KNOWLEDGE AND PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL WELFARE

SOCIAL WORK
Complexities of social situation
Social work as responsive, dynamic and visionary

WHY SOCIAL WORK?

Life means to face the demands of day to day life and realize the self. By
life tasks we mean the responses people make as they face the demands
upon them in various life situations, such is growing up in a family, entering
school or work, raising a family, earning their daily bread, working in the
industry, problems relating to job or earning, facing illness, accidents and
death. People are dependent on social systems to realize their aspirations
and to cope with their life tasks. In order to realize their life tasks people
have to interact with three kinds of resource systems in the social
environment.
1. Informal or natural resource system consistsof family, friends,
neighbors, or co-workers, etc.
2. Formal resource system consists of membership in organizations,
trade, union organizations or other socio-cultural organizations
3. Social resource systems such as schools, hospitals, housing societies,
place, banks, etc.
WHY PEOPLE ARE UNABLE TO OBTAIN THE RESOURCES, SERVICESOR OPPORTUNITIES IN
THE RESOURCE SYSTEMS, THEY NEED TO COPE WITH THEIR LIFE TASKS AND REALIZE
THEIR ASPIRATIONS?
1. A needed resource or service may be scarce or may not exists or may
not provide approriate help to people who need it.
2. People may not know the existence of a resource system or may be
hesitant to turn it for help for several reasons like distance, corruptions,
delay or pooor quality etc.
3. The policies and procedures of the resource system may inhibit/prevent
it access (eg. eligibility criteria, gender, etc.)
4. Several resource system may be working cross purposes
The purpose of social work is to enable people to use the social resources
to meet their life tasks.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK GENERALLY CONVEY
* What is the need of social work or Why social work?
* How social work is carried out?
* To whom social work is going tp serve or characteristicss of it’s clients
To answer these questions one need to know why people are suffering.
What is our responsibilities towards fellow human beings? How we gain
knowledge about the human problems in a particular way? Whty we
subscribe to certain methods of solving problems?
* Social workers need to answer these questions before addressing other
problems.

MEANING AND DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK

1. By the Man in the Street (anyone who performs some good deeds for
the people ex. philantrophists, charity workers)
2. By the semi-professional or Parasocial Workers (given by those who
are not trained social workers but work in some welfare agency)
* 2 Deficiencies (Prof. Clarke)
1. not all workers employed in social welfare agencies are social workers
by preparation and other qualifications.
2. not all workers in social welfare agencies have the qualities of social
worker ex. Municipal Links (MLS) of 4P’s who maybe teachers, nurses,
etc. but working in one programs of DSWD
SCIENTIFIC MEANING
According to Dr. Helen Witmer the function of social work is “to give
assistance to individuals in regard to the difficulties they encounter in their
use of an organized group services or their own performance as a member
of an organized group”. By organized group she meant institutions like
Family, The Neighborhood, The School, The Church, Hospitals, etc. For
example in regard to family, the function of social work is to facilitate the
family’s normal activities through counseling with individuals about the
difficulties they encounter in family life, providing financial assistance or
other material helps that are neccessary to secure a family’s adequate
functioning or helpung the members to avail ther required services from the
different sources.
GENERALLY ACCEPTED MEANING OF SOCIAL WORK
* Social workis a profession primarily concerned with the remedy to
psycho-social problems and deficiences which exists in the relationship
between the individual and his social environment. This phenomenon
 always existed in the society in one form or the other, but achieved it’s
scientific basis in the last decades of 19th century.
* People in distress, destitution, and deprivation have been helped in the
past by individuals joint families, caste communities, religious institutions
motivated by religious philosophy that assumed ‘charity’ as a reward or
medium for salvation, philantrophy, humanitarian feeling, democratic
ideology, equality of all citizens; regard for human personality, respect for
others rights including the indigents, the handicapped, the unemployed,
emotionally challenged and above all, those in need.
* The charitable work taken up by individuals and some voluntary
organizations came to be termed as social work in the due course of
time. The most frequently seen misconception about social work is thar
people mistakenly charity, aims giving and voluntary activities as social
work, but this is in reality is not social work, as it does not provide any
permanent solution to the person’s problems and does not empower a
person to face his problems by himself.
