SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Application of Scientific Knowledge for people

OBJECTIVES SOCIETY
At the end of the discussion, we must be able to answer the following questions Group of people who uses technology and who are studying Science
• How do we define Science? Technology? Society?
2. HOW DO THEY INTERACT?
• How do Science, Technology, and Society interact with each other or how are they related?

• What is Science, Technology and Society (STS)?

• What are the historical antecedents that changed the course of Science and Technology in the:

• World (Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages)

• Philippines

SCIENCE

• Came from the Latin word "Scientia" – which means Knowledge

• A system of acquiring knowledge based on the Scientific Method

• As a process used to solve problems or develop an understanding of nature that involves testing
possible answers.

• An organized, systematic, and methodological activity of building and organizing knowledge about Science drives technology by making new technology possible through scientific breakthroughs.
how the universe behaves through observation or experimentation or both.

• As a discovery of regularity in nature, enough for natural phenomena to be described by principles

and laws.

• Tries to discover facts and relationships, and then tries to create theories that makes sense of these
facts and relationships.

1. HOW DO WE DEFINE...SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY

Engineers focus on using science to develop products.
TECHNOLOGY

• It refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used
for practical purposes.

SOCIETY

• Came from Latin word "Societas" which means "a friendly association with others".

• A large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do
things and sharing the work that needs to be done.

• A grouping of individuals, which is characterized by common interest and may have distinctive
culture and institution.

1. HOW DO WE DEFINE...

SCIENCE

Process of acquiring Scientific Knowledge

TECHNOLOGY
3. What is Science, Technology & Society (STS)? Lecture 2- Historical Antecedents in the World of Science and
Technology
Science, Technology & Society (STS) - is a relatively young field that combines previously independent
and older disciplines, such as History of Science, Philosophy of Science, and Sociology of Science. 01 Science and Technology in the Ancient World

- Applies methods drawn from history, philosophy and sociology to study the nature of science and Pre-historic Science
technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society.
The primitive man must have:
- Seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive culture- humanities and natural sciences-
so that human will be able to better confront the moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas brought by • conceived that the earth is flat and limitless.
the continued developments in science and technology.
•observed the changing of the seasons in connection to the shifting of the sun.
- is the study of how social, political and cultural values affect scientific research and technological
•recognized the fundamental distinction between living and non-living things.
innovation, and how these in turn affect society, politics and culture.
• practiced instinctive therapeutics.

Stone Age

• The Stone Age marks a period of prehistory in which humans used

primitive stone tools.

•Stone Age humans were hunter-gatherers who lived in small, nomadic

groups.

4. What are the historical antecedents that changed the course of Science & Technology? Neanderthals (70 000 BCE) Cro-Magnons (35 000 BCE)
✓ stone tools
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, From Hunters to Settlers: Transition from
nomadic hunter-gatherers to agrarian
A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.- Marcus Garver communities
THOSE WHO DO NOT LEARN FROM HISTORY ARE DOOMED TO REPEAT IT. George Sankyond ✔hafting (head and haft)
ANTECEDENTS

It is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something.

Oldowan Tools
• Antecedents of science and technology are factors that paved way for the presence of advanced and
sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today.

•We can use the historical developments of science and technology to come up with proper decisions
Hated stone tools
and applications of science and technology to daily life.

The Neolithic Revolution (c. 15 000 BCE)

From Hunters to Settlers: Transition from nomadic hunter-gatherers to agrarian communities

Antecedents ANCIENT PERIOD

ANCIENT PERIOD

• Ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology.

• These advances during the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of
communication, transportation, self-organization and ways of living.
 Irrigation and Dikes Farming Implements

Babylonian Civilization (c. 2300 BCE)

Mesopotamia
✓ Astronomy and Astrology ✓ Mathematics
✓formed from the ancient words meso and potamos ✓ Cartography ✓Jewelry-making ✓ Calendar system
✓ situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers Babylonian Astronomy and Astrology
✓ Tigris and Euphrates Rivers provided freshwater necessary for ✓ Babylonian astronomy represented the melding of science and religion.
agricultural production.
✔Babylonian astrology consisted of making temporal predictions and decisions based on the
Sumerian Civilization (c. 4100 - 1750 BCE) movements of the celestial bodies.
✓explored the practice of the scientific hypothesis

✓engaged in technological innovation

✓created the earliest written language

✓developed mathematics, astronomy and astrology

✓fashioned the concept of time

(Babylonian zodiac) Babylonian Map of the World (c.2300 BCE)

(Ancient Sumerian City) (Wheel) ( Sail) (Cuneiform)

(Ancient Babylonian Number System) (Babylonian lunisolar calendar)
Sumerians' most important inventions: Wheel, Sail and Writing
Ancient Egyptian Science and Technology
✓The wheel is developed from a need to make better pottery in less time. The potter's wheel was
then adapted to create carts and chariots for transporting goods and for travelling. ✔Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River.

✓ The invention of the sail which most likely began simply through the observation of the wind's ✔Egyptians built grand monuments and temples.
effect on a piece of cloth.
✔They made advances in engineering, architecture, agriculture, medicine, astronomy and even in art
✓ Cuneiform - a system of writing first developed by the Sumerians. It utilized word pictures carved and literature.
on clay.
 CHAPTER 1 : GENERAL CONCEPTYS AND STSHISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 1400 AD)

•ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA (discoveries about agriculture and writing system)

•The high priests of Sumerian scrutinized the stars and vast records of such endeavors were
inscribe on tablets that were made of clay (4000 BC)

(Map of Ancient Egypt) (1) (2) (a) (b) THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICED IN ANCIENT GREECE

1. (Hieroglyphics-Egyptian writing system -Hieroglyphics used pictograms and alphabet-like • Ancient Greeks made many advancements in science and technology
characters that stood for certain sounds. SOME INVENTIONS:
2. a. Papyrus Plant b. Papyrus Scroll - Egyptians had developed durable sheets of writing material Watermill Central Heating
from the papyrus plant.
Crane Central Heating

Alarm clock Archimedes’ Screw

Ancient Egyptian handheld mirrors Depiction of Ancient Egyptian Toothbrush

THALES OF MILETUS

• One of the first Greek mathematicians who was really enamored with the stars.

