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Effects of Facebook in Political Perspective of Grade 12 HUMSS

Students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina
A.Y 2020 – 2021

A research proposal submitted to Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina Senior High

School Department

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research II for the strand
Humanities and Social Sciences

Submitted by:

Abad, Francesca Damiene

Abila, Carl Louise

Arroyo, Gabriella Louise

Estabaya, Jamie Marie

Gordo, Justine

Merano, Renalyn

Pastorfide, Denese

San Juan, Althea

Submitted to:

Ms. Rhea Bartolata

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Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Researchers conduct this research to know if "Facebook" is one of the alternative

methods to further expand students' knowledge of political content. Also, it is to

determine if the usage of social media (specifically Facebook) in political discussion

influences youth’s interest in politics.

In recent years, people witnessed the effects of social media in many aspects,

substantially in the area of politics. According to We Are Social’s Global Digital Report,

(2019), there are seventy-6 million Filipinos who actively use Facebook. This is seventy-

one percent of the entire Philippine population. Being aware of this is very important

especially in HUMSS students who study societal changes, theories, concepts, and

politics. Students consider Facebook as their main social media choice and therefore

spend a great part of their time. (Ellefsen, L, 2015).

Robertson, Vatrapu and Medina (2010) stated Facebook users can provide and

share links about news articles from different broadcasting news channels. Using

Facebook, people can give political opinions to campaigners. They say Facebook is the

source of political information and news. Base on the study of Arshad & Hassan (2014);

Students actively use modern media.

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For political information such as: sharing opinions and discussing any political

problem with fellow community members. The political perspective changes as time go

on. The Internet has played a major role in this change.

Especially "Facebook", because it is one of the applications used by political

campaigns and the way people think about what the issues are. Facebook also shares

news, poll results, and issues within politics.

There is a serious academic concern about the low political participation among

youth in many parts of developing and developed nations. What is specific about youth is

that they are not stimulated by traditional media such as television, radio or newspaper.

Their tendencies are directed toward new media – Internet and social networks. Social

networks can easily be explained as “a group of Internet-based applications built on the

ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 that allow creating and exchanging

user-generated content” (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010).

Many researchers investigated the relationship between social networks and

political participation (Boulianne, 2009; Vitak et al., 2011; Ahmad and Sheikh, 2013;

Sandoval-Almazan, 2017; Li and Chan, 2017) proving their existing connection.

However, the aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between social

networks and political interest. Political interest has shown to have a positive effect on

political participation (Brady et al., 1995; Levy et al., 2016) and the purpose of this

research is to determine to what extend are young people interested in politics and does

the usage of Facebook and Twitter for political discussion influence their political

interest.

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The researchers chose this title to start and conduct a research based on our study

in order to show and find out if the students particularly HUMSS have interest and care

about politics and government with them using the platform Facebook since according to

Dolen, J., (2019), the politics and government impacts nearly every aspect of our lives

whether we like it or not. It plays a huge role in our life ranging from the amount of tax

you pay for your morning coffee, to the types of light bulbs you’re allowed to purchase.

Also, Dolen, J., (2019) stated that having knowledge and being aware of politics helps to

make them an informed voter and that Politics is entertaining.

This study intended to gather data and information to determine the effects of

social media platforms particularly Facebook in political perspective of the students, as

the researchers believe that it will address the influence, benefits, and disadvantage of

social media regarding politics.

Also, it is to determine if the HUMSS Students’ level of interest towards politics

has increased with the help of social media particularly Facebook and to know what it

does to them whether it shapes their interest in politics and political issues or not.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

According to Duggan and Smith (2016), approximately one-third of social media

users say they frequently (9%) or rarely (23%) discuss, debate, or post about government

and politics on social media; approximately seven-in-ten say they almost often (30%) or

never (38%) do so. 1 Younger adults use social media as a source of campaign

information even more than older adults, however older users are more vocal means

trying to voice out thru commenting and posts to their social media platforms.

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According to Jiang et al, (2019). Many think that technology has made people

better informed – but also easier to manipulate.

(Liberini et al. 2018) stated that into the use of a new and unique dataset that

allows us to assess the effects and power of political micro-targeting.

We use daily Facebook advertising prices, collected during the course of the 2016

election campaign, to exploit the variation across political ideologies, and to propose a

measure for the intensity of online political campaigns.

Evidently, the use of Facebook recently for online political participation,

worldwide has greatly increased, especially among youth and they are particularly using

it to influence social and political change. Studies have suggested that youth are now

using Facebook to seek for political information, mobilize like minds, create user-

generated content and share political views.

