PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY IN POLITICAL ACTIVITIES:

THE CASE OF LUSAKA CENTRAL CONSTITUENCY

Masuzyo Matthew Kaluba

BPIR1713891
COPYRIGHT

All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any
means without prior permission in writing from the author or the University of Lusaka.

© Masuzyo M.Kaluba 2023

2
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I Masuzyo Matthew Kaluba, do herby solemnly declare that this research represents my own
work, except where otherwise acknowledge, and that it has never been previously submitted for a
degree at The UNIVERSITY OF LUSAKA.

Signed:

Date:

3
 ABSTRACT

This chapter seeks to provide a directory and direction on the supporting themes and ideas behind the
research and illustrate a summarized scope of the research paper. In doing so establishing a perspective
of understanding for the points of conclusion on identified problems and issues on topic and subject
matter. The level of disability in Zambian politics is one that is moderately researcher and addressed
with many previous studies focusing on the general limitations of persons with disability in everyday
life. In a study of 2006, made by the Norwegian SINTEF of living conditions of persons with
disabilities (PWD), it was reported that the prevalence is much higher. It varied by province from 7.3
per cent in Luapula to 22.2 per cent in Western province, with an average national prevalence rate of
13.3 per cent, which sounds more realistic given the statistics worldwide. The World Bank report on
disability 2011 estimates a disability prevalence of 9 per cent among the working age population (18-
64 years) with substantially more women than men having a disability and more rural than urban
population. The report also establishes that persons with disabilities have lower education and are
significantly poorer than non-disabled. Extreme poverty (under USD 2 per day is more than twice as
common among persons with disabilities. Persons with disabilities are more often self-employed, than
non-disabled persons, but many remain dependent on family members. An ILO study (2010) revealed
that economic losses related to the exclusion of persons with disabilities from productive work are
large and measurable ranging from between 3 and 7 per cent of GDP. In 2021, Zambia experienced
Democratic General elections that resulted in regime change of historical proportion. Having recorded
the highest voter turnout, Much was observed on the participation of the youth and the women in the
political happenings leading to the August 2021 elections, However the efforts and contribution of
persons with disability was not fully acknowledged as this group is special and requires inclusion in
state politics. The Research was precipitated by the Concern for the plight of the Disabled in Our
Democracy who have not had their needs addressed with regards to their political participation. In a
Country founded on Democratic principle it is imperative that all groups are included in consensus
building and Decision making on a local and national political Level. The study had a special focus on
Lusaka Central constituency which has a large number of people suffering from disability. On the
backdrop of conducting empirical research to determine just how wide spread this phenomenon has
become, the study was designed to produce information in order to impact further study on topic so as
to contribute towards the enhancement of socio economic and political rights of this part of the
population.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would Love to thank the one True and Almighty God for giving me the opportunity to attain
an education and successfully complete this dissertation from which I have attained value in
Knowledge I cannot quantify as this is a meaningful lifelong asset that will enable me to contribute
towards the human polity in my immediate community for time to come. Secondly I would love to
acknowledge my Family. My Wonderful Mother Mable Mwape Chilufya, who has supported me in
all my endeavors in life, providing me with direction whenever I waivered from my path and lost my
way. I shall be forever indebted to you knowing I will never be able to repay. I cannot help but to the
best I can with every chance I have left.

To my siblings who have always wished and prayed for the best version of myself to be manifested, I
will forever be grateful most especially to my Older brother and young sister Daniel and Mwila
Kaluba. My prayer is that you shall one day benefit from my acquisition of this bachelor of Science
degree in Politics and International relations which has been a Lifelong lesson in patience, self-control
and discipline. To my Dad who has been absent in my upbringing I am grateful for your Special
method of administering Life skills through tough love. Your ability to speak fluently with great clarity
has always inspired me to always be confident whenever need be to express myself.

Not Forgetting the most important component to the success of my study, I would love to acknowledge
the Oversight Role played by My supervisor Dr William Kapambwe for your patience and long
suffering. Your efforts and expertise where an invaluable asset for my study and research My
aspiration is to one day contribute to my particular field of study True knowledge that perhaps can
encourage and guide students and scholars of which I shall forever be in this existence. And Finally to
the University of Lusaka for accepting me and sparking my mind to be a student and scholar for Life,
I shall be eternally grateful for the vital role you performed. I shall strive to stimulate my mind and
thought always for this is my goal and mission going forward. To quote my favorite historical political
theorist Renes Decartes, who posited the latin phrase “Cogito ergo sum”. Translation, ‘I think therefore
I am’. For our only evidence of existence is our thinking and mental conception of reality. May we
always pursue rational thought in our experience to improve this world and contribute towards the
Human experience.

5
 GLOSARRY

CRPD………………………. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

CSO………………………………………………….….... Civil Society Organizations

DPO……………………………………….………. Disabled People’s Organizations

EMB……………………………………………………. Electoral Management Body

ECZ …...……….……………………...…………… Electoral Commission of Zambia

FODEP ……………………………………...………. Forum for Democratic Process

ICCPR…………………………International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

GRZ …………………………………...………. Government of the Republic Zambia

PWDs……………………………………………….………. Persons with Disabilities

NDS………………………………………………………. National Disability Survey

UDHR………………………………………Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UNCRPD……. United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

WHO………………………………………………………World Health Organization

ZAFOD……………………….………Zambia Federation of Disability Organizations

ZAPD……………………………… Zambia Agency for Persons with Disabilities

SINTEF………………………Foundation for Scientific and Technological Research

SAFOD……………………………………Southern Africa Federation of the disabled

WHS……………………………………………………………...World Health Survey

MDGS………………………………………………. Millennium Development Goals

6
 DEDICATION

To my late Brother Mazuba Kaluba. No time, space and distance will disillusion the memory of
the Love that I still have for you. You continue to encourage me and motivate me in all I choose
to do. With love forever your little brother Masuzyo Matthew Kaluba

7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. 3

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 5

GLOSARRY ...................................................................................................................................... 6

DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 1- Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11

1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................... 11

1.2. Statement of the problem .......................................................................................................... 12

1.3 Research Objectives and Questions ........................................................................................... 13

1.3.1 Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 13

1.3.2 Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 14

1.4 Delimitation of scope ................................................................................................................. 14

1.5 Significance of study .................................................................................................................. 15

1.6 Conclusion of Chapter ............................................................................................................... 16

Chapter 2- Literature review ................................................................................................................ 17

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 17

2.2 Identification of Environmental factors affecting Persons with disability in Lusaka central .... 17

2.1.2 What factors deter persons with disability from political participation in Lusaka central
constituency ..................................................................................................................................... 18

2.1.3 What is the Level of disability prevalence in constituency..................................................... 19

2.1.4 what is the Level of disability awareness by residents within constituency ........................... 20

2.1.5 Identification of existing laws and policies facilitating participation of persons with
disability in politics .......................................................................................................................... 20

2.3 Theoretical framework Review .................................................................................................. 21

8
 2.4 Conceptual and operational definitions...................................................................................... 22

2.5 Conclusion of Chapter ............................................................................................................... 24

Chapter 3 – Research Design and Methodology .................................................................................. 25

3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 25

3.2. Research design......................................................................................................................... 25

3.3 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 26

3.4 Sample Size ................................................................................................................................ 26

3.5 Sampling technique ................................................................................................................ 27

3.6 Population Characteristics.......................................................................................................... 27

3.6. Data collection tools.............................................................................................................. 27

3.7 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 28

3.7.1 Qualitative analysis ................................................................................................................. 28

3.7.2 Quantitative analysis ........................................................................................................... 29

3.8 Ethical Consideration ................................................................................................................. 30

3.8.1 Delimitation of Research Method ........................................................................................... 30

3.9 Conclusion of Chapter ............................................................................................................... 31

Chapter 4- Results ................................................................................................................................ 32

4.1. Presentation of key findings ...................................................................................................... 32

4.2. Quantitative results ................................................................................................................... 32

4.2.1. Participation ....................................................................................................................... 32

4.2.2. Age group of participants ................................................................................................... 33

4.2.3. Participation by social location .......................................................................................... 34

4.2.4. what is the Level of disability awareness by residents within constituency ...................... 35

4.2.5. What is the Level of disability prevalence in constituency................................................ 35

4.2.6 Qualitative Results .................................................................................................................. 36

9
 4.2.7 what factors deter persons with disability in political participation within the constituency . 37

4.2.8 Summary of data from In-Depth Interviews ........................................................................... 37

4.8.9 Conclusion of chapter ............................................................................................................. 38

Chapter 5- Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 39

5.1. Discussion of key findings ........................................................................................................ 39

5.1.2 What is the level of disability prevalence within the country specially in Lusaka Central
Constituency .................................................................................................................................... 39

5.2.2 What environmental factors influence participation of people with disability in Lusaka
Central Constituency........................................................................................................................ 39

5.2.3 What environmental factors exist in the constituency deterring persons with disability
from participation in politics ............................................................................................................ 40

5.2.4 What are the existing laws and policies aimed at ensuring full participation of persons
with disability in politics .................................................................................................................. 42

5.2.5 How knowledgeable and aware are residents of Lusaka Central Constituency on issue of
disability........................................................................................................................................... 42

5.3 Summary Conclusion of Chapter ............................................................................................... 42

Chapter 6 - Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................... 44

6.1 Recommendations for Government and Non-Government Stakeholders.................................. 44

6.1.2 Recommendation on Role of Electoral Commission of Zambia ............................................ 45

6.1.3 Recommendation on Role of DPO’S ...................................................................................... 46

6.2 Recommendation for further study ................................................................................................ 46

6.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 47

References ............................................................................................................................................ 49

Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 53

10
 Chapter 1- Introduction

1.1. Background

The Disabled Community is an integral part of any states population and society. These individuals
are no less entitled to the human rights and needs that every other group in society is given. This
special group in many society is usually neglected and subjected to socio cultural stereotype of
exclusion. It is therefore imperative to focus on this special often marginalized group of peoples
in any society. The 2011 World Report on Disability estimates indicate that 15.6 percent of the
world’s population aged 15 years and older lives with moderate or severe disability, while among
children aged 0–14 years, 5.1 percent live with moderate or severe disability (WHO, 2011).
However, given the many different definitions used to measure disability, prevalence rates vary
greatly. Information on disability prevalence in Zambia is very limited, and there are disparities
in prevalence between provinces, between rural and urban areas, and between population groups.
Knowledge of the extent and nature of disability is important in any society, as a basis for
planning and action. Estimates of disability prevalence are, however, highly dependent on the
research instrument (screening instrument) used for the purpose.

