materials 4
2- Steel 16
3- Buildings 38
4- Roads 60
5- Bridges 88
6- Huge Structures 102
7- Sewerage 111
8- Concrete 128
9- Estimation 148
10- Electrical 160
11- Insulation 174
12- Site Engineer 187
13- Miscellaneous 211

Dear Valuable Engineers ….
Throughout my lifetime, I worked in many civil

engineering branches, varying from highways to
multistory buildings, airports to bridges and infrastructure
projects, In the end of each project I wrote a brief
summary of experiences garnered from the work.
It was in 1984 when I first started writing this booklet, It
was less than 20 pages and I was a supervisor engineer at
that time on the implementation of one of the biggest
Military airport projects in western Iraq, and because the
airport construction contained many activities of civil
engineering in various fields, I always tried to get benefit
from all of them, and I also tried to organize and write a
summary of my work experience as brief notes in this
booklet along with some sketches.
I am continuing on modifying and adding pages to this
simplified booklet with ongoing basis which increased its
volume to around 200 pages.
I cannot say that I have collected all of what is required
in civil engineering, but I have put what I have worked and
gained practically on the site not relying on what is in the
text books.
Therefore, a lot of the information here is not derived
from formulas, but rather from rules that resulted from
experiments and continuous field checks until they
became empirical rules for me.
Also, I did not write here all the specifications and codes
as a reference due to the limited booklet size and space as
most of them are the result of long-term field experience.
I hope from the bottom of my heart that the engineers will
get ample benefit from this booklet, especially those who
work in the field and on site.
Majed SHABAN

1
Materials

Conversions
1 mile 1.609 km
1 barrel 210 Liter
1 Inch 2.54 cm
1 foot 30.48 cm
1 kg. 2.204 lb.
1 hp 745.7 watt.
1 hectare 10000 m2
1 acre 4046.86 m2
1 donam 2500 m2
1 Olk 100 m2
1 bar 1.019 kg/cm2
1 kg 9.81 Newton
1 Kilowatt 4.55 Amp.
1 gallon 3.785 Liter
1 Psi 6.89 N/ m2
1 Mpa 145 Psi
1 Co 274.15 Kelvins

Engineering Materials
1- Metals: This group includes materials
like steel, aluminum, and copper, known
for their strength, ductility, & excellent
conductivity of heat and electricity.
2- Polymers: Synthetic materials made
from long chains of molecules, can be
molded into various shapes & are known
for their durability, resistance to wear &
tear, & ease of manufacturing. Like
polymers include plastics, rubber, nylon.
3- Ceramics: made from non-metallic,
inorganic compounds that are typically
hardened by firing at high temperatures.
well known for their hardness, durability,
and ability to withstand high temp.
examples for ceramics bricks, and tiles.
4- Composites: these Materials made by
combining two or more different
materials to create a new material with
improved properties, like fiberglass is
made by combining glass fibers with a
polymer resin. Composites are known for
their strength, durability, & lightweight.

Materials Densities
MATERIAL kg/m3
Concrete 2400
Asphalt Concrete 2400
Bricks 1900
ceramics 2650
Cement 1400
Clay(wet) 2080
Cement mortar 1440
Rein. Concrete 2500
Gypsum 1200
Sand 1650
Concrete Blocks 1400
Gravel 1800
Steel 7850
Wood 400-700
Water 1000
Lead 11370
Cork 240
Aluminum 2700
ASTM Soil Classification
% % %
Class sand silt clay
sand 80-100 0-20 0-20
Sandy
Loam 50-80 0-50 0-20
loam 30-50 30-50 0-20
Silty
Loam 0-50 50-100 0-20
Sandy
C.L. 50-80 0-30 20-30
clay
Loam 20-50 20-50 20-30
Silty
C.L. 0-30 50-80 20-32
Sandy
Clay 50-70 0-20 30-50
Clay 0-50 0-50 30-100
Silty
Clay 0-20 50-70 30-50
Notes:
S= sand passing sieve (2 - 0.05mm)
L= loam passing sieve (0.05 - 0.005 mm)
C= clay passing sieve (0.005mm)

Natural Soil Layers
Notes :
1- For land scaping works and cleaning
works the surface layer should be
removed for min. (15) cm thickness.
2- For raft foundations top soil should be
removed also for Min. (30-50) cm depth.
3- For Deep foundations the subsoil also to
be removed until reaching hard layers.
4- For Pile foundation, piles should reach
the parent material layer or the bed rock
layer according to soil investigations.

Soils Bearing Capacity
TYPE Ton/m2
Hard rock 300 – 400
Rock 100 – 200

Loose rock 80 -120
Gravel and 60 -100
sand
Coarse 30 – 50
sand
Hard dry 20 – 30
clay
Clay and 15 – 20
sand
Fine 10 – 20
sand
Loose clay 7.5 – 5
Filling soils 5 – 2.5
1Ton/m2 = 9.964 Kn/m2
SHABAN 11th Edition - 10

Materials site Tests -1
Item Recommended tests
Bitumen Penetration tests for every
supplied Bitumen Tanker.
Asphalt Gradation every day, or when
Filler the Filler source is changed.
Bricks & Compressive strength & water
ceramic absorption, Random Sample
of 50 bricks every 20000 unit.
Cement Compressive strength,
fineness, and chemical test
for every 100 supplied tons.
Sand Gradation test, and organic
and materials content, 1 sample is
3
Gravel needed for every 50 m .
Galvani- Pipe Thickness, weight per
zed unit length, and thickness of
pipes Galvanized layer for each
Supplied quantity to the site.
PVC Pipe Diameter, the thickness,
Pipes weight / m.l, and the pipe
material quality.

Materials site Tests – 2
Mosaic Dimensions, Modules of
tiles Rapture, Absorption, Mosaic
thickness, every (3000) unit
Ceramic, Dimensions Modules of
Porcelain Rapture, Absorption, ceramic
tiles thickness, every (3000) unit
Building Compressive strength and
stones absorption test, for every
(100) m3 of stones.
Conc., and Compressive strength and
light weight absorption test, 20 samples
blocks for every 10 000 units.
Steel bars Tensile strength, and
Elongation for every (25) Ton.
Concrete Compressive strength for
for every (50) m3, or per one-day
structure work , slump test per each
truck , and Mix. Temperature.
Gypsum Compressive strength, color,
and chemical tests for every
(150) ton of gypsum.

Materials site Tests – 3
Paints Mineral content, coloring
material, oil, and Resin
tests, one gallon as sample
each 100, or each source.
Stinger Modulus of Rupture, % of
Tiles absorption, 6 samples
needed for each 5000 unit.
Concrete Nominal Internal Diameter
Pipes of tolerance of +, - 10 %,
Crushing test, absorption
one sample for each 50.
Damp Flexibility, Heat resistance,
proofing and Tensile resistant, one
Material sample for each source.
Water for % Of So4, % of salt, and
concrete Alkalinity or acidity, one
sample for each source.
Marble Density, compressive
and strength, water absorption,
Granite modulus of rapture, one
sample from each source.

Bitumen Tests
Bitumen, also known as asphalt or
tar, is a sticky, black, & highly viscous
liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum,
It is commonly used in construction
industry for roads and Parks paving,
waterproofing, & roofing, below are
bitumen common required tests:
Test Range Unit
1 Penetration 30-100 1/100
test cm
2 Ductility 50 - 75 cm
3 Viscosity 10 - 40 Sec.
4 Flash point 175 Co
5 Specific 0.97 – NA
Gravity 1.02
6 Softening Point 35-65 Co
7 Solubility Min. 99 As %
8 Loss on Max. 1 As %
Heating
9 Water content 0.2 As %

Expansion Joints
T = C x L x Co
T = Total expansion joint width in (mm)
C = Material linear expansion coefficient
L = length of the structure in mm
Co= change of temperature in centigrade.
Material C mm/mm/co
Structural steel 0.0000017
Concrete Masonry 0.0000094
Reinforced concrete 0.000013
NOTE: Practically For Concrete building
structures an expansion joint of (1.5-5.0)
cm is to be provided every (25-30) m
interval, for fences and Retaining walls
every (10-15) m, and roofing or ground
tiles every (4-6) m in countries which its
weather similar to Iraq.
Expansion Joint
Isolation filler
////////////////////////////
concrete structure

2
Steel

Steel Bars weights
Bar Bar Bar
Weight
Dia. Dia. Section
Kg/ml
Inch mm Area mm2
1/4 6 0.222 28
1/3 8 0.395 50
3/8 10 0.617 79
1/2 12 0.888 113
5/8 16 1.580 201
3/4 20 2.470 314
1.00 25 3.860 491
1 1/4 32 6.315 805
1 1/2 38 8.900 1134
1 5/8 40 9.865 1257
2.00 50 15.425 1963.5
1- Rusted Steel Bars to be cleaned
by Rust Remover before using it.
2- Steel bars normal lengths are in
6,9, and 12 m are available.
3- Steel Bars weight in kg/ml =
(BAR Diameter in mm )2 / 162
BRC Reinforcing
Bar Net weight

Gage Dia. Section Kg / cm2
61 7.62 2.99 4.69
62 7.01 2.53 3.97
63 6.4 2.11 3.31
64 5.89 1.79 2.8
65 5.38 1.49 2.34
66 4.88 1.23 1.92
67 3.25 0.54 0.86
Notes:
1- All Bars Dia. In mm, and the section is
steel bars cross-section in cm2 /m
2- Normal BRC nets are 2 x 6 m.
3- All bars spacing are 15.2 x 15.2 cm.

Steel sections weights
Section Kg / 6 m
Length
Angle 20x20 x 3mm Thick 6.0
Channel 75 x 36 x 6 mm 47.0
Channel 100 x 50 x 6 mm 62.0
Channel 120 x 55 x 7 mm 75.0
I-section 100 mm Height 50.0
Flat steel 25mm x 3mm
4.0
Thickness
Flat steel 35mm x 6mm
9.0
Thickness
Notes:
1- All above weights are for a 6.0 -
meter steel section length.
2- Steel Bars Density = 7850 kg/m3
Typical Plate weights
Alumin-
mm Inch Steel Copper
um
1.1 1/24 2.77 8.3 9.3
1.2 1/22 3.12 9.1 10.2
1.3 1/20 3.50 10 11.2
1.4 1/18 3.93 11.1 12.4
1.6 1/16 4.16 12.5 14.0
3.2 1/8 8.35 24.9 27.6
6.4 1/4 16.60 49.8 55.8
10 3/8 24.9 74.7 83.8
Notes :
1- All plate weights are in kg / m2
1- 2 - 1 / 24 - inch means gage24.
2- 3- mm & Inch are Plat Thickness.
3- 4- All these Mineral Plates are used
4- normally for construction purposes.

Typical I - Sections for Top
Final Roofs
Required
Room section in Section
Span in (mm) width x Weight
meters height kg /ml
1.5 - 2.0 55 x 100 8.1
2.0 - 3.0 64 x 120 10.4
3.0 - 3.5 73 x 140 12.9
3.5 - 4.5 82 x 160 15.8
4.5 - 5.0 100 x 200 22.4
5.0 - 5.5 110 x 120 26.2
5.5 - 6.0 120 x 240 30.7
6.0 - 7.0 135 x 270 36.1
Notes:
1- Maximum spacing between (2)
I -sections is (80-100) cm c-c, to
be placed on short slab span.
2- Minimum wall bearing in (cm) is =
Span in (cm) / 20
But not less than (10) cm in any case

Cutoff and bend-up Points
Notes :
1- L1 & L2 = Span of edge & intermediate panel.
2- Extended Tension steel bars inside walls is 6”.
3- Bend-up angle for all steel bars Inside the
slab or beam is 45o in both sides.
4-These values are used for both slabs and Beams.
5- Minimum. extended steel bars length inside the
wall = 12 x bar diameter.

Typical (2) Story building
Reinforcement Part-1
Reinforcement
Type Dimensions
Steel Bars
3 Ø 16 mm Top,
Continuous Width x Depth
4 Ø 16 mm
Foundation 80*40 cm
Bottom, stirrups
For walls 60*30 cm
10 mm @ 20cm
Spread Top & bottom net 100 x 100 or
Foundations 8 x 8 Ø 16 mm 80 x 80 cm
Rectangular 3 Ø 16 mm top, 5 Beam Height
T- Beams, Ø 16 mm bottom, x Beam width
(4 – 5) m with stirrups 10 40*30 cm
span mm, @ 20cm. 45*35 cm
Square 4 Ø 20 mm or 6 Column
Columns Ø 16 mm, with sections
up to (4) m stirrups 10 mm 30*30 cm
height @ 20cm spacing. 40*40 cm
Slabs, up 12 mm @ 20* 20 Thickness =

cm or 10 mm @
to (4) m 15/15cm
18 to 20
short span cm
spacing.

Typical (2) Story building
Reinforcement Part-2
Type Reinforcement
Dimensions
Steel Bars
Slab 20 cm
Cantilever,
Top tensile bars thick close
slab up to
12 mm @ 10 cm to & wall,15
2:0 m
c/c cm at the
length, live
Distribution steel end, bearing
load 400
8 mm @12 cm on wall 20-
kg / m2
40 cm
Parapet Use 10 mm steel
10 – 15 cm
80 cm in bars @ 20 cm c-
thickness
height c, both direction
Cantilever, At top 4 Ø 16
30 * 40 cm
T - beams mm, bottom 2 -
35 * 45 cm
up to 2.0 16 mm, stirrups
40 * 50 cm
length 10 mm @ 15 cm
Staircase 12 mm @ 20 cm Slab thick

3.0 m in both directions 15 cm
height

Steel Bars Tests
1- Steel bars used for the reinforced
concrete should have a carbon
content of not more than 2.1 %
2- Min. overlap for splices in tension
steel bars is (40 * bar diameter)
and (60*bar Dia.) for bigger
diameters (1.0) inch & more, but
not less than (12)” or (30) cm.
3- For compression bars minimum
splices = (26*bar diameter).
4- Min. positive reinforced steel.
required for flexural members in
concrete is 200 / fy. in (psi) units
5- Min. laboratory Test specimen
required is 3 for every 25 tons, for
steel bars Dia. 3/8”, each 35 Ton
for bars 3/8” to 5/8” dia., and each
45 Ton for bars > 5/8”, Minimum
specimen length is 1.5- 2.0 m.
6- Minimum Concrete cover for steel
bars is equal to ½ inch or (1.5) cm.

Recommended Spacing
1- For slabs Minimum clear distance
Between two parallel bars = 25 mm
for bars up to 1.0”, and equal to the
nominal bar Dia. For bigger sizes.
2- For Columns Min. spacing between
Longitudinal bars is = 40 mm for
bars up to 1.0” Dia., and equal to
1.5 x bar dia. for bigger sizes.
3- For beams and girders, the clear
distance between multiple bars
layers should be at least 25 mm.
4- For foundations = 1.5 x bar
diameter, or 1.5 x Max. Size of used
aggregates, whichever is greater.
5- For walls & slabs, Max. spacing of
principle reinforcement should be
450 mm, or 3 multiplied by wall or
slab thickness whichever is smaller.
6- In all cases, spacing should not be
less than 1.5 x Maximum Size of
aggregate particles used in mixture.