According to Khane & Bowyer (2018), finds out that young people participate in

political activities in different ways online or offline. Promoting political activities in

social media such as sharing and get educated. It indicates that having exposure or "weak

ties" (resulting from large social networks) promotes higher levels of political

engagement.

(Weeks, Ardèvol-Abreu, & de Zúñiga, 2017) indicated that another recent study

has also shown that so-called “prosumers,” who intensively communicate about politics

on social media, are more likely to consider themselves opinion leaders and try to

persuade others of their own opinion.

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In the United States, Xenos, Macafee, and Pole (2017) also found that opponent-

attacking posts were liked and commented more than self-promoting posts on

congressional and gubernatorial candidates’ pages during the 2010 elections.

Similar results were obtained in a study about the reactivity of Hungarian

parliamentarian candidates’ Facebook posts during the latest election in 2014. Among the

post elements examined, negativity was the most frequently commented and shared by

the candidates’ followers. In contrast, the presence of positive content elements within

the posts did not significantly affect the number of likes, comments, or shares

Bene, (2017). On the whole, these findings indicate that followers of politicians’

Facebook pages are more likely to connect to and use negative content for performing

political communication activities in front of members of their networks.28% feel that

impact has been largely bad – and this balance of opinion is most negative in Tunisia,

Jordan and Lebanon.At the same time, an 11-country median of 72% say these

technologies have made people easier to manipulate with rumors and false information.

And majorities in eight countries say social media have increased the risk that citizens

might be manipulated by domestic politicians.

According to Bene M. (2017), the survey among the students in Hungary,

confirms that Facebook is the primary political information source for the university

students. Saying that most of them are politically interested, the content of the posts and

shares are politically related. Social media is one of billions of its users' biggest sources

of knowledge; however, it still has tremendous potential for misinformation to exploit

pub information.

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According to Satterfield, Heather (2016) One of the ways that social media

specifically Facebook has transformed politics is the sheer speed at which news, poll

results and rumors are shared.

Whereas in the pre-internet days, people had to wait for the next newspaper or TV

news show to get the latest information, online news is a 24/7 phenomenon.

(Jiang, 2016) investigated the Internet’s role in molding citizens’ perceptions of

politics. This strong relationship creates political efficacy and election interest among

Internet users and increases their political involvement.

There is a mature literature around the question of whether Internet use is

consequential to political engagement, and most studies conclude that its influence is

generally positive. It has been found to increase political engagement, increase

knowledge about political campaigns, and improve voting or other types of participation.

Internet-based expressions of political views are linked to offline forms of participative

behaviors.

Several studies have demonstrated that political communication on Facebook is

strongly affected by political interest (e.g., Vitak et al. Vromen, Loader, Xenos, & Bailo,

(2016)). Moreover, since Facebook communication is described above as guided by

expressive motives and connected to identity, the effects of the intensity of political

identity on performing political communication on Facebook can be assumed.

Satterfield (2016) claims that the internet has been a big part of politics. Social media, in

particular, is now a serious factor in political campaigns and in the way people think

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about issues. The candidates with their supporters posted their views on Facebook and

twitter.

She also added that the social media has taken a step further, accessing news on many

websites at any hour, most people spend more time on sites such as Facebook and Twitter

than they do on serious news or political websites.

In a laboratory experiment, Turcotte, York, Irving, Scholl, and Pingree (2015)

examined the effects exerted by social mediation on the evaluation of the source of the

message. The results showed that news sources are trusted more when their content is

mediated by Facebook friends rather than when they are seen in themselves.

Larsson (2015) found that critical Facebook posts were mostly commented on and

the second most liked on Norwegian party leaders’ Facebook pages during the 2013

parliamentary elections.

According to Marquez (2014), through Facebook, users can express their

opinions, experiences, lessons, suggestions and share their analyzation through their

friends. He also added that it can help the students to get information and help them to

discuss something more likely to the issues that are currently happening.

In addition, the perceived credibility of the news source increased when the

mediating Facebook friend was thought to be politically informed and honest about

politics. The importance of social cues appearing in messages was supported by Messing

and Westwood’s (2014) laboratory experiment. The study found that users suspend even

their partisan bias in their news selection if social cues turn up in the news. Moreover, in

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this research, social cues were impersonal, as only the number of users recommending

the articles was shown to the treatment group.

Based on the latest report of the Internet and Mobile Marketing Association of

the Philippines IMMAP (2014), more than 38 million Filipinos are registered using the

internet. Most of them are young people aged 30 and under.

Kovačić and Vrbat (2014) warn that countries with a high degree of youth

disinterest for politics, risk having politically illiterate youth and potentially incompetent

mangers in the future.

(Marichal, 2013; Svensson, 2011) stated that Political communication on

Facebook is mostly driven by expressive motives. This means that the acts publicly

performed here essentially aim at the actor’s self-presentation and make an impression on

his or her social context.