The government of the Republic of Zambia recognizes that disability is a human rights and
developmental issue, and therefore in 2010 it ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities as a commitment to improve the welfare of people with disability. In
addition, the country has put in place a number of laws and policies on people with disabilities,
including the Persons with Disabilities Act No. 6 of 2012 and the National Policy on Disability. In
line with the CRPD, the Zambian Vision 2030 also recognizes the need to streamline service
delivery for people with disabilities, in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the Vision.
Despite the existence of government legislation aimed at enhancing the rights of these individuals,
People with disability still experience societal stigmatization and socio economic neglect. This is
evident in the socio economic class a majority of these persons with disability occupy in the
country. With a majority being domiciled in low income housing neighborhoods and the rural areas
of the country.

The motive of this study was prompted fundamentally by the plight of the disabled community in
Zambian Politics and this subject matter as pertains to political participation of persons with

11
disability in Lusaka central constituency of Lusaka province. But to the entire state as a whole.
With political participation being a right of every citizen in a democratic republic state.

The purpose of this study has a primary focus on identifying the underlying environmental
factors directly affecting this behavioral pattern. Specially within Lusaka central constituency.
Through critical analysis and research. This Study seeks to establish whether there is equality of
participation in politics by persons with disability and if so, also identify what factors may be
acting as a deterrent from equal participation and representation of this group. The study was
prompted mainly by the need to spread democratic right and liberty to special groups with
special need in society. With emphasis of focus being Lusaka Central Constituency. Which
according to statistics from the Zambia Agency for Persons with Disability (ZAPD) database has
a population of over 5000. However, this is not a clear depiction of the actual population as a
substantial number are not registered with the ZAPD. Lusaka central constituency is located in a
metropolitan location of Lusaka City and presents an accurate sample with characteristics
depiction of the population of interest.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Article 1 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines disability as:
‘Persons with disabilities includes those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or
sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective
participation in society on an equal basis with others’ (UN, 2006). People with disabilities
represent various ethnic, religious, socioeconomic and gender groups. Therefore, when such a
substantial, portion of society is excluded from participating politically, it prevents democracy
from deepening and including all citizens representation in Governance. Modern day Scholar
Waddell (1999) revealed that persons with disabilities participate politically for a variety of
reasons. In some cases, they pursue interests specifically tied to their particular disability, such as
making public buildings accessible for those with physical disabilities or having sign language
interpretation in schools for the deaf and those with hearing impairments. In other cases, their
interests coincide with wider segments of society when it comes to basic human needs, such as
access to clean water, education for their children, employment and other empowerment needs or
developing a safe and secure community. Zambia being a Democratic State with a Constitutionally
governed Republic is based on a foundation of Humanism before any other overarching ideology.

12
The cause of the disabled group of our population requires more effort in order to possess a deeper
understanding of the environmental factors that are unique to this group of the population so as to
create equality with political opportunity and utility of resource.

Politics is the right of every individual to participate and contribute for the betterment of welfare
and wellbeing of one’s interests in a society. Specially in a democratic republic where Human
rights are fundamentally upheld. The lack of representation of the disabled population in political
participation is neglected and passively addressed. The exclusion from governance of any group
of peoples in a society is opposed to the fundamental tenets of any democracy. The research
seeks to establish factors that influence and determine the response of people with disability to
political participation in Lusaka central constituency. It was important to include the major
political parties that participated in the previous general elections in this research as it presented
a more accurate description of the selected target population and sample.

1.3 Research Objectives and Questions

This Chapter highlights the fundamental elements on which this study commences. The main
motive of the researcher in formulating the research questions and objectives is to provide a
rational step by step process of deriving the necessary data from the respondents.

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

1) Identifying underlying environmental factors in Lusaka Central that determine the level of
participation of people with disability in Politics.

2) In order to explore the factors within the Environment that present as barriers to political
participation of people with disability

3) In order to establish a comprehensive understanding of practical methods aimed at

facilitating political participation of people with disability in general.

4) To determine solutions aimed at enhancing the rights of the disabled community in political
participation within Lusaka Central Constituency.

5) Contribute towards knowledge and academia on subject matter and topic under research.

13
1.3.2 Research Questions

Every research should be guided by clearly defined questions and objectives In order seek out the
relevant data and information in question. This research was no exception, Establishing the
Objectives was cardinal to formulizing the Research questions fundamental to the Survey.
Particularly this research sought to answer the following questions:

1. What Environmental factors exist in Lusaka Central Constituency influencing political

participation of persons with disability?

2. what is the level of widespread disability within the Country Specially in Lusaka Central
constituency?

3. What factors deter persons with disability from political participation in Lusaka central
constituency?

4. How knowledgeable and aware are residents of the constituency on the issue and matter of
disability within their respective communities?

5. Are there any laws and policies in place that are aimed at ensuring full political participation of
persons with disability within the constituency?

1.4 Delimitation of scope

Given the magnitude of the subject matter. It is important to point out the possibility of not
comprehensively addressing every factor and issue that may exist in the Constituency and nation
at large by this respective study. Exceptional as it may be, the research encountered some
environmental forces that prevented the complete process of data collection and analysis. In the
aspect of data collection concerning information surrounding the subject matter, Limited primary
sources of information about disability within Lusaka constituency proved to be the major
delimitation of this study. The study was designed to address the general attitude and behavior
towards politics and was therefore unable to tackle each specific issue within the realm of
politics with regards to disability.

14
1.5 Significance of study

Waddell (1999) revealed that persons with disabilities participate politically for a variety of
reasons. In some cases, they pursue interests specifically tied to their particular disability, such
as making public buildings accessible for those with physical disabilities or having sign language
interpretation in schools for the deaf and those with hearing impairments. Like all citizens,
persons with disabilities want the opportunity to shape their communities and ensuring
participation in key national or community programs. In doing so, persons with disabilities can
become recognized and valued members in their communities and improve he welfare of other
persons with disability across the nation to realize there potential and contribution. The primary
mission of this study was to identify any special environmental factors that may exist that affect
people suffering from disability. A set of Normative theories exist that propagate the notion that
if given an accessible and enabling environment, persons with disabilities can be active citizens
and are very keen to be engaged in the political life of their communities (FRA; 2010). Persons
with disabilities should be able to take part in all types of political activities in large numbers,
including being members of political parties, attending political meetings and communicating
with elected officials. Providing more accessible information processes and procedure, as well
as better support and reasonable accommodation can enable persons with disabilities to enjoy
their human rights on an equal basis with others as well as further improve their participation
(IFES; 2013).

The survey conducted was designed to discover and explore any barriers that deter the
participation of people with disability from fully applying themselves. This research focused on
Lusaka Central as Previous elections have been characterized by an extent of apathy from this
marginalized group.

According to The Zambia Disability board. The population of Disabled people within Lusaka
central is increasing therefore prompting the need to address the human rights of the
marginalized population of people with disability in relation to political participation.

The limited representation of this special population in the law making process is a threat to the
democracy of the country as the issues experienced by this one group of people in society are
neglected and not addressed effectively and adequately by the current Government legislation.

15
This being evident in the previous and past elections of Lusaka central constituency.

The study was motivated by the concern for the human rights and needs of this special group and
part of the population in our society with an emphasis on Lusaka central. This study also seeks to
determine whether or not the political interests of this integral part of the population are
addressed adequately.

1.6 Conclusion of Chapter

This entire section sets the foundation for the information that is presented in the subsequent
chapters of the research paper. The purpose of this Chapter is to provide a literal synopsis of what
is to follow providing a context and position for perspective to better understand the logic and
rationale of the researcher’s efforts.

16
 Chapter 2- Literature review

2.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to explain what has been studied previously in order to determine
what remains to be studied in future research. Gray (2014:98) notes that a comprehensive review
of the literature is imperative as it serves a myriad of purposes, which include: providing an
informed and relevant understanding of the subject, its significance and structure; identifying
significant issues and themes that exhibit themselves for further research, particularly where there
are gaps and inadequacies ‘in current knowledge; guiding the development of research topics and
questions; assisting future researchers in understanding why the research was undertaken, its
design and direction, and helping others to replicate the research; and presenting the kinds of
research methodologies and tools that have been used in other studies, which may guide the design
of the proposed study.

