MAT

HEMAT
ICS-T
RIANGL
E
 TRIANGLES
P A Q
 IN A TRIANGLE (INTRODUCTION)
1 3
2
 

(i) Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the

altitudes.
(ii) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides.
(iii) In centre is the point of intersection of the B C
angular bisectors. 1  B  alternate angles PQBC
Proof : 
(iv) Centroid is the point of intersection of the and 3  C ........(i)
medians.
 PAQ is a line
(v) The circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant
from its vertices. 1 + 2 + 3 = 180° (linear pair application)
(vi) The in centre of a triangle is equidistant from B + 2 + C = 180°
its sides. B + CAB + C = 180°
(vii)The centroid divides a median in the ratio = 2 right angles.
2 : 1. Proved.
(viii) The orthocentre of a right angled triangle Theorem : If one side of a triangle is produced
lies at the vertex containing the right angle. then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the
A A sum of two interior opposite angles.
A
H O
1
C
B CB
Ortho centre Circumcentre OA = OB = OC
(i) (ii) 4
2 3
A
A B C D
R Q
Means 4 = 1 + 2
G
I
B P C Proof : 3 = 180° – (1 + 2) ….(1)
B Incentre C Centroid (by angle sum property)
AG : GP = 2 : 1
(iii) (iv) and BCD is a line
Note : 3 + 4 = 180° (linear pair)
(1) All four points are coincide for an equilateral or 3 = 180° – 4 …..(2)
triangle. by (1) & (2)
(2) Orthocentre (H), Centroid (G), Circumcentre
180° – (1 + 2) = 180° – 4
(O) are always collinear points and G divides
OH in ratio 1 : 2. 1 + 2 = 4 Proved.

 ANGLE SUM PROPERTY FOR TRIANGLE  CONGRUENT FIGURES

 
Two geometrical figures having exactly the same
Theorem : shape & size are known as congruent figures.
Prove that sum of all three angles is 180° or Lines, polygons, circles etc. can congruent.
2 right angles. Note :
Given : ABC (1) If radius of a circle is same as other circle then
To prove : A + B + C = 180° only both circles are congruent.
Construction : Draw PQ || BC, passes through
point A.
 B A = D, AB = DE, AC = DF (c.p.c.t.)
3
(3) AAS (Angle Angle Side)
3 O
D
A y
A
(2) Two line segment are congruent only when x 3 cm
their length are equal.
A 4.0 cm B C 4.0 cm D y x
B C F
3 cm E
 CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
By AAS, ABC ~
 FDE
Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of C = E, AB = FD, AC = FE (c.p.c.t.)
them can be made to superpose on the other, so as
to cover it exactly. (4) SAS (Side Angle Side)
Thus, congruent triangles are exactly identical. A P
Example 1 : If ABC ~ 2 cm 60° 3 cm
 DEF then we have : 2 cm
A = D, B = E, C = F; and 60°
AB = DE, BC = EF and AC = DE. B 3 cm C Q R
Example 2 If ABC ~ EDF then we have: By SAS, ABC  ~ QPR
A = E, B = D, C = F; and A = Q, C = R, AC = QR (c.p.c.t.)
AB = ED, BC = DF and AC = EF. (5) RHS (Right Hypotenuse Side)
Note : A
3 cm P
(1) Every triangle is congruent to itself, i.e.,
Q
  ABC ~  ABC. 3 cm 5 cm
5 cm
(2) If ABC ~
 DEF then DEF ~
 ABC.
(3) If ABC ~
 DEF, and DEF ~
 PQR, then B C R
ABC ~ PQR. ~ QPR
By RHS, ABC 
(4) 'c.p.c.t.' for 'corresponding parts of congruent A = Q, C = R, BC = PR (c.p.c.t.)
triangles'.
R 4 cm
A P
 CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENT TRIANGLES 35°
35° 4 cm 6 cm
(1) SSS (Side Side Side)
Eg.:(1)
A D B 6 cm C Q
3 cm 4 cm Not congruent
5 cm 3 cm
( SSA is not a rule)
B 5 cm CF 4 cm E P A
cm