Even when there are other motives behind the act (e.g., the instrumental motive

of persuading others or the wish to reach a mutual understanding based on

communicative rationality), users must always be aware that their communication can be

seen by the whole circle of their acquaintances—any utterances are part of their publicly

presented selves. As a result, supposedly, those people communicate about politics on

Facebook, whose publicly presented self-image includes some political aspects.

Stieglitz & Dang-Xuan, (2013) proved the importance and the influence of social

networks in the context of politics; they have concluded that in the last few years social

media have become an important political communication channel that enables political

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institutions and voters to directly interact with each other. Therefore, political activities

might gain more transparency and citizens might be more involved into political

decision-making processes.

Boulianne and Kim et al. (2013) come to a conclusion that social networks allow

political disinterested users to ‘uniquely experience politics through politically

mobilizing action and messages by their peers and incidental expo-sure, which could help

promote political interest.

According to Nam (2012), she also added that in measuring political dynamics,

the above mentioned effects of social media on political activism are significant. The

Internet promotes its users to participate in politics and improves offline political

participation, illustrating the dual influence of the Internet on information and political

participation.

(Cantijoch, Cutts, & Gibson, 2012) claimed that the use of the Internet and all

other e-activities improves the knowledge of online users about politics and spurs

political engagement and participation. Cantijoch and his colleagues studied the use of

the Internet, political engagement, and the impact of e-discussion, e-information, and e-

political campaigning. Their findings claimed that e-campaigning directly connects and

engages Internet users before and after elections.

(Emruli & Bača, 2011) stated that the Internet has become vital for political

discussions and political participation. In the beginning, the Internet was used as a one-

way communication tool for political parties to inform the public through their websites.

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However, new media and technology have changed communication patterns in two-way

communication.

Political communication on Facebook is mostly driven by expressive motives (see

Marichal, 2013; Svensson, 2011).

This means that the acts publicly performed here essentially aim at the actor’s

self-presentation and make an impression on his or her social context.

Even when there are other motives behind the act (e.g., the instrumental motive of

persuading others or the wish to reach a mutual understanding based on communicative

rationality), users must always be aware that their communication can be seen by the

whole circle of their acquaintances—any utterances are part of their publicly presented

selves. As a result, supposedly, those people communicate about politics on Facebook,

whose publicly presented self-image includes some political aspects.

The growth of social networking sites (SNS), like Facebook, has caused many to

rethink how we understand political activism and citizen engagement. Much of the debate

of Facebook’s possibilities for activism takes place between the poles of “useful tool that

can lead towards effective social change” (Joyce, 2010) and “self–indulgent medium that

promotes slacktivism” (Morozov, 2011). Morozov (2011) refers to the ease with which

individuals can create and join communities of interest as slacktivism. He suggests that

this ease of membership and identification detracts from more serious and coordinated

efforts to affect social change.

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Joyce (2010) challenges Morozov’s view noting that the mere presence of

Facebook in a country is more than a vehicle for slacktivism. In her view it serves as

latent potential for activism. In repressive regimes, Facebook use by dissidents causes

dilemma actions for repressive regimes which must choose between blocking the

application and being viewed as repressive and allowing the application to exist and

giving dissidents a rhetorical and organizing space for challenging the state. While not a

panacea, Facebook and other social media tools gives activists an imperfect weapon for

countering repression.

The social networking application provides citizens with powerful tools for

expressing their political views and aggregating interests around issues of common

concern.

Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature

Political participation has historically been considered as a crucial element of

democratic development. Some studies (e.g. Bakker and Vreese, 2011) show that youth

participation in political activities in western countries is in decline. There is a serious

academic concern about the low political participation among youth in many parts of

developing and developed nations. They are not stimulated by traditional media such as

television, radio or newspaper. Their tendencies are directed toward new media – Internet

and social networks. Social networks can easily be explained as “a group of Internet-

based applications built on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 that

allow creating and exchanging user-generated content”

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(Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Many researchers investigated the relationship

between social networks and political participation (Boulianne, 2009; Vitak et al., 2011;

Ahmad and Sheikh, 2013; Sandoval-Almazan, 2017; Li and Chan, 2017) proving their

existing connection. However, the aim of this research is to investigate the relationship

between social networks and political interest. Political interest has shown to have a

positive effect on political participation (Brady et al., 1995; Levy et al., 2016) and the

purpose of this research is to determine to what extent are young people interested in

politics and does the usage of Facebook and Twitter for political discussion influence

their political interest.

The power and the influence of the Internet and the emergence of new media have

significantly changed the world together with people’s habits, behavior and

communication. Over the years, social media have spread in most aspects of people’s

lives, especially among young generations.