• Greek Philosophers made Athens their center of learning.

ARCHIMEDES
Temple of Luxor Great Pyramids of Gaza
• Who was able to detect the characteristics of liquids, such as fluids.
Egyptian Astronomy – for spiritual and practical purposes
ERATOSTHENES

• Tinkered with the Earth’s breadth and width

THE ONSET OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ASIA

•The development of science happened at a different pace in China.

•Chinese were able to invent gunpowder, and in quick succession.

’
INVENTIONS
Star Clock Merkhet human mummy
•Fireworks, rockets, metals, and guns
•Medicine in ancient Egypt was intimately tied to magic.
•First seismograph and first compass
•Best-known works dealing with medical issues: a) Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE)
•Able to observe the passage of supernova
b) Edwin Smith Papyrus (c. 1600 BCE) c) London Medical Papyrus (c. 1629 BCE)

•The Egyptians also practiced embalming, called mummification.

INDIAN INVENTIONS Johannes Kepler

• Spinning wheel • Farming techniques • Observed the elliptical orbits of Mars

USHERING IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAM Galileo Galilei – 1610

• Identified around four moons of the planet Jupiter

• 750 AD, the capital the Islamic Caliphate was moved from Damascus to Baghdad.
Dutchman Christian Huygens
•The Caliph founded the so-called House of Wisdom.
• Pendulum and soon built the first pendulum clock in 1657

Francis Bacon
PHILOSOPHERS AND CONTRIBUTIONS
• Use of scientific method
• JABIR IBN HAYYAN - father of early chemistry.
Robert Boyles
• AL-KHWARIZMI - one of the father of algebra.
• Air pump
• AL-ZAHRAWI - father of surgery.
Isaac Newton
• AL-RAZI - father of pediatrics.
• Theories of light • Law of gravity and motion • Calculus
• IBN SINA - one of the greatest medical scholars in history. THE AGE OF MICRO-BEINGS
•JABIR IBN AFLAH - promoter of trigonometry in Europe. • 1600- New technological developments
• IBN KHALDUN - father of modern sociology, historiography, demography, and economics. • Dutch Makers of eyeglass produced the first microscope

Robert Hooke

THE GREAT SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OF 1400 TO 1700 AD • Complex structure of Small Insects
• Golden Age of the Philippines of the Islamic Period Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - Dutchman

THE DANGERS OF THE TIMES • single cells like bacteria

• Earth was at the epicenter of all heavenly objects Jan Swammerdam - Dutchman

• Different stages in the development of an Insects were not separate animals but were just one

Jan Ray - Englishman biologist

• Plant Species

THE DAWN OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

• MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS dealing with limits and related theories, such as differentiation, integration,
measures, infinite series, and analytic functions.

• The new discoveries were quite important as they laid a stable foundation and basis for the rise of modern
scientific disciplines, such as astronomy, chemistry, physics, and biology.

•The best achievement of the century belonged toNewton.

• The laws of motion and gravity

THE EXPANSION OF SCIENTIFIC HORIZONS (1700-1800)

ISAAC NEWTON
Nicolaus Copernicus - 1532
•Just publicized his mind-boggling laws of motion and gravity
• Sun was at the center of the solar system
 THE FIELD OF EARTH SCIENCES

.BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

• Was able to show how big-scale oceans currents flowed at the bottom of the sea with his
inquires of the Gulf Stream

GEORGE HADLEY

• English Amateur Meteorologist Expounded a paper the impact of the trade wind in
relation to the rotation of the globe

NEVIL MASKELYNE

• Took advantage of Newton’s idea by taking measurements of the gravitational pull of a

mountain in Scotland

JAMES HUTTON
MORE DISCOVERIES (early 18th Century)
• Engrossed in Geology
STEPHEN HALES
THE BASIS OF LIFE
• An Englishman • Discovered a root pressure(rising a sap with in plants)
GEORGE OF LOUIS LECLERC
• Invented a through for collecting gases
• French naturalist and mathematician
DANIEL BERNOULLI
• The one who pioneered the creation of theory of revolution
• Swiss mathematician who was primarily responsible for Bernoulli Principle which stated
as “The Pressure of a Fluid When it is Moving” CHRISTIAN SPRENGEL

JOSEPH BLACK (1754) • German Theologian

• Scottish Chemist • Spent most of his time delving into the complex relationship between plants and insects

• Produce an amazing doctoral thesis about Calcium carbonate degeneration and the
extraction of CO2.

HENRY CAVENDISH

• Made an important contribution to the field illustrating that the water was made of two
parts of hydrogen to one of oxygen

DUTCHMAN JAN INGENHOUSZ

• Demonstrated how green plants emitted oxygen under the sun and carbon dioxide in the THOMAS MALTHUS
dark
• Englishman
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
•Emphasized this predicament with his essay entitled “The Principle of Population”
• Explained that many elements including carbon and phosphorus could burn by combining
ALESSANDRO VOLTA
with oxygen to form what is now termed as oxide
•Italian Physicist
(Late 18th Century)
• Made big strides with the iconic invention of the electric battery
JOSEPH PROUST
WILLIAM WHEWELL
• French Chemist, made an important discovery by figuring out that chemical elements
most of the time, merged in exact share •He suggested a name for this man of science: SCIENTIST
 A HUNDRED YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT(1800-1900) MARIE CURIE

DANISH HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED • Twice Nobel Prize Winner • Was able to separate polonium from radium

• Who established a connection between electricity and magnetism RELICS FROM THE PAST

MICHAEL FARADAY MARY ANNING

• Invented the world’s first electric motor ✓ Presented a substantial of fossils of extinct animals
SCOTTISH JAMES CLERK MAXWELL RICHARD OWEN
• Made some calculations to solve the complex mathematics of electromagnetism ✓ Use of the word “dinosaurs”
INVISIBILITY MATTERS LOUIS AGASSIZ
WILLIAM HERSCHEL ✓ Forwarded the view that big parts of the planet were once covered with impregnable ice
• German Astronomer ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT
WILHELM RONTGEN
✓ Connections inherent in nature, founded the study of ecology
• Discovered the soon to be famous x-rays in his experiments in Germany.
ALFRED RUSSELWALLACE and CHARLES DARWIN
THOMAS YOUNG
✓Idea on the process of evolution by means of natural selection
• British Physician • Discovering wave like interference in his studies
THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY.
CHRISTIAN DOPPLER
GREGOR MENDEL
• Austrian Physicist • Made the famous “Doppler Effect”
✓Ultimate function of genetics
HIPPOLYTE FIZEAU and LEON FOUCAULT
LORD KELVIN
• French Physicist • He is able to measure the speed of the light
“There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more
precise measurement”

