Orthomyxoviridae

Poxviridae
Presented by
Abalo | Ajos | Senanin | Tulanda
Outline
Taxonomy
Background Information
Life Cycle
Disease
Treatment & Management
Epidemiology
Orthomyxoviridae
"orthos", meaning correct or right; "myxa", meaning mucus.

Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Insthoviricetes
Order: Articulavirales
Family: Orthomyxoviridae
Orthomyxoviruses
(Influenza Virus)
single-stranded, negative-sense RNA

Influenza Type A
Influenza Type B
Influenza Type C
Shape Bouyant density
Spherical or pleomorphic 1.19 g cm^−3

Size Molecular mass

80-120 nm in diameter 2.5 x 10^8
Important Properties of Orthomyxoviruses
Two virus-encoded glycoproteins:
hemagglutinin (HA) (25%)
binds virus particles to susceptible cells
responsible for the continual evolution of new strains and subsequent influenza
epidemics
ability to agglutinate erythrocytes

neuraminidase (NA) (5%)

important in determining the subtype of influenza virus isolates.
a sialidase enzyme that removes sialic acid from glycoconjugates.
facilitates release of virus particles from infected cell surfaces during the budding
process
 Antigenetic Variation
Antigenic Drift Antigenic Shift
minor antigenetic major antigenetic
changes changes
most likely to result in an
epidemic.
Life Cycle
Orthomyxoviridae
Disease
HUMAN INFLUENZA
Human Influenza, commonly known as
flu" is a contagious respiratory
D (throat, nose, and lungs).
infection
It is caused by a group of continuously
changing viruses called influenza
viruses.
 TRANSMISSION
Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets.
Often these contaminate the hands and are
deposited on other objects.

Thus, a common infection pathway is touching

contaminated objects and nose or eyes.
 SYMPTOMS

Rapid onset of Fatigue

Muscle pain
fever

Sore throat Gastrointestinal

Runny nose
tract symptoms
 DIAGNOSIS
Viral culture
Isolation and identification of the virus
through nasopharyngeal or throat swabs
Rapid Influenza diagnostic test
(RIDT)
Detection of the presence of influenza A
and B viral nucleoprotein antigens in
respiratory specimens

Serology RT PCR
Detection and isolation of viral antigen Detection of influenza viral RNA or
in the blood specimen nucleic acids in upper respiratory tract
specimens
 Pathophysiology
Viral entry and replication primarily in
the respiratory epithelium
Other cell types, including many immune cells,
can be infected by the virus and will initiate viral
protein production

Primary mechanism
Result of lung inflammation and compromise
caused by direct viral infection of the
respiratory epithelium, combined with the
effects of lung inflammation caused by immune
responses recruited to handle the spreading
virus.
 Treatment
Anti-viral drugs Getting plenty of rest
Lots of fluid intakes
Oseltamivir phosphate Applying heat packs on
(Tamiflu®) aching muscles
Zanamivir (Relenza®) Using a spray or oral
Peramivir (Rapivap®). decongestants (e.g.
Baloxavir marboxil phenylephrine or
(Xofluza®). pseudoephedrine) on a
runny or stuffy nose
Consider pain relivers
 Management
Vaccines Avoid being around
Standard-dose flu shots other people until the
Cell-based flu shot symptoms of the flu are
Recombinant flu shot gone.
Egg-based high-dose flu Wear facemasks
shot Cover nose and mouth
Egg-based adjuvanted flu when sneezing or
shot coughing
Egg-based live Washing of hands often
attenuated flu nasal Avoid touching the face,
spray vaccine eyes, nose, and mouth
 Epidemiology
Influenza virus infections are common in people of all
ages.
Occur in the winter months in temperate locations and
at varying times of the year in subtropical and
tropical locations.
Most influenza virus infections cause mild and self-
limiting disease, and around one-half of all infections
occur with a fever.
Poxviridae
"pocks", meaning blister-like skin lesion;

Superkingdom: Viruses
Clade: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Pokkesviricetes
Order: Chitovirales
Family: Poxviridae
Poxviruses
large double-stranded DNA Virus

Shape Morphology
Ovoid or brick-shaped complex, contains 70-80
structural proteins

Genome Size Virion Size

100-300 kbp 360 x 270 x 250 nm3
Important Properties of Poxviruses
Monkeypox Virus
(MPV)
Monkeypox Virus
Family: Poxviridae
Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae
Genus: Orthopoxvirus
Species: Monkeypox
MONKEYPOX
it is a large, enveloped virus belonging to
genusDOrthopoxvirus

Clade I (Central African (Congo) Basin Clade

Clade II (West African Clade)

it is a large, enveloped virus belonging to

genus Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox Viruses
large, enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome

Shape Genome Size

bricked-shape, slightly 190 kb in length
pleomorphic

Virion Size
140-260nm (diameter)
220-450nm (length)
 Life Cycle

Source: Kmiec and Kirchhoff (2022)

Life Cycle
(1) Attachment
Life Cycle
(2) Entry
 Life Cycle
(3) Early viral gene transcription and Translation
Life Cycle
(4) DNA replication
 Life Cycle
(5) Intermediate and late transcription and translation
Life Cycle
(6) Assembly
Life Cycle
(7) Morphogenesis
 Life Cycle
(8) Envelopment by intracellular membranes
Life Cycle
(9) Budding
Monkeypox

rare disease that is common in some remote villages in tropical rain forests
present in some parts of Africa and West Africa.
acquired from people who have direct contact with wild animals
unknown reservoir host (squirrels, rabbits, and rodents can be infected)

Matt Zhang Rimberio Co.

 TRANSMISSION
Human-to-Human: Respiratory droplets,
contaminated surfaces/objects,
mucocutaneous lesions

Animal-to-Human: Bites/scratches, blood and

bodily fluids, and hunting, cooking, and
consumption of infected animals
SYMPTOMS (Marker)

Lymphadenopathy
 SYMPTOMS (Onset)

Fever Headache
Muscle aches

Fatigue
Backache
SYMPTOMS (Progression)

Exhaustion Skin lesions

 DIAGNOSIS
History

Laboratory Tests
PCR, ELISA, western blot,
immunohistochemistry

Clinical Symptoms
 Pathogenesis
Viral entry and replication in
oropharyngeal or respiratory mucosa
Replication at the site of inoculation

Incubation Stage
Primary Viremia
Secondary Viremia

Prodomal Stage
Symptoms and clinical manifestation
 Treatment
Anti-viral drugs Mild cases require no
therapy
Cidofovir (Vistide) Healthcare provider will
Tecovirimat (ST-246) monitor your condition
Vaccinia Immune and try to relieve your
Globulin Intravenous symptoms
(VIGIV) Drink water to prevent
Brincidofovir (Tembexa) dehydration
Take antibiotics to treat
secondary bacterial
infections
 Management
Vaccines Avoid contact with infected
animals (especially sick or
JYNNEOS vaccine dead animals).
ACAM2000 vaccine Thoroughly cook all foods
that contain animal meat or
parts.
Wash your hands frequently
with soap and water
Wear facemasks
Clean and disinfect
frequently touched
surfaces.
 Epidemiology
common in some remote villages in tropical rain
forests in Africa and West Africa.
As of 13 September 2022, 57,995 monkeypox virus
infections have been reported in >100 countries or
regions across all six WHO regions.
Of these, a total of 18 deaths were reported in 9
countries.