By SSS criteria ABC ~

 EDF 4.3 cm
cm

70°
3.2

3.2

A = E, B = D, C = F (c.p.c.t.) (2) 70°

(2) ASA (Angle Side Angle) Q 4.3 cm R B C
A SAS
A
D T R
y 40°
6 cm 40°
(3) 7 cm 7 cm
x y x
B 6 cm C D E
E F X
~ DEF
By ASA criteria ABC 
 AAS (not RHS) A D
A 2 cm D
C
2 cm
(4)

2 cm
30° E F
B C
30°
B F 2 cm E
SAS (not RHS)
Theorem 1 : If two angles and the included side G
of one triangle are equal to two angles and the
included side of other triangle, then both triangles Proof : In ABC and GEF, we have :
are congruent. AB = GE (construction),
Proof : BC = EF (given), B = FEG = 90°
Given : ABC and DEF in which   ABC ~  GEF (SAS-criteria)
ABC = DEF, ACB = DFE and BC = EF.   A = G and AC = GF (c.p.c.t.)
D' Now, AC = GF and AC = DF GF = DF
A D
D' G = D A = D [ G = A]
Now, A = D, B = E 3rd C = 3rd F.
Thus, in ABC and DEF, we have:
B C E F BC = EF, AC = DF and C = F.
To prove : ABC ~  DEF. ABC ~  DEF (SAS-criteria).
Proof :
EXAMPLES 
Case I
Ex.1 Prove that diagonal of a parallelogram divides
Let AC = DF.
it into two congruent triangles.
In this case, AC = DF, BC = EF and C = F.
Sol. Let ABCD is a parallelogram and AC is a
ABC ~  DEF (SAS-criteria) diagonal.
Case II
D C
If possible, let AC DF. 2
Then, construct D' F = AC. Join D' E. 3
Now, in ABC and D'EF, we have AC = D'F, 4
BC = EF and C = F. 1
A B
ABC ~  D'EF (SAS-criteria)
ABC = D'EF (c.p.c.t) (By SSS) : In ABC and ADC
But, ABC = DEF (given) AB = CD (opp. sides of ||gm)
D'EF = DEF. BC = AD (opp. sides of ||gm)
This is possible only when D and D' coincide. AC = AC (common)
ABC  ~ DEF. By SSS, ABC ~  CDA proved
Theorem 2 : Two right-angled triangles are {other results : 1 = 2, 3 = 4, B = D
congruent if one side and the hypotenuse of the
(c.p.c.t.)}
one are respectively equal to the corresponding
side and the hypotenuse of the other. (i.e. RHS) (By ASA) : In ABC and ADC
Given : Two right-angled triangles ABC & DEF 1 = 2 (alternate)
in which B =E = 90°, BC = EF and AC = DF. AC = AC (common)
To prove : ABC ~  DEF. 3 = 4 (alternate)
Construction : Produce DE to G such that
GE = AB. Join GF.  By ASA, ABC ~  CDA
{other results : B = D, AB = CD, BC = AD
 (c.p.c.t.)} Ex.3 In Fig. X and Y are two points on equal sides
(By AAS) : In ABC and ADC AB and AC of a ABC such that AX = AY.
1 = 2 (alternate) Prove that XC = YB.
A
3 = 4 (alternate)
BC = AD (opp. sides)
 ABC ~ X Y
 CDA
{other results : AB = CD, B = D, AC = AC
(c.p.c.t.)}
(By SAS) : In ABC and ADC B C
AB = CD (opp. sides of ||gm)
Sol. In s AXC and AYB, we have
1 = 2 (alternate)
AX = AY [Given]
AC = AC (common)
A = A [Common angle]
 ABC ~ CDA
AC = AB [Given]
{other results: 3 = 4, BC = AD, B = D
So, by SAS criterion of congruene
(c.p.c.t.)
We can not use ‘RHS’ for this proof. AXC ~
 AYB

