NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, PAPER – I (UG21T4502)

UNIT – 3 (BY CAPT S. B. SINHA)

EFFECT OF BILGING ON SHIP STABILITY

In simple language, BILGING” means any compartment of a ship getting punctured/

holed.

This happen, whenever a ship meets collision or grounding etc.

In the event of BILGING, the ship loses buoyancy of that particular compartment and
their effect on ship stability is as follows:

1. Loss of Buoyancy reduces reserve buoyancy

2. Increase of draft reduction of freeboard also called wetness of freeboard
3. Free Surface effect (Reduction of GM )
4. Side compartment effect excessive LIST
5. Excessive TRIM may lead to plunging of the ship.
6. Affect Stresses Hull failure, sagging etc
7. Machinery space flooding manoeuvrability or controllability is lost.

There can be BLACK OUT on ship.

In the event of “BILGING”, we have to ascertain the following:

(i) Vessel will survive or not

(ii) Trim/ fore and aft draft in Bilged condition.
(iii) “GM” or say GZ in bilged/ flooded condition.

In the event of BILGING, there are two methods for finding ship’s stability:

1. Lost Buoyancy method

2. Added weight method

We will normally use first method (Lost Buoyancy method).

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As per our syllabus, we will be discussing for stability of box shaped vessel in
bilged condition. Stability of ship shaped vessel in Bilged condition is beyond the
scope of our syllabus.
Now,
Let us consider, a box shaped vessel is floating in water @ WL.

It’s midship compartment is bilged, whose volume is “v”.

The vessel loses buoyancy “v”

As displacement of the vessel is assumed constant, in order to compensate for

the lost buoyancy (v), the vessel sinks upto W1L1.

A: Total water plane area

d mean sinkage

v volume of lost buoyancy

@ W1L1, intact water plane area = (A-a)

v = d (A-a)

d =

Mean sinkage (d) =

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 As per our syllabus, we will be discussing Bilging of midship, end and
intermediate compartments.

Now, go through the following worked examples:

Worked Examples:-

1. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

It has amidship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side. The
midship compartment is bilged below WL. Find the Draft in bilged condition.

Solution:

Mean sinkage (d) =

= =

= = 0.556m

Draft F&A in bilged condition = 5.0 + 0.556

= 5.556m

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2. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an
EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.
It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side.

The compartment has a W/T flat, 3m above the keel. Find the F&A drafts in the
event of the compartment getting bilged below the W/T flat.

Solution:

Volume of the lost buoyancy = 10 x 20 x 3m3

In this case,

Intact water plane area = 100 x 20 m2

Now,
Mean sinkage (d) =

= = = 0.3m

Mean sinkage = 0.3 m =

Therefore, New Drafts F&A = 5.3 m

3. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.
It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side.

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 The compartment has a W/T flat, 3m above the keel. Find the F&A drafts in the
event of the compartment getting bilged above the W/T flat.

Solution:

Volume of the lost buoyancy = 10 x 20 x 2m3

Intact water plane area = (100 x 20 – 10 x 20) m2

Now,
Mean sinkage (d) =

= = = 0.222m

Mean sinkage = 0.222 m

Therefore, New Drafts F&A = 5.222 m

4. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.
It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side.
Page 5 of 24
 The compartment has a W/T flat, 5m above the keel. Find the F&A drafts in the
event of the compartment getting bilged below the W/T flat.

Solution:

Volume of the lost buoyancy = 10 x 20 x 5m3

Intact water plane area = 100 x 20 m2

Now,
Mean sinkage (d) =

= = = 0.5m

Mean sinkage = 0.5 m

Therefore, New Drafts F&A = 5.5 m

5. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.
It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side.

Page 6 of 24
The compartment has a W/T flat, 5.2m above the keel. Find the F&A drafts in
the event of the compartment getting bilged below the water line.

Solution:

Let the sinkage aove W/T flat be .

10 x 20 x 5 = 100 x 20 x + (100 – 10) x 20 x 0.2

100 x 20 x = 10 x 20 x 5 – 90 x 20 x 0.2

= =

= 0.32 m

Therefore,

Total Sikage = + 0.2 = 0.32 +0.2

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 = 0.52m

New Drafts F&A = 5.52 m

PERMEABILITY:

So far, we have seen that in the event of bilging of a compartment,

volume of the lost buoyancy = volume of the compartment bilged

The above is not always true. As the compartment, may contain cargo. In those case,
in the event of bilging, volume of lost buoyancy will be equal to empty space in the
compartment bilged.