The role of social media has been investigated in many areas and it has also

become very popular in the area of politics. Socially desirable goal is to encourage and

increase the level of political participation, especially among young people. Previous

research has shown that one of the influential factors for political participation is interest

in politics.

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Theoretical Framework of the Study

Figure 1: Uses and Gratification Theory

This research is guided by another type of theory; it is the Uses and Gratification

Theory. This theory is first introduced by Elihu Katz and Blumler 1974 in the article

“The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research”

and focuses its attention on media users’ roles.

Based on this theory, it explains how people use the media for their own need and

get satisfied when their needs are fulfilled. In other words, it can be said that the theory

argues what people do with media rather than what media does to people. This theory

has a user/audience-centered approach. Even for communication, say – interpersonal,

people refer to the media for the topic to discuss among themselves. By referring to the

media, they gain more knowledge and exposure to the world beyond their limited

eyesight.

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The acquired theory regarding the politics and media of the researchers is to prove

the validity of the study. Its connection to the study is that it presents the effects of social

media when it comes to the political views of the selected students.

In this way students will be knowledgeable and aware of the effects of social media on

political content with how they use the media for their own needs.

This will serve as a guide on what is the relationship of social media, particularly

Facebook and the selected students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina in the Senior

High department in the 2020-2021 academic year on how they use social media which

affects their political perspective.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Input Process Output
- What are the
factors of the
opinions of social - Stratified -“Effects of
influencers Sampling method Facebook in
regarding Political Perspective
politics? - Development of Selected Grade
and distribution of 12 HUMSS
- How often do survey Students in
students patronize questionnaires Pamantasan ng
political posts or through online. Lungsod ng
advertisements? Marikina A.Y 2020
– 2021”
- What are the - Quantitative
effects of social Analysis and
media specifically Interpretation of
Facebook on raw data gathered
Political from the
Perspective? respondents.

- Can Facebook
become the new
platform orienting
students about
politics?
Feedback
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Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

The study was primarily undertaken to determine the Effect of Facebook on the

Political Perspective of Selected Grade 12 Students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Marikina. It is important to answer the following questions to clarify this study.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the factors of the opinions of social influencers regarding politics?

1.1 According to Rogers, (2010), the “influential” or influencers use his or her

visible position in a large network; take Facebook as an example to spread messages

widely regarding politics. Also, Katz & Lazarsfeld stated that an “opinion leader” uses

social support and social pressure to influence his or her personal network. They have the

ability to influence or convince an individual to change his or her opinion, attitude, and/

or behavior which is a powerful skill.

1.2 Gil de Zúñiga, et al., (2018); Weeks, et al., (2017); Diehl, et al., (2016) asserted

that in social media, people are increasingly exposed to political information and

opinions of people in their networks, which creates a potential space for political

persuasion to take place. Social context and particularly messages received from one’s

peer group play a key role in the formation of political views. Nisbet and Kotcher, (2009)

added that it has proved to be useful for carrying out political campaigns by, for instance,

increasing people’s knowledge and discussion about relevant topics.

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Nevertheless, Bennett and Livingston, (2018) stated that social media provides a

platform for disruption and disinformation which may have serious societal implications,

for instance, when harmful content is propagated in order to influence public opinion and

people’s voting decisions in the run-up to elections. (Ferrara, 2017, 2015) therefore, it is

essential to understand how information is propagated and reveal the mechanisms behind

online influence.

2. How often do students patronize political posts or advertisements?

2.1 According to Yusingco H. (2020), the majorities of social media users are

between the ages of 18 and 35, and are part of the 61 million-strong Philippine

electorate. He also said that any time a presidential election is held, Filipinos are

subjected to a thorough inspection or being more engaged in political activities in

social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

2.2 As cited in Young and Hoover, (2004), there is HERI's data which indicates that

the students are becoming more interested in “keeping up to date with political

affairs” (33.9 percent, as opposed to the record low of 28.1 percent in 2000) and

“influencing the political structure” (20.1 percent, as opposed to record low of 17.1

percent in 1999. Linda Sax, the director of the survey “For so many years we were

reporting plummeting political interest,” commented. “Students are definitely

becoming more interested in the political scene,” she added optimistically.

3. What are the effects of social media specifically Facebook on Political Perspective?

2.1 Echo Chambers

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According to Cinelli M., Morales G. et al. (2021), One of the most common

criticisms of social media is that it creates echo chambers where people only see

viewpoints they agree with — further driving us apart.

2.2 Political Harassment

According to Gordon S. & Chung A. (2020), every individual that uses Facebook or

any platforms of media encounters political harassment online by their friends. Political

harassment occurs when someone is bullied or threatened because of their perspective or

view in a particular topic regarding politics.