Note : ASS or SSA criteria for congruency is  XC = YB

not valid. (c.p.c.t.)
Ex.2 In Fig. it is given that AB = CF, EF = BD and Ex.4 In Fig. PQRS is a quadrilateral and T and
AFE = DBC. Prove that AFE ~
 CBD. U are respectively points on PS and RS
such PQ = RQ, PQT = RQU and
TQS = UQS. Prove that QT = QU.
D
P
T

C Q S
A B F

R
E Sol. We have,
Sol. We have, AB = CF  PQT = RQU
 AB + BF = CF + BF and, TQS = UQS
 PQT + TQS = RQU + UQS
 AF = CB .... (i)
 PQS = RQS .... (i)
In s AFE and CBD, we have
Thus, in triangles PQS and RQS, we have
AF = CB [From (i)] PQ = RQ [Given]
 AFE = DBC [Given]  PQS = RQS
and EF = BD [Given] [From (i)]
and, QS = QS [Common side]
So, by SAS criterion of congruence, we have
Therefore, by SAS congruence criterion, we
AFE ~
 CBD have
 PQS ~
 RQS
  QPS = QRS ACB = ABC ...(i)
(c.p.c.t.)   Angles opp. to 
equal sides are equal
 QPT = QRU ....(ii)  
Now, consider triangles QPT and QRS. In Now, AB = AD [Given]
these two triangles, we have
 AD = AC [ AB = AC]
QP = QR [Given]
Thus, in ADC, we have
 PQT = RQU [Given]
AD = AC
 QPT = QRU [From (ii)]
  ACD = ADC …(ii)
Therefore, by ASA congruence criterion, we get
[ Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
QPT ~
 QRU
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
 QT = QU.
ACB + ACD = ABC + ADC
Ex.5 In Fig. PS = QR and SPQ = RQP.
 BCD = ABC + BDC
S
[ ADC = BDC, ABC = DBC]
P  BCD + BCD = DBC + BCD + BDC
Adding BCD
 on both side 
 
Q
R  2 BCD = 180º
Prove that PR = QS and QPR = PQS. [ Sum of the angles of a  is 180º]
Sol. In SPQ and RQP, we have Hence, BCD is a right angle.
PS = QR [Given] Ex.7 In Fig. AC = BC, DCA = ECB
SPQ = RQP [Given] and DBC = EAC.
PQ = PQ [Common] D E
Therefore, by SAS criterion of congruence,
we have
SPQ ~ RQP  SQ = RP and
QPR = PQS
A C B
Ex.6 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.
Side BA is produced to D such that Prove that triangles DBC and EAC are
AB = AD. Prove that BCD is a right angle. congruent, and hence DC = EC.
Sol. Given : A ABC such that AB = AC. Side Sol. We have,
BA is produced to D such that AB = AD. DCA = ECB
D
 DCA + ECD = ECB + ECD
 ECA = DCB .... (i)
A Now, in s DBC and EAC, we have
DCB = ECA [From (i)]
BC = AC [Given]
and DBC = EAC [Given]
B C So, by ASA criterion of congruence
Construction : Join CD.
DBC ~
 EAS
To prove : BCD = 90º
Proof : In ABC, we have AB = AC  DC = EC
         (c.p.c.t.)
Ex.8 If the altitudes from two vertices of a triangle Now, in ABO and ACO, we have
to the opposite sides are equal, prove that the AB = AC [Given]
triangle is isosceles.
OBC = OCB [From (i)]
Sol. Given : A ABC in which altitudes BE and OB = OC [From (ii)]
CF from B and C respectively on AC and AB
So, by SAS criterion of congruence
are equal.
ABO  ~ ACO
A
 BAO = CAO [ Corresponding parts
E of congruent triangles are equal]
F
 AO is the bisector of BAC.
Ex.10 In Fig. BM and DN are both perpendiculars
B C to the segments AC and BM = DN.
To prove : ABC is isoceles i.e. AB = AC B A
Proof : In s ABC and ACF, we have
N
AEB = AFC [Each equal to 90º]
R
BAE = CAF [Common angle] M

and, BE = CF [Given] C D
So, by AAS criterion of congurence, we have Prove that AC bisects BD.