Due to the wide spread disability phenomena which became noticed all around the world, multiple
studies and literature has been done on the topic of disability from various perspectives such as
poverty in relation to poverty, with health standard and access to health care, in sports and
recreation and many other factors such as education and justice. Most of this currently available
literature of the social problem of disability has been conducted in first world countries with
excellent public institutions and standards. It is these conditions that set them apart from the
southern hemisphere countries like Zambia which lies in the third world. For such reasons more
research ought to be conducted to exploit the topic of political participation among people living
with various disabilities.

2.2 Identification of Environmental factors affecting Persons with disability in

Lusaka central

The study is set apart from other studies conducted as it tries to establish the factors if any
contributing to the lack of political participation in a unique location namely Lusaka Central, an
area the topic has not yet been explored. Barriers to political participation of disabled people
identified in the literature include isolation and decreased resources. Participation in a political
party, from the level of local activist on up to running for office, requires time, energy and money.
Success begins with having a large, strong personal network, a situation that naturally favors

17
individuals from politically powerful families and those who have attended elite educational
institutions. Limited primary data exists however some studies on a global scale have addressed a
number of issues concerning societal factors that are special and unique to persons with disability
across the globe. The Majority of the literature identified in this study was substantially obtained
from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),These findings are a unified set of development
goals to address the needs of the world’s poorest (UN 2000). The monitoring report treats the
disability poverty relationship explicitly and refers to a ‘feedback loop’ with ‘disability being both
a cause and a consequence of poverty’ (UN 2011:7). The increasing recognition of disability as a
development issue and as a key element in reaching the MDGs indicates a positive albeit overdue
development. It is widely accepted amongst activists, researchers and others that disability and
poverty are ‘dynamic and intricately linked phenomena’ (Mitra, Posarac & Vick 2011:1). A
rationale for the relationship has been established, with the article by Yeo and Moore (2003) being
a key source of reference.

2.1.2 What factors deter persons with disability from political participation in
Lusaka central constituency

Similar studies have been undertaken to pursue the matter of hindrances to political participation
of persons with disability for an example an independent survey in In the Netherlands, observed
few disabled people hold political office. Therefore, research was commissioned by the Dutch
Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties (Home Office) to explore the
participation of disabled people as elected or appointed officials in other European countries,
including local, regional, national and EU governments. The focus was on factors that either hinder
or lead to attaining elected or appointed office, including processes, practices, policies, laws,
societal beliefs and personal characteristics. The goal was to better understand how to tap the
potential of disabled people in politics. In 2018, the Secretariat of the Conference of States Parties
to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities released an official ‘Note’ regarding
participation of disabled people in political and public life (CRPD/CSP 2018), which was further
discussed by member groups via the CRPD Conference. In keeping with the majority of research
and action on political participation (e.g. Savery 2015; Belt 2016; OSCE/ODIHR 2017; Willis et
al. 2016), this policy document focused primarily on basic levels of political participation: the right
to vote and express political views. Other forms of political participation include membership of a

18
political party; forming or participating in civil society organizations such as unions; and political
activism (Skelton and Valentine 2003; Campbell and Oliver 1996; OSCE/ODIHR 2017). While
some barriers to political participation are well-known (see, for example, Schur 1998), facilitating
factors are not as well-defined, and so are harder to replicate. High-level political participation—
serving in appointed or elected office—was also mentioned in the Note, but little detail was
provided on how to foster it. Of course, access to voting is considered the first level of political
participation, with the ability to run for office following on from it (European Union Agency for
Fundamental Rights 2010). Evidence indicates that not only does voting increase political
participation amongst people from disadvantaged groups, the electoral success of persons from
these groups can positively impact the level of voting amongst their members (Logan, Darrah, and
Oh 2012)

2.1.3 What is the Level of disability prevalence in constituency

This theme is based of the second question of the study and it seeks to determine the how
widespread disability is within the constituency. It is important to note that data was obtained from
a wide range of sources which include reports and studies from other countries. Palmer (2012)
found strong links between poverty and disability regardless of the definition of poverty. Even
though research on the relationship is on the increase, it remains limited in low-income countries
in particular. Whilst the World Disability Report (WHO 2011) refers to a range of different studies
across the world, there is a lack of good data to demonstrate to what extent individuals with
disabilities are poorer in different contexts, the diversity amongst individuals with disability, and
the mechanisms underlying the ‘vicious circle of disability and poverty’ as to how this plays out
in different contexts (Mitra et al. 2011; Yeo & Moore 2003:572). It is not necessarily the case, for
instance, that the relationship between disability and poverty is the same, or for that matter has the
same strength or relevance, in contexts where everyone is poor as compared to more socio-
economically differentiated contexts. This article draws on some important experiences in research
on disability and poverty in low-income contexts over the last 10 years, and uses these experiences
to discuss the state of knowledge and to point towards further research needs.

19
 2.1.4 what is the Level of disability awareness by residents within constituency

This focuses on exploring information about the general level of awareness and knowledge about
disability. This was assumed to include knowledge about disability in general and not just in
Lusaka central constituency. According to the Zambia 2000 Population and Housing Census,
which collected data on disability, 2.7 per cent of the population is living with a disability. The
same Census says that more than 80 per cent are engaged in agriculture, making it by far the most
common occupation. This research simplified this specific research objective and question to refer
to all forms of impairment and disabilities on categorized on the disability spectrum. Less emphasis
was placed on the hierarchy of impairments and disability.

2.1.5 Identification of existing laws and policies facilitating participation of persons

with disability in politics

The final question of the research seeks to find out and learn about legislation, government policy and
effort that has been formulated and implemented by Zambian government agencies and departments
mandated to address issues of persons with disability. Since 2011, there has been a process of revising
the Constitution (of 1996). A final draft was released in October 2014 but is still not adopted – and
reports indicate that it may still be debated. The final draft has some positive provisions for persons
with disabilities. The draft Constitution specifies that: A person with disability is entitled to the right
to a) education and facilities that integrate the person into society; b) access to the physical
environment, information, communications, public facilities and services, places and transportation;
c) access materials, facilities and assistive devices for persons with disability; d) use sign language,
Braille or other appropriate means of communication; e) be addressed or referred to in an enactment
or officially, publicly or privately, in a manner that is not demeaning, derogatory or discriminatory; f)
equal opportunities in the public service and cultural, political, economic and social activities; g) tax
free materials and assistive devices; h) personal development and independent living; i) social
protection, as prescribed. The Zambian legal system is based on the old English common law traditions
and recognizes customary laws that comply with the values of the Constitution. Several laws have
been under revision since the September 2011 general election. Apart from the Constitution, this
includes the Mental Disorders Act 1951. The Persons with Disabilities Act (PWDA) was passed in
September 2012.Whilst the MDGs have been heavily criticized for not including disabled people, an
increasing recognition of the need for particularly targeting people with disability in poverty alleviation

20
has been demonstrated during recent years, including UN efforts to implement a reporting and
monitoring system for disability and the MDGs (UN 2009, 2011) and the High-Level Meeting on
disability and development during the 67th session of the UN General Assembly in 2012

2.3 Theoretical framework Review

The research seeks to understand what environmental issues exist that create the dynamics
influencing the response and behaviors of people with disability in relation to political
participation. This chapter highlights the scientific Theories that the researcher approaches the
analysis of the phenomena in interest. A theory is a set of logically consistent statements that tell
us why the empirical social and political phenomena we observe, or the relationships between
them, occur in the way they occur. More formally, a theory “is a system of constructs (concepts)
and propositions (relationships between those constructs) that collectively present a logical,
systematic, and coherent explanation of a phenomenon of interest within some assumptions and
boundary conditions” (Bacharach 1989, 496) This study is no exception as it employed two
fundamental political theories.

The research was relying on the fundamental political theories of pluralism and the rational choice
theory which are all aimed at enhancing the human rights and needs of all individuals in a
democratic state with regards to governance and political participation. Rational choice theory
suggests that individuals will be inclined to choose a decision which maximizes their interest and
utility despite the worthiness and cost of the decision ( G.BECKER 92). The central argument is
that by assuming that self-interest is an empirically set attribute of human nature, rational choice
theory supports and perpetuates a political life even for this marginalized group. This framework
of the rational choice theory will provide perspective on the matter under research by establishing
a correlation between the variables that exist in this environment leading to the given behavioral
patterns exhibited by the target population and sample.

Pluralism being a theory that is fundamental to modern political study highlights the importance
of inclusivity and consensus in governance and decision making. “Pluralism as a political theory
posits the recognition an affirmation of diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit
the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles” (R.DAHL 98). This

21
theory was use in this research to highlight the benefit to society of respecting the opinion of
diverse groups promotes equality and social justice.

2.4 Conceptual and operational definitions

According to the Persons with Disabilities Act No.6 of 2012, *Disability* means a permanent
physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairment that alone, or in combination with social
environment barriers, hinders the ability of a person to fully or effectively participate in society on an
equal basis with others. This essay was conducted on a survey on the factors that influence
political participation of people with disability. Hence key concepts on the topic will be defined
below starting with establishing the definition of Disability according to this research. As well as
describing political participation in relation to the purposes of this research.

