Let us Recoll

o The converse, inverse ond contropositive of the implicotiorl

p+ q ore:
Converse : Q)P
Inverse : -P+-Q
Contropositive : - q-+- P
o Quontifiers qnd quontified Ststements : Look ot the following
stotements:
p : "There exists on even prime number in the set of nqturol numbers"'
q : "A11 noturol numbers ore positive"'
Eoch of them osserts o condition for some or oll objects in o collection.
.'there exists" qnd "for oll" ore colled quontifiers. "There exists"
Words
qll" is
is colled existentiol quontifier ond is denoted by symbol :. "For
colled universol quontifier ond is denoted by V ' Stqtements involving
quontifiers ore colled quontified ststements. Every quontified stotement
p the
corresponds to o collection ond o condition' In stotement
collection is 'the set of noturol numbers' ond the condition is 'being
even prime'.
Whot is the condition in the stotement q ?
A stqtement quontified by universol quontifier V is true if o11 objects
in the collection sotisfy the condition. And it is folse if ot leost one
object in the collection does not sotisfy the condition.
A stotement quontified by existentiol quontifier : is true if ot leost
one object in the collection sotisfy the condition. And it is folse if no
object in the collection sotisfy the condition'
Idempotent Low p^p=p' pvp=p
Commutqtive Low pYq=clvp pna-_!_!_L
Associotive Low p (q n r) = (P " q) A r :- P A q A r
p ^Y (q v r) = (P " q) , !:J_, q u:
Distributive Low pn(q"r)=(Pnq)v(P!r)
p
"G;i = (p v q) n (P:)
De Morgon's Low * n q) : - p Y -Q, -@ v q) = -P n -q
Identity Low WF,pv F=p,pv T=T
Complement Low p,.-p=F,Pv-P=T
 Absorption Low pvQtxq)=p,pn@v
Conditionol Low
Biconditionol Low p+>q=
Ex' (1) Write the converse, inverse, contropositive ond the negotion of
the implicotion: "If two sides of q triqngle ore congruent then
it's two ongles qre congruent.,,
Solution :

converse : If two ongles of o triongle ore congruent then it,s

two sides qre congruent.
Inverse : If two sides of o triqngle ore not congruent then it,s
, two ongles ore not congruent.
contropositive : If two ongles of o triongle qre not
congruent then
it's two sides qre not congruent.
Negotion : Two sides of q triongle qre congruent but it,s two
ongles qre not congruent.
Ex. (2) write (q) truth volues qnd (b) negotions of the folrowing
stotements :

i) VxeR,x2 is positive. ii)

1xeR,x2 is not positive.
iii) Every squore is o rectongre. iv) some poroilelogroms
qre rectongles.
Solution :
o) Truth volues
i) folse becouse the squore of 0 is not positive
ii) true becquse the squore of 0 is not positive
iii) true iv) true
b) Negotions
i)
1xeR,x2 is not positive. ii) yxe R,x2 is positive.
iii) There exists q squore which is not o rectongle.
iv) No porollelogrom is o rectongle.
Ex. (3) without using truth tqble prove thot
{[(r" q)n- pf--t]=t-+ t
Solution :

L.H.S. = {[(, , q)^ - p)-- q]

 =[-(p,,q)v pf, - q (....P.9...,n.q61.d]...!l*.... )

=[(- pn - q), pfu - q (.. pg....fl.e/.$ qd:...1*.*.......)

t-av9.. ....)
=[(-p v p)n(*qvp)]"- q (....D.U.kih.^+t*..
=[(r)n(- qu p))u -q t....C.gm.8!.q-rngot...!s4.....1
=(-qvp)v-q (....Id.+Jil.l ...!*.*..........)
qv pv-q
1.....4s.:.9..gi.s,f1g....\s.l.+.....1
= -qvp t..Id.*mfg..h*S...taur........)
=q-+ p

L.H.S.=R.H.S.
Ex. (4) Using truth toble
Solution :
I u m ry V VI VII VIII IX
p q -p -q peq -(peq) p^-q q^ -p (pn-q)v(qn-p)
T T tr tr T F F F e.
T T F- T r tr
F
F
T
F-
T-T- F tr r ? T r
I

F F T T tr F tr F
From column (VI) ond (IX) we conclude thot

Ex. (5 ) Is - (p * q) equivolent to (- p)+> q ? Justify.

n : J... tr J[E v \rI
f L t".rp ,u? e 1* PeL 1l!*D
-r
r r F ? ,r
F e T t T
F T I
T T f T
F F T r- T 12

.', -

Ftpq (olunn r\o lV qnA Vl w.

...1... "t"'i
Ld,clql<-
 .Ex. (6) Drow the switching circuits ond prepore the input output tqbles
for stotement potterns :

o) (n"a)"(- pt-d b) (rrq)"-q

Solution : ....

t s^rtd^ Sr i .,t"s4 I-
t..rt P 5,t s do*C
tvL
A1-)v @en-t)
,?. 4; fnt l*n .. r:tqr...
^'PA ^,. t
."t... I .. . 1...... .1.. .o.. ....o...... .....o....
.t.... ...o..... ......o..... Io ....t...... ....o.....
.0...... . .t......
.0...... :.."O......
......o.'.....
II :..O.....
..... o...... .t. ...r...... ...t......

? L O,l
I Pv1_ (? uq-) n .'rt
I

I
I

0
0
I
t
I
I
I
o I 0, I
0
o o I o o

Ex. (7) smg. truth

,h toble prove thol
@"q)rr:(pvr)n(qvr
t? Iq- r
Ipnt l{rn4rrl cw "'.r"'
Lv/
Solution
l'r i: l:
.F
l:
llr I ;it t:7l;I ; r;
T .."T..
T
.

'r F IT F

t.
F'
;, tI ln
T.
T
?
l,T T
:r
r tr l- lr
r EJr: j; l;
F.... F
l E.
Sign of Teocher :
Fto*t colq qn (v) anA (vnt)
(f nq-)vz = (Pvz)n(tvr)