2.3 False News

According to Waidner- Spahr Library (2021), “fake news refers to news articles or

other items that are deliberately false and intended to manipulate the viewer.” Also Khan

A. (2018) stated that fake or false news can affect an individual's mind by manipulating it

by dubious articles or a certain topic. Fake news has a huge presence on the internet, and

often viewers believe it when it is presented in such a manner that it seems to be true.

He also added that, the most vulnerable and prone to this are the youths as they have a

young mind that can cause them to believe the misinformation and disinformation.

4. Can Facebook become the new platform orienting students about politics?

4.1 According to David, C. (2019), the reliance on Facebook for news, political

knowledge, and political engagement in the Philippines.

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Based on her collected data from an online survey, it says that those who rely less on

social media as a news source exhibit higher levels of perceived knowledge about politics

than those who rely more on it for news.

Controlling for traditional news use, following political officials or institutions on

social media is associated with higher levels of political interest and engagement, those

with more politically active friends on Facebook have higher levels of exposure to

political content online.

There is a positive correlation between Facebook being a source of information about

politics and discussing politics more often with others.

However, the hypothesis that those with more friends on their network, who are

politically active, will have greater political knowledge and more political engagement

than those who have few politically active friends on their Facebook network is not

supported.

4.2 According to Liberni et al. (2018), the use of Facebook for online political

engagement in recent years has increased dramatically worldwide, particularly among

young people, and is being used in particular to affect social and political change.

According to surveys, youth are increasingly using Facebook to find political

information, organize like-minded individuals, create user-generated content, and share

political views.

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

H0: Social media particularly Facebook is not an alternative way for students to

participate in sharing their political perspectives.

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H0: Using social media particularly Facebook is not effective in getting students’

political perspective should be acknowledged as one of the traditional participation in

politics.

Alternative Hypothesis

H1: Social media particularly Facebook is an alternative way to use for students

to participate in sharing their political perspectives.

H1: Social media particularly Facebook can be acknowledged as traditional

political participation for students to express their political perspective.

Significance of the Study

The study will be beneficial to the following people and institutions:

Students. This research helps students to gain political knowledge and to know

the importance of their political perspective in using the Facebook application.

Teachers. This research will provide them further data and information about the

effects of Facebook from the political perspective of grade 12 students.

Also, it is for them to come up with ideas on how to make guidelines for their

students being mindful about political perspective.

Future researchers. This research will serve as a reference for the future

researchers who will conduct a relevant research as this study will provide valid data and

evident facts that can help in further studies. It will become a guide for them regarding

research including politics as their research topic.

Community. This research will show the community how Facebook affects the

political views of the students as a preparation for practicing their rights.

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Facebook users. This will serve as an awareness and guide for Facebook users on

how to use the application from a political viewpoint and helps them to be more mindful

and effectively participate in political issues. Also, it will influence a new way of

traditional participation in politics besides from tri-media, televisions, and radios.

Department of Education. The Department of Education can use this study as a

basis on how to implement new teachings and guidelines to improve students’

participation in sharing their political perspectives.

Scope and Delimitation

Researchers conduct this research to know if "Facebook" is one of the alternative

methods to further expand students' knowledge of political content. Also, it is to

determine if the usage of social media (specifically Facebook) in political discussion

influences youth’s interest in politics.

This study intended to gather data and information to determine the effects of

social media platforms particularly Facebook in political perspective of the students,

as the researchers believe that it will address the influence, benefits, and disadvantage

of social media regarding politics.

Also, it is to determine if the HUMSS Students’ level of interest towards politics

has increased with the help of social media particularly Facebook and to know what it

does to them whether it shapes their interest in politics and political issues or not.

The study is limited only to determine the effects of social media platforms

particularly Facebook in the political perspective of students in Marikina. It also covers

knowing the level of interest of the selected respondents towards politics. On the other

hand, the study will not explain whether Facebook is beneficial to politicians or not.

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The scope of this study will be the grade 12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod

ng Marikina. The selected respondents including all gender must be from the strand of

Humanities and Social Sciences only and will answer the questions prepared by the

researchers. All of the assumptions obtained from the findings will be produced by the

grade 12 HUMSS students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.

The researchers limit the study to Grade 12 Students enrolled in the Academic

School Year 2020 to 2021, and would only come from the academic strand of Humanities

and Social Sciences in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina. Ten (10) students (Four (4)

boys and Six (6) girls) from eight (8) different sections of HUMSS for a total of 80

respondents would be chosen to participate in order to prevent bias and to acquire

objective perceptions.

The selected respondents are grade 12 students since it will be easier for the

researchers to interact with people of almost the same age and grade level category.