According to a report (2005) by the National Center on birth defect and developmental
disabilities a Disability was defined comprehensively as any condition of the body or mind
(impairment) that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities
(activity limitation) and interact with the world around them (participation restrictions).

There is a wide range of disabilities, such as those that affect a person’s:

• Vision and eye sight
• Movement
• Thinking
• Memory
• Learning
• Communication
• Hearing
• Mental and Cognitive health
• Social relationships
Although “individuals with disabilities” are usually referred to as a single population, this is
actually a unique diverse group of people with a wide spectrum of needs. Two people with a
shared disability can be affected in very different ways. Some disabilities may be hard to observe
and notice however they are existent and delimiting.

According to the World Health Organization, disability has three dimensions:1

22
 1. Impairment in a person’s body structure or function, or mental functioning; examples of
impairments include loss of a limb, loss of vision or memory loss.

2. Activity limitation, such as difficulty seeing, hearing, walking, or problem solving.

3. Participation restrictions in normal daily activities, such as working, engaging in social
and recreational activities, and obtaining health care and preventive services.
Disability can be:

Related to conditions that are present at birth and may affect functions later in life, including
cognition (memory, learning, and understanding), mobility (moving around in the
environment), vision, hearing, behavior, and other areas.

Another key terminology to this research is the Description of the term Political
Participation:

The major focus of this study is to determine the participation of people with disability in
political activity. The purpose of this study further being explained as a survey designed at
understanding the behavior of the disabled group of the population within Lusaka central.
Another point of recurrent reference will be the definition of the term political participation
according to the research this refers to all activities that are political in nature that are
accorded to every eligible member of society. This comprises issues of standing for public
office, formation of political parties, participation in the electoral process as well as
inclusion in governance of people from special group of society. Which in this case is the
disabled community?

Political Participation: This research defines and describes political participation which
encompasses all activity of political nature in a Democratic State like Zambia. The research
widens the scope of political activity to go beyond voting in local or national elections but also
comprising all activity in the electoral process which is a right and freedom of every citizen.
Political Participation involves the aspect of Governance and law making, which in a democratic
state usually involves elections in order to acquire the mandate. This Definition is used in this
survey to relate towards disability and will seek to establish a correlation between these

23
variables. Political participation will be used interchangeably with Politics as the study will focus
on the involvement an inclusion of People with disability in The Constituency of Lusaka Central.

2.5 Conclusion of Chapter

It is important to pin point on the facts surrounding this topic are wide and diverse with a number of
studies being subjective to the socio economic and cultural context in which research is being
applied. The particular literature gathered was of specific importance in the data collection process at
it highlighted what information the researcher should focus on in order to fill the gap of knowledge
in the field of research.

24
 Chapter 3 – Research Design and Methodology

3.1. Introduction

This chapter gives a description of the methodology used in conducting this study. Crotty (998:3),
describes “a methodology is a strategy, action plan, process, or design lying behind the selection
and use of particular methods and linking the choice and use of methods to the desired outcomes.”
Creswell (2003:4) as quoted by Tumba (2014) gives a definition of methodology as the framework
that relates to the entire process of research. This chapter describes the research approach and the
process of data collection, sample and sampling methods, ethical considerations concerns of
reliability and validity data analysis, analysis tools etc. To answer the research questions presented
in Chapter One of this study, the researcher utilized a qualitative descriptive design. This chapter
also establishes the positionality of the researcher to the entire subject matter and topic of research.

3.2. Research design

Research design is a reference to the constructed plans and strategies developed to seek, explore,
and discover answers to research questions. In this particular research the plan included a blue
print for conducting the research, outlining all of the major steps in the process including stating
the hypotheses and their implications to analyzing the data (Taylor 2005). The research designs
chosen were intended to aid the research in determining the types of observations to make, how
to make them and the type of research to employ (Qualitative and Quantitative). In order to carry
out a complete research it is vital that a research design is formulized.

The research design provides a formalized and standard approach to obtaining and interpreting
data. A research design is simply defined as a plan used to study a problem or questions (Hines
and Valiant, 2000). Alternatively, It can also be defined as a scheme, perhaps an outline or plan
that is employed to generate solutions and answers to research problems. In order to achieve the
purpose and mission of this study, the researcher used descriptive research design (UNICEF,
2006). The major purpose of descriptive research is description of state of affairs as it exists.
Kerlinger (1969) points out that a descriptive research is not only restricted to fact findings, but
may often result in the formulation of important principles of knowledge and solutions to
significant problem.

25
This study employed a qualitative research design towards this research. Since the aim of the
study was to collect rich data about the factors that affect political participation among disabled
people in the Lusaka central district of the Lusaka province, it has already been established that
disability be it physical or mental is a global problem in many aspects hence our aim will be to
understand why and what the major contributing variables are attached to this particular
population group. A qualitative approach will be required to acquire in-depth information about
participant perception on the nature of the problem and its attributed variables. This will further
be completed by supplementing it with quantitative data that will be obtained to establish a more
empirically conclusive result of information.

3.3 Sampling

Sampling refers to the process used to select a portion of the population to be studied. This
portion is a smaller representation of the population hence sampling decisions will be made for
the explicit purpose of obtaining the richest possible source of information to answer the research
questions. The Study employed a Stratified type of sampling methodology with a Non-random
approach. Non random sampling involves a subjective selection of respondents and where the
probability of selecting respondents is unknown. The practical of this research which was
characterized by Standard sampling process comprising of several step by step stages.

The first stage involved defining the target population and determining an adequate sample size
to represent the larger population of our target area. Which here is Lusaka Central Constituency.
Identifying a sampling frame rationally followed the procedure as this enhanced the validity of
the data in question.

3.4 Sample Size

Given the size of Lusaka central with regards to geographical square miles and population. The
goal of figuring out the sample size is to ensure that the sample is large enough to produce
statistically valid and accurate estimates of population parameters but also be decent enough to
be manageable and cost-effective.
The research therefore ensured to select a sample size that included relevant and diverse
members of the target population and target area. Therefore the survey employed a size of at

26
least 75 participants representing the sample size and the target population within Lusaka central.
Additional interviews were conducted on disabled members of the 2 major political parties in
Lusaka central constituency according to last held elections.

3.5 Sampling technique

Stratified sampling will be used in selecting a study sample. This is a non probability sampling
procedure in which the target population is first separated into mutually exclusive, homogeneous
segments (strata) and then a simple random sample is selected from each segment (stratum). The
samples selected from the various strata are then combined into a single sample. This will be
done in order to capture participants from all areas of life such as schools, streets, businesses,
administration and informal work force. This mode of simple random sampling method
described above does not ensure that the proportion of some individuals with certain
characteristics will be included. It is important that the sample includes representative groups of
study units with specific characteristics.

3.6 Population Characteristics

The population characteristics where a vital component to this survey as a clear defined
understanding of the special and unique attributes of a given a population erodes ambiguity and
enhances clarity. This research identified natural characteristics of gender, sex and socio
economic patterns such as level of education, profession, skills, ethnicity, cultural background
and nature of work.

3.6. Data collection tools

This Chapter highlights the practical procedure that required the physical collection of raw data
from participants in the specific target areas. Data collection tools refers to devices used to
collect data, such as paper questionnaire of electronic system. The following data collection tools
were used to collect data about participants and their feedback on factors that affect political
participation among disabled people; a pen, pencil and a mixed Questionnaire.

27
 3.7 Data Analysis

Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modeling data with the goal
of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions and supporting decision-making. It is
the process of systematically examining data with the purpose of spotlighting useful information.
Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to
describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. According to Shamoo and Resnik
(2003) various analytic procedures “provide a way of drawing inductive inferences from data and
distinguishing the signal (the phenomenon of interest) from the noise to present it in the data.

The initial coding phase was completed through the process of structural coding, in which the
initial raw data (taken from brief notes collected by the researcher during the interview process)
was labeled. Data was classified into different categories. This aimed at making sense of the data
which was collected and also highlighted the important findings. Similar responses were grouped
and given different codes under each theme that was identified.

The data or information collected will be analyzed thematically. This will enable easy
identification of key variables through using theme tittles to chunk up data. This study employs
the method of analysis on identifying recurrent patterns of responses among the participants
during the interviews.

Thematic analysis allows the researcher to extract categories of data with similar meaning. Data
from focus group sessions and interviews will be coded into conceptual categories of data. Thus,
categories of data will be used to generate themes based on research questions. Braun and Clarke
(2006) affirm that thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns
(themes) within data.

Conducting a complete analysis of the data you have collected will enable you to determine the
impact of your work, assess the quality of your programming and communicate results to your
stakeholders.