* Social work aims at making a person self-dependent and self reliant. It
attempts to explore the causal factors behind the problem and tries to
solve them scientifically. Therefore, it is visualized that social work is
scientific process for helping to the needy suffering from material
deficiencies, physical disabilities, mental disorders emotional
disturbances and so on by using knowledge in human relationship and
methods and skills in dealing with them.
* In a nutshell shell, social work intended to assist individuals, families,
social groups, and communities in sorting out their personal social
problems and permanently solving those problems through a systematic
process.
Definition:
In order to have a better understanding and a broader view of social work,
a few selected definitions of some famous social wok scientist from abroad
can be cited and discussed herewith:
* Allice Cheyney (1926), stated that “Social work includes all the voluntary
attempts to extend benefits in response to the needs which are
concerned with social relationships and which avail themselves of
scientific knowledge and methods”.
- She seems to ignore the public practice of social work that is voluntary
and involuntary in nature.
* Arthur Fink (1942), defined social work as “The provision of services
designed to aid individuals singly or in groups in coping wih the present of
future social and psychological obstacles that prevent or are likely to
 prevent, full or effective participation in the society”. Social work
intervenes on individuals or groups to enable them to effectively
participate in the )development proccess of the society.
* Anderson (1943), stated “Social work as a professional service rendered
to the people for the purpose of assisting them, as individuals or in
groups to attain satisfying relationships and standards of life in
accordance with their particular wishes and capacities and in harmony
with those of the community”.
-This definition viewed that social work as profession is ued to improve the
standard of living and social relations which are important components for a
happy and satisfied life.
* Friedlander (1951), defined “Social work is a professional service, based
on the scientific knowledge and skill in human relations, which assists
individuals, alone or in groups, to obtain social and personal satisfaction
and independence”.
- This definition of Friedlander is considered as one of the most
comprehensive definitions of social work.
* Stroup (1960), defined social work as “an art of bringing various
resources bear on individual, group and community needs by the
application of a scientific method of helping the people to help
themselves”. Stroup gave a different outlook to sociall work saying it is an
art. He said that it is an art of bringing people into the position where they
themselves willl be able to solve their problems.
* Pincus and Minahan (1978) combinely gave a definition of social work
saying, “Social work is concerned with the interaction between people
and their environment which affects the ability of people to accomplish
their life tasks, alleviate distress, and realize their aspirations and values”.
- Both of them differ from others in their approach to understand social
work when they say that social work deals with problems of interaction
with the social environment which encompasses the peer group,
colleagues, teacher, doctor, neighbor, parents and other relatives etc.
who play a pivotal role in life of an individual.
- social work has a progressive movement from a voluntary action to a
more developed form of profession.
From the deeper analysis of all the definitions cited and discussed from
foreign perspectives of social work, it can be submitted that:
1. Social work is a professonal practicve which critically involves
professional knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques for dealing with
human behavior
2. It mainly emphasizes on the analysis and synthesis of human behavior
for establishing growth producing relationships
3. It is concerned with individual and social problems which are solved by
applying different methods and techniques
4. As a practice giving much emphasis on social adjustment

FOUR AREAS OF CONSIDERATION IN SOCIAL WORK

Morales and Sheafor (1983)
1. Social worker is concerned with enabling for facilitating change
2. Social worker helps people or institutions to enhance social functioning
3. Applying the social systems theory, social work is a profession that
helps people to interact more with the social environment
4. Social worker must have handles it fortifying and securing the
necessary resources to attain the goals of the clients
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL WORK
Objectives prescribed by the social worker scientists
* Witmer prescribed two objectives of social work such as i) to give
assistanceto individuals while removing difficulties which they face in
utilizing basic society and ii) to enhance the democratic and humanistic
behavior of the individual
* Friedlander gave three objectives of social work i.e i) to change in
painful situation of individuals, ii) to enhance democratic and humanistic
behavior of the individual.
* Gordon Brown has given four objective such as: i) to provide physical or
material support ii) to help in social adjustment iii) to help in solving the
psychological problems and iv) to make adequate opportunities for the
individuals in problems for raising their standard of living which can
prevent problems from intruding.
