Aliasing

How many hertz can the human eye see?

Most don't notice unless it is under 50 or 60 Hz.

Generally, people notice when the frame-rate is less than the refresh rate of the
display.
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 Aliasing
• When the minimum sampling rate is not respected,
distortion called aliasing occurs.

• Aliasing causes high frequency signals to appear as lower

frequency signals.

• To be sure aliasing will not occur, sampling is always

preceded by low pass filtering.

• The low pass filter, called the anti-aliasing filter, removes all
frequencies above half the selected sampling rate.

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 Aliasing
• Figure illustrates sampling a 40 Hz sinusoid
• The sampling interval between sample points is T = 0.01
second, and the sampling rate is thus fs = 100 Hz.
• The sampling theorem condition is satisfied

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 Aliasing
• Figure illustrates sampling a 90 Hz sinusoid
• The sampling interval between sample points is T = 0.01
second, and the sampling rate is thus fs = 100 Hz.
• The sampling theorem condition is not satisfied

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Aliasing

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 Sampling Effect in Time Domain

Example of Aliasing in the

time domain of various
sinusoidal signals ranging
from 10 kHz to 80 kHz with a
sampling frequency Fs = 40
kHz.

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 Time & Frequency Domains
• There are two complementary signal descriptions.
• Signals seen as projected onto time or frequency domains.

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Time & Frequency Domains

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 Frequency Range of Analog & Digital Signals

• For analog signals, the frequency range is from -∞ Hz to ∞ Hz

• For digital signals, the frequency range is from 0 Hz to Fs/2 Hz

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 Sampling theorem in the frequency domain
In practice this can help us to:

1. Design the anti-aliasing filter (a lowpass filter that will

reject high frequencies that cause aliasing) to be applied
before sampling,

2. And the anti-image filter (a reconstruction lowpass filter

that will smooth the recovered sample-and-hold voltage
levels to an analog signal) to be applied after the digital-to-
analog conversion (DAC)

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Sampling theorem in the frequency domain

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Sampling theorem in the frequency domain

Fourier series

Fourier Transform
Original spectrum

Shifted versions (replicas)

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Sampling theorem in the frequency domain

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3535
 If applying a lowpass reconstruction filter to obtain exact reconstruction of the
original signal spectrum, the following condition must be satisfied:

Shannon sampling theorem

Summary:

 Sampling theorem establishes a minimum sampling rate for sampling a

given band limited analog signal with the highest frequency component
of fmax

 If the sampling condition is satisfied, then the analog signal can be

recovered via its sampled values

 The half of the sampling frequency = Nyquist frequency (Nyquist limit) =

folding frequency

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 Review of Fourier series and FT

Considering a real signal x(t), (x(t) is not a

complex function)

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Example:

Solution: Amplitude = 5, f = 1 kHz

a- Since the analog signal is sinusoid with a peak value of 5 and frequency of 1000 Hz,
we can write the sine wave using Euler’s identity:

The Fourier series coefficients

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The spectrum of original frequency:

b- After the analog signal is sampled at the rate of 8000 Hz, the sampled signal
spectrum and its replicas centered at the frequencies ±kfs, each with the scaled
amplitude being 2.5/T

Must be removed, since they convey no additional information

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Example:

The two-sided
amplitude
spectrum for
the sinusoid

40
4141