Concepts and

Principles of the
Social Science
Theories
Prepared by: MS. ELAMY C. QUIAN
 INTERPRET ME!
Directions: Using 5 sentences. Interpret the cartoon
below showing what happened to the Philippines and
how its society was affected by the pandemic.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM,
MARXISM,
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
Functionalism- also called
structural- functional theory,
sees society as a structure
with interrelated parts
designed to meet the
biological and social needs of
the individuals in that society.
Functionalist sociologists like
Parsons and Durkheim have been
concerned with the search for
functions that institutions may have
in society.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Collective • Social Order is crucial
Conscience and for the well-being of
Value society.
Consensus • Consensus is the
agreement on what is
right & wrong is the
basis of social life.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Collective • Without consensus,
Conscience and society will collapse into
Value chaos.
• Consensus & shared
Consensus
values will give us UNITY.
• Ensures people have
shared goals, roles &
norms.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Social Order • Functionalists believe
that there are four main
basic needs that an
individual requires in
order to exist in society.
(food, shelter, money
and clothing)
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Functionalism & • Education brings together
Education a mass and changes them
into a united whole which
leads to social solidarity.
Durkheim & • Education helps match
Parsons people with jobs suited to
them.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Functionalism & • The family is the primary
Family point of socialization in
that it provides children
with values and norms.
George Peter • A family unit provides
Murdock emotional security for
each person in the
reationship.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Functionalism & • It portrays public opinion.
Media • Media understands that
society has a wide
diversity of culture and
this is shown by the
different amounts of
stories it covers.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Functionalism & • Crime and deviance are
Crime and socially constructed –
Deviance they are not natural,
obvious, or theologically
Durkheim inspired categories.
• They are concepts that
were brought into the
world solely by
humankind.
MARXISM

By: Karl Marx

Marxism is a social, political, and
economic philosophy named after
Karl Marx, which examines the effect
of capitalism on labor, productivity,
and economic development and
argues for a worker revolution to
overturn capitalism in favor of
communism.
Marxism posits that the struggle
between social classes, specifically
between the bourgeoisie, or
capitalists, and the proletariat, or
workers, defines economic relations
in a capitalist economy and will
inevitably lead to revolutionary
communism.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Economic • There is a conflict between
rich & poor.
Conflict
Capitalism • Can only thrive on the
exploitation of the working
class.
• Keep the rich, rich & the poor,
poor.
• Capitalism is not only an
economic system but is also
a political system.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Capitalism • All about money and
Social class
(Bourgeoisie &
Proletariat)
• Bourgeoisie - upper &
ruling class
• Proletariat - lower &
working class
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Capitalism and • Without the education
Education system the economy
would become a
massive failure as
without education we
are without jobs and
employment which is
what keeps society
moving.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Capitalism and • Education helps to
Education maintain the
bourgeoisie and the
proletariat so that there
are workers producing
goods and services and
others benefiting from it.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Capitalism and • This provides the
Family & Media Bourgeoisie with a
supple mass of workers
who do not mind
working for the external
rewards of a constant
wage.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Capitalism and • any behavior that differs
Deviance from the societal norm. It is
seen as deviant because
as a society, we do not
accept it.
• vary from simply odd
behavior to behavior that
can harm society or is
considered dangerous or
disrespectful.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Neo-marxism • economic power led to
political power and that
this is the key to
understanding societies.
• economic system
creates a wealthy class
of owners and a poor
class of workers.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

by: George Herbert Mead &

Charles Horton Cooley
All communication is symbolic and
based upon interaction & meaning
-George Herbert Mead
Symbolic interactionism- tends to
focus on the LANGUAGE and
SYMBOLS that help us give
MEANING to the experiences in life.

Individuals act according to their

interpretation of the meaning of their
world.
Three core principle of Symbolic
Interactionism:

a. Meaning- construction of social

reality
b. Language- source of meaning
c. Thought- process of taking the role
of the other
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Symbol • vocal or other kind of
gesture that has the
same meaning and
solicits the same
reaction between the
one using it and to
whom it is directed.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Conventional • anything associated with
Signs some other thing or
event, but it is produced
and controlled by the
very organisms that
have learned to respond
to it.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Natural Signs • those that show
appropriateness with its
use, that is, the sign is in
its literal form.
Object • anything to which
attention can be paid
and towards which
action can be directed.
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Tangible • anything that can be
seen by the naked eye
and can be touched
(physical).
Intangible • not having a physical
appearance; cannot be
touched or seen by the
naked eye (social).
 CONCEPTS DESCRIPTIONS
Perception • people begin to name or
designate objects. Thus,
gives direction to an act.
Manipulation • people take concrete
stage steps to reach our goal.
The Looking Glass Self by Cooley-
mental image that is socially
constructed.
• Describes the process wherein
individuals base their sense of self
on how they believe others view
them.
• Self is the function of language.
Principles of Structural –
Functionalism (Trueman, 2015)
 STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
DESCRIPTIONS
• Social systems are generally in a state of
equilibrium.
• The functionalists are less interested in the
history of a society, but more concerned
with social interaction.
 MARXISM
DESCRIPTIONS
• Alienation
• Division of labor
• But its harmful consequence is with the
passing away of time man is gradually
alienated from the whole production system
and finally the society.
 MARXISM
DESCRIPTIONS
• The entire economic process including
production and distribution is beyond the
control of workers. They work just like machine.
• since alienation is the greatest evil of capitalist
system the workers must be freed from this evil.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
DESCRIPTIONS
• The capacity for thought is shaped by social
interaction.
• Meanings and symbols allow people to
carry on distinctively human action and
interaction.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
DESCRIPTIONS
• People are able to modify or alter the
meanings and symbols that they use in
action and interaction on the basis of their
interpretation of the situation.
• The intertwined patterns of action and
interaction make up groups and societies.
ACTIVITY: POSTER!
Directions: Make a poster with the
theme “Marxism in Today’s Society”
and explain your work using 5-10
sentencesas.
RUBRICS:
THANKS