Q1:- Constitutional History of Turkey ? => Constitution of 1921 ?

Now we will explain the constitutional
history of China.
=> Constitution of 1876 ?
=> This was the first written constitution for
the Ottoman Empire, which is what Turkey
was called back then. It aimed to modernize
the government. Think of it like creating a
new set of rules for a very old game. It gave
people more rights and made the
government more organized. However, it
didn't last very long because the empire was
going through a lot of changes.
Sailent Features:-
i) More Rights:- It gave people more rights,
like freedom of speech and assembly.
Imagine it as allowing people to speak their
minds more freely.
ii) Parliament:- It created a parliament
where representatives could make decisions
for the country. Think of it like a group of
people making important choices together.
=> After World War I and a war of
independence, Turkey was born as a new
country. The 1921 constitution was like a fresh
start. It set the foundation for the new Turkish
government, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Imagine it as a brand new instruction manual
for a brand new game. It emphasized the idea
of a republic, where people have a say in how
the country is run.
Sailent Features:-
i) Republic:- It established Turkey as a
republic, which means the people have more
say in how the country is run. It's like giving
the people the power to make decisions.
ii) Leadership:- It set up a system where
leaders are chosen by the people. Imagine it
like a vote to decide who leads the country.
iii) Modernization:- It aimed to make Turkey
more modern and up-to-date, like upgrading a
computer to a new version.

