CURVILINEAR

First Class Highway and Transport.
Engineering Department
Engineering Mechanics College of Engineering
2020-2021 Mustansiriyah University
Lec.Rana Hashim
11.2 Plane Curvilinear Motion.
Curvilinear motion occurs when a particle moves along a curved path. Since this path is
often described in two dimensions, vector analysis will be used to formulate the particle
position.
A. Position
The particle located at a point on a plane curve defined by the path function S(t). The
position of the particle, measured from a fixed point O, will be designated by the position
vector r=r(t).
Both the magnitude and direction of this vector will change as the particle moves along the
curve.
B. Displacement
During a small time interval Δt the particle moves a distance ΔS along the curve to a new
position, defined by ́ .
The displacement Δr represents the change in the particle position.
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‫قسن الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجاهعة الوستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Lec.Rana Hashim
C. Velocity
During the time interval Δt , the average velocity of the particle is:-
The instantaneous velocity is determined by letting
The direction of Δr approaches the tangent of the curve .
The direction of v is also tangent to the curve.

The speed is obtained by realizing that the length of the straight line Δr approaches the arc
length ΔS as Δt
D. Acceleration
If the particle has a velocity v at time t and a velocity ́
The average acceleration during the time interval Δt is
Where ́

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To study the time rate of change, the two velocity vectors are plotted such that their tails are
and their arrowheads touch points on the curve. This curve is called a hodograph.
To obtain the instantaneous acceleration , let
The Δv will approach the tangent to the hodograph.
Then a acts tangent to the hodograph and it is not tangent to the path of motion and it is not
tangent to the path of motion.

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Rectangular Components
The motion of particle can best be described along a path in terms of its x,y coordinates.
Fig(9.2.1)
A. Position
If the particle is at point (x,y) on the curved path S, then its location is defined by the
position vector.
When the particle moves, the x,y components of r will be functions of time
x=x(t),y=y(t)
At any instant

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B. Velocity
The first time derivative of r yields the velocity of the particle.
( ) ( )
Where:
̇ ̇
The velocity has a magnitude that is found from
( )
C. Acceleration
The acceleration of the particle is obtained by the first time derivative of velocity or the
second time derivative of position.
where:-
̇ ̈
̇ ̈

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The acceleration has a magnitude
And a direction specified by the unit vector

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Examples
Example(1):-
The position vector of a point which moves in the x, y plane is given by:-
( )
Where r is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine the velocity v and acceleration a when
t=2s and t=3s.
Solution:-
( )
̇ ( )
̇ ( )
At t=2s
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
At t=3s
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Lec.Rana Hashim
Example(2):-
At any instant the horizontal position of the weather balloon is defined by x=(8t)m, where t
is in seconds. If the equation of the path is y=x2/10, determine the magnitude and direction of
the velocity and the acceleration when t=2s.
Solution:-
( )
velocity
When t=2s the magnitude of velocity is

√( ) ( )
The direction is tangent to the path
Acceleration
a=12.8j
when t=2s the magnitude of acceleration is
√

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Example(3)
A ball is thrown so that the motion is defined by the equations x=5t and y=2+6t-4.9t2, where
x and y are expressed in meters and t is expressed in seconds. Determine (a) the velocity at
t=1s,(b) the horizontal distance the ball travels before hitting the ground.
Solution:-
(a) at t=1s
vx=5
vy=6-9.8=-3.8
(b)y=0
y=2+6t-4.9t2
t=1.4971s
x=5(1.4971)=7.4856m

Lec.Rana Hashim
Home Works
1.A rocket is fired from rest at x=0 and travels along a parabolic trajectory described by
y2=(120(103)x)m. If the x components of acceleration is ax=(0.25t2)m/s2, where t is in
seconds , determine the magnitude of the rocket velocity and acceleration when t=10s.
Ans.
v=1003m/s
a=103m/s2
2.The velocity of a particle is given by
( )
Where t is in seconds. If the particle is at origin when t=0, determine the magnitude of the
particle acceleration when t=2s. Also, what is x,y coordinate position of the particle at this
instance.
Ans.
a=80m/s2
x,y=(42.7,16)

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11.2.1 Motion of Projectile
The free flight motion of projectile is often studied in terms of its rectangular components.
Consider a projectile launched at point(x0,y0), with an initial velocity of v0, having

components (v0)x and (v0)y.
The only force acting on the projectile is its weight, which causes the projectile to have a
constant downward acceleration of approximately ac=g=9.81m/s2 or g=32.2ft/s2
Horizontal Motion
Since ax=0, application of the constant acceleration equations, yields
( )
( )
( ) ( )
The first and last equations indicate that the horizontal component of velocity always
remains constant during the motion.