CHEMICAL REACTION a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-1945)
another.
✓19th Century changed the fundamental views of many scientists.
JOHN DALTON
✓20th Century a new way working at matter, time, and space was about to begin.
• British meteorologist • Focusing on the potential use of atomic weights for veteran chemist
A NEW-LOOK PHYSICS
SWEDISH JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS
✓In early 1900, Max Planck made an important discovery about electromagnetism
• Contributed to the growing knowledge on the field by making a full list of atomic weights
✓Albert Einstein presented his fundamental paper on special relativity
LOUIS PASTEUR
✓After studying the consequences of general relativity
• Illustrated in Paris that the spontaneous generation of life could not be done
✓Idea of an absolute time and space
AUGUST KEKULE
WAVE PARTICLE DILEMMA
• German chemist • Discovered the structure of Benzene Molecule
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON
DMITRI MENDELEEV

• Russian Chemist • Was able to solve the problem of the Periodic Table of the Elements. ✓First to discover the electron
AUSTRIAN ERWIN SCHRODINGER JAMES WATSON and BRITON FRANCIS

✓Made an array of equations ✓American Molecular Biologists

WERNER HEISENBERG ✓Made a scientific contribution to dissect the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA
✓Illustrated that there was a probable uncertainly to the values of place and momentum
LYNN MARGULIS
HARNESSING THE ATOM
✓American Biologist
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
✓Expounded the theory that organisms absorbed each other and continued with their
✓First to illustrate atom existence
LINUS PAULING MICHAEL SYVANEN
✓Took advantage of the picture of an atom ✓American Microbiologist
JOHN ROBERT OPPENHEIMER
✓Was able to illustrate how genes could have the ability to transfer from one species to
✓Lead the Manhattan project another

NEW CONCEPT OF THE UNIVERSE (LATE 20TH CENTURY)

In the early 20th Century, the nebulae were just believe to the distant clouds of gas within CRAIG VENTER
our very own galaxy
✓Created artificial life by carefully outlining its DNA on his computer
EDWIN HUBBLE
IAN WILMUT
✓Nebulae were in reality distant galaxies ✓The universe was expanding in all directions
✓With his colleagues after countless failures finally succeeded in the cloning of a sheep.
GEORGE LEMAITURE
THE NATURE OF PARTICLES
✓ “primeval atom” RICHARD FEYNMAN
FRITZ ZWICKY
✓Concluded that quantum interactions happened in terms of exchange of “virtual”
✓ “dark matter” particles

SUBSTANTIAL DISCOVERIES (1945 to Present) PAUL DIRAC

✓20th Century a variety of technology such as telescope, exploded into the scene and burst
into all fields of sciences
✓1940’s first computers and the new science of artificial intelligence was born
✓Invention of powerful and efficient microscopes
✓21th Century science has become an interdisciplinary activity.
THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
HAROLD UREY And STANLEY MILLER
✓Was able to correctly predict the existence of anti matter
SHELDON GLASHOW
✓Merged electromagnetism with the weak nuclear force and transformed it into one
“electro-weak” theory.
HUGH EVERETT III
✓Made a unique proposal that there might be a mathematical basis for concluding that
there could be the real existence of more than one universe

✓American Chemist

✓Conducted an experiment to know whether life on earth started when chemical reactions
were sparked by lightning
 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES COLONIAL PERIOD

COLONIZATION BY THE SPANIARDS provided the Philippines with modern means of

construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using some of the
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD engineering skills and tools brough by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish government developed
health and educational systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class.
Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even
before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands,

➢ Early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines.
➢ Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented.
➢ Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation, whether
terrestrial or maritime.

SPANISH ERA

• It was during the Spanish era; it started the formal learning

in Science and Technology in the Philippines.
•There were schools for boys and girls created.
•The Spaniards introduced the idea of subjects.
•Most of the school then focuses on understanding different
concepts related to the: Human body, Plants, Animals, and
Heavenly bodies
•The Catholic Orders introduced formal colleges and
universities through Medicine and advanced science.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built
•Catholic Religion teachings.
rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the
mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the
•The trading system during the Spanish era has brought
forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The rice terraces of an elaborate
additional technology and development in the Philippines.
farming system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the innovative and
Ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, and Technology.
ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.

• Scientific knowledge is practiced in the way •Some Filipino students who were able to study in Europe
they plant their crops. lead to the advancement of Medicine, Engineering, Arts,
•They are taking care of animals to help them Music, and literature.
in their daily tasks of food production.
EDUCATION IN THE 19th CENTURY
• Climate interpretation
• 1893 Spanish Government issued a significant royal decree that enacted to reformed the
• The concept of a month is composed of days.
educational system in the Philippines.