ABE ~
 ACF
Sol. In s BMR and DNR, we have
  Corresponding parts of   BMR = DNR
 AB = AC  
congruent triangles are equal [Each equal to 90º BM AC and DN AC]
Hence, ABC is isosceles.  BRM = DRN [Vert. opp. angles]
Ex.9 In ABC, AB = AC and the bisectors of and, BM = DN [Given]
angles B and C intersect at point O. Prove So, by AAS criterion of congruence
that BO = CO and the ray AO is the bisector
of angle BAC. BMR ~
 DNR
Sol. In ABC, we have   Corresponding parts of 
  BR = DR  
AB = AC congruent triangles are equal
A R is the mid-point of BD.
Hence, AC bisects BD.
Ex.11 In Fig. BD and CE are two altitudes of a
O ABC such that BD = CE.
A
B C
 Angles opposite to  D
 B = C  equal sides are equal  E
 
1 1
 B = BC 
2 2 B C
   OBC = OCB .... (i) Prove that ABC is isolceles.
  OB and OC are bi sec tors of s B and C  Sol. In ABD and ACE, we have
 1 1  ADB = AEC = 90º [Given]
respectively  OBC  B & OCB  C
 2 2  BAD = CAE [Common]
 OB = OC ....(ii) and, BD = CE [Given]
[ Sides opp. to equal s are equal] So, by AAS congruence criterion, we have
 ABD ~
 ACE Ex.13 AD, BE and CF, the altitudes of ABC are
equal. Prove that ABC is an equilateral
  Corresponding parts of  triangle
AB = AC congruent triangles are equal
  Sol. In right triangles BCE and BFC, we have
Hence, ABC is isosceles. Hyp. BC = Hyp. BC
Ex.12 If two isosceles triangles have a common BE = CF [Given]
base, the line joining their vertices bisects So, by RHS criterion of congruence,
them at right angles.
A
Sol. Given : Two isosceles triangles ABC and
DBC having the common base BC such that
AB = AC and DB = DC. F E
To prove : AD (or AD produced) bisects BC
at right angle.
A A B D C
1 2 1 2 BCE ~
 BFC.