GENERIC OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL WORK
I) To solve psychological-social problems
II) To fulfill humanitarian needs like love, affection, care, etc.
III) To solve adjustmental problems
IV) To create self-sufficiency
V) To make and strengthen harmonious social relations
VI) To make provision of corrective and recreational services
VII) To help the individuals to become self-dependent (it aims at permanent
solution of problems and prevention of their occuring through proactive
measures
VIII) It relates the available resources with the needs of individuals, groups,
and community at large
IX) It believes in democratic values
X) It is based on humanitarian philosophy
XI) To develop democratic values among the people
XII) To provide opportunities for development and social progress
XIII) To conscientize the community
XIV) To change the environment in favor of individuals growth and
development
XV) To bring change in the defective social system for social development
and
XVI) To provide socio-legal aid to the needy who cannot afford to meet
them
If we critically synthesize all the objectives given, we can compress them
just into two statements such as:
1. Enhancing the individual and his impaire being so as to make him fit to
live a self sufficient and satisfied life and
2. Modifying his social environment in his for so that it becomes conducive
for him to live happy and adequate life
SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK
1. As to agencies (non-governmental, semi-governmental or
governmental)
2. The ways (methods) through which they render services such as Case
Work, Group Work, Community Organization, Social Action, Social
Research Welfare Administration etc and
3. The various types of services (fields of social work)
* The scope of social work has been changing with the changes in it’s
objectives and with the changing social situation. The profession is
increasingly recognized for its unique servicees to the people and being
asked to perform new varied tasks. The principal aim of social work is to
solve psychological-social problems which obstruct the social
advancement of an individual. Social work as one of the youngest
branches of knowledge, it is gradually embracing every aspect of human
life.
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY HELPING PEOPLE TO HELP THEMSELVES?
1. Increased understanding of oneelf or a situation
2. Being able to make a decision
3. Being able to confirm a situation
4. Being able to get a support for a decision
5. Being able to change a situation
6. Adjusting to situation that is not going to change
7. Being able to examine options and choosing one
8. Being able to discharge feelings

KNOWLEDGE AND PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK

What is Social Work?
REPUBLIC ACT 4373 (1965) “SOCIAL WORK LAW”
* The profession which is primarily concerned with organized social service
activity aimed at facilitating and strengthening basic social relationships
and the mutual adjustment between individuals and theiir social
environment for the good of the individual and of society by the use of
social work methods
2014 GLOBAL DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK (Approved by the IFSW
General Meeting and the IASSW General Assembly in July 2014)
* Social Work is 1.practice-based profession and an 2. academic discipline
that promotes 3. social change and development, social cohesion, and
the 4. empowerment and 5. liberation of people. Principles of 6. justice,
human, 7. rights, 8. collective responsibility and respect for 9. diversities
are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social
sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages
people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being.
SOCIAL WELFARE
Broadest Sense:
* covers everything that men do for the good of society
Gertrude Wilson-an organized concern of all people for all people
Walter Friedlander-organized system of social services and institutions,
designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life
and health
Elizabeth Wickenden-includes those laws, programs, benefits and
services which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs
recognized as basic to the well-being of the population and the better
functioning of the social order.
SOCIAL FUNCTIONING
* Ability of an individual to meet role expectations associated with a
particular status or role
* A client ‘s ability to accomplish the activities necessary for daily living and
to fulfill major social roles as required by a particular subculture or
community
* The relation between the activity of people and the demand from the
environment
Social functioning problems are caused by any of the ff:
1. Personal Inadequacies - due to physiological factors like poor physical
condition, wrong attitudes, poor or unrealistic perception of reality,
ignorance, and lack of skills. (man vs. himself)
2. Situational- refer to th elack of resources and opportunities in society,
the existence of resources or opportunities, which however, are beyond
the reach or coping capacities of people, and the existence of an unjust
or exploitative situation in the workplace or in the community. (man vs.
environment)
PERSON IN ENVIRONMENT/PERSON IN SITUATION
* The person responds within the context of the environment.
* The person is a product of his past experiences, is being shaped by
present socio-politico-economic realities equipped with potentialities for
becoming.