3.7.1 Qualitative analysis

The collection and analysis of qualitative data to an extent occurs simultaneously with the analysis.
Qualitative data defines and approximates. Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an

28
interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study
things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the
meanings people bring to them, Denzin and Lincoln (1994, p. 2) In this specific research qualitative
data was obtained through observation and analysis of participants during semi structured interviews
conducted in the survey. The results of qualitative methods provide a deep understanding of how
people perceive their social realities and in consequence, how they act within the social world. The
research collected a majority of the qualitative data through unstructured interviews. Such interviews
provided the researcher with relevant questions which could be put to a wider audience of
respondents using structured or semi structured interview techniques, especially if quantitative data is
required

(Chisnal,2004). Through further in depth analysis of recordings from interviews and observation.
Data was collected and analyzed around given parameters. Interviews allowed for observation due to
the use of open ended questions that provided a more accurate and less biased response. Face-to-face
interaction helped to capture verbal and non-verbal ques. Further, the method ensured accurate
screening as individuals were unable to provide false information during screening questions such as
gender, and to some extent age. Qualitative interpretations are reconstructed, and wide various
techniques can be utilized to make sense of the data, such as content analysis, grounded
theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), or discourse analysis.
This research predominantly employed thematic analysis to derive meaningful information from the
collected data. Thematic analysis differs from other analytic methods that seek to describe patterns
across qualitative data – characterized by thematic‟discourse analysis, thematic decomposition
analysis, IPA and grounded theory. Both IPA and grounded theory seek patterns in the data, but are
theoretically bounded which was not ideal for this particular study. Therefore this study employed
thematic analysis to derive patterns from the qualitative data obtained via transcripts from raw data.
From the in depth unstructured interviews the researcher was able to collect first hand data which
was codified and arranged in themes from which narrative conclusions where reached.

3.7.2 Quantitative analysis

This process defined in this chapter focuses on the data derived from the quantitative efforts of this
survey. The study explored the subject matter using both normative and descriptive approaches

29
drawing empirical observations in order to support findings. Descriptive statistics may be used to
describe data that have been collected, and explains how the data looks, what the Centre point of the
data is, how the data is spread, and how parts of the data may be related to one another. Descriptive
analysis includes descriptive statistics such as the range, minimum, maximum, and frequency. It also
includes measure of central tendency such as the mean, median, mode, and measures of dispersion
(standard deviation). The step by step procedure and methodology requires the establishment of and
experiment to collect, analyze and present.

Experiments typically yield quantitative data, as they are concerned with measuring
things. However, other research methods, such as controlled observations and questionnaires, can
produce both quantitative information. For example, a rating scale or closed questions on a
questionnaire would generate quantitative data as these produce either numerical data or data that can
be put into categories (e.g., “yes,” “no” answers)Quantitative data can be interpreted with statistical
analysis, and since statistics are based on the principles of mathematics, the quantitative approach is
viewed as scientifically objective and rational (Carr, 1994; Denscombe, 2010).

Practically the survey employed technological tools to present data interpretations. The software
SSPS AND NVIVO where utilized primarily to derive and present the information using Pie
charts.

3.8 Ethical Consideration

The normative aspect of this research recognizes the ethics involved in the practice of the data
collection, analysis and presentation. Values of Honesty, confidentiality, social responsibility
accountability and transparency being the guiding ideals dictating the actions of the researcher.
also Given the special nature of the group in focus under this survey. It was important to take
further steps to protect the exploitation of this marginalized group so as to ensure integrity and
goodwill. The objective of adhering to ethical standards in this research supports the validity,
legitimacy and accuracy of data and information produced.

3.8.1 Delimitation of Research Method

The research required an application of time and resource in order to effectively obtain data from
respondents who presented a number of challenges which included comprehension of the scope

30
and nature of the study. Another challenge was the lack of quick responses to the questionnaires
distributed in focal areas. Some respondents exhibited a bias towards the intentions of the
researcher with a number of them shying away from tackling sensitive questions presented in the
unstructured in depth questions. Another major challenge was the inclination by the participants
to remain anonymous as all the respondents declined to have their personal and background
information documented in this independent study. The researcher was therefore limited and was
only able to collect data surrounding the research questions.

3.9 Conclusion of Chapter

This chapter is cardinal to the entire research as the conclusion of the study is dependent on the
data obtained through the qualitative and quantitative methods highlighted in the research design.
Research methods will determine the findings of the survey. Therefore extra emphasis was placed
on employing the correct tools.

31
 Chapter 4- Results

4.1. Presentation of key findings

After running a mixed question questionnaire on factors that influence political participation
among disabled persons and knowledge in the I2 wards of Lusaka central consistency across all
areas of work namely; formal and informal employment. The results obtained were presented
thematically with closed responses such as sex of the respondent to open responses such as
knowledge about disability and political participation. Presentation aid such as tables and pie
charts were used for simpler presentation of the obtained data on the quantitative questions
collected on gender of participants and status on political participation and disability.

further interviews were conducted to include the perspective of political participation from
members of political parties that contested in the previous parliamentary elections for Lusaka
central constituency. This additional information was employed to the qualitative field data
obtained from the 75 participants.

4.2. Quantitative results

The first five themes are quantitative comprising of data obtained about sex, age, residence,
knowledgeable about disability in various forms and political participation. This data is straight
forward and easy to understand as it is simply gained from a count of heads.

4.2.1. Participation

Out of the total sample of 75 participants that where sampled using the simple stratified
technique across the district’s administration, markets and other areas of interest, 39 males
participated with 52% while 36 females took part with 48%. Out of the 39 males that took part
35 are politically active while 4 do not, represented by 46.6% males that fully take part in
political activities while of the other gender 36.6% of females take part in political activities
leaving an 18.7% that does not take part in political endeavors.

32
 Participation by sex

36, 48% Male

39, 52% Female

Having a sizeable sample is imperative in deriving relevant information about target population. This
research employed a sample size of at least 75 participants to represent the wider population of interest
in Lusaka Central Constituency. It was important to obtain a wider perspective as Lusaka Central
Constitutes at least I2 wards. It was therefore a deliberate approach by the researcher to include
participants from at least a 3/4s of the Constituency.

4.2.2. Age group of participants

Participant age results were grouped in intervals of 4 years periods starting from the age of
18years to 30 years and above, grouping helped bring together the varied age responses that
where obtained. These where between the ages of 18-21years, 22-25years, 26-30years and
31years and above. The following results were obtained; out of the total 75 participants 21 where
between 18-21 years, 32 where 22-25years, 13 between 26-30years and 9 participants 30years of
age and above, this data was necessary in order to establish which age group paid most interest in
the topic of political participation and the current social problem of disability. The pie chart
below presents the above age data.

33
 Age of participants

9, 12%
21, 28%
18-21
13, 17% 22-25
26-30
30 and above

32, 43%

4.2.3. Participation by social location

After administering the questionnaire across different areas of the constituency, out of the 25
questionnaires administered in the area of formal employment such as the district administration
and the central business district, 11 males and 14 females took part. In the area of informal set up
such as the market and street trading areas 13 males and 12 females participated. Lastly in the
area of students such as university and colleges, 15 males and 10 females participated making a
total of 75 participants with 39 males and 36 females. Particular emphasis was placed on the fact
that all participants should be of legal age to participate in the local and national politics from
their respective ward and constituency.

34
4.2.4. what is the Level of disability awareness by residents within constituency

In the questionnaire, question number 4 asked the participant if they are knowledgeable about the
disability phenomenon, with no single definition having been established either academically or
locally where various terminologies such as (ubulema, kulemala, ulema) are used to
communicate this occurrence. This question required that the participant ticks yes or no to the
question and the results clearly showed that the disability phenomenon is a familiar thing as all
75 participants from Lusaka central district ticked yes agreeing to know about disability in its
various forms. This clearly shows how much disability has penetrated urbanized areas of the
constituency, this is evidenced in how widespread this social problem has become and how much
it has kept on growing through both artificial and natural causes affecting different households in
the community.

4.2.5. What is the Level of disability prevalence in constituency

The questionnaire’s main purpose was to establish if the participant is disabled in any way or not.
A total of 61 respondents that participated where able bodied while 14 where affect by disability.
This was done from one area of interest to another by starting with the administration where out
of 25 participants 4 females and 1 male participants agreed to have at least one form of disability.
In the streets and trading areas surrounding Silwizya ward of Lusaka 4 females and I male
participant ticked “yes” to having a disability and finally 2 females and 2 males among the
students agreed to having a form of disability. 5 participants in formal work ticked “yes” to
having disability 2 being male and 3 female. All in all out of 75 participants in Lusaka Central 14
participants ticked “YES” to being affected by disability in at least one of its several various
forms.

35
 Prevalence of disability

14, 19%

61, 81%

able bodied disabled

4.2.6 Qualitative Results

The questions of this study are carefully stipulated in the questionnaire attached at the end of the
research paper. The questions in the questionnaire were predominantly directed towards deriving
quantitative data. However a section of the research questions are qualitative and hence where
obtained using unstructured in depth interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and were
coded by hand according to the original list of themes, and any new themes or sub-themes emerging
from the interview data.

Extra data was collected on the I4 disabled participants in order to derive Qualitative data via
unstructured open ended interviews. The researcher employed tools such as a phone audio recorder
and a writing journal with a set of unstructured questions to guide the direction of the 5 to 7 minute
interviews. Rich data was provided and analyzed using relevant qualitative data analysis tools and
method.

Two further participants were added to the I4 disabled respondents to contribute more qualitative
data on the research. These special participants where representatives from the two major parties in
the Lusaka central constituency.