iii) Empire:- It was for the Ottoman Empire,

which was the old name for Turkey. So, it
was like a rulebook for a big empire.
=> Constitution of 1924 ? This constitution
came just a few years after the 1921 one.
It was like an update to the game's rules.
It officially made Turkey a republic and
removed the Ottoman Sultanate, which
was the old way of ruling. It was a big
change, like switching from one game to a
completely different one. It also made
Turkish law more secular, meaning it
separated religion from government.
Sailent Features:-
i) Official Republic:- It officially declared
Turkey as a republic, with no more kings
or sultans. Think of it as making it clear
that the country is run by elected leaders,
not by royal families.
ii) Secular:- It separated religion from
government, so the government doesn't
favor any one religion. It's like keeping
religion and politics in separate boxes.
=> The constitution of 1982 ?
=> This is like a big book of important rules
for Turkey. It tells how the country should be
run and what people's rights are. .It was
written during a time of political turmoil
when the military wanted to bring stability. It
was approved in a referendum in 1982, where
people voted to accept it. This marked a
significant change in Turkey's government
rules.There are 177 articles in this
constitution. It was created after a military
takeover in 1980 when the military took
control of the government.
Sailent features:-
i) Strong President:- This constitution gives a
lot of power to the President, who is like the
top leader of the country. It's like making the
team captain the coach too.
ii) Secularism:- It emphasizes that Turkey is a
secular country, meaning religion and
government are separate. It's like keeping
religion and politics in separate boxes.
iii) Human Rights:- It includes rules to protect
people's basic rights, like freedom of speech
and a fair trial. Think of it as a set of
guarantees for individuals.
iv) Military Influence:- It used to have rules
allowing the military to have a say in politics,
but many of these have changed.
Constitutional Amendment process:-
Now we will explain the amendment
process of the constitution's of Turkey.
i) Changing the Rules:- If people want to
change something in this big rulebook
(the constitution), they need to follow
some steps.
ii) Proposal:- First, someone, like a
member of parliament, suggests a
change. It's like saying, "Hey, let's update
the rulebook."
iii) Parliament Vote:- Then, the
Parliament, where elected
representatives work, votes on the
change. If most of them agree, it's like
approving the update.
iv) Referendum:- If it's a big change, like
changing some fundamental rules, the
people might need to vote in a
referendum. It's like asking everyone in
the country if they want the rulebook to
be updated.
v) Special Lock:- But some parts of the
constitution, like the secularism principle,
are very hard to change. It's like having a
special lock on certain rules to protect
them.
Q2:- Turkish President election process?
=> The election process for the President of
Turkey involves these steps.
Now we will explain it step by step.
1) Qualification:- The President of Turkey must
be a Turkish citizen, at least 40 years old, and
have completed their higher education.
2) Nomination:-People who want to become
President can be nominated by political
parties or run as independent candidates.
2) Voting Age:- Citizens who are 18 or older
can vote in the election.
3) First Round:- In the first round of voting, if
one candidate gets more than 50% of the
votes, they become President. If not, the top
two candidates move to a second round.
4) Second Round (if needed):- In the second
round, the two leading candidates from the
first round compete, and the one with the
most votes becomes President.
5) Term:- The President serves a five-year
term.Election Body: The High Election Council
oversees the election to make sure it's fair and
follows the rules.
6) Citizen's Choice:- Ultimately, it's the citizens
of Turkey who choose their President by
casting their votes.
=> Power & Functions of president:-
Now we will explain the powers and
functions of Turkey's president.
1) Head of State:- The President is like the
top leader of the country. They represent
Turkey to the world and do ceremonial
things like meeting other leaders.
2) Veto Power:- If the President doesn't
like a law passed by the Parliament, they
can say "no" to it, but the Parliament can
still pass it if they really want to.
3) Emergency Rule:- In times of crisis, the
President can declare a state of
emergency, which gives them more power
to make decisions without asking the
Parliament.
4) Foreign Affairs:- The President helps
decide Turkey's foreign policies, like
making treaties and agreements with
other countries.
5) Armed Forces:- The President is the
commander-in-chief of the military, which
means they have control over the armed
forces.
6) Pardons:- The President can forgive or
reduce the punishment of people
convicted of crimes.
Q3:- Turkey Parliament ?
=> Turkey's parliament, in simple words, is
called the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
It's like a big group of representatives elected
by Turkish citizens to make laws, discuss
important issues, and oversee the
government.
1) Qualification:- To be a member of the
Turkish Parliament, you generally need to be
a Turkish citizen, be at least 25 years old, and
have completed your compulsory military
service if applicable.
2) Structure:- The Turkish Parliament is
divided into two parts.the Grand National
Assembly of Turkey (the main legislative
body) and the President. The Grand National
Assembly makes laws, while the President's
role is more symbolic.
3) Composition:- The Grand National
Assembly has 600 members who are called
"Members of Parliament" or MPs. They
represent different regions of Turkey, and
people vote for them in elections.
4) Election Method:- MPs in Turkey are
elected through a system called proportional
representation. In simple terms, political
parties put forward candidates, and people
vote for their preferred party. The number of
MPs a party gets in Parliament is roughly
proportional to the percentage of votes they
receive nationwide.
=> Powers and functions of Turkey
parliament :-
Now we will explain the powers and
functions of Turkey parliament.
i) Make Laws:- It can create new laws or
change existing ones. This affects how the
country is run.
ii) Check the Government:- It can question
and oversee the government's actions to
make sure they're fair and legal.
iii) Approve Budgets:- It decides how the
country's money is spent, like on schools,
healthcare, and infrastructure.
iv) Declare War:- Parliament can give
permission for the country to go to war if
needed.
v) Represent the People:- It speaks for the
people who voted for its members,
making sure their voices are heard.
Q4:- 2017 Amendment in Turkish political
system ?
=> Now we will explain the amendment
process in Turkish political system.
Before 2017, Turkey had a parliamentary
system where the Parliament (called the
Grand National Assembly) had a lot of
power. But in 2017, Turkey had a
referendum, which is like a big vote.
People voted "yes" to change the system.
So, after the 2017 Amendment.
1) More Power for the President:- The
President got more power. They became
both the head of state (like a ceremonial
leader) and the head of government (in
charge of running the country).
2) Fewer Checks and Balances:- The system
had fewer checks and balances. The
President could make decisions more easily
without needing approval from Parliament.
 3) No Prime Minister:- Turkey didn't
have a Prime Minister anymore. The
President did the job of both the
President and the Prime Minister.

4) Longer Presidential Term:- The

President's term increased from 5 to 7
years.

5) More Control Over Judges:- The

President had more control over
appointing judges and could make
decisions about the judiciary.