Groups of steel bars area (mm2) Part -1
6 No. 471 679 1207 1527 2281 2946 3696 4826 6108 6805
5 No. 393 566 1006 1273 1901 2455 3080 4021 5090 5671
- 27
4 No. 314 453 805 1018 1520 1964 2464 3217 4072 4536
SHABAN 11th Edition

3 No. 236 340 604 764 1140 1473 1848 2413 3054 3402
2 No. 157 226 402 509 760 982 1232 1609 2036 2268
1 No. 79 113 201 255 380 491 616 805 1018 1134
Bar
Dia.
mm 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
Groups of steel bars area (mm2) Part - 2
12
No. 942 1357 2413 3054 4561 5892 7392 9651 12216 13609
11
No. 864 1244 2212 2800 4181 5401 6776 8847 11198 12475
- 28
10
No. 785 1131 2011 2545 3801 4910 6160 8043 10180 11341
SHABAN 11th Edition

9
No. 707 1018 1810 2291 3421 4419 5544 7238 9162 10207
8
No. 628 905 1609 2036 3041 3928 4928 6434 8144 9073
7
No. 550 792 1408 1782 2661 3437 4312 5630 7126 7939
Bar
Dia.
mm 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
Groups of steel bars area (cm2 /m. length spacing) part - 1
20 3.93 5.65 10.05 12.70 19.00 24.54 30.80 40.21 50.90 56.71
cm
17.5
4.49 6.46 11.49 14.51 21.71 28.05 35.20 45.96 58.17 64.81
- 29
cm
15
5.24 7.54 13.40 16.93 25.33 32.72 41.07 53.62 67.87 75.61
SHABAN 11th Edition

cm
12.5
6.28 9.05 16.08 20.32 30.40 38.27 44.26 64.34 81.44 90.73
cm
10 7.85 11.31 20.17 25.40 38.00 49.09 61.60 80.43 101.8 113.4
cm
7.5
10.47 15.08 26.81 33.87 50.67 65.45 82.13 107.2 135.7 151.2
cm
Bar
Dia.
mm 10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
Groups of steel bars area (cm2 /m. length Spacing part – 2
40
cm 1.95 2.83 5.03 6.35 9.50 12.28 15.40 20.11 25.45 28.36
35
- 30
cm 2.23 3.23 5.74 7.26 10.86 14.03 17.60 22.98 29.09 32.41
30
SHABAN 11th Edition

cm 2.62 3.77 6.70 8.47 12.67 16.36 20.54 26.81 33.44 37.81
27.5
cm 2.86 4.11 7.31 9.24 13.82 17.85 22.40 29.25 37.02 41.24
25
cm 3.14 4.52 8.04 10.16 15.20 19.63 24.64 32.17 40.72 45.73
22.5
3.49 5.03 8.94 11.29 16.89 21.82 27.38 35.75 45.25 50.41
cm
Bar
Dia.
mm
10 12 16 18 22 25 28 32 36 38
Stirrups & Lateral Ties
Hooks are necessary to be provided

in steel stirrups for the below reasons:
1- To prevent column from buckling.
2- Requirement for safety against bond.
Bar Size D For 180˚ For 135˚

(mm) (mm) L (mm) L (mm)
Ø 10 40 75 75
mm
Ø 12 45 85 85
mm

Main bars Standard Hook
Hook 180˚
Hook 90˚
Bar Size D 180˚ 90˚
(mm) (mm) L (mm) L (mm)
Ø 10 60 65 120
Ø 12 72 65 145
Ø 16 96 65 195
Ø 20 120 80 240
Ø 25 150 100 300
Ø 28 224 115 340

I-Beams Sections
h b tf tw
Section mm mm mm mm kg/m
IPE 100 100 55 5.7 4.1 8.10
IPE 140 140 73 6.9 4.7 12.9
IPE 200 200 100 8.5 5.6 22.4
IPE 240 240 120 9.8 6.2 29.4
IPE 300 300 150 10.7 7.1 41.4
IPE 360 360 170 12.7 8.0 56.0
IPE 400 400 180 13.5 8.6 63.6
IPE 500 500 200 16.0 10.2 90.7
IPE 600 600 220 19.0 12.0 122.0

H-Beams Sections
W H tw tf kg/m
Section
mm mm mm mm
HW 100 100 100 6 8 16.9
HW 150 150 150 7 10 31.1
HW 175 175 175 7.5 11 40.4
HW 200 200 200 8 12 49.9
HW 250 244 252 11 11 63.8
HW 300 294 302 12 12 83.5
HW 300 300 300 10 15 93.0
HW 300 300 305 15 15 104.8
HW 350 338 351 13 13 104.6
HW 350 350 357 19 19 154.2
HW 400 388 402 15 15 140.1
HW 500 492 465 15 20 202.5

Typical Steel Frames Sections
S H
D Column Girder
span height Section Section
In (m)
H
(m) (m)
- 35
IPE- 200
10 - 15 5-6 1.5 - 2 IPE- 240
SHABAN 11th Edition

D
IPE- 240
S
IPE- 240
15 - 20 6–8 2 – 2.5 IPE- 300
IPE- 300
IPE- 300
20 – 30 8 – 10 2.5 – 3 IPE- 360
IPE- 360
IPE- 360
30 – 40 10 –12 2.5 – 3.5 IPE- 400
IPE- 400
Steel Structure Diagram
Main compositions of Steel structure are:

1- Concrete for columns foundations.
2- Steel base plate for column fixing.
3- Columns from H - steel sections.
4- Rafters or girders from steel I-beams.
5- Steel plate Haunches for angles,
which work as stiffeners, increasing
stability & minimizing deflections.
6- Bracing for columns and girders.
7- Side rails for walls & Purlins for roof.
8- Profiled steel cladding for wall & roof.

Hollow Steel Sections
Hollow Section Thickness Weight

in H x W mm WT mm kg /ml
20 x 20 1.0 0.46
25 x 25 1.2 0.88
50 x 50 1.5 2.30
75 x 75 2.3 5.14
100 x 100 2.3 6.95
40 x 20 1.0 0.86
50 x 25 1.2 1.36
75 x 40 1.5 2.57
100 x 25 1.9 4.29
100 x 75 3.0 7.78
3
BUILDINGS

Building Designing Steps
1. Preparing Building site plan by
surveying layout and borders with a
counter map of site topography.
2. Soil Investigation tests for the design
of building foundation, by digging
boreholes, Min. (3) holes, as normal
min. of (15) m Depth, according to
the geological report of the area.
3. Architectural designing for the
building, approved by the owner.
4. All Structural, electrical and
Mechanical designs for Building and
preparing complete set in addition to
the Bill of quantities, with prices.
5. Adding emergency stairs ( scape
away exit ), Emergency UPS, Fire
alarm & Fire fighting system,CCTV
monitoring cameras, spare electrical
lift, LPG gas system & ventilation.
6. Preparing contract documents and
Required specifications & codes.

Buildings Requirements-1
Buildings standards and codes which
are normally used in IRAQ:
1- Application of Loading:
International buildings codes (IBC).
2- Concrete Structure: ACI Code 318-
Metric version or newest.
3- Seismicity: IRAQI seismic Code for
buildings: Code2 / (English version),
4- Snow Load: Become Effective after
it exceed 100 kg/m2 on building roof.
5- Wind Load: Applying 160 km/hr.,
check the IBC code for the rest of the
design process regulations.
6- Designing Methods: The Allowable
Stress Design Method for steel
structures and Ultimate Strength
Design for Concrete structures.
7- Reinforcement details: Shop
drawings according to the ACI code.
Detailing Manual's Newest Version.
8- Steel Structures: Use AISC Code.

Buildings Requirements-2
9- Reinforced Bars: The required
strength is 420 Mpa. (Grade 60)
for Ø16 mm Bar or more, and 350
Mpa (Grade 50) for the rest.
10- Steel Sections: For Strength of steel
sections used in IRAQ: apply the
criteria according to AISC Code (A36,
A50) or the newest version.
11- Soil Investigation: The soil tests are
required for the soil which is under
foundations bearing capacity, Soil
layers, and under-ground water level.
12- Footings: Normal footing or sub-soil
strengthening by injection or pile ,
pire footing are mostly used in IRAQ.
13- Structural Analysis Software:
Sap2000, ETABS, STAAD – Pro
programs, and Robot structural
analysis are usually used for
designing of structures in IRAQ.
14- Expansion joints: Due to high temp.
Iraqi standards are used in designs.
Min. Min.
Type area m2 width m
Living room. 12:00 3:00
Bed Room. 3.50 m2 2.20
per bed
Kitchen. 6.00 2.00
Kitchen + 10.00 2.50
SHABAN 11th Edition

Byelaws
Dining.
- 42
Bathroom. 1.80 1.50
W.C. 1.10 0.80
Min. Residential Buildings
Bath. +W.C. 2.80 1.20

Buildings Min. Required
1- Minimum height of living, kitchen
and bed rooms is =2.40 m.
2- Minimum required height of bath
room and W.C is = 2.10 m.
3- Minimum stair case width = 0.8 m.
4- Min. ventilation fan area is = 15 cm2
for every 1.00 m3 of room volume.
5- Min. glass thickness for area of 0.2 m2
the area is 3 mm, for 0.3 m2 is 4 mm,
for 0.4 m2 is 5 mm, and for 0.7 m2
glass area or more is 6 mm.
6- The horizontal clear distance between
any two openings in building bearing
walls should be more than (4 x wall
Thickness) as a minimum.
7-The Min. internal NET dimensions of
WC is 110 x 80 cm, and for baths
rooms are 120 x 180 cm.
8- Minimum Main walls thickness is 20
cm and for partitions is 10 cm.
9- Min. shear wall thickness is 20 cm.

Allowed Building Members
Shuttering Tolerances
Item Percentage
1- Max.
decreasing in
footing Thickness
5%
Shuttering.
2- Max. Footing
displacement or
eccentricity of the
2%
footing center.
3- Variations for
stair RISE in +or - 3 mm
4 - For stair
TREAD + or - 6.5 mm
5 - For Lintels,
parapets,
Horizontal
6.5 mm
grooves, etc.
6- Deviation in
column and
Walls shuttering of
12.5 mm
(4) m height.
7 -Variations in
Slabs & beams
Shuttering each
6.5 mm
(3) Meter’s length

Typical Buildings Doors
and Windows
DOORS
ITEM WINDOWS
Height x width
(2.0 – 2.10) (10 – 20) %
Dining by of floor area
rooms (1.00 x1.20)
(2.0 – 2.10) (1/15) of the
Bed by area of the
room (1.0 – 1.10) wall.
(1.90 – 2.0)
W.C.& by Min. = (0.3)
Baths (0.75-1.0) m2
(2.0 -2.10)
(15-30) %of
Kitchens by
floor area.
(1.0 -1.20)
Receptions (2.2-2.40)
and by (20 – 30) %
entrances (1.0-1.60) of floor area
(1.9-2.20)
Balconies by OPEN
(0.9 -1.00)
NOTE: All Dimensions are in (m).

Typical LINTELS
d Surrounded wall
b L b
Lintel Concrete Lintel

Bottom
Span Beam Bearing
Reinforce-
(L) m Depth(d) walls =
ment
cm (b) cm
Up - 1.0 25 4 - 10 mm 20
1. 0 -2.0 30 4 - 12 mm 25
2.0 -3.0 40 4 - 16 mm 30
Notes:
1- Use 10 mm stirrups @ 20 cm. spacing.
2- For top bars reinforcing use (2 of 8 )
mm. Diameter along the beam.
3- Beam width is the same as wall width.
4- Min. beam concrete cover is 2 cm.
5- This table is for max. span of (3.0) m,
for bigger spans it should be designed.
6- Steel sections lintels can also be used
instead of reinforced concrete beams.

Minimum Slab and beam
Thicknesses
Members
Type One way
Beams
slab
1-Simply
L / 20 L / 16
supported
2- One end
L / 24 L / 17
continuous
3- Both end
L / 28 L / 21
continuous
4- Cantilever L / 10 L/8
Notes:
1- L= clear net distance between the
two supports of the structure.
2- These limits should be changed
when the member deflection is
computed according to formulas.
3- For two-way slabs, the shorter
span should be considered as (L)
4- For the Beams thickness = depth.

. Min. Walls Bearings
Type Bearing (b)
Slabs on walls 15 cm
Lintels 20 cm
Beams
Spans up to 3.5 m 20 cm
Note:
Beams bottom width is between 2/3
to ½ of its depth (D) but not less
than 1/3 of its D, and basically 3/5
of D is used.
b= Bearing sitting length of slab or
beam on walls or columns.
D= Slab, beam thickness or depth.
Slab or beam--------
D span b

Typical bearing wall
Foundation
2T
wall Natural
////////////// //////////////// Ground level
T
D wall base
d = Depth of
Plain Conc.
45o Inclined I I p
D= Depth of Foundation excavations.
p= Clear leave back distance.
NOTES:
1- Plain concrete Foundations.
1:2:4 with Masonry walls For
Normal houses and buildings.
2- Min. d = 30 cm, or 3p/2
Min. p = 15 cm.
Min. D = 60 cm.
3- Load angle projection is 45 o
Degree in both directions.
4- T = Building main wall Thickness.

PLASTERING
Below plastering materials quantities are
Required on the stone masonry or block
walls with (2) cm thick per each (100) m2.
TYPE M3 Mix
1- Cement
Mortar = Cement 3.00 1:3
+Sand + water
2- White Lime
(Gypsum)= 5.00 with water
(Loose powder)
3- Pointing =
(Cement+ 0.35 1:3
Sand+ water).
4- Rendering =
(White cement 0.25 1:2
+ filler+ water)
Notes:
1- Water and Cement mixture is
required to be sprayed on wall surfaces
before applying the plastering layer.
2- Add extra (150 kg) of cement for
each (100) m2 concrete plastering if
smooth plastering surfaces are required.

Staircase
T
R H= Stair Height
W = Stair length
q = Stair slope angle
W = Stair length H = Stair height

T = Tread R= Rise
Rules:
1- 2R + T = 584 to 660 mm
2- H / R = No. of stairs.
3- W = (T x No. of stairs)
4- Max. q = 42 o
Min. q = 20 o
Min. T = 215 mm
Max. R = 200 mm
5- Min. step width (80) cm for houses
& for buildings & offices is (100) cm.

Step Foundations
Top Reinforcing Mesh
X
Bottom Mesh
A level
T= Thickness
Y B level
Z – shape reinforcing
Recommendations:
1- Continuous Foundation thickness = T
2- Min. Y = T, No. of steps not limited.
3- Min. X= 2Y but not less than 30 cm
4- Use inclined Z – shape steel for the
the connection between the foundation
levels A & B and use the same type of
reinforcement used in the foundation
of the Bottom reinforcing mesh.
5- Min overlap of z-shape with original
foundation reinforcement is:
(40 – 60) * (bar diameter)
But not less than ( 30 ) cm in any case.