* The person’s environment is made up of both internal and external
elements.
EXTERNAL
- Physical characteristics of the environment
- Geographical location
- Weather and Climate
- Natural resources
- Socio-political-economic-cultural conditions
INTERNAL
- Perceived situation as sensed and interpreted in the mind of the person
- Thoughts and feelings about the environment which uniquely defone his/
her situation
The person as Bio-psychosocial and Spiritual Being: Several Aspects
Biological-supports the biological integrity and functioning of the person
Social-systems within which a person lives, relates, and is influenced
Psychological-support the person’s ability to mobilize his/her internal and
external resources to satisfy personal needs and avoid internal and
external threats
Spiritual-activities related to persons search for meaning to life and
existence
SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL WELFARE (Views on Social Welfare)
1. Residual social welfare-conceives social welfare structure as
temporary, offered during emergency situations and withdrawn when
the regular social system (family, economic system) is again workking
properly. often carry the stigma of “doles” or “charity”.
2. Institutional social welfare-sees social welfare as a proper, legitimate
function of modern society that some individuals are not able to meet
 their needs-considered “normal” condition, and helping agencies are
accepted as “regular” social institutions.
Social Welfare Programs Categoriess
1. Social Security-refers to the whole set of compulsory measures
instituted to protect the individual and his family against the
consequences of an unavoidable interruption or serious dimunution of
the earned income disposable for maintenance of a reasonable
standard of leaving. eg. Social Insurance, provident funds
2. Personal social services-refer to service functions which have a major
bearing upon personal problems, individual situations of stress,
interpersonal helping or helping people in need, and the provisio of
direct servicees i collaboration with workers from government and
voluntary agencies. eg. Programs for counseling, therapy and
rehabilitation, child protective services, Programs for the treatment of
deviants
3. Public Assistance-refers to material/concrete aids/support provided,
usually by government agencies, to people who have no income or
means of support for themselves and their families for reasons such as
loss of employment, natural disasters, etc.
SOCIAL SERVICES
* refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under
various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of
society.
HISTORY OF SOCIAL WORK
Historical development perspective: evolutiion of social welfare in
Europe, USA, and Philippines
A. European Begginings
* Charity-was motivated primarily by the desire of merits good deeds for
eternal life
* Early christians helped one another when facing poverty
* Medieval church entrusted the administration of charity to the bishops,
local priests, and the deacons.
* Institutions for the poor were established in monasteries, serving as
orphanages-home for the sick, handicapped, and refuges.
B. English Social Welfare
Religious Foundation
* Medieval England: care of the poor was an activity of the church
* Main motive for almsgiving : salvation of the soul of the donor
* Church devotedd tithes and offering collected from parishioners for
charity
Early Charities
* Relied to destitute was first distributed by the priest of the parish
* 13 to 14 century: religious orders and church institutions relieved the
parish churches from most of the duties of caring for the poor
* 12 to 15 century: the work of the church was supplemented by the relief
activities of the guilds.
C. American Social Welfare
* founded on the concepts of the English Poor Law which remained the
basis for public welfare in the U.S up to the end of 19th century
* paupers, beggars, and vagrants were regarded as criminnals, were
regarded as a morally deficient person
* the individual is primarily responsible for his welfare but that the
community should establish a basic measure of secuity in areas beyond
the individuals control
D. Philippine Social Welfare
Pre-spanish Time
-BASIC CONCEPTS: Bayaniham and Damayan
Spanish Time
-BASIC PHILOSOPHY: religion was the motivating force for charity
-FORMS OF CHARITY: almsgiving, charitable institutions and hospitals for
the poor
-SOURCE OF FUNDING: religious orders, contribution and donation of rich
individuals, subsidy from the Spanish government
Significant Developments
-institutions established by religious orders: San Lazaro Hospital (indigent
beggars), San Juan de Dios Hospital (indigent and sick Spaniards),
Hospicio de San Jose (orphans and the aged), Asilo de San Vicente de
Paul (care and protection of indigent and orphaned girls), Santa Isabel
(school for idigent girls), San Juan de Letran (school for indigent boys)
American Colonial Period (1899-1946)
Philosophy:
-Birth of voluntary organizations for social welfare (Associated Charities)
-Public Welfare-the beginning assumption by the government of its
responsibility for social welfare
-Parents Patriae-child welfare concept that is the duty of the government to
plaace their children in better circumstances, whenever the parents could
not provide adequate care themselves
Japanese occupation (1942-1944)
-Private individuals, groups, and organizations undertookm relief for
prisoners of war, displaced persons, etc.