36
 4.2.7 what factors deter persons with disability in political participation within the
constituency

Many commonalities were seen in the accounts of political life shared by our disabled research
respondents, and those found in the literature review. Both facilitating factors and barriers were
described and classified. First, participation starts with voting, activism, party volunteering and
local races. Experiencing these forms of basic participation encourages the formation of political
action and ambition. Secondly, a clear connection was observed between increased inclusion in
education and society, and political participation. At EU level, fewer than half of people with
disabilities are in employment (Grammenos et al. 2013). Barriers to employment of disabled
persons have an additional effect of restricting access to political life, as business, workplace or
union leadership are often precursors to political leadership

The Following represents Thematic analysis findings based of Patterns identified from Qualitative
Data derived from Unstructured Questioning posed in the depth Interviews on Disabled participants
from Lusaka Central constituency. The Questions in the depth interviews of this research where
basically centered around obtaining first hand wholesome data concerning the issues that impact their
participation in the politics of the Constituency in Lusaka central. The interviews were conducted on
the 9 out of I4 participants who had disability. Depth interviews may have fewer than ten
respondents although 20 seems to be a universally accepted rule of thumb (Dillon et al, 94)

4.2.8 Summary of data from In-Depth Interviews

Name and Particulars of Participant Patterns identified from Participant responses

Part A (Female aged 20 Resident in Omelo Participant highlighted the lack of adequate
Mumba rd Rhodespark) consideration by politicians in aiding her political
participation.

Part B ( Female Student Aged 22 of Evelyn Hone Participant explained the difficulty of physical
College Lusaka) support mechanisms to facilitate her movement to
political events.

37
 Part C ( Male Student Aged 20 of Nipa College) This respondent highlighted the lack of adequate
coverage by media outlets for political candidates
with disability in previous elections.

Part D ( Male 30 year Old, shop owner Nyumba Participant highlighted the general discrimination
yanga) and exclusion from important political community
meetings by local leadership in area.

Part E ( Male 28 year Old Bank Tailor Cairo Rd) Respondent raised the issue of in adequate
government support for persons with disability in
general as a deterrent to his participation.

Part F ( 25 year Old Male Unemployed Electrician Participant communicated a lack of awareness on
Lubu Ward) political issues as his disability prevents him from
receiving information about political matters in his
community.

Part H ( 20 year Old MALE Artist Northmead Participant expressed his concern for his safety and
Market ) well-being as a deterrent to his full participation in
politics as he experiences prejudice and
discrimination by able people.

Part K ( 32 year Old Male Unemployed Participant highlighted his limited education as a
Northmead Market ) result of his disability as a limiting factor to his
involvement in local politics of his ward.

4.8.9 Conclusion of chapter

From the Information from the above table, we can draw out some conclusions from some of the
answers presented by the participants in the survey after conducting the depth interviews. The
qualitative data obtained by the researcher was providing insight on exactly what factors deter
persons with disability from political participation within the constituency? The 9 participants
shared a range of issues that where invaluable to the findings of this research to supplement the
empirical findings presented in the chapter.

38
 Chapter 5- Discussion

5.1. Discussion of key findings

This Chapter highlights the issues and factors that where obtained from the data derived from the
questionnaires and the semi structure interviews with reference to necessary literature. The key
findings are the conclusions arrived at upon conducting a thorough critical analysis of the
collected data. The evidence was conclusive in the aspect and sense of the research questions and
objectives presented in the survey.

5.1.2 What is the level of disability prevalence within the country specially in Lusaka
Central Constituency

It was concluded through the support of empirical findings and observation that there is indeed
widespread disability among the population of Lusaka central constituency. Having visited all the
wards within the constituency. It was discovered from a sample size of 75 participants that I4
individuals do suffer from at least a form of disability. Disability being clearly defined in the
Introduction Chapter.

With reference from to data obtained from the previous general elections held in August 202I,
there was a general absence of people with disability on the ballot as no major political party
fielded any candidate who has a disability. This may have been due to a number of intraparty
issues, however for the purposes of this research a survey was carried out to establish exactly what
may lead to such a phenomenon.

5.2.2 What environmental factors influence participation of people with disability in

Lusaka Central Constituency

Qualitative data obtained by way of interviews and recordings which had an extent of researcher
subjectivity was inclined to the factor of socio economic aspect of Education and the socio
cultural phenomena of stigmatization attached to people with disability within Lusaka Central.
With Qualitative Data obtained from in depth interviews with the I4 participants with disability
and extra in depth unstructured interview conducted on the two major political parties that where
represented by voter majority in the previous ward and constituency elections of Lusaka Central.

39
An interview with 2 disabled members from the opposing parties revealed further information
that highlighted some intraparty issues affecting their participation.

This information was obtained through the use of an unstructured open ended depth interview
with the following findings. For the purposes of this research the major political parties will be
referred to as YU Party and PIF Party.

RESPONDENT A( YU PARTY) A 34 year Old party member who was born with crippled legs
is a member of a major political party within Lusaka constituency resident in Silwizya ward cited
the issue of Ad Hominem attacks on his disability by other party members in order to deter him
from contesting to stand for the councilor nomination in his ward. This information was obtained
via unstructured interviews that where both recorded and analyzed.

RESPONDENT B (PIF PARTY) A 44 year Old party member who developed paralysis of his
legs due to polio at a young age expressed that he was generally overlooked by the majority of
high ranking party members due to reasons attached to his disability of his motor skills and
limbs.

5.2.3 What environmental factors exist in the constituency deterring persons with
disability from participation in politics

The primary mission of this survey was focused on this research question and objective. The
Quantitative Data derived through questionnaires provided conclusive evidence that there is indeed
barriers that exist that prevent some people with disability from entirely participating in political
activity within Lusaka Constituency. This study therefore supports the claim that a majority of
people with disability are discouraged from participation due to a wide range of socio economic
and cultural factors that are unique and experienced only by this marginalized group of people in
the constituency. Information obtained through conducting depth interviews on the 9 participants
and the additional 2 party members. The following deterrents and barriers where identified.

1. A Female aged 20 Resident in Omelo Mumba rd Rhodespark highlighted the lack of

adequate consideration on the part of the government on the issue of political participation
for persons with disability. Having being consigned to a wheelchair from infancy the
respondent expressed her challenge of immobility being a limiting factor to her level of

40
 involvement in issues of local politics in her area of thornpark Lusaka. The respondent
suggested the inclusion of more leaders with disability in Cabinet to seek out the unique
interests of her special group.

2. Another female participant plagued with paralysis induced by cerebral palsy Student Aged
22 of Evelyn Hone College Lusaka stated concern on the aspect of voting as a means of
political participation. She highlighted the lack of physical provisions to facilitate the
participation of persons with paralysis at voting stations. She suggested the adoption of
specialize custom made voting booths an stations for all persons of disability.

3. A 25 year Old Male Unemployed Electrician Lubu Ward of Lusaka central during the
interviews expressed strong views on his disability as he is both deaf and dumb. Therefore
requires special communication methods and tools to communicate with effectively. This
participant highlighted his lack of awareness on important policy and developmental issues
transpiring in his community. This was his major reason for the lack of participation of
many persons with his particular impairment. The participant proposed special attention
to be awarded to this group as they are disadvantaged and unable to offer debate and decide
on pertinent political matters of the nation.

4. Another Male Participant aged 30 years Old, a shop owner Nyumba yanga is impaired
with blindness and has been from his infancy. This respondent who had participated in
ward elections in the past responded when asked about his subsequent apathy in the
previous general elections of 202I said he was discouraged by the negativity surrounding
his disability being target by political opponents and their supporters. This being identified
as a socio cultural factor experienced only by this special group. The participant suggested
legislation to be implemented outlawing the verbal and psychological attacks on persons
with disability.

5. A 32-year-Old Unemployed Male of North mead Market when asked about any specific
factors preventing his political participation highlighted the aspect of education as a major
challenge for himself and other persons with disability alike. The lack of adequate standard
41
 education for persons with disability is a disadvantage as people in the community. This
created sentiments of cultural prejudice and stereotype towards persons suffering from
impairment and disability within the constituency.

5.2.4 What are the existing laws and policies aimed at ensuring full participation of
persons with disability in politics

In terms of identifying any government efforts aimed towards enhancing the rights of people with
disability. Some practical solutions to addressing this particular aspect of political participation
can be observed from The West African State of Ghana/ which is a Democratic republic. During
the 2004 election, the Ghana Federation of the Disabled worked with the Electoral Commission of
Ghana to raise awareness on the right of people with disabilities to vote as well as on the inclusion
of the sign language interpretation. This was done in preparation for the elections which were
coming and during the election the Ghana Association of the Blind record an increase in the
number of visually impaired persons who had participated in voting as well as other political
activities The research acknowledges the fact that Zambia ratified the United Nations Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2010, and the current study responds to the
requirement in that document that all ratifying countries should collect data that can be used to
map the situation of disabled persons. This alone is not enough to facilitate the participation of
disabled people as the previous elections did not field or produce any elected individual from the
disabled population group.

5.2.5 How knowledgeable and aware are residents of Lusaka Central Constituency on
issue of disability

The findings from this specific question where the most conclusive with quantitative evidence
suggesting that the majority of the 75 respondents and participants ticked yes and have had
knowledge of this phenomena with some respondents sharing personal experiences of community
issues they have observed concerning the interests of the disable in politics.