Min. Forms Opening
Minimum Forms opening after
concrete casting in Normal weather
conditions is according to below table
TYPE DAYS
1- (Beams + Lintels + 2
Footing) Sides only
2- Columns 3
3- Slabs Drops 7
4 - (Slabs + Lintels + 10
Beams) Under base
5- Beams and Cantilever 14
(Beams or slabs)
Notes:
1- For beams, slabs & cantilever’s:
Min. days = 2 x small dimension +3
Dimensions are in meters.
2-These recommendations are for
ordinary concrete works, with air
temperature above 16o C, otherwise
special precautions to be applied.
Column Requirements - 1
1- Columns are considered short
when the ratio of column effective
Length (L) to it’s the least section
lateral dimension(d) exceeds (15):
Slenderness ratio SR = L / d
where:
both dimension L & d should be
with the same units.
2- Max. SR for column so that it will
Not subject to buckling should not
exceed (45) for Axially loaded
columns, & (20) for columns which
subjected to Bending moments.
3- Reduction load factor for the long
column with SR =(21) is 0.8, for SR
=(30) is 0.5, & (0.1) when SR =(42).
4- Recommended min. least lateral
dimension or diameter for 4.5 m
long column is 40 cm, for 3.5 m
is 35 cm and for 3.0 m is 20 cm.

Column Requirements - 2
1- Unsupported column length should
not be more than (10) multiplied
by the least lateral dimension or
Diameter of the cross-section,
otherwise it should be considered
as long column for design purpose,
or to be braced for lateral support.
2- Min. column dimensions, diameter
or thickness, should not be less
than (15) cm, and Max. (length to
width) rate is 3:1 for rectangular
column cross sections, otherwise it
will be considered as shear wall.
3- Maximum steel reinforcement for a
column cross-section area is 8% &
Min. is 1% as a percentage of the
total column cross-section area.
4- Min. steel bars used ½ inch, and
Max. 2 inches, for stirrups Min. is ¼
inch and Max. spacing is (25) cm.

Column and Shear walls
Notes:
1- t & b are the width and thickness
of the column section.
2- if (t) is equal to or less than (5 b)
the section will be considered a
Column, but if it is more than (5 b)
it will be considered a Shear wall.
3-In case (t) is between (3 - 5 b), it
can be considered both, based on
shear forces direction which are
subjected to the column section.

Required Tests for Building
1-Min. Concrete cube compressive
strength fc’ should be at least 25
MPa, which is equivalent to 21 MPa
is it is standard cylinder strength
2-Min. Yield strength fy’ for steel
bars should not be less than 420
MPa, equivalent to Grade (60).
3-Allowable Soil Bearing capacity
for Normal foundations in Iraq = 8.0
to 10 Ton/m2, Unless it is tested.
4-In case of failure for the (7) days
concrete cubes, we should wait for
(28) days test result, if it fails again,
the below tests should be hold so
that we can decide next step:
A-Core test for failed members.
B- Ultrasonic and Hammer test.
C- Onsite loading test for member.
Then Consultant Engineer Decides
the final Decision before demolition.
Member’s strength
Basic required concrete members
cubes compressive strength for a
multistory building is shown below :
Member Strength
1 Building Foundations 35 MPa

+ Columns
2 Beams + Slabs + 30 MPa
Staircase+ cantilivers
3 Slab on Grade 20 MPa
( Flooring )
4 Footing for small 20 MPa
members (Partitions)
5 Lean Concrete for 10 MPa
under structures.
6 Reinforced Concrete 35 MPa
for service Roads
7 Reinforced concrete 25 MPa
for service walkways.
8 Mass Concrete for 25 MPa
huge Structures. Min.

Apartment Characteristics
Below are nowadays and essential
items with systems required for the
construction of new residential flats:
1- Firefighting system. (FFS)
2- Fire Alarm system. (FAS)
3- Moisture insulation paint.
4- Walls Sound Insulation
5- Walls thermal insulation
6- Floors Sound Insulation
7- False ceiling insulation
8- Doors thermal insulation.
9- Wood for flooring. (Carpet)
10- Windows evacuated Double -
pane glass for insulation.
11- Windows and Doors double
section with insulation material.
12- Apartments Intercom system
13- TV and Internet cables.
14- Ventilation system Net.
15- Gas fuel system (LPG).
16- Floor cooling & Heating system.
17- Trash collecting system.
4
ROADS

Roads Notes -1
1- Blasting for small cut quantities in

rocks need (1.0) kilogram of the
explosive materials for every (4.0)
m 3 of rocks, and in huge blasting
1/2 of this quantity is Required.
2-Cut Soils expand after excavation
about 25% of its original volume,
subbase 10%, sand 20%, and chalk
soils expand about 30%.
3- One test soil sample is required for
every 3000 m 3 of embankment fill.
4- Maximum allowable longitudinal
grade is (6-9%) for (50 km / hr)
road design speed, and (3-5 %)
for a (110 km / hr) design speed.
Roads Notes - 2
1-Standard main roads lane width is

(3.7m), but not less than(5.5 m) for
2 lanes, required median width from
(1 to 4) m between lanes is needed.
2- Roads Shoulder Minimum width
is 1.25 m and Maximum is 3.6 m,
with a transverse slope between 2%
to 5 % for surface water draining.
3-Required Widening width (w) for
Horizontal road curves up to Radius
(R) = 60 m is 1.2 m, for R= 150 m, w
= 0.9 m and for R = 300 m, w = 0.5
m, No (w) widening is required for
road’s radius more than R= 900 m.

Roads Notes - 3
1-Unsuitable materials for roads
Embankment, are Soil containing
(12%) or more organic materials,
salty soils containing 10% of total
salts or more, and clay with liquid
limit of more than (55), with its
Plasticity index more than (30).
2- Min. suitable road grade for soil
side ditch = 0.5 %, max.= 5 %.
3- Min. suitable (R) for circular curve
for (50) km/hr. design speed is
(150) m with 5%super elevation,
and R = (600) m for 100 km/hr.
4 4- Max. suitable longitudinal grade
for rural roads = 5%, for 70 km/hr.
and = 8% for 50 km/hr. speed.
5- Suitable side slope for 1.0 m soil
embankments total height is 1:6,
and for 3.0 m total height is 1:4 ,
then for 6:0 m height, slope is 1:3.

Max. longitudinal grades
Type of Express Urban Rural
Terrain way way way
Level 3% 4% 6%
Rolling 4% 5% 7%
Mountain 6% 7% 9%
Notes:
1- Min. longitudinal grade for roads is
0.5% in snowy countries, and
0.3% for non-snowy countries.
2- Max. Highway Ramp grade = 8%.
3- In case of grades higher than 9%,
In hilly areas, extra length or
arches to be added to the road
profile so that to reduce the high
grades of the road in these areas.

Roads Machinery
1- Shovel and bulldozers - used for cut and
earthmoving, such as creating roadbeds
side ditches and embankments.
2- Excavators – used for soil excavations.
3- Asphalt pavers - used for laying asphalt
layers on roads and highways.
4- Rollers - used for compacting the soil,
gravel, and asphalt layers of the road
surface to ensure proper density.
5- Graders - used for leveling & smoothing
the road surface, as well as creating
drainage slopes and road ditches.
6- Mixer and pumps - used for concrete
transferring from plants and pumping.
7- Sweepers - For cleaning debris, dust,
and other materials from the road surface.
8- Scrapers - used for soil excavation,
moving and spreading in new place.
9- Dampers – used for soil transporting.
10- Tankers – For raw water transporting.

Typical Asphalt Pavement
Layer Description
1-Wearing Bitumen 6%, thickness (2.5 - 5)
layer cm, Min. compaction 98%.
2- Binder Bitumen 5%, thickness (5-10)
layer cm, compaction 98%.
3- Layer of Bitumen (3 - 4) %, thickness
Stabilizer (10-30) cm, compaction 98%.
4 - Base - Crushed limestone layer, Min.
Course Compaction 98%, Min. CBR
layer (80) %, layer thick (20-30) cm
5 - Sub- Sand & Gravel Mixture types A,
Base B, C, compacted to 95%. Min.
Course CBR for (A=30, B=35, C=40)
layer %, Thick (20-40) cm.
6- Prime + Applied between sub-base and
Tack coat asphalt layers.
7- Filling Compacted filling soil layers
and Sub (30) cm thickness up to 92%,
- grade Last 2 m 94%, Subgrade 95%,
Min. CBR (8-10) %.
8- Sand & Gravel Mixtures Type
Shoulders (B) thick (20) cm, CBR 35%

Asphalt job mix Tolerance
Below allowed Tolerances for any
asphalt layer deviations compared
with Job mix formula limits:
1-% of aggregate passing
sieve No. 4 and larger. +,-6%
2-% of aggregate passing
Sieve No. 4 and smaller. +,-4%
3- % of filler passing
sieve No. 200. +, -1.5 %
4- % of asphalt by weight
of Total mixture. +, - 0.3 %
5-Temp. of Spreading
Layer of asphalt mixture
In ( Celsius degree) +, - 15 %
6- Min. Spreading mix
temp. during compaction. 85 C°
7- Min. air temp. allowed
for laying asphalt mixture,
without any precautions . 15 C°

Asphalt layers levels
tolerances
Layer or Course Tolerances

Final Surface or +3 to - 3
Wearing Course mm
Binder and + 3 to - 6
stabilizer course mm
Base or Crushed + 6 to - 15
stone course mm
Sub-base course + 10 to – 30
mixed granular mm
Subgrade + 15 to – 30
Formation level mm
1.0
1.5
3.0
A
B
2:3 slope
R
R = Right of the road is the width of the
SHABAN 11th Edition

allocated land for constructing the road
structures and safety area on both sides,
- 69
including side ditches width & is equal to:
R= B + 2 (A x 3 / 2 + 3 + 1.5 + 1) meters
B= Fill or cut width, A= Fill or cut height.
depend on road type and lanes width.

Side ditch width changed according to designs.
Typical Right of the Road
Note : Right of the road or (way) width,

Asphalt Deviations Part -1
After laying asphalt pavement layers
on the ground, any deviation of items
amounts or percentages of the laid layer
out of mixing formula (Job mix) limits
should be treated as below:
A- Bitumen percentage Deviations:
1-Any Deviation of Bitumen percentage
from (0.3 - 0.5) % for the binder course,
and (0.5 to 0.7) for the wearing course,
from the max. and min. limits of the job
mix design formula, should be treated
by adding a new (2) cm layer for binder
course and (3) cm for wearing course
on the complete area of the failed layer
2-But if deviations are less than the
above-mentioned limits, price deduction
should be applied as new price =
contract price x (1- 0.6 x deviation%).
3- For any deviations more than above
limits in point No.1,the complete failed
layer should be removed and replaced.

Asphalt Deviations Part-2
B- Deviations in Stability and Flow:
1- Any Deviations from Min. required
limit of stability from (68 to 100) Kg for
the wearing course, and (100 to 150) kg
for the Binder course layer, and also a
deviation from Min. and Max. required
limits of the Flow by (7.62) mm, should
be treated by spreading and increasing
the next layer thickness by extra 3 cm.
2- But if Deviations are less than the
upper-mentioned limits for stability or
Flow limits by more than (7.62) mm, it
should be treated according to the item
(A-2) in part 1 on the previous page.
3- For any deviations more than above
limits, the complete failed layer should
be removed and replaced by a new one
without any financial compensation to
the contractor for the new layer and it
should be implemented again according
to all contract required specifications.

Asphalt Deviations Part-3
C- deviations in the % of air voids:
1-Any Deviation of air voids % limits not
more than 6%, then 3% price deduction
to be applied for each 1% deviation.
2- And if it decreases not more than 2%
from limits, then 8% price deduction to
be applied for each 1% deviation.
3- but if the deviation is more than 6%
or less than 2%, then extra 2 cm to be
added to the thickness of the next layer,
or a surface layer and a thickness of 3
cm is to be added in case the failed
layer is a surface layer, and on expense
of the Executing contractor of job.
D- deviations in Aggregate grading:
1- Any deviation in sieves grading, price
deduction of 1% for each 1% deviation
from the Job mix limits to be applied.
2- Any deviation from Standards limits
apply price deduction 0.5% for each1%.

Road Material Tests
Item Important tests
1- Road Compaction test every 200
Embank- ml., C.B.R, soluble salts,
ment fill organic content, each 1500
layers m3, or when soil changing.
2- Road Compaction test every 200
Subgrade ml, & C.B.R test 5% Min.,
layer Gradation, LL Max. 25%,
PI Max. 6%, each 400 m3
3- Sub Gradation, L.L. P.I, CBR,
and Stone and Field density every 400
Base m3, or each lane ,Min. 98%
4- Prime The density test as kg/m2
and tack for each lane required
Coat density is about 1.0 kg / m2.
5- Typical Bitumen Penetration, and
Asphalt Asphalt Mixture Temp. for
Layers Each truck, Extraction &
with Gradation test, Compaction
Bitumen Min. 98%, layer Thickness,
and surface accuracy each
2000 m2 or one-day work.

Asphalt layers % passing
Grading
Sieve Stabilizer Binder Wearing
1.5" 100
1.0" 90-100 100
3/4" 75-91 90-100 100
1/2" 56-80 70-90 90-100
3/8" 50-74 56-80 77-93
No. 4 29-59 35-65 44-74
No. 8 19-45 23-49 28-58
No. 50 5-17 5-19 5-21
No. 200 2-8 3-10 3-10
% of
bitumen. 3.0- 5.5 3.5-6.0 4.0-6.0
Marshal > = 5 KN > =7 KN > = 8 KN
Notes:
1- Required bitumen Flow test is from (2 -
to 4 mm) depending on the layer type.
2- Recommended air voids is (3 – 6 %)
depending on asphalt layers types.
3- Bitumen Grade 40/50 to be used for
Binder and Wearing layers.
4- Bitumen Grade 60/70 normally to be
used for the base layer (Stabilizer course).
Req. Asphalt Properties
Base Binder Surface
Item Course Course Course
1- Marshall
Stability 5 7 8
(KN), min.
2- Marshall
Flow (mm) 2- 4 2- 4 2- 4
3- Air voids in
Marshall 3- 6 3- 5 3- 5
specimen (%)
4- Air voids in
mineral
12 13 14
aggregate
(%), min.
5- Immersion-
Compression
Index of
70 70 70
Retained
Strength (%),
min.

Polymers for Asphalt
Polymers Like (SBS, EVA) are added

to asphaltic Mix. by percentage of total
mix. weight and used to provide higher
performances to it for Roads due to
increasing of traffic load on Roads and
High-temperature variation in regions.
Advantages:
1-Improving asphalt temperature
sensitivity and resistance to rutting.
2-Improving resistance of low temp.
(freezing) properties and cracking.
3-Better resistance to fatigue cracking.
4-Better resistance to aging of the
Bitumen properties used in the Mix.
Prime Coat Spraying steps
1-First check Subbase or crushed stone
layer final levels to be within the
accepted tolerances with Drawings.
2-All subbase layer Tests should be
passed according to specifications.
3-Prime coat. spraying Temperature
should be between (60-85) °C.
4- The Prime coat testing spraying
Quantities between (0.45 -1.5 ) kg/m2
5-In case of appearance of any
segregation in Sub-base layer it
should be treated before prime coat.
6-Prime coat spreading layer width and
length should be always more than
asphalt finisher lane dimensions.
7-It is not allowed to spray the Prime
coat if there is any free water or
dust on surface, it should be clean.
8-It is recommended to spray a quick
water splash on the subbase surface
before spraying the Prime coat.