•The decree contained provisions of establishment of a complete system of Elementary,

Secondary and Collegiate schools, Teacher training schools and even called for the Spanish
Technology Government supervision of these tools.
•building houses
• irrigations University of Santo Tomas(UST)
• the instrument for planting, hunting, cooking,
and fishing ➢It was established by Fray Miguel De Binavidez in 1611.
•weapons as a defense for war Notable among the graduates of UST
the use of soil for planting purpose
• medicinal uses of plants • Leon Maria Guerrero –extensive study on different varies of Philippines medicinal
•Waterways transportation Land plants and their potential uses.
transportation
“FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY”
 •Many decrees were promulgate in Spain calling for the establishment School System in the HIGHER EDUCATION IN THEFIRST REPUBLIC
colony but these were not successfully put into effect. In general, the thrust of education under the
Spanish Government was geared mainly towards the spread of the Catholic faith. • Because of the violence brought about by the Philippine revolution, many schools in the
country were closed.
Schools that provided higher education set up by different religious orders in urban centers,
most of them in Manila. • On August 29, 1898, the Secretary of the Interior ordered provincial governors to
reestablish the schools that had been left abandoned before the outbreak of hostilities.
• Colegio de San Ildefonso(1595) CEBU CITY
• (1898-1901), The government took measures to put a secular educational system. And by
•Colegio de San Ignacio(1595) MANILA a decree on October 19, 1898 it decided to create Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a
secular, state-supported educational institution of higher learning.
•Colegio de San Jose(1601) MANILA
It offered science courses:
•Ateneo de Manila(1859) MANILA
• Medicine • Surgery • Pharmacy • Study of Law
•Colegio de San Juan de Letran(1640) MANILA
Many faculties and students transferred from UST.
SUEZ CANAL
HIGHER EDUCATION IN AMERICAN PERIOD
It’s opening signaled opportunities for Filipinos to study abroad.
• American introduce secularized public school system.
Here are some Filipino who studied abroad:
• 1901, the Philippine commission created a Department of Public Institution (Act No. 74)
•Jose Rizal • Marcelo del Pilar
• Free primary education to Filipinos and with English as the medium of instruction.
•Antonio Luna •Juan Luna
• Established the Phil. Normal University (1901)
• Graciano Lopez Jaena •Pedro Paterno
• 1902, establishment of secondary schools. (TNHS)
•Mariano Ponce •Isabelo de los Reyes
• 1905, Philippine Medical school, followed by the other professional and technical
and many more Filipinos. educational institution
AMERICAN ERA University of the Philippines(UP)
The AMERICAN OCCUPATION modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They • Established in June 18, 1908
established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing
development in the field of science and technology. Science during the American period was inclined • The American educational policy in the Philippines was designed primarily for the country
towards agriculture, food processing, medicine and pharmacy. Moreover, they established public to obtain and likewise, develop high-literate, civic-minded individuals and to provide an
educational system and improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people. unlimited pool of Filipino professionals who would have the capacity to occupy various
positions in the colonial bureaucracy as teachers, lawyers, physicians, scientists and
•The Americans pioneered the discovery of engineers.
minerals in the country.
• In 1903, the Philippine Commission, in an unprecedented move, approved an education
package to finance the scholarship of 125 young Filipino students for them to study in the US
•Transportation and communication systems to be educated as teachers, engineers, and physicians. These students were later called
were improved. pensionados. They were obliged to render public service for 5 years after their return from
their studies.

•In this era, the teaching of basic and Science
Education is about nature studies and
sanitation. These lead to the introduction of
the terminology "Science."
•The Americans conducted researches about
how to control malaria, cholera, and
tuberculosis, and other tropical diseases.
• Private schools were established during the American period not only to meet the
increasing demand for professional education but also to serve as means to conserve the
National heritage and patrimony, as well as to prevent the complete Americanization of the
Filipinos and, thus, "for the purpose of providing enlightenment to the masses and the same
time to keep intact and conserve Filipino ideals
 • In just a short period of time, the number of private colleges increased rapidly during the
American regime.
• The private schools in the aggregate are "big business" and they supplement the public
educational system by providing facilities which thus far the government has not had the
funds to supply.
POST-COLONIALPERIOD
• During 1970's the government's role in supporting scientific research and invention was
acknowledged.
• Science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was
highlighted.
• One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was
FORMER PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS. Under his term, many agencies in science and
technology were established and strengthened.
•One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former
president Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in science and technology were
established and strengthened, including the Philippines.
•The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST); and the reconstituted National Science and Technology Authority
(originally established in 1958 as the National Science and Development Board and now the
Department of Science and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that key to nation
building is the continued development of science and technology. The progress in science
and technology continued even after his presidency which left a legacy in this particular field.
DOST (Department of Science and Technology)
- a government agency tasked with overseeing and managing national technology
development and acquisition, undertaking. technological and scientific research and promoting public
consciousness of science and technology.
DR. RENATO U. SOLIDUM Jr.
•Undersecretary for DRR/CCA, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and Officer-
In-Charge, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
•is a geologist having obtained a BS Geology degree from the University of the Philippines.
He finished his M.Sc. in Geological Sciences from the University of Illinois at Chicago and his Ph.D. in
Earth Sciences from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. University of California, San Diego. He has
worked with the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) since 1984 and became
its Director in 2003 up to February 2017.
EXISTING PROGRAMS SUPPORTED BY THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT THROUGH THE DOST:
•Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology.
•Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and
technology.
•Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young Filipinos
in the field of science and technology.
Multi-voltage solar power Generator Solar power cart
• Creating and developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe
and industry partnerships.
• Balik-Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines.
• The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the
University of the Philippines (Diliman Campus).
OTHER FIELDS/AREAS THAT NEEDS VARIOUS RESEARCHES AND PROJECTS
➢ Use of alternative and safe energy
➢ Harnessing mineral resources
➢ Finding cure for various disease and illness
➢ Climate change and global warming
 LOCAL AND FOREIGN INVENTIONS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
Modern technologies
Local invention
Diosdado Banatao
developed the first single-chip graphical user interface (GUI)
accelerator that made computers work much faster.
Eco-G Nano Technology
a low-cost and low-maintenance fuel-emission reduction device. It is designed to reduce
vehicular gas consumption and toxic emission.
SPORTS
SPIKE
a volleyball technique developed by Filipino players in the first half of the 20th century and
was known as the "Manila Bomb"
MARTIAL ARTS
are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-
defense; military and law enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual
development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage
Swords and bladed weapons
PANABAS
is a large, forward-curved sword, used by certain ethnic groups in the southern Philippines.
Its length varied from two to four feet, and was either wielded with one hand or with both.
KAMPILAN
is a type of single-edged long sword, used on the islands of Mindanao, Visayas, and Luzon.
The kampilan has a distinct profile, with the tapered blade being much broader and thinner at the point
than at its base, sometimes with a protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip and a bifurcated hilt
which is believed to represent a mythical creature's open mouth.
Jeepney
Jeepneys are the king of the Philippine roads. It was a created by Filipinos from the US
military jeeps after the Americans left the country after the war. These surplus jeeps are stripped down
and made longer to accommodate several passengers at the back. Metal roofs provide shade to the
passengers while colorful decorations adorn it inside and out. It provided affordable transportation
that can move about the bumpy roads that paved post-war Philippines.
Patis
Patis (fish sauce) has been around for less than 100 years. It was discovered by Aling Tentay,
also known as Ruperta David after the Japanese occupation. Aling Tentay used the juice of fish
fragments from the dried fish they sell in the market. After some modifications, patis was invented. It
was registered in 1949 as a product of Tentay Food and Sauces. Its pungent saltiness has become the
basis of Vietnamese and Thai fish sauce, which they consume and incorporate in their menus.
Karaoke
The musical inclination of Pinoys has spurred Roberto del Rosario to invent the karaoke sing-
along system. Karaoke is actually a Japanese term which means to sing along to a popular record with
its original vocals removed. His sing along system was a compact audio device that had a microphone,
an amplifier speaker, cassette tape mechanisms, a microphone mixer that had features that enhanced
voice, and an optional radio tuner. This machine was originally designed as a teaching device for
students enrolled in voice lessons.
Yo-yo
The word yo-yo is an Ilocano word which means "come back". It was a weapon that had been
used by natives for 400 years. However, the lethal version was large and had sharp edges and studs. It
was also attached to thick 20-feet long ropes for flinging at enemies or prey. The modern version was
designed by a law undergraduate named, Pedro Flores. It was made of lighter materials (wood and
cotton stings) and was mass produced in the United States.
Foreign inventions
Internet
sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks -- a network
of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any
other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).
Use of fire
Fire is one of the four classical elements and has been used by humans in rituals, in
agriculture for clearing land, for cooking, generating heat and light, for signaling, propulsion purposes,
smelting, forging, incineration of waste, cremation, and as a weapon or mode of destruction.
Batteries
is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections for powering electrical devices.
Nails
It's unknown when exactly nails were invented. With that said, archeologists have found nails
in Egypt dating back to around 3,400 B.C. Made of all bronze, they featured the same characteristic
shape and design as those manufactured today.
Magnifying glass
is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually
mounted in a frame with a handle. A magnifying glass can be used to focus light, such as to concentrate
the sun's radiation to create a hot spot at the focus for fire starting.
Contraceptives
is the use of medicines, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy.
Light bulb
 produces light from electricity. In addition to lighting a dark space, they can be used to show Module 01: Tripartite Composition of the Self
an electronic device is on, to direct traffic, for heat, and for many other purposes.
“SELF”
Refrigerator
“I think therefore I am" – Rene Decartes
refrigerator is to keep food cold. Cold temperatures help food stay fresh longer. The basic
idea behind refrigeration is to slow down the activity of bacte- ria (which all food contains) so that it Which means that a rational thinking person and being self conscious is the
takes longer for the bacteria to spoil the food. proof that there is a self.