Therefore, the researchers will conveniently trace the chosen respondents which are the

specified students that belong to the HUMSS strand. Also, the subject being discussed in

the study relates in the chosen strand.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of terms which may be obscure or difficult to

understand related to this study, the following terms are defined:

❖ Facebook- It is a social networking site that makes it easy for you to connect

and share with family and friends online.

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❖ Political issue- is one that has to do with government or politics. This may

include issues related to party politics or a political system or social,

environmental or other issues as determined by the voting public.

❖ Politics- is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is

about making agreements between people so that they can live together in

groups such as tribes, cities, or countries.

❖ Political activism - the practice of vigorous action or involvement as a means of

achieving political or other goals, as by demonstrations, protests, etc. Political

institution - defined as an institutional or organizational arrangement for

political governance or simply forms of government.

❖ Internet - an electronic communications network that connects computer

networks and organizational computer facilities around the world —used with

the except when being used attributively doing research on the Internet search.

❖ Media - the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and

the internet) regarded collectively

❖ Social media - websites and applications that enable users to create and share

content or to participate in social networking

❖ TRIMEDIA - TRIMEDIA stands for an advanced electronic commerce

environment forbi/trimedi programming, delivery, interaction, co-operation,

commercial transaction the broadcasting sector

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❖ New media- new media consists of websites, online video/audio streams, email,

online social platforms, online communities, online forums, blogs, Internet

telephony, Web advertisements, online education and much more.

❖ Political Science- it is the systematic study of governance by the application of

empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis. It examines the state and

its organs and institutions.

❖ Groups and organizations- It consists of people that can be defined as two or

more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve

particular objectives.

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

To fulfil the objectives of this study, the researchers will use Quantitative

research. Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying a

collection and analysis of the data. It is used to find patterns, make predictions, and

generalize the results of the population. According to Creswell (2002), quantitative

research is the process of collecting, analysing, interpreting, and writing the results of

a study. We used this method for us to be able to explain clearly our findings and

recommendation about our study. We would conduct non-biased Quantitative

Research.

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Also, Creswell (2002) stated that descriptive research involves the identification

of attributes of a particular phenomenon based on an observational basis or the

exploration of the correlation between two or more phenomena.

The research design to be used is the descriptive research design. The researchers

will gather data through interview questionnaires in order to gather accurate and precise

information about the topic.

Also, Fluet 2020 stated that it is one of the three basic types of research design. It

is a quantitative research method that is considered conclusive and is used to test specific

hypotheses and describe characteristics or functions. Descriptive research should have a

clear and accurate research question/problem

This type of design answers what, where, when, and how questions. As the study

aims to observe and detail the effects of social media (Facebook) in the political

perspective of Grade 12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina, the researchers

choose this particular research design.

Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique

The researchers applied probability sampling since according to McCombes, S.,

(2019) it is mainly used in quantitative research and applied as the process for obtaining

information from their target sample. The target sample was selected based on

characteristics that fulfill the purpose of this study; therefore, this research study used

stratified sampling as its sampling technique.

This research study was conducted in the school of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Marikina. The particular sample group came from the one (1) academic strand of Grade

12 which is HUMSS. Ten (10) students were randomly chosen from Eigh (8) different

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sections to participate in the study. Four (4) were boys and Six (6) were girls. A total of

80 respondents were given the survey.

The researchers chose this sampling method for reasons such as according to

McCombes, S., (2019); (1) It allows us to draw more precise conclusions. (2) It can

divide the population into subgroups based on the relevant characteristics. (3) It is easy to

calculate and perform quickly.

STRAND GRADE LEVEL MALE FEMALE TOTAL

HUMSS 12 164 261 425

nh = (Nh/N) * n

nh = Stratified Random Sampling

Nh = Total sample size
N = Entire population
n = Population of Subgroups

Description of the Respondents

The respondents are the person who answers or the one who needs to respond in a

study; it can be referred to as the participants who have been invited to respond and to

participate in a particular study, Tabinas C, (2020); Research Methods (2012).

Respondents are the ones who will answer or fill up the given questionnaire of the

researcher's.

The respondents of this study will be from the chosen Grade 12 students of

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina Senior High School level.

The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina is a university that is supported by the

government locals in Marikina that offers tertiary level courses and recently has its own

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senior high school that provides an affordable but good and high quality of education to

its students. The Senior high school was under the academic track that focuses on the

three common strands.

The selected participants belonged to the strand of Humanities and Social

Sciences. Thus, these students are more or have a high intellectual perspective when it

comes to the researchers’ problem, which the strand of these students tackled mostly and

are required to widen their insights about politics in the society.