Asphalt layer Placing Notes
1- All Prime Coat layer tests should be
checked, And Any surface excess
Bitumen quantities should be removed
or treated by spraying clean sand.
2-Asphalt Mixture Temperature in trucks
on site should be checked, and it
should be between (120 - 170) ˚ C.
3- No mixture placing is accepted on
rainy days, or below (15)˚C temp.
4- Allowable compactor speed on
hot asphalt Mix. is from (4 - 6) km /hr.
5- Max. allowable surface irregularity
layer tolerance under (4) m length
aluminum roller, is (3) mm for wearing
course layer, (6) mm for binder course
layer, and (8) mm for the stabilizer.
6-To prevent occurrence of cold joint
between 2 spreading asphalt lanes
one after other, the 2nd lane should be
sprayed before the first longitudinal
joint mixture temp. drop below 60˚C.

Asphalt spreading Tests
1-Testing Asphalt Mixture temperature
should be between (120-170) °C inside
trucks before spreading on the site.
2-A sample of (30x30) cm area of
spreading asphalt mixture layer, Min.
(12) kg, should be taken after the
finisher machine directly for Extraction,
Marshal, and Specific Gravity Tests.
3- Cutting Cores from the spreading
asphalt layer, next day for purpose of
layer thickness and compaction test
which should be Min.95 - 98 %.
4- Checking thickness of spreading
layer directly after finisher by scaled
steel rod which should be according
to designs & thickness Tolerances.
5-Vidual checking for spreading hot
layer after the finisher directly and
treating any segregation immediately
6-No spreading allowed below 4°C.
7-Compaction start temp. (80 - 90) °C.

Typical Road Slopes
1 m Berm with ditch inside it, each 3 m
height of the side slope
shoulders slope 4 %
Pavement slope 2 %
Each side
/////////////////////////////////////
Cut slopes Fill slopes

Hard Layers 1: 1.75 to
3:1 to 10 :1 1: 4 Depending
Soils Min. 1:1 on soil type.
Notes:
1- Minimum Scraping for the natural
Topsoil under pavement, which
consists of organic and unsuitable
materials is (15) cm, with Min. CBR
test = 5 % for sub-grade layer.
2- 3:1 slope means rising 3 units
vertically and then 1 unit horizontally.
3- 1:4 means 1 vertical to 4 horizontals.

Road Creep Failure due to non-
sufficient compaction and Wrong
Design for Retaining wall

STONE BASE Grading
Sieve No. % Pass Sieve No. %Pass

1.5" 100 No. 4 30-60
1.0" 80- 100 No.40 10-30
1/2" 50 - 80 No.200 5-15
Tests:
1 - Liquid limit = (25) %, Plasticity Index
(4) %, as upper limit for the materials
passing sieve No. 4.
2 - Abrasion loss (45) % as an upper limit.
3 - Soaked CBR = or more than 80%
at 95% modified maximum density.
4 - All material should be crushed with
an (Aggregate crushing value) of not
less than (30), according to standards.

SUB-BASE Grading % Passing
Sieve Grade A Grade B Grade C

2.0" 100 100
1.0" 60-90 75-95 100
3/8" 30-65 40-75 50-85
No. 4 25-55 30-60 35-65
No.10 15-40 20-45 25-50
No.40 8-20 15-30 15-30
No.200 2- 8 5 - 15 5 -15
Tests:
1-Liquid limit not more than (35)% &
plasticity Index not more than (6)%.
2- Soaked CBR test = or more than
(60) % at 95% of MMD density.
3-Normally grade (A) is used for
shoulders and (B, C) for pavement.
Horizontal SIGHT DISTANCE
E.
A B CL
Q
R
S = 2R Arc Cos. (R - E) / R
S = Stopping Sight distance in m for

horizontal curve measured along CL
line of inner lane A to B (dotted red).
R = Radius of the center line of the
inner lane in meters (dotted red).
Arc Cos. = inverse cosine function
expressed in radian.
E = Distance from CL of the inner lane
to the obstacle edge.
A = Driver eye, B= Object on road
Height of the driver's eye = 1.20 m
Height of the Object = 15 cm
The line of sight AB is(76)cm height.
Q= Any obstacle (building, tree, rock,..)
.
Vertical Sight Distances
SSD= 0.278 Vt + V2/254 f

V= velocity Km/hr, t =time (sec.)
f = coefficient of longitudinal friction.
Eye-level = 1.20 object height =15 cm
V t f Equation SSD
25 2.5 0.40 24 25
60 2.5 0.36 81 80
80 2.5 0.35 128 130
100 2.5 0.35 182 180
SSD= Stopping sight distance.
Sight distance depends upon below factors:
1- Speed of the vehicle & perception time.
2- driver’s eye level & brake reaction time.
3- The slope of the road surface.
4- The frictional resistance of road surface.

Typical City Roads Layers
Road 10,12,15 20, 30,40 60, 100, 120,150

Type M width M width M width
inside city City Roads Main city Roads
Sub Min. CBR Min. CBR Min. CBR
Grade 4% 5% 6%
- 86
Compacted Thick Compacted Thick Compacted Thick
30 cm Min. 50 cm Min. 60 cm Min.
SHABAN 11th Edition

Sub Base Type Type Type
B Thick B Thick B Thick
20 cm 30 cm 40 cm (2 layers)
Crushed limestone Crushed lime
Asphalt stabilizer
Base Thick Stone thick
9 Cm
25 cm 30 cm (2) layers
Stabilizer 10 cm
Binder Binder
Final Binder
6 Cm + 7 Cm +
layers 7 Cm +
wearing 4 cm wearing 4 cm
Wearing 5 cm
Typical Roads Curbstone
Above is Mountable curbstone with

asphalt pavement cross section:
1- Wearing layer (4) cm thickness.
2- Binder layer (6) cm thickness.
3- Stabilizer layer (10) cm thickness.
4- Sub-base layer (40) cm thickness.
5- Curb base concrete 30 x 40 cm.
6- Curbstone 22 x 20 x 60 cm.
7- Curb support concrete mix. 1:2:4.
Note: Sub-base layer should be laid on
well compacted subgrade up to 95% .
5
Bridges and
Culverts
Bridge Collapse due to
foundation Pier’s failure
Types of BRIDGES
Type Span (m) Material
Multi or Less Than Concrete,
single hole 6 Steel,
Culvert Masonry
Small Girder 7 – 15 Conc., Steel
Medium 15 - 50 Conc., Steel,
Girder composite
Large Girder 50 – 150 Pre-stressed
multi spans Conc., Steel
Cable 150 – 250 Pre-stressed
Stayed Conc., Steel
Suspension 250-1400 Steel cables
Truss 90 - 550 Steel sections
Arch 90 – 500 Concrete,
Masonry
Note:
After completion of any major Bridge
structures, the loading test should be
applied to it, and it should satisfy all the
required design loads & Max. Allowable
Deflections before opening it to traffic.

BRIDGES joints
Total Longitudinal
Joint Movement
Type Min in mm Max in mm
Buried joint under
1. continuous surface 5 20
Gap joint with
2.
poured sealant
5 12
Gap joint with a
3.
flexible member
5 50
4. Open gap joint 5 60
Fully cantilevered
5.
toothed plates
50 -
6. Special joints 100 -
Note : The Max. allowed Vertical Movement
Between the two Sides of bridge Joint is (3) mm.

R. Concrete Retaining wall
25
//////////////////////////// Top fill
400 1:12 slope A- 20 mm @ 20 cm c-c

B- 12 mm @ 25 cm c-c
Dowels 20 mm @ 30 cm
C & D 18 mm @ 25 cm
NGL 60 //////////////
50
Key
50 145
35
260
Notes:
1- This section is suitable for maximum
4.0 m wall height for bridges and
abutments and culverts wing walls.
2- Distribution steel 12 mm @ 30 cm
for all layers A, B, C, D & dowels.
3- All dimensions are in centimeters.
4- Drain water PVC pipes are required
at each (1) m Spacing on 60 cm
thick filter material behind the wall.
5 - Concrete key 60x50 cm is required.

Stone Retaining wall
Masonry Retaining wall with plain
Concrete Footing, the section is to be
Economical up to (3) m (H) = Height.
H/8
/////////// H/3
1:12 slope
H H/4 H/3
H/3 f H/3
D ////////////
d
0.40 H
Notes:
1- Min. Footings Excavation,
D = 80 cm.
2- Min. Footing Thickness,
d = 50 cm.
3- Min. f = 20 cm.
4-Inside Wall casting mass Concrete
can be filled with 30 % stones.
5-Drain PVC (4)” pipes each 1 by 1 m
are needed, with filter layer behind
and along the complete wall height.

Gabion Retaining Walls
1- A gabion wall is a retaining wall made of
stacked stone-filled gabions tied together
with steel wire mesh in cubic baskets.
2- Gabion walls are usually battered (angled
back towards the slope), or stepped back
with the slope, rather than stacked vertically.
3- Gabion gravity retaining walls can be
constructed up to Max. of (9) m height.
4- The Gabion gravity walls Require periodic
maintenance to ensure wires remain intact
and stones not to be shifted also they are not
suitable for high-loaded structures.

Concrete Pavement Joints
a- Crack Control joint:
Normally each (3 - 4 m) Both Directions.
groove depth = T/4
T Crack
////////////////////////////
T= Pavement thickness
Groove width from ( 3 - 5 ) mm
b- Expansion joint:
Normally each (25 - 30) m Both Directions.
Expansion joint width from (10 – 15 ) mm
c- Construction joint:
Normally it is constructed after 1-day work or
after stopping concrete casting .
formed edge
with key
old cast new cast
////////////////////////////
Well Compacted Sub-grade or Sub-base layer.

Culverts Types & tests
Type of culverts :
1- Pipe culvert from concrete, steel and
high-density PVC.
2- Box from Masonry & concrete.
3- Arch from masonry and concrete.
4- Slab culvert from reinforced
Concrete and, or steel sections.
Tests :
Cement physical and chemical
properties, Concrete Slump, strength, and
temp., Steel Tensile strength, sand and
gravel gradation, stone masonry strength
& water absorption,
Under Soil tests and bearing capacity.

Culverts Length
Min. culvert length L is calculated
as below:
L= SW + 2*Sh + 4*Fh
SW = sub-base layer width
Sh = shoulder width
Fh = filling height from the top
of the culvert concrete slab
to the bottom of pavement.
NOTES:
1- In above equation the Culverts over
Fill slope, assume 1:2 for both side.
2- Min. Culvert bed slope for suitable
flow is 0.5% to prevent possible
sedimentation and the max. is 5%.
Slope to prevent erosion inside it.
3- For low water discharges, use pipe
culverts to up 1.0-meter diameter
size, for higher water flow, use
multi-pipe culverts or Box culverts.
4- Bridges are recommended for Big
valley Discharges, and rivers.
Culverts Size
Culverts size are calculated as below:

A = ( i * a * f ) / ( 36 * v )
A = culvert cross-section in m2
i = Intensity of max. rain full in the
country Region in cm/ hour.
for exp. Use (10-20) cm/hr. in Erbil.
a = Catchment’s area in Hectares.
f = factor of soil impervious.
Depending on soil type, for example
Use (0.9) for Rocks, (0.75) for normal
soils and (0.6) for sandy soils.
v = allowable velocity inside culverts in
cm/sec, about 0.5 cm/sec.
F =Top free board use Min. (15) cm.

Rigid Pavement Design
by Older Formula:
D= 3WC/S
D = plain concrete slab thickness in cm.

W= moving wheel load in Kg which may
vary from 2260 to 5440, then add
10 % to 20% for Impact load.
C= Coefficient of existing subgrade which
may varies from 6.89 for clays, 5.44 for
sand mixtures, and 4.81 for hard gravel
and sand mixtures.
S= allowable flexural unit stress for
concrete in Kg /cm2, normally
taken as 30 to 40 kg/cm2.
Note: Above formula empirical is depend
on accumulated data & experience.

Pile’s Types
When the Bearing capacity of sub-soils is
not adequate to bear the building's total
loads, we are obliged to support spread or
raft foundations by pile, after soil
investigation for beneath layers which may
be up to 50 m hole depth, depending on
building heights & loads.
Basic types of shallow and deep

foundations

Pile’s foundations
Types of piles:
1- Timber piles, 2- Steel H-piles, 3- Steel
pipe piles, 4- Precast concrete piles, 5-
Reinforced concrete piles, 6- Composite
piles , 7- Sheet piles from steel or wood or
other materials.
Main Purpose of using Piles:
1- High Structural total load
compression or uplift pressure.
2- Weak Bearing of upper layers of soil.
3- Foundations High Lateral Pressure.
For piles Load Carrying Capacity (Q)
Q = Q1 + 2 * π * r * f * D
where:
Q = Total carrying load capacity in Ton.
Q1 = Base layer Resistance at bottom
end of the pile in Ton.
r = Circular Pile Radius in Meters
f = Skin Friction between Pile and soil
which vary from 500-2000 tons/m2
D = Depth of the Foundation in meters.

6
Huge
STRUCTURES

Airports
1- The Airports are classified according to
its usage, aircraft type, and Runway
code letter from (A to F) depending on
(ICAO) international standards.
2- The Airports are Mainly composed of
Main Runway, taxiways, aprons,
terminal building for passengers, VIP
building, tower, cargo, Administration,
service Buildings, communications,
roads, and all other infrastructures.
3- Typical layers of Main Runway rigid
pavements are PQC Concrete 40
cm thickness + 15 cm Dry lean
concrete + 35 cm Stone base + 30 cm
subbase + 50 cm compacted subgrade.
4-Flexible pavement is consist of 5 cm
wearing + 10 cm Binder + 20 cm MBC
Macadam base course + 40 cm stone
Base + 30 cm subcase + sub-grade ,
well compacted to 95 % MDD.
5-Minimum. clear distance between the
Runway and any parallel taxiway is
200 m, for Safety issues (ICAO) codes.

Typical Airport Pavement
Layer Type Thickness

Soil up to 95%
Subgrade Compaction, Min. Min. 50 cm
CBR is 20
Gravel Type B Min. 15-20 cm
Subbase Compaction 98% Each layer
Crushed stone Min.
Base Compaction 98% 30 cm
PQC Concrete, of
Rigid 450 kg/cm2
Pavement with Temperature 40 cm
reinforcement
Flexible Asphalt 3 layers
Pavement (Stabilizer 15 cm +
binder 10 cm + 30 cm
wearing layer 5 cm)

Airports Classification
Airports are classified according to their
runway characteristics as below:
Type Runway Runway Max.
Length width Grade
Secondary 500-900 25 2.0%
Domestic 1250 30 1.5%
Sub-maim 1800 45 1.5%
Main 2250 45 1.5%
International 3150 - 60 1.25%
& more
Notes:
1- All above dimensions are in meters.
2- The maximum grade % is for the
runway longitudinal centerline profile
3- All above physical characteristics are
according to FAA, ICAO, and IATA
International standards.
4- Airports also are classified by their
annual passenger capacity (Mppa),
which means million passengers per
annum and it include (Arrivals +
Departures) passenger per (1) year.

Airports Designing Process
1- Identifying the Airport plot borders by
local Authorities officially and fixing
physical outline signs on project site.
2- Performing complete site surveying
according land topography tolerances
by GPS field instruments including
satellite digital photos to min. scales.
3- Requesting for soil investigation tests
and boreholes complete report.
4- Designing site fence, control points,
CCTV system, security ring road, with
main gates for passengers and cargo.
5- Designing Runway, taxiways, and
service roads, location, and Direction,
according to local weather and wind.
6- Designing the Location of the main
Terminal & Apron connected to runway.
7- Identifying all Airport codes and
categories according to (ICAO)and
(IATA) specifications and standards.
8-Completing the design set for all other
infrastructures, services, and systems.