X-ray 01 Thinking

are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light. Unlike light, however, x-rays
have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body. Medical x-rays are used to
generate images of tissues and structures inside the body.
Vaccines
Dr Edward Jenner created the world's first successful vaccine. He found out that people
infected with cowpox were immune to smallpox. In May 1796, English physician Edward Jenner
expands on this discovery and inoculates 8-year-old James Phipps with matter collected from a cowpox
sore on the hand of a milkmaid.
Thinking is a mental process of being conscious. This involves our thoughts, your wish, your
aspirations. Basically anything that passes through your mind is THINKING.
Daniel Kahneman’s
Two Thinking System
Daniel Kahneman is an Israeli American psychologist, winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economic
Sciences. His work with Amos Tversky was pioneer in the integration of insights from psychological
research into economic science, especially in relation to human judgment and decision-making under
uncertainty. His fields of expertise are cognitive psychology, judgment and decision-making,
behavioral economics, and hedonic psychology.

WEALTH IS THE ABILITY TO FULLY EXPERIENCE LIFE. -Henry David Thoreau

System One

Preparedness to perceived

System Two

When we make difficult choice

FACTS! (C.) School engagement

➢ The brain is not divided into two. (D.) And feelings of attachment to parents and friends
➢ System one and System two work in tandem, not as separate entities.
➢ Both systems can be biased and can make mistakes – neither one is categorically “good” or 3.Behavior
”bad”
An organism’s activities in response to external or internal stimuli, including objectively
Cognitive bias observable activities, introspectively observable activities (see covert behavior).

Tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner. Interconnectedness among the three components of the self

Selective Abstraction 1→ Activating Events------→ Something happens

Here the person focuses only on certain details and ignores the other details. 2→Beliefs--------------------→The situation is interpreted

Dichotomous thinking 3→Emotion-----------------→A feeling occurs as a result of the thought

Here the thinking is either or type. That is, the things are completely good or completely 4-→Behavior---------------→An action in response of the emotion
bad.

Over generalization

This refers to arriving at a conclusion on the basis of very little information.

Magnification

This refers to the overestimation of a single event than the actual.

Minimization

Minimizing value of some event that what it actually is.

Arbitrary inference

Drawing conclusions that have no evidence.

02 Emotion
LOOK AT THE WORD RESPONSIBILITY – “Response-ability” – THE ABILITY TO CHOOSE YOUR
A conscious mental reaction (such as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong RESPONSE. —Stephen Covey
feeling.

Emotion Regulation

Emotion regulation may be broadly defined as the way in which a person uses emotional experiences
to provide for adaptive functioning. (Thompson, 1994)

Skills necessary for effective Emotion Regulation

➢ Awareness of one’s emotional state,

➢ The capacity to detect emotions in other people;
➢ and the ability to emphasize with other’s emotional state (Saarni, 1990; cited in
Underwood, 1997)

Indicators for Adaptive Emotion Regulation

(A.) A high self-esteem

(B.) Social Competence

 Module 02: Bio-Ecological Perspective 2. PEERS
• Peer acceptance
URIE BRONFRENBRENNER
• Pro-social values
• American & Developmental Psychologist 3. SCHOOL
• Formulated the Ecological Systems Theory • Supportive teachers
• His theory focuses on the quality and context of the child's environment • Academic sources

Ecological System Theory A high-risk ecology

1. FAMILY
• Insecure bond
• Inconsistent discipline
2. PEERS
• Peer conflict
• Antisocial values
3. SCHOOL
• Conflict teachers
• Academic failure

MESOSYSTEM

CONNECTIONS

It proposes that children don’t develop only by influence from their close familial
environment – surrounding environments are influential on the development of the child as well.