D   Corresponding parts of 
 B = C  
congruent triangles are equal
3 4 3 4
B C B
E C  AC = AB .... (i)
E
[ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
D
Similarly, ABD ~
 ABE
Proof : In s ABD and ACD, we have
AB = AC [Given] B =A
BD = CD [Given] [Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are equal]
AD = AD [Common side]
 AC = BC ....(ii)
So, by SSS criterion of congruence
[Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
 ABD ~
 ACD
From (i) and (ii), we get
 1 = 2 .... (i) AB = BC = AC
  Corresponding parts of  Hence, ABC is an equilateral triangle.
congruent triangles are equal
  Ex.14 In Fig. AD = BC and BD = CA.
Now, in s ABE and ACE, we have A B
AB = AC [Given]
1 = 2 [From (i)]
and, AE = AE [Commoni side]
So, by SAS criterion of congruence, D C
ABE ~
 ACE Prove that ADB = BCA and
  Corresponding parts of  DAB = CBA.
BE = CE  
congruent triangles are equal Sol. In triangles ABD and ABC, we have
and, 3 = 4 AD = BC [Given]
BD = CA [Given]
But, 3 + 4 = 180º
and AB = AB [Common]
[ Sum of the angles of a linear pair is 180º]
So, by SSS congruence criterion, we have
 2 3 = 180º [ 3 = 4]
ABD ~
 CBA  DAB = ABC
 3 = 90º
 3 = 4 = 90º   corresponding parts of 
congruent triangles are equal
Hence, AD bisects BC at right angles.  
  DAB = CBA B C
Ex.15 Line-segment AB is parallel to another line-
segment CD. O is the mid-point of AD (see
figure). Show that (i) AOB ~  DOC (ii) O O
is also the mid point of BC.
Sol. (i) Consider AOB and DOC D A
ABO = DCO Sol. To show CD bisect AB i.e. AO = OB
(Alternate angles as AB || CD
in OAD and OBC
and BC is the transversal)
O = O (vertically opposite angles)
AOB = DOC
A = B = 90° (Given)
(Vertically opposite angles)
AD = BC (Given)
OA = OD (Given)
By AAS, OAD  ~ OBC
Therefore, AOB ~
 DOC (AAS rule)
OA = OB (c.p.c.t.)
C D
CD, bisects AB. Proved
Ex.18 Line l is the bisector of an angle A and B is
O any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars
from B to the arms of A (see figure). Show
that : [NCERT]
A B
(ii) OB = OC (c.p.c.t.) l
Q
So, O is the mid-point of BC.
Ex.16 In quadrilateral ABCD, B
AC = AD and AB bisects A. Show that A P
ABC ~  ABD. What can you say about (i) APB  ~ AQB
BC and BD ? [NCERT] (ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the
C arms of A.
Sol. (i) In APB and AQB
P = Q = 90° (Given)
1
A B PAB = QAB (Given that ‘l’ bisect A)
2
AB = AB (Common)
By AAS, APB ~
 AQB. Proved
D (ii) BP = BQ (c.p.c.t.) Proved.
Sol. In ABC & ABD Ex.19 In given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and
AB = AB (common) BAD = EAC. Show that BC = DE.
1 = 2 { AB is bisector of A} [NCERT]
AC = AD (Given) E
A
By SAS, ABC ~  ABD Proved 2
also BC = BD (c.p.c.t.) 1
Ex.17 AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line
segment AB. Show that CD bisects AB.
[NCERT]
B D C
Sol. In ABC and ADE
AB = AD (Given)
   1  2 Given  By SAS, DBC ~  ACB. Proved
BAC = DAE   (iv) DC = AB (c.p.c.t. of part (iii))
1  DAC  2  DAC
1
AC = AE (Given) But CM = DC (given)
2
By SAS, ABC ~  ADE
1
BC = DE (c.p.c.t.) Proved. CM = AB Proved.
2
Ex.20 In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is
the mid-point of hypotenuse AB. C is joined  ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
to M and produced to a point D such that
DM = CM. Point D is joined to point B A triangle in which two sides are equal &
opposite angles of these two lines are also equal.
(see figure). Show that: [NCERT]
D A
A