Typical Railway Cross section
1- Rails are consist of hard steel weight 60

kg / m, 13 m in length, and expansion
joint gaps between each two pieces.
2- Rails gauge width types are normally :
B.G. width =1676 mm, M.G. width = 1000
mm, N.G. = 762 up to 610 mm.
3- Sleepers are usually consist of steel
sections, wood, or reinforced concrete.
4- Ballast is consist of selected graduated
crushed stone material with Minimum a
thick of 200 mm and well compacted.
5- Soil formation bed should be well
compacted to Minimum 98% of MMD.
6- Expansion joints gaps between (2)
sequence rails are to be designed
according to local weather conditions.

TUNNELS
The Main Factors of Tunnels Design are:

1- First the main purpose of Tunnels is
for roads, railways, and channels.
2- Then Soil tests & investigation are
required for the tunnel body location.
3- Methods of lighting and ventilation.
4- Methods of construction & grouting.
5- Inside Walk and Emergency ways.
6- Lining types (Concrete, steel, wood
or others) and anti-water seepage.
7- Required length and Dimensions.
8- Services, Maintenance station,
security control, & CCTV Cameras.
9- The road type Inside it ( Asphalt, or
Concrete) with side ditch channel.

DAMS
Normally Dams are classified as below :

1- Storage dams: filled with river water.
2- Diversion Dams: constructed to raise
water levels to channels for Irrigation.
3- Detention dams: to avoid & control
sudden water floods in the region.
4- Rigid Dams: are constructed from
mass concrete or masonry or stones.
5- Non-rigid Dams: constructed from soil
or rockfill for huge water storage.
6- Arch dams: constructed inside the
mountain regions from concrete.
Dams benefit: Elect. power, Irrigation,
tourism, roads bridges, fishing, gaming &
Environment improvement of the region.

Typical Earth DAMS
Above is cross section for a typical small

earth dam which is constructed from Semi -
impervious Materials as below:
1- Dam height is 15 m with Up-stream side
slope of 1:2.5 and Down-stream of 1:2 .
2- Stone Pitching to be set on both Up-
stream and Down-stream dam sides.
3- Minimum top road way width is 5.0 m.
4- Impervious clay core can be extended
to top of the dam for pervious materials.
5- Spill way channel to be privided at top
for 5.0 m with and minimum 1.5 m depth.

7
Sewerage

Sewerage information
Below notes can be used for sanitary
pipe works in normal building or house:
1- (Polypropylene Random Copolymer)
PPR pipes are to be used & laid on
floor concrete slab for all horizontal
sanitary water pipes inside the
building with fixing and jointing.
2- All sanitary pipes outside building to
be laid at 40 cm depth below floor
levels (FL) and covered by sand
materials 10 cm all around the pipe.
3- All pipes are to be installed in a
groove made in building walls and
then covered by cement plastering.
4- Water taps & valves to be installed
at height of 50 cm above (FL).
5- WC flush tank water valve should be
installed at 160 cm above the (FL).
6- All pipes should be tested for
leakage by applying minimum. 8 bar
pressure on the net for min. 24 hrs.

Water Consumption
The required clean water supply
Consumption as liter/capita/day is:
a- For Each Person at residential
houses as average is (165) L/C/D
as estimated in below table:
*Others include Drinking, leaks, Car

washing, gardens and floor cleaning.
b - For Schools (30) per Student

c - For Hospitals (150) per Bed
d - For Offices (40) per Employer
e - For hotels (200) per person
f - For Restaurants (5) L per Meal.

Sewerage installations
1- Recommended water supplying

pipe size for ordinary house is (½)
inch, for distributing net from main
tank & ventilation pipe are (¾) inch
2- Min. water velocity in pipes is (0.7)
m /sec. and max. is (3.0) m /sec.
3- For sewerage flow, the best design
Velocity between (0.4 - 0.9) m/sec,
which provides best self-cleaning
without erosion or sedimentation.
4- Normal longitudinal slope for
sanitary pipes (4 to 6)” is (1.0) cm/
per each meter length of the pipe.
Domestic septic tanks
Number of Length(m), width (m)
users Depth (m).
5 2.0x1.2x1.1
10 2.5x1.3x1.2
15 2.5x1.5x1.3
20 2.8x2.0x1.4
50 4.5x2.5x1.8
Notes:
1-Septic tanks which are close to a
Building foundation for less than (10) m
should be constructed from Reinf.
Concrete walls, base, and slab.
2- But if the distance more than 10 m
It can be constructed from 40 cm solid
Concrete Blocks for walls and
Reinforced concrete for base & slab.
3-Treatment station is required to be
constructed close to the Septic tank,
for treating the wastewater before
pouring it to the city sewerage Net.

Typical septic Tank
Notes:
1- Use a Inspection pipe (6.0)” diam.
2- Use a Manhole cover (40 x 40) cm.
3- Partition Wall to be constructed
for dividing the septic tank into two
parts with crossing opening for
fluid passing between the 2 parts.
4- Adding Free board 30 cm over the
Depth D, Total depth = D + 30 cm.

Typical Deep Filtration
Final hard layer
NGL Compacted clay
/////////// ///////////// 20 cm or more
;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;; 30 cm mixed
sand & gravel
layer (filter).
1.0 m graded
Boulder max. size 5cm
60 – 80 cm width
Slotted drain pipe
Notes:
1-Above typical deep filter can be used
for Both Road sides in shoulders and
In the buildings Surroundings.
2- Drain slotted pipes type can be from
concrete, PVC, or steel, dia. 40-50 cm.
3- Pipe bed slope for Draining should be
not less than 0.5 %, not more than 5%.
4- Covered Manholes are required every
Certain distance for Checking purpose.

Galvanized pipes
Normally below pipe sizes are used
in water and gas supply installations:
Pipe Pipe weight Thick-
Dia. Dia. kg/m.l ness
inch mm mm
1/ 2 12 1.26 2.76
3/4 19 1.68 2.87
1.0 25 2.50 3.37
2.0 50 5.43 3.91
2.5 65 6.49 3.65
3.0 75 8.00 3.80
4.0 100 12.00 4.50
Notes:
1-Accepted Tolerance is = +, -10 %
in the Pipe weight kg/m.l , for test.
2-Other required tests, are strength
Of steel, pipe thickness, diameter
and galvanized material quality.
3-All pipes’ accessories should be
tested before using & installing it.

Excavations Dewatering
Notes :
1- For excavations with high water table
levels, a dewatering system is
required to dry water seepage inside
the excavations by digging deep
pumping wells around the building.
2- Lateral support for excavation sides
is needed from perpendicular steel
or wood inserted sheet piles.
3- The dewatering process should be
continued till finishing all the building
structures inside the excavations.

Pipes for Water supply
and sewerage
Inch mm Inch mm
3/8” 8 3.0” 80
½” 10 4.0” 100
5/8” 15 5.0” 125
¾” 20 10.0” 250
1.0” 25 16.0” 400
1 ¼” 32 20.0” 500
1 ½” 40 24.0” 600
Notes:
1- All above Pipe types are from
Ductile, Galvanized, Steel, plastic
(PVC), high-pressure pipes,
concrete and High-density PVC.
2- Pipe thickness, weight per m.l,
strength, and dimension tests are
required for all pipe & accessories
before using it in the site works.
PVC high pressure
Pipes Standards
Diameter Weight Thickness

mm kg/m.l mm
63 0.562 1.9
75 0.766 2.2
90 1.12 2.7
110 1.62 3.0
140 2.62 4.1
160 3.43 4.7
200 5.37 5.9
Notes:
1- PVC means Poly Vinyl Chloride
plastic pipes and accessories.
2- Pipes types are Series 3 and
6 - atmosphere water pressure.
3- Tolerance is = +, - 10 % in
Pipe weight for Testing purpose.
Typical Cesspool
Cesspool are used for the seepage of
sewerage water to the surrounding soil layers
through holes in the wall of masonry or slotted
steel or concrete pipes, Humus stay at Bed.
Top steel cover 40 cm Diameter
NGL
//////////////////// //////////////////
In coming
sewerage Brick
masonry
Surrounding (1) m
gravel (15) Humus height
cm thick
(½ to 1”)
grading Masonry
wall with
(30) cm crushed stone layer open joint
Notes:
1- Cesspools can be used for normal
houses, service buildings, & industries.
2- Min. cesspool clear Diameter 90 cm
3- Min. cesspool total Depth 7.0 m
4- High ventilation pipe ( 2.5) “ can be
added to the top level of the Cesspool.
Typical sewer Pipe cross
section
Final Hard Layer
NGL
///////////////;;;;;;;;;;;;;///////////////////////////////
;;;;;;;;;;;;; Compacted back
w filing soil Min
…… depth 50 cm
Sewer .…
pipe ;;;;;;;;;;;;; surrounding
0000000 concrete 1:2:4
Min. 15 cm
Lean concrete
Base 20 cm Crushed stone 10 cm
Sewer channel width:

W =Pipe Diam. + 2 x pipe walls thick
+ concrete 2 x 15 cm for both sides.
Note:
In weak the soils, reinforced Concrete
pipes and base are recommended.

Weirs Discharge
H Q
B
//////////////////////////// Q
////////////////////////
4H
Weir is a barrier across the width of a
river that alters the flow characteristics
of water and usually results in a change
in the height of the river level and flow.
To calculate its discharge :
Q = C B H 3/2
Above is Basin formula which is used
for rectangular weirs sections.
Q = discharge in m3 /sec.
C = Flow coefficient for the structure
(on average a figure of 0.62)
B = weir transverse width in (m)
H = height of water over flow in (m)

Storm water flow
Sewer pipes must handle stormwater
flows during, and after the rain storms,
snow, and ice-melting events, Rational
formula for peak storm-water runoff is:
Q = C* I *A
Q =Peak storm water runoff, m3/s units.

C = coefficient of runoff for the area.
In urban areas C = from 0.70 to 0.90,
In Residential areas, C = from 0.30
to 0.40 , According to surface type.
I = Rainfall intensity in m/hr, of rainfall
producing runoff over area.
A = Catchment drainage area, in m2.

Flow in Pipes & Channels
Q = A* 1/n * R 2/3 * S 1/2
Above is the Manning equation which
is an empirical formula for estimating
the average discharge of a liquid
flowing in a conduit that does not
completely enclose the liquid, like any
open channel or semi-filled pipes.
Q = discharge in m3 per sec.
A = Flow area in m2.
n = Manning roughness coefficient
varied from (0.01 to 0.06 )
R = Hydraulic radius, = d/4 for Pipes,
d = pipe diameter in (m), or the
channel cross section divided by
Wetted perimeter in (m) units.
S = Energy Grade line slope (as %).
Calculating Pipe diameter:
D = (4* Q / π *V)1/2
D= Pipe diameter in (m).
Q = discharge of the pipe (m3 / sec).
C= Velocity inside the pipe in (m / sec).
Typical Basement
Drainage
Below is a building typical Concrete
basement drainage, which excavated
in land with a high-water table:
Filter 30 cm Min. wall

25 cm Min.
Rein. Concrete wall
NGL waterproofing
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; layer for wall.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;; Natural ;;;; Proofed flooring
Non excavated;
;;;;;; soil ;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, BL
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Conc. footing with
Tamped Earth water proof additive
Backfilling
15 – 20 cm Diameter
Filter material from Slotted pipe on hard
graded Coarse agg. base, with good slope
or stone backfilling for draining water
for water draining. seepage outside plot.
BL = Basement bed level.
NGL = Natural Ground level

8
CONCRETE

Concrete Mix. & Cement
The concrete mixture is content of:
Portland cement types are:

1 Ordinary Portland cement (Type I)
2 Moderate Sulfate resistant (Type II)
3 Rapid Hardening Portland (Type III)
4 Low Heat Portland Cement (Type IV)
5 Sulfate resisting Cement (Type V)
6 Portland Blast furnace (Type IS)
7 Pozzolanic Cement. -
8 White Cement. -
9 Colored Portland Cement. -

SAFE LOADS
Materials Kg/cm2
Concrete. 1:1:2
320
(Cubes) - M25
Concrete 1:2:4
(Cubes) - M15 210
Concrete 1:3:6
110
(Cubes) - M10
Brickwork with cement
Mortar 1:3 20
Stone masonry in
15
cement mortar 1:3
Concrete Blocks with
Cement Mortar 1:3 12
Lightweight blocks with Not allowed for
cement mortar the bearing wall
Notes:
1- For purpose of designing Above safe
loads are used & other external loads
including wind and seismic factor of
safety, depending on building type.
2- Minimum structural concrete strength
should not be less than (175) Kg/cm2.

Recommended Slumps
slump
Concrete member mm.
Max. Min.
Reinforced foundations
footings and walls 100 50
Plain non-reinforced footings
and sub-walls. 75 25
Beams, Shear walls and
reinforced slabs 125 30
Building columns 125 75
Rigid concrete Pavements
and slabs 50 25
Mass concrete structures
50 25
huge foundations , Dams.

For (ONE) M3 CONCRETE
MIX W/C Cement Dry Dry

Grade sand Gravel
C/S/G Ratio C/ kg.
S/ M3 G/ M3
1:1:2 M25 0.40 570 0.40 0.80
1: 1 ½ : 3 M20 0.45 370 0.43 0.81
0
SHABAN 11th Edition

1:2:4 M15 0.50 300 0.45 0.90
1:3:6 M10 0.55 200 0.46 0.92
- 132
Concrete Mixtures
1:4:8 M7.5 0.60 150 0.47 0.94

Note : ONE cement bag = 50 kg., For wet sand
or gravel use extra quantities, and reduce W/C.
Concrete Strength
Below is concrete proceeding strength
against age, without any additives.
Age % of Max. strength
3 days 40 %
7 days 65 %
14 days 90 %
28 days 99 %
Notes:
1. The above table is for the normal
rounded aggregate in mixture., if
extra concrete strength needed
after hardening, crushed sand
and gravel to be used in mix.
2. Max. Air Temperature allowed
for the concrete casting is in hot
weather (40o C), Min. is freezing
water degree (4o C), without any
precautions or additives, and
Maximum allowed temperature is
(32o C) for the concrete mixtures.

Cement Mortars
1. Mortar = Cement (C)+ Sand (S)

2. One bag of cement = (50) kg.
and volume is =0.035 m3
3. The formula for (1) m3 cement
mortar mixture volume (V):
V= 0.75 (C+ S)
Mix.
Cement
(Cement Sand m3
kg
+ sand)
1:1 1020 0.71
1:3 510 1.04
1:5 310 1.05
1:7 220 1.06
Note: Use W/C ratio from 0.5 up to 0.7,
according to structure type and location.

Concrete Cube strength
MIX 7- days 28 - days

C/S/G strength strength
1: 1: 2 210 310
1: 1 ½ : 3 175 260
1: 2: 4 140 210
1: 3: 6 65 115
NOTES:
1- Strength units are in kg/cm2
2- Concrete cubes (15x15x15) cm
3- for core test the height of the
core is equal = 2 x diameter.
4- In the case of using (15x30) cm
Cylinder instead of cubes for
testing, the Strength should be
at least 80% of cube Results.

