UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM 3.
Galaxy – any of the systems of stars and interstellar
Stephan’s Quintet – compact group of galaxies, located in
the constellation Pegasus.
HOW DID THE UNIVERSE BEGIN?
universe (n.) – from Latin unus; versus, vertere;
universum, universus – from Old French univers
“The whole world, cosmos, the totality of existing things”
cosmos (n.) – Greek kosmos
➢ “order”
➢ “world”
➢ “The universe, the world”
➢ “An orderly harmonious systematic universe”
The Big Bang
➢ Edwin Hubble, 1929 – observed that all galaxies
were moving away from one another.
➢ By plotting these motions, he surmised a common
starting point and time.
➢ Expanded – creating the universe, space, time,
matter, and energy.
➢ Calculating back from the galaxies, we get a
starting point in time of 13.7 bya.
➢ Radiation Era – it is the era during Bigbang wherein
the inflationary epoch happened.
➢ Hadron epoch – It is an epoch where it is cool
enough for force to bind and form protons and
neutrons.
➢ Redshift – Edwin Hubble proposed this wherein the
farther a galaxy is away from us, the redder the
light will appear.
Main Objects in the Universe
1. Stars - any massive self-luminous celestial body of
gas that shines by radiation derived from its
internal energy sources.
2. Solar Systems – a star and other objects such as
planets and/or other stars and other materials that
orbit it.
matter that make up the universe.
TYPES OF GALAXIES
1. Spiral Galaxy – rotating disc with spiral 'arms'
2. Elliptical Galaxy – shapes that range from
completely round to oval.
3. Irregular Galaxy – don’t have a single common
shape.
True or False
✓ EARTH IS THE ONLY PLANET NOT NAMED AFTER
A GOD.
 JUPITER, THE BIGGEST PLANET IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM, IS THE DENSEST AMONG ALL THE
PLANETS. (EARTH IS THE DENSEST)
✓ SATURN HAS THE MOST MOONS AMONG ALL
THE PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
Facts About the Earth
➢ The planet is recycled.
➢ There’s uneven gravity.
➢ Coral reefs are the largest living structures.
➢ There was once a supercontinent.
➢ Trees are breathing giant.
Terrestrial Planets (4 inner planets)
1. Mercury – closest to the Sun, is a small, heavily
cratered planet with almost no atmosphere.
2. Venus – has a thick atmosphere of carbon
dioxide that captures much of the solar radiation
that reaches the planet.
3. Earth – has plate tectonics and also a strong
magnetic field caused by its rotating, molten iron
outer core. Oceans cover 71% of the planet's
surface.
4. Mars – has two 2 moons named Phobos and
Deimos. Mars lost most of its atmosphere some-
time in the past, and now it is so cold that liquid
cannot exist in large quantities in its surface.
Asteroids – a rocky fragments concentrated in an
orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
Gas Giants
1. Jupiter – the largest planet in the solar system,
consists of hydrogen and helium with a rocky
core.
2. Saturn – similar to Jupiter, but it has a beautiful
system of delicate, icy rings around the planet.
3. Uranus – has arguably the oddest moon in the
solar system.
4. Neptune – very similar in size and composition
to Uranus. Both planets are gaseous and have
blue color.
Pluto – is a tiny body with an icy surface and an unusual
orbit. Once considered to be the ninth planet.
Dwarf Planet – these are massive, round, and orbit
around the sun but haven’t cleared their orbital path.
How old is our Solar System?
➢ approximately 9 billion years after the formation
of the universe, or 4.6 billion years before the
present.
HOW WAS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM FORMED?
Solar Nebula Theory (Modern Laplacian Theory)
➢ A combination of the work of different scientists
in order to explain solar formation, planetary
formation, and planetary orbits.
➢ Answered the original Laplacian Model’s angular
momentum problem by introducing drag created
by dust particles in the protoplanetary disk.
➢ Supported by the discovery of apparently young
stars that were surrounded by disks of cool dust.
➢ Further supported by the observation of excess
infrared radiation in many stars that indicate the
presence of disks of cooler material orbiting
around those stars.
Nebular Collapse
1. Temperatures continued to increase.
2. The solar nebula spun faster and faster.
3. The solar nebula disk flattened.
Orderly motions of the solar system
➢ direct result of the solar system’s beginnings in a
spinning, flattened cloud of gas and dust.
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
1. A gravitational collapse occurs at the center of the
cloud.
2. From this collapse, pockets of dust and gas began
to collect into denser regions.
3. As the denser regions pulled in more and more
matter, conservation of momentum caused it to
begin rotating, while increasing pressure caused it
to heat up.
4. Most of the material ended up in a ball at the
center while the rest of the matter flattened out
into disk that circled around it.
➢ While the ball at the center formed the Sun, the rest
of the material would form into the protoplanetary
disc or accretion disk.
➢ The planets formed by accretion from this disc, in
which dust and gas gravitated together and
coalesced to form ever larger bodies.
6 Thing that Make Life on Earth Possible
1. Our location is far from many hazards.
2. Our sun is a stable and long-lasting star.
3. We’re at just the right distance from the sun.
4. We have the right stuff to host a dynamic core.
5. We have a big moon to stabilize our axal wobble.
6. We have an ozone layer to block harmful rays.
- aira cute