War Relief and Rehabilitation
a) PCAU-Philippine Civilian Affairs Unit of the U.S army distributed relied
supplies during the period of liberation
b) PRATRA-Philippine Relief and Trade Rehabilitation Administration, a
trade establishing agency which used its profits for relief
c) Rice Wage Formula-connected with PRATRA w/ Irene Murphy team, it
took the equivalent of 145 gantas of rice a month for a family of 5 to be
able to met its basic needs.
d) WRO-War Relief Office, for the relief and rehabilitation of indigent
victims of war.
Stabilization of Government Social Welfare
SWA-Social Welfare Administration was created by President Elpidio
Quirino (Jan. 03, 1951)
-Government agency for social welfare
SWA’S Programs
1. Child Welfare
-Residential care, child aid and placement, probation and parole
2. Public Assistance
-For indigent victims of war, victims of dissidemt operation, victims of
natural disasters and calamities
3. OVR-Office of the Vocational Rehabilitation-for the handicapped
Creation of Department of Social Welfare
-June 15, 1968-President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed R.A 5416 creating
the DSW
Programs:
1. Family and Child Welfare
2. Youth Welfare
3. Rehabilitation of the handicapped
4. General assistance in times of disasters and calamities
September 8, 1976-DSW’s name was changed to Department of Social
Services and Development
1980’s
-Self-employment Assistance (SEA)-Ministry’s banner program
-“total family approach”-guided the program, put emphasis on food
production, and nutrition, and provided training in business management
skills.
January 30, 1987
-President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive order No. 123 reorganizing
the MSSD and renaming it to DSWD.
DSWD’s Major social programs:
-Family and community welfare, child and youth welfare, women’s welfare,
welfare of the disabled including the elderly, emergency assistance for
victims or natural disasters and man-made disasters
Approach: “preventive and developmental, participative and client-manage”
The 90s/early 2008
-Gave priority attention to Low Income Municipalities (LIMs)
-Involved in disaste’r management
-Used of crisis incident stresss debriefing - a form of crisis intervention
used with victims of disasters
October 10, 1991
-RA 7610 “Local Government Code” was passed
-National agencies devolve implementing functions together with its
programs and services, direct service workers, budget corresponding tp the
salary and the funds of the staff and programs, and assets and lliabilities to
the LGU’s units starting in 1992.
Retained Specialized Social Services
-center/institution-based services, community-based programs and
services, Locally-funded and foreign assisted projects, Disaster relied and
rehabilitation augmentation
LEGAL BASES OF SOCIAL WORK
RA 4373 (“THE SOCIAL WORK LAW”)
AN ACT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK AND THE
OPERATION OF SOCIAL WORK AGENCIES IN THE PHILIPPINES AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1
(a) The profession which is primarily concerned with organized social
service activity aimed at facilitating and strengthening basic social
relationships and the mutual adjustment between individuals and their
social environment for the good of the individual and of society.
(b) A social worker is a practioner who by accepted academic training
and social work professional experience possess the skill to achieve
the objectives as defined and set by the social work profession
through the use of the basic methods and techniques of which are
designed to enable individuals, groups, and communities to meet
their needs and to solve problems of adjustment to a changing
pattern of society and through coordinated action, to improve economic
and social conditions, and is connected with an organized social
work agency which is supported partially or wholly from government or
community solicited funds.
(c) A social work agency is a person, corporation or organization, private or
governmental, that engages mainly and generally, or represents itself to
enage in social welfare work.
RA 5416: “SOCIAL WELFARE ACT OF 1968”
Section 2
it is the responsibility of the government to provide a comprehensive
program of social welfare services designed to ameliorate the living
conditions of distressed Filipinos particulary those who are handicapped by
reason of poverty, youth, physical and mental disability, illness and old age
or who are victims of natural calamities including assistance to members of
the cultural minorities to facilitate their integration into the body politic.