EXOSYSTEM

INDIRECT ENVIRONMENT

Environment that do not directly interact with the child, but nonetheless have an important
MICROSYSTEM influence on the child’s development.

Immediate Environment MACROSYSTEM

1. The microsystem essentially are the things that are in the child’s immediate surroundings and SOCIAL AND CULTURAL VALUES
connection.
2. How these groups or individuals interact with the children will affect how they grow. The macrosystem is the largest and most distant collection of people and places to the
children that still have significant influences on them.

CHRONOSYSTEM

CHANGES OVER TIME

The chronosystem is made up of the environmental events and transitions over the life course.

EVERY CHILD NEEDS AT LEAST ONE ADULT WHO IS IRRATIONALLY CRAZY ABOUT HIM OR HER!

A healthy ecology

1. FAMILY
• Bonded to caregivers
• Positive discipline
 Module 03: Socio-Anthropological Perspective of the Self LOOKING GLASS SELF

SOCIALIZATION Charles Horton Cooley

Socialization is the means by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to • American Sociologist, the founding member of the American Sociological Association in
perform as a functioning member of their society. 1905.
• Best known for his concept of “looking-glass self”.
Within socialization, a person develops a sense of self
LOOKING GLASS SELF
SELF-CONCEPT

The SELF-CONCEPT is the sum total of beliefs we each have about ourselves. How you think,
evaluate or perceived yourself.

1.The Existential Self

This is 'the most basic part of the self-scheme or self-concept; the sense of being separate
and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self' (Bee, 1992).

2. The Categorical Self

Having realized that he or she exists as a separate experiencing being, the child next becomes
aware that he or she is also an object in the world.

Recognizing oneself

Social Relationships define our self
How we think of ourselves is linked to the person we are with at the moment.
Our self-image comes from our own self-reflection and from what others think of us. The
looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe
others view them. Using social interaction as a type of “mirror”, people use the judgements they
receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.

FOUR PRIMARY GROUPS

1. Parents

2. Siblings

3. Play Groups

4. Elders

SELF- George Mead (1863-1931)

• An American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist.

• Mead’s central concept is the self.

1.SELF-AWARENESS
2. SELF – IMAGE
 3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF Module 4: Psychological Perspective: Psychosocial Theory

STAGE 1: The Preparatory Stage (birth –about age 2) Erik Erikson

• Children mimic or imitate those around them.
• They start to learn language.
• Incapable of taking in the perspective of others.
STAGE 2: The Play Stage (from about age 2 to six)
• Children play pretend as the specific other.
• They do not adhere to the rules in organized games.
STAGE 3: The Game Stage (from about age seven onwards)
• Children begin to understand and adhere to the rules of games.
• They start to understand the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of generalize others.
• They start to be concerned about the opinions of others that is why they start to act based
on the expectations of society.
• German born psychoanalyst and developmental
psychologist
• Believed that humans' personalities continued to develop
past the age of five.
• During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive
or negative outcome for personality development.
• For Erickson, these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological
needs of the individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e., social).
• According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality
and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego
can use to resolve subsequent crises.
• Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further
stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self.
Psychosocial Theory

2 PHASES OF SELF • Theory is focused on social and psychological development in the different life stages

• ME - The social self EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE

• Personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial

Me is myself and how others see me. Me receives the action.
• I - Our response to the “Me”
I is how you see yourself. I does the action.
development, from infancy to adulthood.
• During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive
or negative outcome for personality development.

I & ME SELF

The “I” and the “Me” has a dynamic relationship that actually forms what we call the self.

“I am not who you think I am; I am not who I think I am; I am who I think you think I am” —Charles
Horton Cooley
 Stages of Psychosocial Development
STAGES
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST
birth to 1 y/o
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME &
DOUBT
18 months to 2-3 y/o
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
3 to 5 y/o
DESCRIPTIONS
• If the care the infant receives is consistent,
predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of
trust which they will carry with them to other
relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even
when threatened.
• Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of HOPE.
• Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the
development of fear, insecurities and anxiety.
• If children are encouraged and supported in their
increased independence, they become more
confident and secure in their own ability to survive in
the world.
• If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given
the opportunity to assert themselves, this may lead to
over dependence upon others, lack self-esteem, and
feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities.
• The aim has to be “self control without a loss of self-
esteem”
• Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of WILL.
• A healthy balance between initiative and guilt is
important.
• Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of purpose,
• Central to this stage is play, as it provides children
with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal
skills through initiating activities. Children begin to
plan activities, make up games, and initiative and feel
secure in their ability to lead others and make
decisions.
• If children were always been bombarded with criticism
or control, children develop a sense of guilt. Too much
guilt can make the child slow to interact with others
and may inhibit their creativity.
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY • Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of
5 to 12 y/o competence. Failure leads to inertia.
• Too much industry and a child will develop what
Erikson called narrow virtuosity.
• Teachers, peers, and caregivers begin to take an
important role in the child’s life as they teach the child
specific skills.
• It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain
greater significance and will become a major source of
self-esteem.
• If children are encouraged and reinforced for their
initiative, they begin to feel industrious (competent)
and feel confident. If not, then the child begins to feel
inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may
not reach his or her potential.
5. IDENTITY VS. ROLE • This is a major stage of development where the child
CONFUSION has to learn the roles he will occupy as an adult. It is
12 to 18 y/o during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine
his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she
is. Erikson suggests that two identities are involved:
the sexual and the occupational.
• Erikson claims that the adolescent may feel
uncomfortable about their body for a while until they
can adapt and “grow into” the changes. Success in this
stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity.
• Fidelity involves being able to commit one's self to
others on the basis of accepting others, even when
there may be ideological differences.
• During this period, they explore possibilities and begin
to form their own identity based upon the outcome of
their explorations. Failure to establish a sense of
identity within society ("I don’t know what I want to
be when I grow up") can lead to role confusion. Role
confusion involves the individual not being sure about
themselves or their place in society.
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION • During this period, the major conflict centers on
19 to 40 y/o forming intimate, loving relationships with other
people.
• Success leads to strong relationships, while failure
results in loneliness and isolation.
• Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.
7. GENERATIVITY VS. • Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the
STAGNATION world through creating or nurturing things.
40 to 65 y/o • Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of care;
while failure to find a way to contribute, we become
stagnant and feel unproductive or rejectivity.
• We give back to society through raising our children,
being productive at work, and becoming involved in
community activities and organizations. Through