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Vertical Motion
Since the positive y axis is directed upward, then ay=-g.
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

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Examples
Example(1):-
The chipping machine is designed to eject wood ships at v0=25ft/s as shown in the figure. If
the tube is oriented at 300 from the horizontal, determine how high h, the ships strike the pile
if at this instant they land on the pile 20ft from the tube.
Solution:-
With the origin coordinates at A, the initial velocity of the ship has components of:-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Horizontal motion.
( )
Vertical Motion
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

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Example(2):-
The track for the racing event was designed so that riders jump off the slope at 30, from the
height of 1m.During a race it was observed that the rider remained in midair for 1.5s.
Determine
1. The speed at which he was traveling off the ramp.
2.The horizontal distance he travels before striking the ground.
3.The maximum height he attains.
Solution:-
The origin of the system is established at A.
Vertical Motion
( )
( ) ( )( )
Horizontal Motion
( )
( )
To find maximum height
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )(( ) )

Lec.Rana Hashim
Example(3):-
The basketball passed through the hoop even though it barely cleared the hands of the player
B who attempted to block it. Determine the magnitude of v A of the initial velocity and the
height h of the ball when it passes over player B.
Solution:-
( )( )
Solving
( )( )
Solving

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Example(4):-
The ball at A is kicked with a speed v A=80ft/s and at an angle θ=30. Determine the point (x,-
y) where it strikes the ground. Assume the ground has a shape of a parabola as shown.
Solution:-
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
From equations (1) and (2)
( )

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Example(5):-
The catapult is used to launch a ball such that it strikes the wall of the building at the
maximum height of its trajectory. If it takes 1.5 s to travel from A to B, determine the
velocity vA at which it was launched, the angle of release θ, and the height h.
Solution:-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Divide eq(2) by eq(1)
θ
Subs in eq(1)
( )
( ) ( )( )
216.56=19.62(h-1)
h=12m

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Example(6):-
Determine the horizontal velocity vA of a tennis ball at A so that it just clears the net at B.
Also find the distance s where the ball strikes the ground.
Solution:-
Vertical Motion
For the ball to travel from A to B.
( )
( )
For the ball to travel from A to C
( )
( )
Horizontal Motion
For the ball to travel from A to B
( )
( )
For the ball to travel from A to C

( )
( )

Lec.Rana Hashim
Home Works
H.W
A projectile is lunched from point A with speed v=30m/s.
A. Find the distance R where it strikes the ground.
B. Determine the horizontal velocity at B

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11.3Relative Motion of Two Particles Using Translating Axes.
The motion of a particle with respect to a fixed frame of reference is called the absolute
motion of the particle. For example, the motion of train with respect to the platform is
termed as the absolute motion of the train.
The motion relative to a set of axes which are moving is called the relative motion. For
example, the motion of a train A with respect to another moving train B is the relative
motion of train A with respect to the train B.
A. Position
Consider particles A and B, which may have separate curvilinear motions in a given plane or
parallel planes. We will arbitrarily attach the origin of translating axes x,y to particle B and
observe the motion of A from the moving position on B.
The position vector of A as measured relative to the frame x,y is
The absolute position of B is defined by the vector rB, measured from the origin of fixed
axes X,Y.
The absolute position of A is seen to be determined by the vector

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B.Velocity
An equation that relates the velocities of the particle is
C. Acceleration
The time derivative of velocity equation yields a similar vector relation between the Absolut
and relative accelerations of particles A and B.

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Examples
Example(1):-
A train travels at a constant speed of 60mi/h and crosses over a road as shown in figure. If
the automobile A is travelling at 45mi/h along the road, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the train relative to the automobile.
Solution:-
( )
( )
The magnitude of vT/A
√ ( )
The direction of VT/A

Lec.Rana Hashim
Example(2):-
Passengers in the jet transport A flying east at speed of 800km/h observe a second jet plane
B that passes under the transport in horizontal flight. Although the nose of B is pointed in the
45 in the northeast, plane B appears to the passengers in A to be moving away from the
transport at the 60 angle .determine the true velocity of B.
Solution:-
The moving reference axes x,y are attached to A, from which
the relative observation are made.
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
(i terms)
(j terms)
Solving simultaneously

Lec.Rana Hashim
Example(3)
At the instant shown in figure cars A and B are traveling with speed of 18m/s and 12m/s,
respectively. Also at this instant, A has a decrease in speed of 2m/s2, and B has an increase
in speed of 3m/s2. Determine the velocity and acceleration of B with respect to A.
Solution:-
Velocity
( ) ( )
( )
√
( )
( )
Acceleration
Car B has both tangential and normal components of
acceleration
( )
( ) ( )
( )

Lec.Rana Hashim
Example(4)
Plane A in figure is flying along a straight line path, whereas plane B is flying along a
determine the velocity and acceleration of B as measured by the pilot of A.
Solution:-
Velocity
vB/A=100 km/h
Acceleration
Plane B has both tangential and normal
components of acceleration.
( )
( )
The magnitude and direction


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First Class Highway and Transport.

The displacement Δr represents the change in the particle position.

187 ‫رنا هاشن‬.‫م‬

The instantaneous velocity is determined by letting

The direction of Δr approaches the tangent of the curve .

The direction of v is also tangent to the curve.

If the particle has a velocity v at time t and a velocity ́

The average acceleration during the time interval Δt is

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To obtain the instantaneous acceleration , let

The Δv will approach the tangent to the hodograph.

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The velocity has a magnitude that is found from

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The acceleration has a magnitude

And a direction specified by the unit vector

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When t=2s the magnitude of velocity is

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2.The velocity of a particle is given by

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Consider a projectile launched at point(x0,y0), with an initial velocity of v0, having

Since ax=0, application of the constant acceleration equations, yields

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1. The speed at which he was traveling off the ramp.

2.The horizontal distance he travels before striking the ground.

3.The maximum height he attains.

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From equations (1) and (2)

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For the ball to travel from A to C

For the ball to travel from A to C

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A. Find the distance R where it strikes the ground.

B. Determine the horizontal velocity at B

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The position vector of A as measured relative to the frame x,y is

The absolute position of A is seen to be determined by the vector

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The direction of VT/A

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