Besides Humanities students have a specialized subject wherein focuses on the

study of society and the relationship among individuals within the society.

Research Instrument

The instruments and platforms that will be used by the researchers in gathering

the needed data for knowing the effects of social media platforms particularly Facebook

in the political perspective from the selected respondents of grade 12 students particularly

in Humanities and Social Sciences are Survey Questionnaire as the main source of data.

According to McLeod, S., (2018) it provides a relatively cheap, quick and

efficient way of obtaining large amounts of information from a large sample of people.It

is a valid and reliable research instrument for they contain planned questions in regards to

the collection of data. According to the Statistical Solutions (2021), reliability and

validity are one of the most important in conducting a survey questionnaire.

These survey questionnaires led the respondents towards providing consistent

answers that are essential to the addressed research problem and are directly related to

specific research questions.

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The researchers will use the mode of self-administered computer surveys, and this

includes using the personal computer, laptop, or cellphone to use Google Forms to create

a digital survey questionnaire. The self-administered survey is a structured type that

consists of closed and open-ended questions, Elsevier B.V (2021).

According to Wolber, A. (2012) Google Forms provide a fast way to create an

online survey, with responses collected in an online spreadsheet. People can answer

questions from almost any web browser - including mobile smartphone and tablet

browsers while the researchers can view each response in a single row of a spreadsheet,

with each question shown in a column.

The use of it was identified to be convenient on the part of both the researchers

and the respondents since as stated by McCombes, S., (2019) it is (1) less time-

consuming, (2) easy to test data for reliability and validity, and (3) it preserves anonymity

and confidentiality of the reaction and answers from the respondents. Additionally, it

helps the researchers attain more accurate data interpretations to form conclusive results.

Also, the researchers will be using the Likert scale wherein LaMarca, N., (2011)

stated that it is an ordinal psychometric measurement of attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

In addition, she stated that it is the most universal method for survey collection, therefore,

it is easily understood. She also stated that the responses are easily quantifiable and

subjective to computation of some mathematical analysis.

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The researchers will be using a 4-Point Likert Scale for Agreement that

according from the Formplus Blog, (2020) there is no safe ‘neutral’ option which is

ideally a good scale to get specific responses from the respondents.

Description Point Number (#)

Strongly Agree 1
Agree 2
Disagree 3
Strongly Disagree 4

Figure 3. 4-Point Likert Scale

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers prepared a survey questionnaire to collect data and information

regarding the effects of Facebook on the political perspective of the chosen respondents.

The researchers had allotted time, effort, and cooperation in developing their

questionnaires regarding demographic profiles and how often they spend their time using

Facebook, the level of its influence on their political perspective, and what is its effects

on them.

The researchers will execute it through a digital survey questionnaire with the use

of Google Forms and will be distributed by social media platforms such as Facebook,

Messenger, or Gmail. It is an easier process to collect data, and more efficient to use. The

contact between the researchers and the respondents can only exist within the internet

since the current COVID-19 pandemic has suspended physical classes in several affected

areas around the globe.

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Data Analysis Tools

The researchers will use Microsoft Excel as their tool in doing the data analysis.

It can be a useful platform to enter and maintain research study data. Excel is fairly easy

to learn and use. Researchers can use Excel’s simple statistical and plotting functions to

help gain insight into their data.

However, according to the University of Nebraska Medical Center, (2020), most

research projects require more extensive statistical techniques that can be most easily

performed using additional statistical software packages such as SAS or SPSS software.

The Researcher feature is a service that helps you find and incorporate credible

sources and content into your Word documents. The feature uses Microsoft’s Bing

Knowledge Graph to get the desired information online and place it directly into your

document. And you don’t have to worry about the trustworthiness of your data.

Microsoft created and curated a list of trusted material and reference sources from

which it pulls out your research. The researcher provides structured, credible, and, more

importantly, safe information you can use freely. (Investintech 2021)

Klient, (2017) stated that Excel is very beneficial for students. Students can learn

by using excel how to convert raw data into meaningful information. They will learn by

doing exercises in Excel on how to perform calculations faster. They will understand by

using Excel how data can be visualized.

They will learn how to do financial planning. Students can learn why data and

information are important to filters. They will learn in Excel why how to track goal

progressions, how salaries are calculated etc. are essential things they will face and use in

the future but if they are practicing on such things using Microsoft Excel earlier in their

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career, it will be easy for them in the future to handle a large amount of data and

information easily and accurately.

Students can become good and proficient in any school or college subject by

using Microsoft Excel.

Microsoft Excel is really important in our education system that enhances data

management creativity in students’ minds. Microsoft Excel is an important application in

computers that need to be used in the classroom and education. There are various reasons

why Microsoft Excel is important in Education but let’s look at the following reasons I

think very important to consider.