Permeability = x 100

Now, let a compartment is loaded with a cargo of relative density 0.6 t/ m3 with
stowage factor 2m3/t. find permeability ( ) ?

Solution:

Density of Cargo = 0.6t/m3

0.6 t 1m3

1t = 1.67 m3

Broken stowage per tonnes = 2 – 1.67 = 0.33

= x 100 = x 100

= 16.5%

6. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

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 It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side. The
compartment is loaded with cargo such that permeability is 40%.
Find the Drafts F&A in the event of midship compartment getting bilged.

Solution:

Volume of the lost buoyancy = x 10 x 20 x 5m3

= 400 m3

Intact water plane area = 100 x 20 - x 10 x 20

= 2000 – 80 = 1920 m2

Mean sinkage = =

Mean sinkage = 0.208 m

Therefore, New Drafts after bilging = 5.208 m

7. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side. KG =

5.3m. The compartment gets bilged.

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Calculate the draft and stability of the vessel in bilged condition.

Solution:

Mean sinkage =

= = 0.556m

Mean sinkage = 0.556 m

Therefore, New Drafts = 5.556 m

New KB = New Draft = 2.778m

Now,
BM = =

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 I = - = m4

V = 100 x 20 x 5m3

BM = = =

New BM = 6.0m
KB = (+) 2.778m
____________
New KM = 8.778m
KG =(-) 5.30m
____________
Final GM = 3.478m

8. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side. KG = 5.3
The compartment has a W/T flat, 3m above the keel. KG of the ship 4.7m.

The above compartment is bilged below W/T flat.

Find the drafts and GM in bilged condition.

Solution:

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Volume of lost Buoyancy = 10 x 20 x 3m3

Intact water plane Area = 100 x 20 m2

Mean sinkage =

= = 0.3m

New Draft = 5.30m

New KB =

Therefore, New KB = 2.719 m

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 BM = =

= =

= 6.667 m

New BM = 6.667m

New KM = KB + BM = 2.719 + 6.667

New KM = 9.386m
KG =(-) 4.70 m
____________
New GM = 4.686m

9. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an

EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side.

The compartment has a W/T flat, 3m above the keel. KG of the ship 4.7m.

The above compartment is bilged above W/T flat.

Find the drafts and GM in bilged condition.

Solution:

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 Volume of lost Buoyancy = 10 x 20 x 2m3

Intact water plane Area = 100 x 20 – 10 x 20 = 90 x 20 m3

Mean sinkage =

= = = 0.222m

New Draft = 5.222m

New KB =

= =

Therefore, New KB = 2.544 m

BM = =

= = 6.0m

= 6.0 m

New KM = KB + BM = 2.544 + 6.0

New KM = 8.544m
KG =(-) 4.70 m
____________
New GM = 3.844m

10. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an
EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.
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It has a midship compartment of length 10m & extending side to side. The
compartment is loaded with cargo such that permeability is 40% KG. The ship is
4.7m. The compartment is bilged below water line.
Find the drafts and GM of the vessel in bilged condition.

Solution:

Volume of lost Buoyancy = x 10 x 20 x 5 = 400 m3

Intact water plane Area = 100 x 20 – x 10 x 20

= 2000 – 80 = 1920m2

Mean sinkage =

= = 0.208m

New Draft = 5.208m

New KB = New Draft = x 5.208

= 2.604m

Therefore, New KB = 2.604m

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 BM = =

BM = = 6.4m

= 6.4m

KB = (+) 2.604m
____________
KM = 9.004m
KG = (-) 4.700
___________
GM = 4.304 m

BILGING OF END COMPARTMENT

So far, we have studied, stability of a vessel with a midship compartment

getting bilged.

Now, we will study, stability of vessel with end compartment getting bilged,
apart from metacentric height (GM) getting changed, a trimming moment is
created, which changes the Trim of the vessel.

Now, go through the following worked example:-

11. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an
EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

The vessel has an END compartment of length 10m, located right forward and
extending side to side. KG of the ship 4.6m.

The end compartment gets bilged.

Calculate the drafts F&A in bilged condition.