The 2017 Amendment made the

President of Turkey more powerful and
changed the way the government
worked by giving the President more
authority.
Q5:- China constitutional history ? => 1982 Constitution of china :-
=> China 1954 constitution :- The Constitution of China in 1982 is like the
country's rulebook. It sets out the basic
The 1954 Constitution of China was a
principles for how China should be run. It
fundamental document that outlined how
talks about things like the rights of the
the country would be governed. It
people, the structure of the government, and
established the People's Republic of China
the goals of the country. Just like rules for a
and declared the Communist Party as the
game, it guides how China is governed. In this
leading authority. This constitution
constitution, it emphasizes the leadership of
emphasized socialist principles and the
the Communist Party and the importance of
importance of collective ownership of
socialism in China. It also outlines the rights
resources. It granted some individual rights,
and duties of Chinese citizens and the system
but these were often limited by the state's
of government.
interests. Essentially, it solidified China's
shift to a communist system under the => Sailent features:-
leadership of the Communist Party.
1) Socialism:- It emphasizes that China is a
Sailent features:- socialist country, meaning the government
plays a significant role in the economy and
1) Communist Party Dominance:- This
social welfare.
means the Communist Party was the most
important and powerful group in China. 2) Citizens' Rights:- The constitution lists the
rights and duties of Chinese citizens, like
2) Socialist Ideals:- China wanted to share
freedom of speech and the obligation to obey
resources and wealth equally among its
the law.
people. It believed in everyone working
together for the common good. 3) Government Structure:- It outlines the
setup of the government, including the
3) Individual Rights:- People were supposed
President and the National People's Congress,
to have certain freedoms, like speaking
which is like China's parliament.
their minds or practicing their religion.
4) Unity and Territorial Integrity:- It stresses
4) One-Party Rule:- Only one political party,
the importance of maintaining China's unity
the Communist Party, was allowed to run
and territorial integrity, meaning keeping the
the country. There was no competition from
country together.
other parties.
=>Constitutional Amendment Process :-
Now we will explain the amendment
process of china's constitution.
1) Proposal:- First, someone in power, like
a member of the National People's
Congress or the State Council, suggests a
change to the Constitution. They might do
this if they think a rule needs to be
updated.
2) Discussion:- The proposal is then
discussed and debated among China's
lawmakers. They talk about whether the
change is a good idea and if it follows the
Constitution's principles.
3) Vote:- After talking it over, they vote on
the proposed change. If most of them
agree, it can move forward.
4) Approval:- The change needs to be
approved by at least two-thirds of the
National People's Congress members to
become an official amendment.
5) Incorporation:- If approved, the new rule
becomes part of the Constitution, just like
adding a new rule to a game.
This process is designed to make sure any
changes to the Constitution are carefully
considered and agreed upon by a
significant majority of China's leaders.
Q6:- China Parliament ?
=> China's parliament is a group of people
chosen by the government to make and
change laws in China. It's called the National
People's Congress (NPC), and it plays a crucial
role in shaping how the country is governed.
i) Qualification:- To be in China's parliament,
you need to be Chinese, at least 18 years old,
and meet certain requirements decided by the
government.
2) Structure:- China's parliament has two
parts, the main one called the National
People's Congress and another group called
the Chinese People's Political Consultative
Conference. The National People's Congress is
more important.
3) Composition:- Many people from different
parts of China are in the National People's
Congress. They represent areas like provinces
and regions.
4) Election Method:- In China, elections are
not like in some countries. The government
and Communist Party have a big say in who
can run, so it's not a competitive election like
you might be used to.
=> Power& Functions of China's
Parliament :-
Now we will explain the power and
functions of China's parliament.
1) Lawmaking:- Members of the NPC
propose, discuss, and vote on new laws
or changes to existing ones.
2) Electing Leaders:- It elects the
President, who is the head of the
country, and other high-ranking officials.
3) Oversight:- The NPC checks that the
government is doing its job correctly and
responsibly.
4) Policy Discussion:- Members debate
important national issues and make
recommendations.
5) Constitutional Changes:- It can make
changes to China's Constitution, but this
happens less often.
Q7:- China Executive ?
=> The Executive branch of China is like the
team in charge of running the country day-to-
day. It includes the President, Premier
(similar to a Prime Minister), and various
government ministries. Their main job is to
carry out the laws and policies made by the
government. The President represents China
to other countries, while the Premier handles
domestic affairs. Think of them as the
managers of the nation, ensuring things run
smoothly. However, their power is guided by
the Communist Party, which plays a
significant role in decision-making.
Additionally, the Executive branch oversees
important matters like the economy,
infrastructure, and social programs. While
they have responsibilities, it's crucial to
remember that the Communist Party's
influence and guidance heavily shape their
actions and decisions.
Q8:- China president Election ? => Power and functions of China president :-

=> In China, the President is not directly 1) Commander-in-Chief:- The President is

elected by citizens in a competitive the top military leader in China, overseeing
election like in some countries. Instead, the armed forces.
it goes like this.
2) State Ceremonies:- They take part in
1) Nomination:- The Communist Party of important state ceremonies and events,
China nominates a candidate for the representing the country.
position of President. This candidate is
2) Policy Influence:- While the President's
usually a high-ranking member of the
role is not as powerful as in some other
Party.
countries, they can still influence policy and
2) Approval:- The nomination is decisions, especially within the Party's
presented to the National People's framework.
Congress (China's parliament) for
3) Diplomacy:- They play a role in shaping
approval. The NPC typically votes in
China's foreign relations and policies.
favor of the Party's chosen candidate.
4) Symbolic Role:- The President is a symbol
3) President Elected:- Once approved by
of unity and leadership in the country.
the NPC, the nominated candidate
becomes the President of China. The
citizens do not vote directly for the
President.

The President of China is selected by the

Communist Party and then approved by
the National People's Congress, rather
than through a competitive election by
the general population.