Water for Concrete
For Concrete works:
V= 0.67 * (C+S+G)
V = Mixture total Volume
MIX Water Grade Sand Gravel

C/S/G Liter Liter Liter
1:1:2 25 M25 35 70
1:2:4 32 M15 70 140
1:3:6 35 M10 105 210
1:4:8 46 M7.5 140 280
Notes:
1. Above table is for the dry materials
& quantities are per (50kg) cement
Bag , which volume=0.035 m3 .
2. For wet sand & gravel use less w/c
ratio quantities for the mixture.
3. Use mechanical vibrators directly
after placing concrete mixture on
site, especially for the reinforced concrete
mixtures works on site.

Flooring Expansion Joints
Flooring BRC mesh Max.
Concrete Temperature spacing
slab Reinforcement between
Thickness weight in Kg/m2 joints
Grade: 64
10 cm 2.8 12.5 m
Grade: 63
15 cm 3.31 25 m
Grade: 62
20 cm 3.97 37 m
Grade: 61
30 cm 4.96 45 m
Notes :
1- Normally the width of Expansion joint for
flooring slabs is between (1- 5) cm.
2- Temperature Reinforcement mesh is to
be placed at (1/3) of top of the concrete
slab depth, with overlapping between
BRC net of minimum (10) cm.
3- Crack control joints every (3 – 4) meters
of floor slab in both direction is needed.

Concrete Admixtures
Formulated products are usually used
as liquid forms and added to the Conc.
mixtures at a dosage of less than 5% by
weight of cement content, this to modify
and improve concrete properties in the
wet and hardened state after casting.
Main tasks of Concrete Admixtures:
1. Improving Concrete Workability.
2. Increasing Concrete Permeability.
3. Increasing Chemical Resistance.
4. Producing lightweight concrete.
5. Producing Air entraining concrete.
6. Additives for Anti-Bacteria.
7. Additives for reducing Shrinkage.
8. Adding color to the concrete.
9. Acceleration Hardening Additives.
10. Deceleration Hardening additive.
11. Plasticizing of concrete mixture.
12. increasing compressive strength.
Note: all above concrete additives have
their own side effects on the concrete.

Min. Beam & Slab Depth
Member d
Roof and floor slabs without
L / 25
supporting beams
Light beams with small
L /15
effective spans
Heavy beams and girders L /12 – L /10
Notes:
1- L is the span of the beam or slab in mm.
2- The width of a beam should be at least :
= Beam length / 32
3- d= Beam or slab depth in millimeters.

Recommended Maximum
Size of aggregate in Mix.
Dimension Max. aggregate Max. aggregate
of Member size for reinf. size for plain
section in concrete in concrete in
cm. inch inch
12.5 ¾ ¾-1½
or less
12.5 to 28 ¾-1½ 1½-3
28 to 74 ½-3 3–6
74
or more 1½-3 6
Minimum Concrete cover :

1- For slabs & conc. walls = 1.5 cm
2- Beams & Raft slabs = 2.5 cm
3- foundations & columns = 4.0 cm
4- Cantilevers beams = 3.0 cm
5- Massive Structures = 5.0 cm

Concrete Grades
Grade MPa F Cylinder F Cube

Concrete 12 15
Grade C = 16 20
= F:Cylinder 20 25
/ F: Cube 25 30
for Example: 30 37
Grade 35 45
C20/25 50 60
Notes:
1- F= cube or cylinder strength in MPa.
2- F (cube) = 1.25 F (cylinder)
3- For Concrete Designing in Elastic Method:
fc` = 0.85 (F cube)

Cement Types
The ASTM has designated five types of
Portland cement according to its on-site
requirement & weather conditions:
Type Applications
1- Normal General construction
Cement for (most buildings, bridges,
General work pavements, precast)
2- Moderate Structures exposed to
sulfate soil or water containing
resistance sulfate ions
3- High early Rapid construction, cold
strength weather concreting
4- Low heat of Massive concrete
hydration structures such as
(slow reacting) dams.
5- High sulfate Structures exposed to
resistance high levels of sulfate
ions
6- White Decorative concrete
colored (properties are similar to
Cement type No. 1)

NDT Concrete Tests
If we found any failure in normal tests for
concrete (cubes or cylinders), Popular
NDT (Non-Destructive Tests) can be hold
to re-check the results as below:
1- Rebound Hammer Test- RH Test
2- Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity- UPV Test
3- Combined Method RH & UPV Test
4- Core Extraction for Compressive
Concrete Strength & Thickness Test.
5- Ingredient Analysis of Concrete Cores
Materials and Requirements.
6- Echo Scan or X-ray test for Existing
steel bars reinforcement.
If still we don’t get satisfactory results,
after above steps, still we can do:
1- Load test for the failed members.
2- Redesigning the whole structure,
according to new test results.
If still failed, then our last decision will
be the demolition of the failed concrete
members & reconstruction again without
any finical compensation to contractor.

Conc. Member Treatment
Weak or failed beams concrete Jacket
Weak or failed Column concrete Jacket

Fiber reinforced concrete
It is a special type of concrete made up

of cement, aggregates, and a certain
amount of fibres, Fibres used to reduce,
permeability bleeding, and the formation
of minor cracks in concrete, Fibres also
improve the tensile strength and impact
resistance of the concrete.
Different types of fibres like steel fibres,
glass fibres, asbestos fibres, carbon
fibres, polypropylene fibres, and organic
fibres are used in concrete, but It can be
categorized in below two main types:
1. Steel Fibre Reinf. Conc., by adding
3% fibres by volume, length (6) cm.
2. Glass Fibre Reinf. Conc., by adding
10% fibre glass by volume to Mixture.

Cracks in Concrete
It is important to identify the cause of

concrete cracking in order to determine
the best way to repair it and prevent
future cracks from forming, concrete can
crack due to below reasons:
1. Shrinkage: as it dries and hardens.
2. Settlement: If the ground is unstable.
3. Overloading: weight or pressure.
4. Freezing and thawing: after casting.
5. Chemical reactions: Certain chemicals
react with the concrete & cause crack.
6. Improper curing: If concrete is not
allowed to cure properly, it can crack.
7. Structural issues: Not Proper design.

Form Works Timber sizes
Bracing & ties with steel wires or sections.

Part of formwork
Thickness in mm
Slab Sheeting’s 25 to 50
Play wood Beam
25 to 50
and column side
Beam bottom 50 to 75
Support Ledgers 50 x 100 to 75 x 200
Vertical Posts 50 x 100 to 75 x 200
Support Joists 75 x 100 to 150 x 150
Fixing Kickers 50 x 100 to 100 x 100
Studs and Wales 50 x 150 to 150 x 150

9
Estimation
AREAS
1-Sector of Circle:
A= (q / 360) * π r2
q = Angle in degree q
r = radius r
2- Ellipse:
A=1/4 * Major Axis * Minor Axis*π
3- Parabola:
A = 2/3 * B * H H
B = base
H= Height.
4-Tripozoidal:
A= ½ (b1 +b2) * h B
b2= b1+a+c
h = Height
5- Circle:
A = π * r2 ,
r = radius

VOLUMES
1- Cone and Pyramid.
V = 1/3 (h) (A)

V= Volume, A = Base area= ╥ r2
h = Height, r = radius
2- Frusta of Pyramid.
V= H / 3 (A1 +A2 + A1 A2 )
A2 H
A1
3- Spherical segment:
V= ╥ h2 (r-h/3)
r = radius
h=height of the segment.
╥ = 3.14 h
r
4- Ball: Volume = 4/3 ╥ r3
5- Cylinder: Volume =(A) * (h).

EQUATIONS
1-Temprature Conversion:
Co = 5 / 9 (F o – 32)
C = Centigrade , F = Fahrenheit.
2- Quantities Estimation:
Concrete works V= 0.67 * (C+S +G)
Cement Mortar Vm = 0. 75 (C+S)
Gypsum Mortar Vm =Area * thick *1.1
Stone Masonry Vm = 0.30( V )
Bricks Masonry Vm = 0.23 ( V )
Concrete Blocks Vm = 0.13 ( V )
V =Total Volume, Vm= Mortar volume.
C, S, G = cement, sand & gravel vol.
3- Simpson Rule:

Approx. Buildings Cost %
ITEM As % of Total
1-Site Preparation 2%
and excavation
2-Foundations 4%
3-Masonry works under 4%
ground level.
4-Masonry works above 18%
ground level.
5-Roofing and curtains 10%
6-Flooring and tiles 9%
7-Doors and windows 9%
8-Internal finishing 13%
9-External finishing 10%
10-Water supply + Gas 3%
net system (LPG)
11-Sanitary works 5%
12-Air-conditioning 3%
13-Electrification + fire 5%
alarm + CCTV cam.
14- Mechanical and fire 5%
fighting works.
Total 100 %
Approx Roads Items cost %
% of
ITEM Total
1-Site exploring, satellite 1%
photos, & road route options.
2- Soil investigation reports, 2%
and boreholes.
3- Hydraulic study for culverts 1%
and bridges structures.
4- Digitizing satellite photos and 1%
complete surveying works
5- Designs work profile and 8%
cross sections with BOQ
6- Design of retaining walls and 3%
hydraulic structures.
7- Assigning right of road. 1%
8- Retaining walls and Earth cut 26%
and fill excavations work.
9-Hydraulic structures work. 18%
10-All road pavement layers. 34%
11-Finishing works, traffic signs, 5%
painting and guard rail.
Total 100 %

Needed labor for (1) m3
Note: Below Human labor Needed approx.
for each (1) m of item per (1) day work.
Item Unit Forman Worker
Soil
M3 - 1
Excavation
Hard Soil
M3 - 2
Excavation
Ordinary
M3 - 0.5
Concrete
Reinforced
M3 0.125 1
Concrete
Stone
M3 0.6 1.25
Masonry
Cement
M2 0.06 0.125
Plastering
Gypsum
M2 0.025 0.125
Plastering
Tiles (walls
M2 0.035 0.125
& Ground)
Painting
M2 - 0.018
works

Approx. Machines Production
Type m3/hr. Remarks
Big Bulldozer 200 For soils +
production Sub-base
Small Bulldozer 125 For soils +
+ Graders Sub-base
6- wheel truck 20 For soils +
size 18 m3 sub-base
Roller Smooth 175 For sub-base
wheel works
Roller Sheep 150 For soils
foot works
Roller Rubber 125 For soils +
wheel sub-base
Rubber –Tire 160 For Trucks
Shovel Loading
Crawler Shovel 120 Sub-base +
soils
Excavator 60 Soils works
Scrapers 90 Soils works
Note: for old machines make10% deduction
in production after each (4000) work hours.

Residential project costs
No. Item unit Est. Price
per unit
1- land and fence Dunam 100 $
Surveying works.
2- General Site Dunam 100 $
plan & functions.
3- Roads + Parks Km 900 $
sections, Profiles length
4- Rainwater and Km 300 $
Channel Net. length
5- Wastewater Net Dunam 800 $
+treating station
6- Water Supply Dunam 75 $
Net and tanks
7- Electrical Net Dunam 75 $
and transformers
8- Internet, UPS, Km 50 $
and Telef. Nets. length
9- Gas distribution Dunam 25 $
System Net LPG
10- Firefighting Net Dunam 20 $
And tanks.
11- Houses Units M2 3$
design set

Needed Materials
MATERIAL No. / M 3 No. / M 2
1- Bricks size
(7x11x23) cm 450 -
cement mortar1:3
2- Concrete
Blocks size 73 -
(15x20x40) cm.
3- Sand bricks
410 -
(20x10x5) cm.
4- Light weight
Blocks size. - 7
(50x30x20) cm
5- Tiles size
- 45
(15 x 15) cm
6- Tiles size
- 25
(20 x 20) cm
7- Tiles size
- 16
(25 x 25) cm
8- Tiles size
- 12
(30 x 30) cm

Paints covered Area
Paint type Quantity M2
Oil paint on
plastered wall 1 gallon 30-35
surfaces & iron.
Emulation on
1 gallon 20-25
walls and roofs.
Varnish on Wood 30
1 gallon
surface.
Bitumen for Roofs
10 kg 5
isolation.
Primer paint (oil
1 gallon 25-40
or water base)
Distemper for
12 kg 100
external surfaces.
Notes:
1- According to surface type and
smooth, covered area is changed.
2- Painter can cover (45-65) m2/day.
3- Before Painting, Primer paint should
be Applied on clean surfaces.

Civil Works BOQ
No. Item Description Unit Quantity Price Amount
Site Preparation
1 LS
and surveying
Earth Works :
2 M3
Excavations, filling.
Structural works:
3 Reinforced, Plain M3
Concrete
Wall works: Main ,
4 M2
Fence & Partitions.
Plastering: Cement
5 M2
Render & gypsum.
Painting and
6 M2
internal decoration.
Suspended Ceiling
7 M2
and Flooring works.
Ceramic ,Porcelain
8 M2
and plastic tiles.
Stair Case covering
9 ML
and hand rail.
Metal, Glass, PVC
and Aluminum
10 works for doors, M2
windows, curtains,
and Partitions.
Walls and Roof
11 M2
Insolation layers
Elevations and
12 M2
Facades finishing.
Steel structures
13 TON
and Frames works
Debris Removal
14 LS
and Cleaning.
TOTAOL AMOUNT

10
Electrical

Electrical Legend

Electrical Equations
1- The required cross-section area
for any electrical wires is :
A = (2 K L I) / Vd
A = wire cross section area in mm2
K= factor =0.02 for copper wires,
and 0.03 for Aluminum wires.
I = Amp. passes through the wire.
L = wire length in meter
Vd= voltage drop from 2 - 5 %
2- One KVA = 4.5 electrical amperes
for 220-volt system.
3- P= I * V Or P = I2 * R
P= Electrical Power in watts.
4- Ohm’s law: V = I * R
V = Volts, I = Current in Amperes
R= wire resistance in Ohms.
5- Every 1000 current ampere Needs
650 mm2 of bus – bar cross
section for Main Electrical Boards.
6-Generator Amp. I= (kVA*1000) / V

Water Pumps Power
Below Equation is used to find the
required power for pumps in (kW):
Q H
P = -------- x ----------
102 q
P = Required pump Power in (kW)
Q = Pump discharge in Liter/sec.
H = Head in meters (Total)
q = Efficiency (output) factor, for
piston pumps between (0.8 – 0.95) &
centrifugal pumps from (0.4 – 0.75)
H= Hw + Hst. (in m)
H = Head in meter (Total)
Hw=Total suction and pushing head.
Hst= Extra head losses in (m) Due to
pipe friction & valves according to pipe
diameter, length and discharge inside
the pipe. from Empirical table.
Notes:
1- (1)hp =2. 25 - 3 m3 / hr. discharge.
2- Head of houses set pump is 70 m.
3- Pump discharge for fire fighting
system is 50 m3/h & head of 50 m.