7. EGO INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
beyond 65 y/o
generativity we develop a sense of being a part of the
bigger picture.
• Success leads to feelings of usefulness and
accomplishment, while failure results in shallow
involvement in the world.
• By failing to find a way to contribute, we become
stagnant and feel unproductive. These individuals may
feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community
and with society as a whole. Success in this stage will
lead to the virtue of care.
• Ego integrity as “the acceptance of one’s one and only
life cycle as something that had to be”
• Success at this stages leads to feelings of wisdom,
while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair
or disdain.
• It is during this time that we contemplate our
accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see
ourselves as leading a successful life.
• Individuals who reflect on their life and regret not
achieving their goals will experience feelings of
bitterness and despair.
• As we grow older (65+ yrs) and become seniour
citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity and
explore life as a retired person.
• Erik Erikson believed if we see our lives as
unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we
did not accomplish our life goals, we become
dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading
to depression and hopelessness.
Chapter 4.1: Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Adler called his approach individual psychology because it expressed his belief that every
human personality is unique and invisible.
• Adler emphasized conscious thought and social determinants. Personality was shaped by
learning in a social environment.
1. Alfred Adler ( 1904 – 1990)
Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of
individual psychology.
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
1. The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority.
2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality.
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent.
4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest.
5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life.
6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power.
Inferiority
We are all born with a sense of inferiority which motivates us to improve ourselves and achieve our
SELF-IDEAL.
Let’s discuss about…
Inferiority Complex
• An excessive feelings of inferiority (overcompensation).
• According to Adler, the hallmark of an inferiority complex is that “persons are always
striving to find a situation in which they excel” (p.74). This drive is due to their
overwhelming feelings of inferiority.
Creative Power
• People’s ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality.
Superiority Complex / Striving for Superiority
• Socially nonproductive attempt to gain personal superiority.
• The superiority complex occurs when a person has the need to prove that he is more
superior than he truly is. Adler provides an example of a child with a superiority complex,
who is “impertinent and arrogant.”
• They are characterized by extreme discouragement, indecisiveness, oversensitivity,
impatience, and exaggerated emotion, especially anxiety.
3. Ruling Type
• Aggressive, dominating people who don't have much social interest or cultural perception.

Striving for Success 4. Socially-Useful Type

• People with a great deal of social interest and activity.
• Psychologically healthy people who are motivated by social interest and the success of all
humankind. Family Constellation
• “community feeling” or “social interest” • Consisted of parents, children, and any extended family members.

• Birth order in this constellation influences a person's lifestyle choices.

• Birth order refers to the order in which the children of a family were born. It was believed
that it has a significant and predictable impact on a child’s personality

First Born

• Perfectionist, Achiever, Leader, Bossy, Responsible, Motivated, Conscientious, Controlling,

Cautious Reliable
• First-born children has a traits of “a guardian of law and order.” These children have a high
amount of personal power, and they value the concept of power with reverence.

Second Born

• PEACEMAKER, MORE COMPETITIVE, WANTS TO OVERTAKE FIRST BORN, MAY BECOME

REBEL, TRY TO OUTDO EVERYONE, SUCCESSFUL, COMPETITION CAN DETERIORATE INTO
Style of Life RIVALRY
• They are usually in the shadow of their older siblings. They are incessantly “striving for
• The term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a person’s life. It includes a person’s goal, self- superiority under pressure,” driven by the existence of their older, more powerful siblings.
concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world
• Adler claimed that “it is possible to predict his future sometimes just on the basis of talking Middle Born
to him and having him answer questions”.
• ADAPTABLE • INDEPENDENT • GO-BETWEEN • PEOPLE-PLEASER

• CAN BE REBELLIOUS • FEELS LEFT OUT • PEACEMAKER • SOCIAL

Last Born

• SOCIAL, CHARMING, OUTGOING, UNCOMPLICATED, MANIPULATIVE, SEEKS ATTENTION,

SELF-CENTERED
• Youngest children operate in a constant state of inferiority. They are constantly trying to
prove themselves, due to their perceptions of inferiority relative to the rest of their family.
According to Alder, there are two types of youngest children.
1. Avoiding Type
Only Child
People who try to escape life's problems and take little part in socially constructive activity.
• CONFIDENT, CONSCIENTIOUS, RESPONSIBLE, PERFECTIONIST, CENTER OF ATTENTION,
2. Getting Type MATURE FOR THEIR AGE, SEEK APPROVAL, SENSITIVE, LEADER
• Dependent people who take rather than give. • Due to their being the sole object of their parent’s attention, the only child becomes
“dependent to a high degree, waits constantly for someone to show him the way, and
searches for support at all times”.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE o THE TOPOGRAPHICAL & STRUCTURAL MODEL

According to the American Psychological Association, psychology is the scientific study of the The Topographical Model: Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious
mind and behavior.

PSYCHODYNAMIC

states that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our
personality.