Section 3
The Department of Social Welfare; its powers and duties which shall
develop and implemeny a comprehensive social welfare program
consisting of:
1. Preventive and remedial programs and services for individuals, families
and communities;
2. Protective, remedial and developmental welfare services for children
and youth
3. Vocational rehabilitation and related services for the physically
handicapped, ex: ex-convict and individuals with special needs and
4. Training and research and special projects
Powers and Duties of DSWD:
* To credit institutions and organizations, public and private, engaged in
social welfare activities including the licensing of child caring and child
placement institutions and provide consultative services
* To license and regulate public solicitation and fund drives for charitable or
civic purposes
* To provide consultative services and develop training programs for
personnel, students and third country participation
* To insure proper dissemination of information to social welfare programs
and activities
* To establish regional, provincial, city, and municipal branches and field
offices of DSWD whenever and wherever it may be expedient or
necessary and to supervise branches
* To coordinate government and voluntary efforts in social welfare work to
avoid duplication, friction, and overlapping responsibility in social services
* To establish, administer and mantain such facilities as child caring
institutions and others, wherever and whenever it maay be deemed
necessary
RA 10847
AN ACT LOWERING THE REQUIREMENT FOR APPLICANTS TAKING
THE BOARD EXAMINATION FOR SOCIAL WORKERS, PROVIDING FOR
CONTINUING SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION, AND UPGRADING THE
SUNDRY PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL
WORK
Section 12
Qualification of Applicants:
a. Citizen of the Philippines
b. At least 18 y/o
c. Good health and good moral character
d. Have bachelor’s degree or Masteral Degree
e. Have a completed minimum of period of 1,000 case hours of practical
training
Section 26
Continuing Professional Development (CPD)-all registered social
workers must provide proof earning forty five units of continuing CPD
Council for social workers as a requirement for the renewal of the
professional identification card of social workers.
ATTRIBUTES OF THE PROFESSION
1. SYSTEMATIC BODY OF THEORY
*The skills that characterize a profession flow from and are supported by a
fund of knowledge that has been organized into an internaally consistent
system
*Theory-serves as a base in terms of which professional rationalizes his
operations in concrete situation.
*Theory is important, preparation for a profession must be an intellectual as
well as practical experience
*Knowledge is crucial characteristic of profession, preparation for a
profession requires formal education in academic setting
*The practice of profession involves the application of scientific knowledge
learned during the course of profession
*Social work derives knowledge from many different sources:;
1. Tested Knowledge
2. Hypothetical Knowledge
3. Assumptive Knowledge
Tested Knowledge
- knowledge that has been established through scientific study (research)
- comes in the form of borrowed knowledge from different professions and
disciplines
- In practice, social workers apply learning from economicss, public
administration, psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science,
law, medicine, etc.
Hpothetical Knowledge
- has to undergo transformation into tested knowledge
Assumptive Knowledge
- ‘practice wisdom’
- The more experience one has had in practice, the more assumptions or
suppositions he tends to make related to his work
2. PROFESSIONAL AUTHORITY
- This authority ascribed to the professional by reason her educational
background gives the client a sense of security that the professional has
the capacity to help him with his problem.
- The professional social worker should guide or assist her client ONLY
along her area of competence
- She should NOT exploit her client for her own end, especially since her
‘superior’ position gives her a psychological advantage over her client.
3. COMMUNITY SANCTION
- The community sanctions as professions authority by way of giving it
certain powers and privileges.
Profession’s control over its
a. Training Centers
b. Admission into the profession
c. Standards for professional performance
4. REGULATIVE CODE OF ETHICS
- This code serves to check possible abuses which can arise out of a
profession’s exercise of authority, and its accompanying powers and
privileges
- The professional usually swears to a formal written ethical code upon
being admitted to practice
5. PROFESSIONAL CULTURE
- For social work, the network of formal and informal groups within which it
operates includes the organizations that benefit from a profession’s
services: the educatiob institutions which produce and replenish
professional manpower:professional interests and aims.