Electrical Installations
1- All Electrical Switched Plug Socket
should be placed at a height of (40-
50) cm from the house floor level.
2- For bathrooms and kitchens on
(120) cm height from floor level.
3- MDB and HUB at level of (150) cm.
4- All electrical wires should be
extended above the false ceiling
level & then dropped down to points.
5- All electrical wiring levels should be
above sanitary installations and
pipes levels, to avoid any contact.
6- All sockets electrical installations
should be connected to Earthing.
7- AC indoor unit to be installed at min.
(10) cm Lower than the false ceiling.
8- Fire alarm points and switches
should be installed in all rooms.
9- Adequate numbers of emergency
UPS lights and (13) ampere sockets
required in each rooms & corridors

Air conditioning
1- For Cooling: chillers are used, split
units, and VRV system,
2- Every (35) m3 of the room space
volume required about (1) R-Ton,
which is equal to 12000 BTU, as
normal, (BTU = British thermal unit)
1 R-Ton / hr. cooling = 0.293 Watt
Every KW = TON * 3. 5
3- For Heating: Radiators, splits. And
underfloor hating system net used.
1 Ton heating = 3050 kcal / h
Every KW = 870 kcal / h
4- Water Air coolers: Normal size is
CFM = cubic foot per minute, as
2500,3500, 4500 CFM and more.
which means the full air volume
changing of in a room every minute.
5-For calculating required air-cooler
volume for a certain room as cubic
foot per minute: CFM = Rv / 2 * 1.5
Rv = The room volume in cubic feet.

Typical Required BTU
Floor Area m2 Required BTU
5 – 10 6000
10 - 15 8000
15 - 25 12000
32 – 40 18000
40 – 50 24000
65 - 90 34000
130 – 140 48000
185 – 230 72000
Notes:
• Above figures are for Normal houses,
with 3.0 height and normal insulation.
• For better insulation deduct 10 % BTU
• For very sunny houses add 10 % BTU
• For crowded rooms add 600 BTU per
every extra person inside the room.
• For hot kitchens add an Extra 400 BTU.

Single phase cables
Below equation is used to find a required
area (cross-section) for a single-phase
cable, between (2) points, when you know
the distance between them, the required
power to be transferred, and the acceptable
drop in voltage between the (2) points, and
cable material factor.
200LP
A= ---------- x (1000)
dqv2
A = Area of required cable cross
section in (mm2)
P = Power in Kilo watts
L = distance in (m).
q = factor for copper (Cu) use = 56
d = voltage drop in percentage,
about (3-5) %. Example (2.4).
v = voltage in volts.
Note: There are special ready charts If
you know the above information you
can get the required cable A directly.

Electrical Cable Trenches
1- The depth of the excavations for
cable trenches shall be min. 70cm
and width according to the number of
cables, normally depth under road
shoulders (70) cm, medians (90) cm
& (120) cm in open areas.
2- Before laying the cables into the
trenches it should be filled with a
layer of clean soil free of stones and
debris or sand with a thickness of
(15) cm, second layer of the same
material and thickness shall cover
the top and around the cable group.
3- Sometimes cables extended through
ready precast conc. units.
4- Polyethylene sheet to be laid over
the second layer to protect the cable
against damaging or wrong
excavations, the sheet shall be
marked with warning sentence:
"DANGER ELECT. CABLE TRAY “

Typical Electrical Lifts
No. of A B C D
Persons KG m m m m
5 340 1.3 1.0 1.7 1.3
6 408 1.3 1.2 1.8 1.5
8 544 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.6
12 884 1.9 1.5 2.3 1.9
Note: Machine Room K= C+1.0 m, L=

D+2.50 m, Room Height = 2.4 m, Lift
Pit Depth=1.6 m, Min. Door width W =
0.8 m and the Door Height = 2.00 m

SOLAR & WIND POWER
1- Solar panels and wind turbines can

provide clean and the cheap electrical
power to houses with a proper design,
mostly in sunny countries, it cost high
money amount at the beginning, but it
recovers later.
2- The house which need 2.2 kW/hr.
(10 Amp.) solar energy for (6 hours)
needs approximately 8 of 400 w PV
solar panels, 8 of 200 Amp. Lead acid
tubular batteries of 12 v, 3.6 Kw
electricity inverter with accessories.
3- lithium batteries also can be used,
also with higher prices but longer life.
Typical Building Lighting
Type Width- Light LED
length Lumen watt
Bed Room 3 x 4 m 1300 18
Bed Room 4 x 5 m 2200 26
Living 4 x 7 m 3000 37
rooms
Kitchens 4 x 4 m 5500 70
Bath- 2 x 3 m 4500 56
rooms
Store 4 x 4 m 4000 50
Class- 4 x 6 m 16000 200
rooms
Shops 3 x 5 m 10000 120
Hospital 3 x 5 m 2300 28
rooms
Offices 4 x 5 m 11500 145
rooms
Restaurant 4 x10m 14000 170
halls
Note: Assume Rooms Height = 3.0m

Typical Electrical BOQ
No. Item Description Unit Price Qty. Amount
Lighting points wall

1 and roof mounted.
No.
Power Points: 13
No.
2 & 15 Amp. sockets
Emergency UPS
No.
3 system points
Distribution Main
No.
4 and Sub-Boards
Power Cables and
ML.
5 wires with tray
Internet and Data
No.
6 net systems.
Satellite, intercom,
Tv and Teleph. No.
7 Points & systems
CCTV system and
No.
8 IP cameras
Sound and Mic.
LS
9 Points & Systems.
Fire Alarm and
smoke detector No.
10 Pointe & systems.
Generators, AST
No.
11 and Transformers
Earthing and
Lightening Points LS
12 and Systems.
Total Cost

Typical Mechanical BOQ
No
Item Description Unit Qty. Price Amount
.
Storage water Tanks No.
1
Hot water Boilers No.
2
3 Elect. water pumps No.
Water supply
Plumbing PRP ML
4 works
Water Supply
No.
5 Installation works
Sewerage water
PVC Plumbing ML
6 works
Sewerage water
No.
7 installations
Surface water inlets No.
8
Fire Fighting system:
tanks , points and LS
9 plumbing
Air-condition system
: HVAC Units No.
10 Heating and cooling
Air-coolers: units
No.
11 and Ducts.
Electrical lift LS
12
Ventilation fans and
No.
13 Ducts.
Total Cost

11
Isolation

Walls Thermal Isolation
Typical insulation layers are consisting of:

1- Adhesive mortar on wall.
2- Stonewall or cork insulation.
3- Fixing Anchor on wall.
4- Plastering Mortar layer -1
5- Reinforcing steel Mesh.
6- Plastering Mortar layer -2
7- Decorative Plaster material.
8- Colored outdoor Painting.
Note: layers thickness and types differs
according to the Manufacturer's companies.

Concrete Slab Humidity
Whenever humidity appears at the
bottom of the slab of concrete building it
can be treated simply according to the
detail below with brushing full closed
impervious bitumen layer, but no more
extra live or dead loads are allowed to be
hold on the slab after treatment, the max.
live loads allowed is 2 KN/m2.

Typical Roof Isolation

Sound Insu. Materials
There are several materials that are
effective for sound insulation, depend on
factors such as the type of noise, the
frequency range of the noise, and the level
of sound reduction required,
Below are most common materials:
1. Acoustic foam: lightweight, porous
material used for sound abortion in
studios, home and theaters.
2. Mineral wool: made from rock or slag
fibers, dense, fibrous material.
3. Fiberglass: composed of fine glass
fibers for walls, ceilings, and floors.
4. Mass-loaded vinyl: heavy, flexible
vinyl material that is designed to add
mass to walls and ceilings, which
block sound transmission.
5. Soundproof curtains: heavy, dense
materials such as velvet or cotton.
hung over windows or doors.
6. Green glue: special adhesive glue
applied between layers of drywall.
Sound Insulation Equa.
TL = 20 log f + 20 log D – C
TL = Transition loss of sound between the
two sides of insulation material.
f = Sound frequency 125 – 4000 (Hz)
D = Partition Surface Density (kg/m2/cm)
C = 33 for Metric Units.
For f = 1000 Hz:
Material D Avg. TL
Bricks 21 50
Concrete 23 55
Wood 6 42
Glass 29 56
Gypsum 10 45
Lead 125 65
Sound Levels in dB
Source Decibel dB
Whisper 30
Rainfall 50
Conservation 60 – Normal Level
Factory 80
Jet Engine 130

Thermal Insulation
The R-value is a measure of Thermal
resistance to the heat flow through a
given thickness of the material, the
higher are R-value, the more thermal
resistance material has, and therefore
better-insulating properties it has.
The R-value is calculated by using the
formula:
R= t / K
t = the thickness of the panel of the
material in meters, K = the thermal
conductivity in w/mk &The R-value is
measured in meters square Kelvin per
Watt (m2k/W), for example, the thermal
resistance R of 220 mm of a solid
brick wall (thermal conductivity K=0.8
W/mK) is = 0.275 m2k/W.
Note: Max. Allowable K for Normal
Buildings is (0.852 w/mk) for Heating,
and (0.568 w/mk) for cooling purpose.

Thermal Insulation Materials
Density R values
Material SI Units
Kg/m3
Per 5 cm
thickness
Rock wool 40-200 1.1
+ Cork
Extruded 32– 40 1.7
Polystyrene
(EPS)
Expanded 15– 35 1.4
Polystyrene
(XPS)
Wood Fiber 160 1.25
Glass wool 15-120 1.25
Fiberglass 32 1.2
(Standard)
Fiberglass 96 1.4
(Dense)
Cellulose 24-36 1.1
Note: all the R values are in (m2k/w)

Thermal Conductivity
K=Q*t / A *(T1-T2)
K= Material thermal conductivity
Q= Heat flow Amount in watt
t = Thickness of conducting surface
in meters.
A= Total cross-section area of
conducting surfaces in unit m2.
T1&T2 = Outside and inside temp.
in Kelvin (k).
List of Different Materials K values:
Material K in w / mk
Bricks 0.8
Concrete Blocks 1.17
Thermo-stone 0.38
Wood 0,09 - 0.25
Fiber Glass 0.04
Wood 0.1 – 0.4
Polystyrene 0.033
Air 0.025
Soil 1.5
Rock wool & cork 0.045

Typical Thermal Insulation
Roof Insulation
Wall Insulation

Basement waterproof
There are three types of building
basement waterproofing as below:
A-Closed Anti – humidity paints tanking
for inside or Waterproof materials for
outside of basement bed and walls.
B- Waterproof material mixed with
walls & base structure materials.
C- Internal Drained channel to outside
then pumping to drainage Net.

Typical floor Insulation
Insulation materials can be added

beneath building floors, and inside
walls as it shown in above photo.
1- The insulation material should be
between the hard-core layer, for
example (lean concrete) and the
original concrete slab, min. (10) cm.
2- for walls it should be inserted
between 2 walls skin, min. (10) cm.
3- Damp Proving Material DPM to be
added in the location of RED line.

Joint filling Sealants
1- A sealant is a material used to seal
Joints between construction members
and to protect materials against the
penetration of moisture, air, corrosive
substances, & foreign objects freezing.
2- Manufacturers require joint width to
be (2) times of it’s the expected width
movement, and at least (6 mm) wide.

Foam Insulation
Polyurethane spraying is often used

as an alternative to traditional insulation
(i.e. fiberglass insulation) in building and
construction. Spray it directly onto roof
tiles or concrete slabs, into wall cavities
or into holes drilled into walls, Most
commonly, it’s used in roofing and wall
insulation applications in Buildings.
Its common benefits are better
insulation, saving Energy cost, moisture
protection and better Noise reduction.

12
Site Engineer

SITE ENGINEER TOR -1
TOR = Terms of reference
1- All Project items of the work should be
implemented according to Contract
Drawings, BOQ, and Specifications.
2- All materials used in the project should
be new, from required sources, and
approved by Site Eng. according BOQ.
3- All construction materials should be
tested according to Construction Works
Specifications in the Laboratory, then
approved by the site engineer.
4- The contractor should check all Project
designs before starting project including
B.M.s, reference points, then re-fix and
add any other necessary points on site
for construction process if needed.
5- The contractor should provide and fix
information sign Boards for Buildings
projects and station plates For Roads.
6- Any Discrepancies between the Project
Drawings and B.O.Q should be studied
reviewed, then approved by the Site
engineer with knowledge of the owner.
7- Daily photography for all project stages.

SITE ENGINEER TOR -2
8- The site Engineer should Supervise the
contractors’ maintenance and running
operation procedures of the project.
9- Supervise all work being implemented
during the Maintenance period.
10- Monitor, assist, and follow up the project
activities according to the project contract
and the work progress chart.
11- Recording all Project implementation
items with photos and videos and preparing
proceeding stages album.
12- Organize and chair regular progress site
meetings for follow-up Progress.
13- Issuing the Project Progress reporting
periodically with Project duration.
14- Organize and participate in all final
acceptance tests, inspections, proceedings,
and final Project handover proceedings to
owners or authorities.
15- Issue the report of the Final project
Completion Certificate and Final Handover
Certificate to the Authorities or project
owners with all required, as-built drawings,
notes and if there is any recommendation.

Level instr. Checking
a1 b1 Level Instrument
A p B Fig: 1
d1 d2
a2 b2 Fig: 2
A B Q
d1+d2 d3
Error(e) =
(a2 - b2) - (a1 - b1) / (d1 + d2)
1-At Fig 1, Put the level at point P and
Take levels at A & B, read a1, b1
2-At Fig 2, read levels at A & B, while
the level instrument is at Q point,
read a2, b2.
3-Calculate e, allowable error(e) is = to
+, - 0.5 mm per each 10 m length.
4- d1, d2, & d3 are about 25 m.l each.
5- C = 0.0675 K2
C= Leveling curvature correction factor
in meters due to earth's surface.
K= Leveled Distance in Kilometers.

Dropping Triangle with 90
Degree angle
How to drop a triangle with 90 degree

right angle on ground by measuring tape:
1- From point ( A) with the measuring tape,
drag for a distance of 4 meters to point (B).
2- Then, from point (B) also with the same
measuring tape, drag for a distance of (3)
meters to the direction of point ( C)
3- From point (C ) drag the tape for a distance
of 5 meters and tie it at point (A) i.e. with the
beginning of the measuring tape.
4- Now pull the tape from all 3 directions,
resulting a right-angled triangle at point (B).

F
f
E
e
AB , AD , DB.
De = (0.5) DB
AC = (0.5) AB
DE = (0.5) AD
C
A
R
B
DC , EF , ef are
perpendicular on
R=Radius, DC= (AB)2 /8R , EF & ef = DC/4
SHABAN 11th Edition

1- Available Information are Points A , B and R .
2 -Draw straight line AB.
- 193
3- Find DC, EF, e and f, from above equation.
4- Locate points (E, F, D ,e, f).
5-Draw curve (A,F,D,f ,B) , then you will get curve .
Horizontal curve Setting
Total Station
A total station is a surveying instrument that

is used to measure angles, distances, and the
elevations with a high degree of accuracy. It is
most commonly used in the construction,
engineering, and surveying industries to
measure and map landscape, buildings, roads
Parks , and other engineering structures.
They are also equipped with advanced
features such as the GPS compatibility,
automatic target recognition, & also data
logging capabilities, which make them highly
efficient tools for the all-surveying
professionals in all civil engineering fields.

