Programming-a tool at the service of the curator, the commissioning authority and the architect 81

commissioning authority to choose the architect. The choice may be the result
either of competition or consultation, in which case the necessary file wiU have
to be opened, or simply of nomination.
Programming studies of the ‘pre-planning’ and ‘planning’ periods consist in for-
mulating the final programme, w&ch will be used first of all for drawing up
the detailed preliminary project and later, if necessary, for adjusting the pro-
gramme accordingly.
During the ‘execution’ period, studies may be continued in order to produce
a user’s manual, and/or to examine in more detail some particular question (e.g.
an internal communication, warning or security system).
Without prejudice to the relative importance of the various possible programmes,
- .
the sequence of programming studies described above is valid for all types of
operation: (a) comprehensive: architectural and technical; (b) partial: adminis-
tration, equipment, maintenance,upkeep, security and supervision,circulationand
direction signs, transportation of goods, fittings and furniture, etc. (Fig. 7).

The programme documents

Programme documents may vary in number and length. Clearly, three or even
two may be enough for the building of a very small museum. On the other hand,
in the case of a really large museum the programme documents may multiply and
have to be subdivided. For a inedium-sized operation, the programme documents
are likely to be as follows:

Scope and extent of objectives-ove~all budget ceiling

These two documents are presented together, and often within a single cover.
They conclude the feasibility phase and formalize the results of the investigations
Phase 3. Develoament

Pre-planning Planning Execution Bringing into service I

-I-. C l 6 -1:
I I l
I l I
I I I
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preliminary preliminary
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I
I I
I I
Correlation Correlation
I Contracts Work
I Ta ki I ig over
I I of premises
I I
I I
I ‘I
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Adjustments
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t o programme I
1 I
PROVISIONAL I F I N A L COSTS I FINAL REAL
I
COSTS O F I O F OBJECTIVES I COSTS l
OBJECTIVES
I l I
Realization l I I d
82 Claude Fecquet and Patrick O’Byrne

carried out. They include the following headings: general estimate of surface
requirements, general estimate of plant requirements, preliminary definition of
activities, account of reasons for the operation, overall critical appraisal of baseline
data and constraints, overall critical appraisal of mode of operation (administra-
tion), organizational planning, list of principal activities, and overall budget
ceiling for the operation.

Pre-progrdnzme-estimate of overall costs

These documents are the result of the vertical approach to the operation and con-
sist of several sections, each of which may be presented separately. They contain
the following headings :
Baseline data : facts about the urban setting (population, trade, industry, universi-
ties, leisure facilities, etc.); roads and communications (nature of roads and
streets, public transport, parking spaces, sewers, telephones, electricity, gas,
water, etc.); state of the site (survey, areas involved, description, etc.); geotech-
nical surveys (nature of the subsoil).
Constraints : restrictions on use (historic monument, protected area, etc.) ; local
regulations (zoning, recessing, building lines, etc.) ; technical regulations (safety
of people and buildings, sanitary regulations, etc.).
Requirements : technical requirements (type of façade, type of structure, etc.) ;
administrative requirements (deadlines, types of contract, etc.) ; financial requi-
rements (ceiling prices, price limits, etc.).
Needs: this section, which is generdy the chief concern of programming studies,
deals especially with the qualitative aspects of the operation, as follows:
account of general objectives (aims of the museum, social role, etc.) ; definition
of component activities (reception, exhibition, display, etc.) ; purpose of each
activity (functions pertaining to reception, office activities, etc.) ; administrative
needs (intercommunications, capacity, staff, access, etc.) ; architectural needs
(areas, heights, atmospheric conditions, distances, etc.) ; technical needs (heat-
ing, ventilation, lighting, power supply, etc.) ; equipment needs (audio-visual,
security, fusniture, hanging facilities, show-cases, etc,) ; questions calling for
decisions; estimated overall costs.

, Scenarios for use of site &tndlor !remises

This document puts forward the main alternatives for use of the site or premises
in accordance with the directives formulated in the pre-programme. It is made
up of installation or occupation diagrams and financial, technical and descriptive
comments covering each alternative (advantages, disadvantages, consequences).
It is particularly relevant in the case of already existing buildings.

asic programme-schedule of overdl1 costs

This document, derived from the ‘needs’ section of the pre-programme, deter-
mines in more detail the relative importance of each activity. It is the result of
a horizontal approach to the problems. Mter a recapitulation of the result of a
vertical approach (pre-programme), it includes the following headings : detailed
account of the purpose of each activity, detailed account of the context of each
activity, description of each activity both as a whole and in its functional ele-
ments, questions relating to people (public and staff, timetables, etc.), Row-sheet
of activities, detailed description of architectural, technical and equipment needs,
questions calling for decisions, schedule of overall costs, and evaluation of
administrative running costs.