5.3 Summary Conclusion of Chapter

This chapter concludes the Questions posed in this research with relation to relevant literature and
theoretic framework underlying the research direction. People with disability are a special part of

42
the population and integral to the development of the democracy. It is therefore important to apply
more resource, and effort in facilitating there participation so as to address the unique issues and
challenges affecting their enjoyment of political rights and opportunities. The rational

choice theory posits that individuals will incline more to decisions that maximize their benefit in
relation to the cost of realizing the utility (G.Becker 92) Individuals will make decisions on self-
interest, this may occur as a collective in some models of the rational choice theory. In this case
people with disability do not have much choice and options as there is generally limited
representation among leaders seeking their interest at ward level and national level. This is as
evidenced in the case of Lusaka Central Constituency.

43
 Chapter 6 - Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1 Recommendations for Government and Non-Government Stakeholders

Despite huge strides in policy and legislation, the country has not responded adequately to the
needs of people with disabilities, who still face challenges in realizing their social, economic,
cultural and political rights. This is largely due to the lack of equal opportunities and means to
participate fully in all aspects of life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011),
many people with disabilities do not have equal access to health care, education, social protection
and employment opportunities. This situation applies also to Zambian Disability statistics which
provide a wealth of information on the full lived experience of persons with disabilities – ranging
from the impairments they suffer, the difficulties they face in undertaking and participating in
activities, related to politics; therefore, information from the survey can be extrapolated from
individuals to the whole population, in order to apply the solutions suggested for Lusaka Central
Constituency to other constituencies by policy makers and mandated organizations for people with
disability.

The following are the major points of recommendation arrived at by this research;

• Increase government efforts towards enhancing the Political Rights of People with
Disability so as to level the political landscape for all citizens and create equal opportunities
especially for those born to disability.

• Engage various stakeholders and Organizations with an interest in the human rights of
people with disability to raise awareness on the plight of the disabled in politics. Specially
in Zambia where Democratic values dictate governance.
• Improve the socio economic status of those suffering from disability through the
formulation policy designed to educate and empower the population belonging to the
disabled community. This is with the mission of reducing the socio cultural stereotypes and
prejudice associated with disability through the implementation of long term sustainable
campaign programs.

• Encourage further study and research by scholars and academicians in the various social
science disciplines that are aimed at enhancing a deeper understanding of the specific

44
 environmental issues that affect the behavior of this special group within the Zambian
society and polity.

This chapter is based on a summary of a critically evaluated report of findings that support the
adoption of the suggested recommendations and suggest that when implemented, participation
of persons with disabilities in the political activity will be enhanced. This will be a progressive
action towards alleviating the challenges faced by this marginalized group in relation to their
participation. However, there is need to engage more organizations both government and non-
governmental stakeholders in order to effectively seek out the special interests in disability
issues. Having analyzed and discussed the results of the findings, It is important to note that
some recommendations present implications for policy planning emanating from the study
results Particularly for Zambia, applying these recommendations will result in facilitating
equality and equity for the disabled population in the political environment, These
recommendations are especially useful to other stakeholders with an interest in the disability
movement as this research aims to add not only to policy formularization and creation by
lawmakers in the constituency but also to the general knowledge surrounding the subject matter
and topic of people with disability in our population. The study further identifies two primary
stakeholders in the political rights of persons with disability and therefore establishes special
recommendations for these strategic partners in the attainment of equity and equality for this
group. The study highlights the Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) and the general DPO’
Disability Peoples Organizations. These stakeholders are key to achieving the relevant
objectives identified from this study. With a number of respondents expressing problems and
solutions that can only be realized by the mentioned institutions performing the roles under
their mandate.

6.1.2 Recommendation on Role of Electoral Commission of Zambia

Voting is the primary method of political participation in a Democratic state. Five respondents
reported the urgency for all stakeholders in the electoral process to engage ECZ in the monitoring
of Elections and ensure that they are more inclusive. The ECZ is an important stakeholder as it
involves the interests of a primary aspect of political participation which is voting. Ensuring
inclusivity of persons with disability is a promotion of democratic practice and Human right.
Interventions require creativity. They further admitted seeing interventions in making the

45
electoral process inclusive through the provision of accessible polling booths and four
respondents indicated efforts by the Electoral Commission of Zambia in providing sign language
interpretation during adverts on elections. This was so considering the fact that in the few areas
where interventions have been provided to enhance participation among persons with disabilities
in the political processes, there has been a positive impact as obtained from interview
information. These findings are in accordance with observations made by Osman et al. (2008)
who highlighted that interventions relating to inventions and technologies in Ghana were
developed and piloted such as tactile ballot guide to allow visually impaired people to vote in
confidence. However participants suggested more innovation to be applied with ECZ being urged
to consider the development and establishment of Voting stations specifically designed for
persons with disability. This effort will require the will and implementation of the ECZ
Organization which is an institution mandated with the task of managing and coordinating the
electoral process of the state.

6.1.3 Recommendation on Role of DPO’S

On the fundamental roles played by Disabled people’s organizations (DPOs) in politics and the
political process, the study also further revealed that DPOs actively encourage the participation of
persons with disabilities and serve as fundamental resources on disability inclusion to electoral
commissions, civic and voter education organizations, and political parties. DPO’s are strategic to
the progression of the political rights of persons with disability as these organizations are
specialized to advocate for the unique interests of persons with disability an impairment in the
society.

6.2 Recommendation for further study

The mission and purpose of this study cannot be successfully completed without this particular
chapter. This research goes beyond the interests of academia but transcends into the sphere of
public welfare, government policy and Human rights. The issues facing the community of
persons with disability in politics is of great importance in and Democratic state propagating
equality and equity. Therefore extensive research and study on subject matter and topic needs to
be encouraged among different proponents and disciplines in order to gain a better understanding
and implementation of effective solutions to particular problem.
46
6.3 Conclusion

This chapter seeks to present an informed conclusion. Concerning the findings of the research
questions and objectives with regards to:

1. What Environmental factors exist in Lusaka Central Constituency influencing political

participation of persons with disability?

2. what is the level of widespread disability within the Country Specially in Lusaka Central
constituency?

3. What factors deter persons with disability from political participation in Lusaka central
constituency?

4. How knowledgeable and aware are residents of the constituency on the issue and matter of
disability within their respective communities?

5. Are there any laws and policies in place that are aimed at ensuring full political participation of
persons with disability within the constituency?

The following conclusions where established and facts stated based of the findings and discussions
of the research. It is important to note that these conclusions do not reflect the subjective position
of the researcher rather are supported by Information obtained through application of quantitative,
positive and qualitative method of research. The study concluded that indeed disability is a reality
and is a universally recognized phenomenon with a number of United nations treaties and
resolutions aimed at enhancing the rights of persons with disability. A majority of the respondents
in the study responded yes to knowing about disability with at least I4 to I6 of the 75 participants
responding yes to being disabled Or to having an impairment. Government legislation does exist
recognizing the special need and human rights issues of this special group of the population.
However this is not exactly what is required to allow increased involvement of persons with
disabilities in National politics let alone Lusaka central constituency. On the other hand Political
parties could use quotas to encourage selection of disabled candidates or appointed officials.
Practice change may be needed in areas such as job-sharing, meeting and communicating.
Universal Design principles can provide guidance and inspiration (Hamraie 2017). Strategies can
best be developed with input from disabled people themselves. Mentoring schemes aimed at

47
recruiting and developing potential disabled candidates and political appointees could be launched
by states, political parties, societal organizations or partnerships of these entities Potential solutions
were located at the policy and legal (systemic) and party levels. Inclusion in education, work,
societal groups and public spaces clearly impacts on access to political activity, and is dependent
on policy and legal frameworks. Crucially, inclusion in education and work provide the foundation
for inclusion in political life: it is from this basis that leadership emerges (Hamraie I7). Universities
offering political science, governance or similar programs should actively seek qualified disabled
applicants, and ensure they have the right support. (Higher) education institutions should also
attempt to identify and nurture emerging disabled leaders in all subjects, as these individuals could
be the policymakers or ministers of the future in their areas of specialism. Dan (2016) reported that
measures to improve physical accessibility of the elections were reported for two upper middle-
income settings (Mauritius and South Africa) and for one low income setting (DRC) and one lower
middle-income setting (Cameroon). However to ensure that efficient policy is created an
implemented, it’s been identified that robust and trustworthy data needs to be collected at all levels
of political life: local, district, provincial and national. Without established numbers, it is
impossible to assess the progress towards increased inclusion of disabled people. In Europe
specifically Improved data collection throughout the Nation has also been called for by the OSCE
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, which stated: “At the national level,
comprehensive, sex- and impairment-disaggregated data are necessary to direct immediate action,
as well as to monitor, and correct where needed, interventions and progress achieved over time”
(OSCE/ODIHR 2017). The conclusion of the research envisages the possible solutions towards
some of the barriers that exhibit themselves in any democratic republic state that seeks to enhance
not only political participation but the political rights of persons with disabilities.