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE: SIGMUND FREUD

O INSTINCTS

o The Topographical & Structural Mode I

o Stages of Psychosexual Development

o Defense Mechanism The Structural Model: Id, Ego, and Super ego

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Id (das es) present at birth

O Sigmund Freud is a Jew born in the small town in Friensberg The Id is defined as the seat of drives and instincts. Freud considered the id to be the original
Moravia (now called Czechoslovakia). On May 6, 1856. aspect of personality, rooted in the biology of the individual.

o He was one of the eight children by his father's second wife. He
was the eldest and have a close relationship to his mother.
O Freud graduated at the top of his class and was accepted to
medical school at the age of 17. He aspired to be a medical
researcher, at the age of 26.
o He worked with highly successful Viennese neurologist Joseph Breuer.
o Catharsis - expressing feelings a 1901 - Published the Interpretation of Dreams.
INSTINCT
A measure of the demand made upon the mind for gratifying bodily needs.
Our biological instincts largely govern our behavior.
• Ego (das ich) age 2
The Structural Model: Id, Ego, and Superego ego represented the logical, reality- oriented
part of the mind. As the sole region of the mind in contact with the external world, the ego becomes
the decision-making or executive branch of personality.
• Superego (das Uber-Ich) age 5
Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and
idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the
ego.
akin to a conscience, or set of moral guidelines and prohibitions.
• A pleasure-seeking person dominated by the id

LIFE (eras) AND DEATH (thanatos)

LIFE (eras)
• A guilt-ridden or inferior- feeling person dominated by the
These instinctive urges seek to preserve life. Each of us is motivated to satisfy our hunger, Superego
thirst and sexual needs. Without food and water, we could not survive.

DEATH (thanatos)

He believed that "the goal of all life is death" (Freud, 1952b, p. 652 that human beings strive
to return to an inorganic state of balance that preceded life, in which there is no painfuL struggle to • A psychologically healthy person dominated by the ego
satisfy biological needs.
o STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVLOPMENT During the second and third years, pleasurable sensations are focused on the anal cavity: the
chief pleasures for the child involve retention or expulsion of feces
Stages of Psychosexual Development
Character Types

Anal-expulsive Personality-pleasure is obtained by expelling feces and the sadistic instinct is linked to
destruction of the object.

Anal-retentive Personality - characterized by the tendency to cope with conflicts later in life by
demonstrating an extreme sense of cleanliness and orderliness.

Anal Triad-The anal character, according to Freud, is delineated by a particular constellation of traits:
obstinacy, parsimony, and orderliness.

• Obstinacy in anal characters means that they are stubborn, defiant, and resistant to control
by others. They are also overly conscientious, rigid, fiercely independent, and doggedly
persistent in the performance of even the most trivial duties.
• Parsimony suggests that they are frugal and stingy with regard to possessions, money, and
time, all of which are not to be wasted.
• Orderliness is reflected in their need to live by routine. They are meticulous, perfectionistic,
and sticklers for precision

PHALLIC

Phallic stage During the fourth and fifth years, Freud suggested that during this stage, the
primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences
between males and females.

Character Types

Phallic Character

Oedipal complex-In males, it is a reaction to severe castration anxiety; they behave in a

ORAL reckless, resolute, and self-assured manner. Overvaluing of the penis is reflected inexcessive vanity and
exhibitionism. Such males have to prove that they are real men. One way excessive vanity and
An infant is controlled by biological impulses and is basically selfish. The focus of pleasurable exhibitionism. Such males Character Types have to prove that they are real men. One way Of doing so
sensations or "during the first pregenital stage is the mouth. is by repeated conquests of women.

Character Types
Oral Receptive Character
Such people tend to be too trusting. accepting, and gullible; they admire strength and
leadership in others but make little attempt to fend for themselves. They also tend to be rather
incompetent-most of their gratification is derived from what others do for them and not from what
they themselves accomplish and to be overly optimistic.
Electra complex - For women, the primary motive is penis envy. Consequently, they are
continuously striving for superiority over men. Such women are considered to be "castrating females."
LATENCY
Latency stage Freud postulated a latency stage, from the sixth year to puberty, during which
sexual feelings are inactive.

Oral Aggressive Character

GENITAL
They tends to envy others success and to try, using manipulative strategies, to dominate them.
With the advent of puberty, sexual tension increases dramatically. The reproductive organs
ANAL have matured, and both sexes are now capable of procreation. Previously, the aims of the sexual
instincts have been predominantly autoerotic, but now the goal is to mate with an appropriate sex
object.
Character Types RATIONALIZATION

Genital Character
The genital character Freud viewed the genital character as the ideal type. Such people are
sexually mature and capable of orgasm; their libidinal energies are no longer dammed up because they
have found appropriate love objects. Genital characters are also Character Types capable of sublimating
their id impulses by expressing them in the form of productive and creative work. The creative activities
that bring happiness differ for each individual. Some pursue happiness by refining their intellectual
skills and by seeking truth, as in the case of the scientist or university professor; others seek it through
direct action, as demonstrated by the artistic grace and agility of the ballet dancer. Thus, each person
has to find the course that is best for him or her
o DEFENSE MECHANISM
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Rationalization is the justification of behavior through the use of plausible, but inaccurate,
excuses.
DISPLACEMENT
Displacement refers to the unconscious attempt to obtain unconscious attempt to obtain
gratification for id impulses by shifting them to substitute objects if objects that would directly satisfy
the impulses are not available
SUBLIMATION
Sublimation is a form of displacement in which the unacceptable id impulses themselves are
transformed, rather than the object at which they aim. The unacceptable impulses are displaced by
ones that are socially acceptable.

In order for an individual to cope with anxiety, the ego develops defense mechanisms,
procedures that ward off anxiety and prevent our conscious and prevent our conscious perception of
it. Defense mechanisms share two features: They occur on an unconscious level so that we are not
aware of what we are doing, and they deny or distort reality so as to make it less threatening.

REPRESSION

The most basic defense mechanism. Whenever the ego is threatened by undesirable id
impulses, it protects itself by repressing those impulses; that is, it forces threatening feelings into the
unconscious. In many cases the repression is then perpetuated for a lifetime

DENIAL

Denial refers to a person's refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external reality. In

adults, the use of denial may be normal during times of extreme stress.

PROJECTION

When a person protects the ego by attributing his or her own undesirable characteristics to
others, we might infer that projection has taken place.

REACTION FORMATION

The conversion of an undesirable impulse into its opposite is known as reaction formation.

Reactive behavior can be identified by its exaggerated character and by its obsessive and
compulsive form

REGRESSION

In regression, there is a movement from mature behavior to immature behavior. That is,
when the ego is threatened, the person may revert to an earlier, more infantile form of behavior as a
means of coping with the stress.