• Context of Text Development
• Forming Evaluative Statements
Being a critical reader involves understanding that
texts are always developed with a certain context.
Context
 social, cultural, political, historical, and other
related circumstances that surround the text
TWO WATS TO ANALYZE THE CONTEXT OF A TEXT
1. Intertextuality
 text implicitly or explicitly refers to another
text by using distinctive, common, or
recognizable elements of the referenced text
Implicit Reference
 when the composer alludes to another text
through ideas, symbols, genre, or style
Explicit Reference
 when the composer directly mentions, quotes,
or references another text in their work
“Any text is constructed of a mosaic of quotations;
any text is the absorption and transformation of
another.”
- Julia Kristeva (1960)
Types of Intertextuality
1. Allusions
 subtle or indirect reference to another text,
historical period, or religious belief
✓ Shot me out of the sky, you’re my kryptonite,
you keep making me weak yeah frozen and
can’t speak (Superman’s weakness is
kryptonite)
✓ She had a curfew just like Cinderella.
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• Textual Evidence
• Writing a Resume
2. Parody
 mimics a subject directly to produce a comical
effect
✓ Filipino producers recreating K-drama shows
into Filipino versions
✓ Vampire Suck from the movie Twilight
3. Appropriation
 reworking or re-imagination of a well-known
text to change or extend its meaning
✓ Writers researching to give an accurate
world building for certain cultures and
traditions
✓ Writers writing culturally incorrect
characters to highlight its flaw
4. Adaptation
 film, TV drama, or stage play based on a written
work
✓ Turning novels and books into novels
✓ Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling
5. Quotation
 direct reference to another text with an
acknowledgement of its composer
✓ Using quotes to emphasize meaning
✓ Using quotes as a part of the text to analyze
The concept of intertextuality can be expanded to
music, film, advertising, and so on in the way that
everything produced now is influenced by what
came before.
2. Hypertext 3. Quoting
 non-linear way of presenting information  supporting the argument using exact words
 used to define a text that is interactive and from the original text
can be accessed by clicking on hyperlinks
 has link references that are connected to
another piece of text

Rather than reading or learning about things in Evaluative Statements

the order that an author, or editor, or publisher sets  used to show opinions, judgments, and points of
out for us, readers of hypertext may follow their own view in a clear concise manner
path, create their own order.  presents a value judgment based on a set of
Different Forms of Hypertext criteria
1. Text  objective and tactful way of reacting to a text
2. Image
3. Video EXAMPLE
4. Graphics

New Forms of Literature

New forms of literature also emerged because of
hypertext.

1. Hypertext Fiction
 interactive text with often intricate paths to
different threads of the story and related GUIDELINES IN FORMING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS
graphics • Read the text carefully and critically, grasping
the essence of the text and checking for
Some stories are designed to not allow the possible fallacies in the argument.
reader to have the same experience twice.

2. Hypertext Poetry • Do a thorough research to ensure that you gain

 links different passages of the poem that an in-depth knowledge of the topic and avoid
stem from the primary text prejudices.

By selecting random paths to create her or his
own version of the fiction and poetry, the reader
creates his or her version of the story/poem.
 evidence from a text to illustrate your ideas and
support your arguments
THREE TYPES OF TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
1. Summarizing
 taking the essence of the writer’s idea and
stating it more briefly, with less detail and
explanation
2. Paraphrasing
 rephrasing in your own voice and sentence
structure of one portion of the original
source
• Understand the content of what you are
reading before your make your mind up.
• Remember that evaluation means stating both
the positive and negative.
• Do not assume that a positive will outweigh a
negative, or vice versa. You need to show why
positives are positives and likewise, negatives
are negatives.
2 WAYS TO COMPOSE AN EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
Belino (2017) proposed ways as to how to formulate
evaluative statements in an objective and tactful
way:
1. Assertions
 declarative sentences that claim something is
true about something else