48
References

“The World and Disability: Quotas or No Quotas?” iGlobal Law: Global Labour Law, 11
December. https://www.igloballaw.com/the-world-and-disability-quotasor-no-quotas/. De
Bastelaere, L. 2018.
An Interdisciplinary Introduction Second Edition. Vol. 2. London: Sage. Fleming, L. (2009).
Anon, N.D. (2017). Statistics: An Introduction. [Online] at: https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture
Australian Agency for International Development (2009).

As it happened: South Africa Election. BBC News Publication 22 April. Leclerc, M. (2010).
Becker, M. S. &. R. I. (1978). Compliance with a medical regimen for asthma: a test of the
health belief model. Public Health Reports Central Statistical Office (CSO) (2014).
Black, T. R. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: An integrated approach to
research design, measurement and statistics. Sage.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3, 77–101.

Building Access: Universal Design and the Politics of Accessibility. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press. Harpur, P., U. Connolly, and P. Blanck. 2017.
Carr, L. T. (1994). The strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research: what
method for nursing? Journal of advanced nursing, 20(4), 716-721.

Compendium: Good Practice in Employment of People with Disabilities. Luxembourg: Office

for Official Publication of the European Communities. Country Report on the European Social
Pillar Focus Topics—Belgium. Utrecht/Leeds: ANED. https://www.disability-
europe.net/country/belgium. Diamant, M. 2010.
CRPD/CSP. 2018 The Right to Political Participation of Persons with Mental Health Problems
and Persons with Intellectual Disabilities. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental
Rights.
Dahl, Robert (I998) On Democracy Yale University Press Pluralism theory impact on Democracy
India Politics Punjabi

Damien Abad, Cadet de la Droite.” Liberation, 18 December. https://www.

liberation.fr/france/2013/12/18/damien-abad-cadet-de-la-droite_967399. European Commission.
1999.
Denscombe, M. (2010). The Good Research Guide: for small-scale social research. McGraw Hill.

49
Denzin, N., & Lincoln. Y. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA, US:
Sage Publications Inc.

Development for All: Towards a disability-inclusive: Australian Aid Programme. Bantz, R. a.

(1994).
Dillon, w., Maden, T. and Firtle, N. (I994) Marketing Research in a Marketing environment. 3rd
Edition. Illinois, Irwin.
Disability & Society Waddell, C. (1999).

Disability and political participation in Ghana: an alternative perspective. Scandinavian Journal

of Disability Research Sightsavers (2017). Disability inclusive elections in Africa: a systematic
review of published and unpublished literature.
Disability Politics UK.” http://www.disabilitypolitics.org.uk/. Eichhorst, M. J, et al. 2010.
“Disabled People’s Attitudes towards Other Impairment Groups: A Hierarchy of Impairments.”
Disability & Society 18 (7): 897–910. doi: 10.1080/0968759032000127317. De Bruyker, S.
2017.

Disability Rights in Zambia The situation of persons with disabilities. (2014). Available
at: https://cdn.sida.se/app/uploads/2021/05/07125819/rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-
zambia.pdf.
Disability-inclusive elections in Africa: A qualitative systematic review. Bumpers Way United
Nations. (2007) “United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.” New
York: UN. University of Minnesota, (2003). Study Guide: The Right to Vote, Human Rights
Centre USAID (2014).
Electoral Security Framework Dan Goodley (2016) Disability Studies:

EMILY’s List. 2018. About Run to Win. Washington, DC: EMILY’s List.
https://www.emilyslist. org/run-to-win/about. Equy, L. 2013.
Equal Access: How to Include Persons with Disabilities in Elections and Political Processes:
National Democratic Institute; Washington DC Virendrakumar, B., Jolley, E., Badu, E. &
Schmidt, E. (2018).
European Comparative Data on Europe 2020 & People with Disabilities. Belgium: ANED.
https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/gladnetcollect/568. Hamraie, A. 2017.
Flowers (ed.), Human Rights Education Series, Vol. 6. University of Minnesota: Human Rights
Center.2009
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968). The discovery of grounded theory; strategies for
qualitative research. Nursing research, 17(4), 364.

50
http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/soc-prot/disable/socpart/comp05_en.pdf. European Union
Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2010.
Human Rights Council, Nineteenth session Osman, Mensah, Williams Jody, Atta-Ankomah
Richmond, and Mjomba Mboje (2008) “Contextual Analysis of the Disability Situation in
Ghana.”
Human Rights: YES! Action and Advocacy on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2nd ed.).
In N. Independent Living Institute. Westoff CF and Bankole A (1997):
Macro International Inc. Young, R., Reeve, M., & Grills, N. (2016).

Maryland: Rockville. Council of Europe and Venice Commission (CEVC) (2011).

Mass Media and Reproductive Behavior in Africa. DHS Analytical Reports No2, Calverton,
Maryland:
Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. New York: Routledge. Mindes, J. (2002).

Minichiello, V. (1990). In-Depth Interviewing: Researching People. Longman Cheshire.

Ministry of Health (MOH) [Zambia] and ICF International. Zambia Demographic and Health
Survey 2013 - 14,
Mitzi Waltz & Alice Schippers (2021) Politically disabled: barriers and facilitating factors
affecting people with disabilities in political life within the European Union, Disability & Society

Note: Political Participation and Equal Recognition before the Law. New York: Conference of
States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Cuppage, J. 2013.
OHCHR. (2011) Thematic study by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights on participation in political and public life by persons with disabilities.
Post-Election Seminar Report. Tactile Ballot Guide System. International Foundation for
Electoral Systems (IFES) (2013).
Punch, K. (1998). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative
Approaches. London: Sage

Revised Interpretative Declaration to the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters on the
Participation of People with Disabilities in Elections Creative Associates International, Inc.
(2010).
Schrottle, M., P. Anders, H. Sarkissian, F. G € odeke, and K. Vogt. 2017.
Schur, L. A. 1998. “Disability and the Psychology of Political Participation.” Journal of
Disability Policy Studies 9 (2): 3–31. doi:10.1177/104420739800900202.

51
Senate Confirms Controversial Autism Self-Advocate to National Disability Council.” Disability
Scoop, 22 June. https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2010/06/ 22/neeman-confirmation/9133/.
Disability Politics UK. 2018.
Socially Constructed Hierarchies of Impairments: The Case of Australian and Irish Workers’
Access to Compensation for Injuries.” Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 27 (4): 507–519.
doi:10.1007/s10926-017-9745-7. Hees, Suzanne G. M., Hennie R. Boeije, and Iris de Putter.
2017.
Syndroom van Down en toch kandidaat bij verkiezingen: ‘Ik word burgemeester’,” HLN, 28
May. Online at: https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/syndroom-van-down-en-toch-kandidaat-
bij-verkiezingen-ik-word-burgemeester Deal, M. 2003.
Tactile Ballot Guide. IFES. 1 May.
http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/Articles/2002/TactileBallot-Guide.
The Development of the IL-Movement in Germany.” In Speech, ‘25 Years Independent Living
Conference,’ Stockholm, Sweden, 28 November.
https://www.independentliving.org/25years2008frehe. Grammenos, S. 2013.
The Domestic Incorporation of Human Rights Law and the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 55 Lord, J., K. Guernsey, J. Balfe, V. Karr, and A. deFranco
(2012).
The Evolution of Access to Voting for People with Disabilities in Quebec. Electoral Insight. An
analysis of 2004 Elections in Canada. European Union (EU) Agency for Fundamental Rights
(FRA). 2010.
The right to political participation of persons with disabilities; Luxembourg: Publications Office
Ghana Association of the Blind (2002).
The Right to Political Participation of Persons with Mental Health Problems and Persons with
Intellectual Disabilities. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2014).
Undated report on People with Disabilities in the electoral process. Lord, J. and M. Stein (2008).
Voting Barriers and Solutions: The Experiences of People with Disabilities in the Dutch National
Election of 2017.” Disability & Society 34 (5): 819–836. doi:10.1080/096875991566052
Wendell, S. 1996. “The Social Construction of Disability.” In The Rejected Body, edited by
Wendell, S., 57–71. New York: Routledge.
World Health Organization. 2011. World Report on Disability. Geneva: WHO. https://www.
who.int/disabilities/world-report/2011
You Have to Be Quite Strong’: Disabled Politicians Speak Out,” BBC, 27 January.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42826002. Frehe, H. 2008.

52
Appendices

Research Questionnaire

Rules

1. This paper is sorely an academic thesis and all the information collected will be used
for academic purpose only.
2. Please place your response in the spaces provides by either ticking across your answer
or writing in the spaces provided.
3. Provide only one answer per closed question or as directed per question.
4. A pen and pencil will be provided for writing.

Questions;

1. What is your gender ? Male female

2. What is your age group? Below 18 19-30 31-40 41 and above.

3. What is your nationality ? Zambian Not Zambian.

4. Are you disable in any way ? Able-Bodied Physical mental
5. Do you live with or have anyone close to you that is disabled in any way? Yes No

6. Are you politically active or patriotic? Yes No

7. Do you know anyone that is disabled mentally or physically that is politically active?
Yes No
8. What are the major factors that hinder disabled people from participating in the
political field? Space provided.
9. What would be done or put in place to help disabled people participate?

10. Which other fields are people with disability lagging in ?

11. What is the most common form of disability in your area ?

12. Are there any institutions or organizations working with people with disability?

13. How are they helping and where do they need to improve?

Thank you for your time and effort to take part in this academic research.

53