Another reason for Excel’s popularity among researchers is that charts are easier

to manage and control in Excel.

SPSS has a lot of neat charting features. However, they aren’t as dynamic as

Excel charts. When creating a presentation, researchers often need to go back and forth to

rearrange data in the charts.

This is not only easy in Excel but is also automatically updated in PowerPoint.

Excel is also used to run descriptive and inferential statistical tests widely used in

business and management research. Finance and Accounting are the business areas where

Excel spread sheets are the most used tools to get financial and budgetary analysis or

forecasts. Speed up the manual work. Besides this area, Excel is widely used in

Biomedical Research, Marketing and Product Management, Human Resources Planning.

It is a powerful instrument used as a support for datasets. (Dataplay 2016)

With its wealth of features, Excel provides the perfect setting for data input and

manipulation. It also should be noted that Excel has robust add-ins that greatly enhance
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its building features. Thus, Data play Add-in supplements Excel’s industry-standard

capabilities with the ability to promptly perform crosstabs, apply filters (value, P-Value,

difference, index, etc.) and weights, or sort the results by various data visibility options.

DataPlay Add-In allows researchers to access data from Cloud and to continue analysis

with either Excel’s statistical functions or Dataplay’s on-the-fly calculations.

• Native PowerPoint and Excel components

• Data bound charts and presentations

• Dynamic data filtering algorithms

• Rich statistical analysis tools

• Robust sorting and grouping rules

• Define new tables by crossing variables

• Start creating a presentation while still in the field

• Automatically refresh all charts with new data

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Permission Letter to Administer the Questionnaires

Dear Respondent,

We are the researchers from H202-Nick Joaquin of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Marikina. We are currently conducting a research entitled, “Effects of Facebook in

Political Perspective of Selected Grade 12 HUMSS Students ,” for the partial fulfillment

of the requirements needed in Practical Research II.

In fulfillment of the study, the researchers are requesting for your cooperation to

answer the following questions that will be used in order to gather data and collect

information. The answers that you will be giving would be kept confidential in order to

protect your privacy. Thank you very much.

If you have any questions or inquiry, please contact Jamie Estabaya through

Gmail @ jamie.abinoja@gmail.com.

Sincerely yours,

Arroyo, Gabriel Louise Abila, Carl Louise

Estabaya, Jamie Marie A.

Gordo, Justine
Merano, Renalyn

Pastorfide, Denese Airy

San Juan, Althea

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Survey Questionnaire
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina
Senior High School Department
San Roque Campus

Effects of Social Media Platform Particularly Facebook in Political Perspective of

Selected Grade 12 HUMSS Students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina
A.Y 2020 – 2021
Name (Optional):
Demographic Profile
1.1 Age:
16 – 18 years old

19 – 21 years old
1.2 Sex:
Male

Female

Check the box that corresponds to your answer.

4- Strongly agree 3- Agree 2- Disagree 1- Strongly disagree
Statement 4 3 2 1
Time Usage of Social Media (Facebook)
My duration of using Facebook
1-3 hours

4-6 hours

7 hours or more
(I spend or use Facebook for a long period of time)

Statement 4 3 2 1

II. Influence of Facebook in Political Perspective

I often see political posts, campaigns, views and
discourse on Facebook.
(Madalas akong nakakakita ng mga pampulitikang
post, kampanya, pananaw at diskurso sa Facebook.

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4 3 2 1

Facebook influences and changes my political

perspective when I see posts about it.

(Naiimpluwensyahan at nababago ng Facebook ang

aking pananaw tuwing ako’y nakakakita ng mga posts
patungkol sa politika.)

I usually share my opinions and insights when I

see some political issues to talk about.
(Ibinabahagi ko ang aking mga opinyon o pananaw
kapag nakakikita ako ng mga isyung pampolitikal)

I influence my friends on Facebook to participate

in political activities and arguments.
(Iniimpluwensyahan ko ang mga kaibigan ko sa
Facebook na makihalubilo o lumahok sa mga politikal
na usapan.)

III. Effects of Social Media (Facebook) in Political Perspective

Facebook boosts my confidence to participate
in political activities.
(Nagkaroon ako ng lakas ng loob na makilahok sa
mga puliktikal na aktibidad dahil sa Facebook.)

I became more active when the topic was about

political related issues on Facebook.
(Mas naging aktibo akong maki-alam kapag
patungkol sa politika ang mga isyu sa Facebook)

Because of Facebook, my interest regarding

politics has increased and prompted me to explore
more about it.
(Dahil sa Facebook, tinulungan nitong mapukaw
ang interes ko patungkol sa politika at galugarin pa
ang mga aspeto nito.

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