LITERATURE REVIEW

Particles swarm algorithm

In order to avoid inappropriate solutions, spills occurring when the reservoir is not full, a modified method
is proposed that can adjust the trajectories of the particles, using the particle swarm algorithm, according to the
operation rule of the reservoir. The method was tested in a case study, and was compared to two commonly used
methods for generating particle position vectors. These included the direct method, which uses water supply and
water spills as the iteration variables, and the indirect method, which uses water storages (water levels) as the
iteration variables.

Since the 21st century, because of population growth and economic development, a shortage of water has
become one of a number of global challenges (Wang et al. 2016; Al-Jawad & Kalin 2019). Reservoirs are important
facilities for people utilizing water resources. Optimizing the operations of reservoirs is an old, but remains
important, issue in the field of water resources management (Tayfur 2017; Wan et al. 2018; Chang et al. 2019).
Generally, an optimal water allocation model of a reservoir is developed to minimize the sum of squared deviation
of the water supply to the desired target.
This is subjected to lower and upper bounds of release and storage, the water balance equation, and the
non-negativity constraints. Dynamic programming (Cheng et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2017; Gong et al. 2019) is a
classical algorithm for solving this type of model. However, it is impeded in the model of multi-reservoirs by the
existence of ‘curse of dimensionality’ (Chen et al. 2016; Jiang et al. 2017; Jiang et al. 2018).Meta-heuristic
algorithms, such as the genetic algorithm (GA) (Jothiprakash et al. 2011), particle swarm optimization (PSO)
(Nabinejad et al. 2017), and simulated annealing algorithm (Kangrang et al. 2011) have been extensively used
because of their global searching capability and strong robustness, and are constantly improving in efficiency and
accuracy. Particle swarm algorithm, as a kind of swarm intelligence algorithm.
Yang (2012) proposed a new particle swarm optimization algorithm solving hierarchy multi-objective problems and
applied it to optimize the operation of hydropower stations. However, some other extensive reviews of different
available techniques can be found elsewhere (Adeyemo, 2011; Ajibola and Adewumi, 2014; Bianchiet al., 2009).
Kumar and Minz (2014) provided a proper concept of particle swarm optimization and the multi-objective
optimization problem in order to build a basic background with which to conduct multi-objective particle swarm
optimization. Patil and Dangewar (2014) presented a comprehensive review of a multi-objective particle swarm
optimization (MOPSO) reported in the specialized literature.
Yusoff et al. (2011) proposed an overview on NSGA-II optimization techniques of machining process
parameters. Based on the above techniques, in this paper, application of NSGA-II and MOPSO algorithms in
operation of two-reservoir systems to maximize incomes due to the hydropower sale and flood control is proposed.
A. M. Moradi and A.B. Dariano discusses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. inspired by
already used by Dariane and Moradi in Dez reservoir the nature, has been introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart.
problem. The reservoir is located in southwest Iran and is the algorithm has been modeled on the birds' and fishes'
major source of hydropower production and water supply for aggressive behaviors to reach the food and habitat. As
a fast agriculture and domestic water needs. and potentially good method, this algorithm has been extended to such
applications as function optimization.
 Reservoir operator must decide how much water to be release at the present and how much should they
keep and store for future uses without endanger community in downstream area (Walker et al. 2015). This issue
become more important to solve when the region facing water scarcity because of the human over exploitation of
water resources or hydrological droughts which is natural hazard (Van Loon and Van Lanen 2015). Optimization is
one of methods to solve this problem and it becomes a popular subject in water resources study. Optimization
technique is used in engineering application to minimize the cost or to maximize the benefit to the user. As example
in water resources applications is optimize reservoir operation, design capacity, cost design and environmental
benefits (Pasha et al. 2015).

The evolution of computer software and hardware has expanded the researchers’ capability to develop new
or enhance current algorithm with better computation time and solve problem with higher degree of complexity.
Among them are Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, and Evolutionary Computation. Recent study by
Kumar t al. (2013) showed that the Fuzzy Logic performs better than ANN in finding the optimal release for
irrigation and hydropower of one of the dams in India. ANN can also be combined with other established method to
enhance the existing capability as portrayed by the work of Fayaed et al. (2013). The authors claimed that by
combining ANN with Stochastic dynamic programming (SDP-ANN), it can produce better optimal release policy
for Sungai Langat reservoir in Malaysia compared to the integration between SDP and Auto Regression Model
(SDP-AR).

Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm, which is

a subset of the Evolutionary Computation. The detail review of EA can be found from works by Ahmad et al. (2014)
and also Hossain and El-shafie (2013). Two popular algorithms in EA are Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle
Swarm Algorithm (PSO). The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a heuristic search that imitates the process of natural
evolution such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. The applications of the bee swarm intelligence are
reviewed by Karaboga and Akay (2019b). Many features of bees have been used as a model for intelligent system
such as queen bee, bee dance and communication, task allocation, collective system and net site selection, mating
marriage and reproduction, bee foraging, floral and pheromone laying and bee navigation.

From their reviews, there is no application of the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) in reservoir operation
problem as most of the applications are in the fields of electric and electronics. Recent survey by Yusup et al. (2012)
cite the ABC is among the evolutionary optimization techniques widely used in manufacturing studies, especially
for surface roughness and machine performance. The comparative study of the ABC algorithm with other
optimization algorithm such as evolution strategy, differential evolution algorithm, genetic algorithm and particle
swarm optimization were carried by Karaboga and Akay (2019a). In the study, the ABC shows a superiority and
comparable performance with another algorithm even though it uses less control parameter and can solve
multimodal and multi-dimensional optimization efficiently.

Akay and Karaboga (2012) modify the original ABC algorithm to solve real-parameter optimization
problem. The authors add a control parameter that identifies the number of parameters to be changed to produce a
near optimal solution and the result shows good performance compared to other swarm intelligent methods.
Recently, Dariane and Sarani (2013) applied and evaluated the Intelligent Water Drop Algorithm developed by Shah
Hosseini (2017) for Dez reservoir optimization in Iran. There are a few other algorithms that can be applied for
reservoir operation problem such as Artificial Immune System and Stochastic Diffusion Search (De Meyer et al.
2013). This paper will introduce ABC and GSA in water resources application particularly in reservoir optimization.

ABC is a population-based swarm intelligence that mimics the foraging behavior of natural honey bees.
Karaboga [11] firstly proposed the ABC algorithm in optimizing numerical functions and after that several studies
proves that ABC shows better performances than GA and PSO algorithm and here we developed an optimum release
curve for each month that can provide the amount of water to be release for a known storage condition.
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