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  examine which ideas are facts or opinions,
make inferences or conclusions, and assess the
overall quality of the text
 stylistic approach or technique involving a
strong declaration, a forceful or confident and
positive statement regarding a belief or a fact
 usually contain evaluative languages such as
useful, significant, important, insightful,
detailed, up-to-date, comprehensive, practical,
etc.
Not all assertions are taken to be as facts.
Types of Assertions in Writing
1. Fact
 statement that can be proven objectively
✓ Philippines is known as the Pearl of the
Orient.
2. Opinion
 conclusion reached by someone after looking at
the facts
✓ President Duterte is a ruthless leader.
3. Convention
 way in which something is done, similar to
traditions and norms
✓ Filipinos are one of the happiest people in
the world.
4. Preference
 statement based on personal choice
✓ Responsible people make good partners.
2. Counterclaims
 opposition a person makes about the claim of a
writer
 provides a contrasting perspective to the main
argument that you do not agree with
 claims made to rebut or disprove a previous
claim
Hedge
 word or phrase that minimizes negative impact
of a criticism
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✓ COUNTERCLAIM
Social media is the cause why people are
disconnecting with the greater value of
communication.
✓ COUNTERCLAIM WITH HEDGE
Social media may be the cause why people
are disconnecting with the greater value of
communication.
PLANNING YOUR CAEEER
1. Determining your interests
 Reflect on what you like and dislike.
2. Assessing your qualifications
 Evaluate your skills and experiences.
 Be honest and realistic about your abilities.
3. Selecting an academic track and searching
for a college course
 Look for degree programs that are in line with
your interests.
 Think about the subjects that you like in school
and your extracurricular activities.
 Consider the jobs of your family members and
ask them for advice.
 Talk to your other friends and find out how they
get their career ideas.
 Research on the careers that are most in
demand or the new jobs that have many
opportunities.
4. Searching for a job
 Use the internet.
 Apply for a summer job, part-time role, or
internship in the career field you are interested
in.
 Read the classified ads in the newspaper or
internet.
RESUME
 document that contains a brief account of a
person’s education, skills, work experience, and
other qualifications
 usually sent along with job applications and
sometimes with school applications as well
 Why write a resume? 3. Combination Resume
• It will help you to become more organized and  combination of the functional and
prepare for opportunities in employment and chronological formats
education.  used to impress a potential employer with a
• It will help you determine the areas you need to mixture of skills and experience
improve.  useful for job seekers who want to highlight a
• Help you remember and record experiences very specific set of skills and how their work
that may be useful for future endeavors. experience has helped build those abilities
TYPES OF RESUME
1. Chronological Resume WHEN TO USE WHEN NOT TO USE
 describes your work experience role by role, • to show you are • you are an entry-
extremely skilled in level job applicant
beginning with the most recent job
the job field you • lack experience or
 most popular because your education and work
are applying a well-defined
history are immediately revealed
• to show a professional skill
developed skill in a
WHEN TO USE WHEN NOT TO USE set
specific field
• to illustrate your • you have large • you want to make
• when changing
career progression unemployment your education
industries or
overtime gaps in your work careers background stand
• to show upward history out
career mobility • change jobs
• applying for a
frequently PARTS OF A RESUME
similar job to those
• starting a second 1. Contact Section
on your resume
career  should be at the top of your resume
• switching fields ➢ first and last name
➢ address
➢ email address
2. Functional Resume
➢ phone number
 focuses more on specific skills,
accomplishments, or accolades
2. Profile, Objective, or Summary
 your skills and career highlights are towards the
Resume Profile
top
 quick snippet of your skills and experience as it
 excellent for project-based workers or
relates to the specific job you’re applying for
freelancers, or for workers who want to hide
large work gaps from a potential employer
Resume Objective
 informs the reader of the specific purpose of
WHEN TO USE WHEN NOT TO USE
your resume
• to highlight a set of • you are entry-level
skills or accolades candidate that has
displaying those Resume Summary
very little work
skills  list that outlines your top skills, experience, and
experience
• when going back achievements as they relate to the position you
• trying to show you
to work after an are applying for
have climbed the
extended period
corporate ladder
• changing careers 3. Experience
(or grown in your
or fields  clearly outlines the specific work and other
field)
experience you have that is relevant to the
• lack professional
position you’re applying for
skills or
➢ companies you have worked for
certifications
➢ title you held at each company
➢ specific duties you had in your position

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 ➢ any significant achievements or awards • Only include subheadings and sections you
received in previous jobs need.
➢ internships and summer jobs • Choose appropriate margins.( 1 inch margin
on all sides with single spaces between the
4. Education lines)
 outlines your educational background as well • Proofread and edit.
as any academic achievements or awards you • Decide whether you need a unique resume
have received for different jobs.
• Only include the most important details in
5. Skills your resume.
 list the specific skills you have as the relate to • Adjust your resume depending on the
the job you are applying for situation and job application.
• Include professional-looking picture (not a
6. Education ‘selfie’) as well as a decent email address.
➢ awards/achievements
➢ languages
➢ community service

POLISHING YOUR RESUME

1. Revising
Validating:
• all information you place in your resume
• education
• employment

2. Updating
When you:
• change jobs
• take further studies
• participate in activities
• upgrade your skill set

3. Proofreading
Checking errors in:
• content
• mechanics
• grammar and spelling
• organization
• formatting appearance

TIPS IN WRITING A RESUME

• Look for keywords in the job postings.
• Review resume examples for your industry.
Make it simple, easy to read, and brief.
• Use a professional font. (Arial or Times New
Roman - 10 and 12 pts.)
• Include only the most relevant information
and put the most important information
first.
• Use active language.
• Call attention to important achievements.

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