Solution:

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Mean sinkage =

= = = 0.556m

New Draft (mean) after Bilging = 5.556m

New KB = New Draft = x 5.556

= 2.778m

CF geometric centre of intact water plane area

MCTC =

BML = =

= =

BML = 121.5m

Now, KML = KB + BML = (2.778 + 121.5)m

KML = 124.278m

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 KG =(-) 4.60 m
______________
GML = 119.678m

Therefore,
MCTC = Always full length

MCTC = 122.67

Trimming moment = (10 x 20 x5 x 1.025) x 50 tm

T.M. = 51250 tm

Change of trim = =

Change of Trim = 417.8cm (down by Head)

Change of for’d Trim = 417.8 x = 229.8 cm

& Change of Aft trim = 417.8 x = 188.0 cm

Final Draft Calculations:
F A

Original Drafts 5.0m 5.0m

Mean Sinkage + 0.556 + 0.556
Trim + 2.298 - 1.880
_________ ________
F = 7.854m A = 3.676m

12. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an
EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

It has an End compartment located right forward, of length 10m and extending
side to side. The compartment is loaded with cargo such that permeability 40%.
KG the ship 4.6m.

The compartment gets bilged.

Find the drafts F&A in bilged condition.

Solution:

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Mean sinkage =

= = 0.208m

New Draft (mean) after Bilging = 5.208m

New KB = Mean Draft = x 5.208

= 2.604m

COF will shift away from the bilged compartment. New COF will be found by
taking moments about midship.

Let new COF shifts by m away from the original posn (midship)

= = - 1.875m

New BML = =

ICF of whole water plane = + 20 x 100 x (1.875)2

= 1673698.167m4

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 ICF of Bilged water Plane Area= x + x(20 x 10) (46.875)2

= 666.667 + 175781.25

= 176447.917m4

ICF of Intact water Plane Area = 1673698.167 – 176447.917

= 1497250.25 m4

BML =

BML = 149.7m
KB = 2.604
______________
KML = 152.304m

KML = 152.304m
KG = (-) 4.6 m
_______________
GML = 147.704m

Note BML can be used in place of GML, if KG is not given.

MCTC =

MCTC = 151.3966 151.4

Trimming moment caused due to bilging = 0.4 (10 x 20 x5 ) x 1.025 x 46.875

= 19218.75 tm

Change of trim = = = 126.9 cms

Change of Trim = 126.9 cms

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Change of for’d Trim = 126.9 x = 65.8 cms

Change of Aft trim = 126.9 – 65.8 = 61.1 cms

Draft Calculations:
F A

Original Drafts 5.00 5.00

Mean Sinkage + 0.208 + 0.208
Trim + 0.658 - 0.611
_________ ________
F = 5.866m A = 4.597m

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 BILGING OF INTERMEDIATE COMPARTMENT

So far we have seen bilging of ship’s of midship and end compartment.

The following worked example is of a ship of intermediate compartment getting

bilged.

The intermediate compartment is bilged and we will study, how ICF, BML, GML
MCTC and Trimming moments are calculated to find the change of trim and final
draft of the vessel in bilged condition.

13. A box shaped vessel (Length 100m x Breadth 20m) is floating in water at an
EVEN KEEL Draft of 5.0m.

The vessel has an intermediate compartment of length 10m and extending side
to side, located such that it’s forward transverse bulkhead is 15m behind the
forward most bulkhead. KG of the ship 4.7m.

The compartment gets bilged. Find the drafts F&A in bilged condition.

Solution:

Mean sinkage =

= = 0.556

Page 22 of 24
 Mean Draft after Bilging = 5.556m

New KB = Mean Draft = x 5.556 m

= 2.778m

To find New posn of COF w.r.t midship,

Taking moments about midship,

= =

= - 3.333m

Now BML = =

ICF of whole area = + 20 x 100 x (3.333)2

= 1688884.445m4

ICF of Bilged Area = + 20 x 10 (33.33)2

= 1666.667 + 222177.78

= 223844.446m4

M.O.I (ICF) of Intact water plane area = 1465040m4

Now BML = =

ICF of whole area =

BML = 146.5m
KB = 2.778m
______________
KML = 149.278m
KG = (-) 4.700 m
_______________

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 GML = 144.578m

MCTC =

MCTC = 148.2

Trimming moment = (10 x 20 x5 x 1.025 ) x 33.33

= 34163.25 tm

Total Change of trim =

= = 230.5 cms

Change of Trim = 230.5 cms

Change of for’d Trim = = 123 cms

Change of Aft trim = 230 – 123 = 107 cms

Draft Calculations:
F A

Original Drafts 5.00 5.00

Mean Sinkage + 0.556 + 0.556
__________ ___________
Trim 5.556 5.556
+ 1.230 - 1.070
_________ ________
F = 6.786m A = 4.486m

*********

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