Min. Uniform Live Loads
Live load refers to a load that change over
time, The weight of the live load is variable or
shift locations, such as when people are
walking around in a building.
below are estimated live loads for Design
purpose. Note : 1 kg/m2 = 0.205 psf
Live Load
No. USE
kg/m2
1 Apparemntments 750
2 Balconies 500
3 Party halls 500
4 Hospitals 400
5 Hotels 650
6 offices 475
7 Schools 350
8 Stores – Light 600
9 Stores – Heavy 1250
10 Libraries 350
11 Theaters 300
12 Stairs & Exit ways 400
13 Mosques 375
14 Industries Halls 1450
15 Machine Rooms 1350

Min. Uniform Dead Loads
Dead
No. USE Load
kg/m2
1 Ceramic Roof Tiles 1 cm 30
2 Conc. Roof tiles 4 cm 100
3 Cement Mortar 5 cm 80
4 R. C. Slabs 15 cm 360
5 R. C. Slabs 18 cm 430
6 R. C. Slabs 20 cm 475
7 Cement Plastering 2 cm 50
thickness
8 Gypsum Plastering 2 cm 25
thickness
9 Suspended Ceiling metal 50
boards
10 Suspended Ceiling 35
gypsum boards
11 Concrete block wall 15 cm 210
12 Concrete block wall 20 cm 280
13 Brick walls 35 cm thick 650
14 Bitumen with roofing felt 35
average 2.5 cm thickness

Building Structural Evaluation
To prepare a Structural Evaluation Report
for any existing Building structure, below
steps, tests, and reports are required :
1- Preparing Architectural and Structural
Drawings for the complete building
members, dimensions, and details.
2- Opening Excavation close to footings ,
taking samples to checking soil Bearing
capacity, Foundations Dimensions, and
conc. cores for compressive strength.
3- Performing Ultar-sonic and Rebound
Hammer tests for columns , stairs and
beams, and also X-ray test for checking
Existing reinforcement inside members.
4- Cutting Cores for concrete slabs and
shear walls to check Concrete strength.
5- Testing building unit samples such as
( Bricks, Concrete Blocks, …) of walls ,
fences & partitions for laboratory test.
6- Redesigning the Building structure
according to new data & laboratory test
results, then preparing report for the
Building Structural Evaluation, with all
recommendations and final conclusion.

Roads Structural Evaluation
To prepare The Structural Evaluation
Report for any Existing Road, below steps,
actions and tests are required :
1. Preparing & Checking the soil investigation
report for different sections of the road.
2. Checking all previous laboratory tests for
layers such as base, sub-base, concrete,
shoulders, curb stone, and asphalt layers.
3. Ensuring that the road is implemented
according to Drawings and standards.
4. Checking the straightness of the road center
line, curves radius & superelevation
5. Checking the profile levels, slopes, side
slopes, road section widths, and lanes.
6. Visible check for any cracks, corrosion,
segregation, or drops on the road surface.
7. Checking all culverts inlet and outlet to
ensure smooth surface water running.
8. Performing Extraction tests for the asphalt, &
other tests for the road layers and cores for
culvert concrete to ensure the quality.
9. Checking Road feasibility report, plans,
design information tablets, lanes paint, with
all traffic signs, locations, and types.

Investigation Boreholes
Soil Bore holes Spacing and Depth of for
any structure may vary considerably
according to foundation conditions,type, size,
and total loads on the structure.
The grid of Boreholes locations is usually
decided by the Geologistic Engineer
according to site information & topography.
Normally Boreholes spacing are :
• For buildings 10 - 30 m apart.
• Roads and bridges 30 - 300 m apart .
• Landslides At least 3 each Donam.
And Depth is :
1- Equal to 1.5 x Foundation width, to be
dug below the foundation level with one or
two extra controls holes to Min. (5) m
depth, and for rocks and hard layer to
minimum (3) m. depth.
2- For retaining walls (1) borehole each (50)
m length, depth =1.5 x wall height.
3- Control Probes 3 -10 m depth required
to locate rock cavities under foundation.
4- Generally, Minimum (3) boreholes are
needed, one 30 m depth , two of 10 m.

International Standards for
Designing
Architectural Standards:
1- NAD - Neufurt Architects data.
2- TSS - Time saver Standards.
3- AIA - American Institute of Architects.
Civil Engineering Standards:
1- ACI - American Concrete Institute.
2- IBC - International buildings code.
3- ASCE - American Society of Civil Eng.
4- AASTHO - American Association of
State Highway, Transportation Officials
5- ASTM - American Society for Testing
and Materials standards.
Mechanical Standards:
1- ASME – The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
2- B.S. – British Standards.
3- ASHRAE- American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng.
Electrical standards:
1- IEC-International Electrical Commission
2- NEC - National electrical code.
3- IEEE - The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers standards.

Engineering Majors & Software
Civil Engineering majors:
1- Site or Implementation Engineer.
2- Designer or office Engineer.
3- Project Administration Engineer.
4- Quantity Control Engineer.
5- Site Surveyor Engineer.
6- Quality Control Engineer.
7- Shop Drawing Engineer.
Engineering Software:
1- Drawings Programs: AutoCAD,
Sketch UP and Revit.
2- Modeling Programs : Revit ,
AutoCAD Civil 3D & ArchiCAD.
3- Analysis & Design: Sap2000, Safe,
ETABS, ROBOT, Prokon, STAAD
PRO and CSI Col.
4- Shop Drawing & Detailing:
AutoCAD Structural Detailing.
5- Project Management: Micro soft
Project, Excel Office and Primavera.

Engineering Design Elements-1
In the Designing set Process of any
Buildings project, below typical steps ,
elements, and Models are required for the
Complete Design set:
A- Architectural:
1- Buildings Plot Dimensions, fence,
topography and infrastructure
services on Site Plan Drawing.
2- The Basement and all Floor with
penthouse plans, furniture, Levels,
and all Dimensions.
3- Two Horizontal & vertical detailed
Sections for the whole structure,
with all required levels.
4- Details for Main and Emergency
Staircase, lift & other structures.
5- BIM – Building information modeling
,3D Views & Animation.
6- Doors, windows & opening detail.
7- Legend For all Parts & finishings.
8- Index Sheet for all set contents.

B- Structural:
1- Foundation plans with sections,
reinforcement, with Retaining walls
and piles details if existed.
2- All slabs Reinforcement details and
plans with sections.
3- Beams and columns details.
4- Lift walls & Staircase sections,
reinforcement and details.
5- Required specifications, Design
codes and General notes.
6- Any steel structure (truss) plans,
details, sections list and type.
C- Electrical:
1- Lighting & Power plans for floors.
2- Main & secondary Power boards
MDB, Transformers with ATS.
3- CCTV Security camera &TV Net.
4- Fire Alarm, Anti-lightning system.
5- Generators & Load Diagram sheet.
6- Emergency UPS & Earthing sys.
7- Teleph., intercoms, & data Nets.

D- Mechanical:
1- Water supply net, Boilers, and
reservoir tank with installations.
2- Sewerage raw water & surface
rainfall net, floor drains, pumps,
with sewerage treatment plant.
3- Fire-fighting systems & LPG net.
4- Split units, VRV, or Chillers for air-
conditioning and ventilation.
5- Heating Machines net system.
6- Lift, and water Pumps details.
7- Air–cooler locations, opening
cover, and Ducts Details.
E-B.O.Q: For all above Branches Bill
of Quantities is required as an
Excel sheet with estimated items
prices, Printed on A4 Paper Size.
F- Printing: Project set Drawings and
Documents to be printed on A3 or
A2 Paper, with a soft copy in
AutoCAD and / or PDF Format.

G- Roads: For Roads and highway
projects below typical steps and
structures Models are required for the
complete Design Set are :
1- The General Road site plan and
alignment on a digitized satellite
map photos with Km stations.
2- Typical road cross-sections and
layers material with slopes details
3- The Road alignment plan, center
lines, profile section with natural
ground levels (NGL), Subgrade for
final road and shoulder levels.
4- All road structures, as culverts,
bridges, over and underpasses,
intersections, parking, Guard rails,
traffic signs ...etc., should be shown
on alignment & profile.
5- Complete BOQ for all road layers
materials types and quantities with
total lengths of the all structures.
Multistory building collapse
due to Wrong Found. Design

Eng. Consultancy Tasks
1- Supervising the implementation of the
project to the end according to project
Documents and Designs.
2- Assist in preparing the Contract
payments according to BOQ prices.
3- Surveying the project's horizontal and
vertical projections and elevations
according to the plans.
4- Verify and test quality of supplied
materials used in construction and
equipment, according to approved
specifications and standards.
5- Notify the Project owner when there is
any defect, or deviation in project
technical standards and quantities.
6- Assist the owner in hand covering the
project upon final completion.
7- The consultant must submit work
progress monthly and final reports for
all executed works, engineering
recommendations, and the required
solutions for it, with any suggestions.
Typical Progress chart

Engineer Report Sample
Report No. ( ) Date : / /
Project Name: ------------------Location: ---------------
Starting date: / / , Duration:( ) days
Project Owner: ----------------------------------------------
Land No.: ---------------- Land Area: -------------------
% Item % Item %
No. Item completed weight Partial
A B C
1 Preparation 100 2 2
2 Excavation 100 10 10
3 Concrete 80 25 20
4 Masonry 70 15 10.5
5 Flooring 50 12 6
6 Roofing 10 5 0.5
7 Sanitary 40 6 2.4
8 Electrical 40 5 2
9 Mechanical 20 3 0.6
10 Finishing 0 17 0
Total 100
Project Completion % till / / 54 %
Note:
C=Partially completed percentage % = (B/100)*A
Engineer Notes: --------------------------------------------
Engineer Name and Signature: -------------

Engineer MEMO Sample
Office logo here
Engineering Office Name: ------------------------------------------

Memo No. ( ) Date : / /
Project Name: ------------------------- Location: ------------------
Project Owner: --------------------------------------------------------
Project Contract No. and Date: -----------------------------------
To: ---------------------------------------------
Subject: ---------------------------------------
Dear Sir:
---------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------.
With best regards
Signature
Engineer Name
Cc:
- Main office – for information
- Project File
_____________________________________________
Engineering Office Contact: Email + Telephone No. + Address

www.engineeringoffice.com

Feasibility Report
1- A feasibility report is a study that analyzes
the practicality and potential of any
proposed project. The report assesses
whether the project is technically,
financially, and operationally feasible.
2- The purpose of a feasibility report is to
provide decision-makers, owners with the
necessary information to determine
whether to proceed with project or NOT.
3- The report typically includes a description
of the proposed project, its components,
areas, costs and the total required budget,
also include market analysis and
competition, a review of the technical
requirements, an evaluation of the financial
feasibility, and an assessment of the
potential its risks and challenges .
4- The feasibility report may also include
recommendations and alternative courses
of action based on the analysis.
5- Feasibility reports are commonly made by
expert economists and used in various
industries, including the construction,
engineering, technology, and finance.

13
Miscellaneous

International ISO Standards
The International Organization for

Standardization ISO (www.iso.org)
is an independent organization in the
world which have about 165 members in
different countries, It is the world's
largest developer of the voluntary
international standards, & it facilitate
world trade by providing common
standards among nations, more than
twenty thousand standards have been
set, which covering everything from all
products, technical instruments, food
safety, agriculture, healthcare, industry,
construction materials, chemical
products, etc. …, use of the standards
aids in the creation of the products and
services are safe, reliable, and of good
material quality.
Types of fire extinguishers

45 º Crack Failure in wall

Roofs Garden Benefits
1.Green building roofs, green facades

and green walls reduce heat effect.
2. Gardens on the built structure roofs
increases life able spaces in cities.
3. Plants improve fresh air and quality.
4. Reducing of urban different noises.
5. Increased biodiversity within the city
6. Temperature control of the building.
7. Sense of Well-being & feeling good.
8. Increased property value and feeling
good with very nice building view.
CONSTANTS
1- Light Velocity in Space (c) =
299,000 km/s
2- One light year = 9.5x1012 km.
3- Gravity acceleration=9.81 m/s2
4- Avogadro No. (NA)=
6.x1023 mol-1
5- Planck constant (h) =
6.6x10-34 j.s
6- Gravity Constant (G)=
6.674 x10-11 m2/kg2
7- Charge of electron =
1.602 x 19-19 C
8- Average distance between
earth and sun = 1.5x108 km.
9- Sound velocity = 343 m/s
10- Standard. Air Pressure =
100,000 Pascal or N/m2
11- Uniform Atomic Mass Unit
(u) = 1.66x10-27 kg.
13 - π = 3.1415, e= 2.7182
Golden ratio φ = 1.6180

Periodic Health Tests
1- Blood cholesterol test once every 5
years after the age of 20 , the
allowed limits are less than 200 mg.
2- Blood pressure measurement, every
two years after the age of 20 the
allowed limits are 90 – 140 mm Hg .
3- Blood sugar, one test every 2 years
after the age of 40 the allowed limits
are from min. 70 and max.110 mg.
4- Heart ECG after the age of 40 .
5- Dental examination annually from the
age of a child and continuously.
6- Examination of the eyes once every
3-5 years after the age of 40.
7- Colonoscopy once every 3-5 years,
specially is after the age of 50.
8- The thyroid gland once every 4 years
9- The prostate test for man and the
breast and uterus for woman, before
the age of 50 every 3 years and after
the age of 50 are repeated annually.

Some References
1- The Standard Handbook for civil
engineers, By – Merritt, USA
2- Highway Design Manual – State
organization of roads and bridges,
Baghdad, Iraq, By - SORB.
3- A Dictionary of civil engineering,
By - GHOSE, New- Delhi, India
4- The wastewater engineering,
By - Metcalf & Eddy, USA
5- Indian Practical civil engineers
Handbook, By – Khana, India
6- Buildings Construction, Principles,
and Practice, By- Denis Walton.
7- Iraqi Technical Specifications For
buildings, Baghdad - Iraq.
8- Al - Mansoor company practical
Engineers handbook (IRAQ).
9- Building Materials, By Zuhair Sako.
10- Building Const. By- Hans Banz.
11- ACI.ASTM, AASHTO, BS, etc…

NOTES:
1. Please Inform me of any Printing
Mistakes, any modifications,
suggestions, or Corrections on
below email or Mobile so that to
be edited in the next edition.
2. All information is practical,
empirical enough for normal site
works, and collected from
general resources of civil
engineering and my previous site
field works and experience.
3. Please Note: for big structures
design which you may need
accurate and more details, you
are strongly recommended to
review basic and detailed Civil
engineer's standards and codes,
don’t depend only on this booklet.
E-mail: Serwang60@gmail.com
Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
+964 770 446 1234

Facebook: @SadaEngineering
Instagram: Shaban. Booklet
Info@sadaconsult.com
www.sadaconsult.com
IRAQI- Kurdistan, Erbil – Ainkawa
Adasheer Str., +964-770-446-1234

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‫‪ 104‬لة سالي ( ‪ ) 2008‬ى ثيَى‬
‫دراوة ‪ -‬هةوليَر‬
‫‪SHABAN 11th Edition‬‬ ‫‪- 222‬‬


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SHABAN 11th Edition -1

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Throughout my lifetime, I worked in many civil

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Rock 100 – 200

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Bar Net weight

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Slabs, up 12 mm @ 20* 20 Thickness =

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Staircase 12 mm @ 20 cm Slab thick

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Hooks are necessary to be provided

Bar Size D For 180˚ For 135˚

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Main compositions of Steel structure are:

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Hollow Section Thickness Weight

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Bath. +W.C. 2.80 1.20

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Lintel Concrete Lintel

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W = Stair length H = Stair height