6 cm
6 cm
2 1
M 70° 70°
B C
AB = AC = 6 cm, B = C = 70°
B Ex.21 Find BAC of an isosceles triangle in which
C
1
(i) AMC ~  BMD AB = AC and B = of right angle.
3
(ii) DBC is a right angle 1
(iii) DBC ~ Sol. B = C = (90) = 30°
 ACB 3
1 A + B + C = 180° (.p.)
(iv) CM = AB
2 A + 30° + 30° = 180° A = 120°.
Sol. (i) In AMC and BMD Ex.22 In isosceles triangle DEF, DE = EF and
AM = MB (M is mid point of AB) E = 70° then find other two angles.
1 = 2 (vertically opposite angles) D
CM = MD (given)
By SAS, AMC  ~ MBD Proved.
Sol.
(ii) ACM = MDB (c.p.c.t. of (i))
These are alternate angles
DB || AC E F
So DBC + ACB = 180° Let D = F = x
(Cointerior angles) D + E + F = 180°
DBC + 90° = 180° (angle sum property)
 DBC = 90° Proved.  x + 70° + x = 180°
A  2x = 110°
D
 x = 55°
(iii)  D = F = 55°.
Theorem (2) : Angles opposite to equal sides
B C B C
of an isosceles triangle are equal.
In DBC & ACB
BC = BC (common)
DBC = ACB = 90°
DB = AC (c.p.c.t. of part (i))
 A AB = AC (ABC is isosceles 
12 ABP = ACP {ABC is isosceles }
AP = AP (common)
By SAS, ABP ~
 ACP Proved.
B D C (iii)  BAP = CAP (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
Given : In ABC, AB = AC A is bisected by AP
To prove : B = C and ADB = ADC (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
Construction : Draw AD, bisector of A CD is bisected by AP.
1 = 2 (iv) APB = APC (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
Proof : In ADB & ADC but APB + APC = 180° (linear pair)
AD = AD (Common) APB + APB = 180°
1 = 2 (by construction) 2APB = 180°
AB = AC APB = 90° = APC
By SAS, ADB ~ also PB = PC (c.p.c.t. of part (ii))
 ADC
B = C (c.p.c.t.) Proved. AP is perpendicular bisector of BC.
Proved.
Note : Other result : ADB = ADC (c.p.c.t.)
Ex.24 Two sides AB and BC and median AM of
But ADB + ADC = 180° (linear pair) one triangle ABC are respectively equal to
ADB = ADC = 90° AD BC sides PQ and QR and median PN of PQR
and BD = DC (c.p.c.t.) AD is median (see figure ). Show that:
we can say AD is perpendicular bisector of A P
BC or we can say in isosceles , median is
angle bisector and perpendicular to base also.
Ex.23 ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles
on the same base BC and vertices A and D
are on the same side of BC (see fig.). If AD is B M C Q N R
extended to intersect BC at P. Show that
[NCERT] ~
(i) ABM  PQN ~
(ii) ABC  PQR
A Sol. (i) In ABM & PQN
AB = PQ (given)
AM = PN (given)
D
BM = QN ( BC = QR
BC QR
 )
2 2
B P C
~ By SSS, ABM ~
 PQN Proved.
(i) ABD  ACD
(ii) In ABC & PQR
(ii) ABP ~  ACP
AB = PQ (given)
(iii) AP bisects A as well as D
B = Q (c.p.c.t. of part (i))
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
BC = QR (given)
Sol. (i) In ABD & ACD
By SAS, ABC  ~ PQR Proved.
AB = AC (ABC is isosceles 
AD = AD (Common)  SOME MORE RESULTS BASED ON
BD = DC (DBC is isosceles ) CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
~ ACD Proved.
By SSS, ABD 
(ii) In ABP & ACP
 (1) If two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the Now ACD > B Ans.
longer side has the greater angle opposite to ACD > A Ans.
it.
Ex.28 In Fig. E > A and C > D.
(2) In a triangle, the greater angle has the longer D
side opposite to it.
E
(3) Of all the line segments that can be drawn to
a given line, from a point not lying on it, the B
perpendicular line segment is the shortest.
(4) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is C
greater than its third side. A
(5) The difference between any two sides of a Prove that AD > EC.
triangle is less than its third side.
Sol. In ABE, it is given that
(6) Exterior angle is greater than one opposite
E > A
interior angle.
 AB > BE .... (i)
Ex.25 Find the relation between angles in figure.
In BCD, it is given that
x
C > D
7 cm
5 cm  BD > BC ....(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
y 8 cm z AB + BD > BE + BC AD > EC
Ex.29 AB and CD are respectively the smallest and
Sol.  yz > xz > xy longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD (see
x > y > z. figure). Show that A > C. [NCERT]
( Angle opposite to longer side is greater) D
Ex.26 Find the relation between the sides of triangle
in figure .
D
A
80°

70° 30° F
E
B C
Sol.  D > E > F
Sol. Draw diagonal AC.
EF > DF > DE
D
{ side opposite to greater angle is longer}
Ex.27 Find ACD then what is the relation between
(i) ACD, ABC (ii) ACD & A
A 2
A
1

4
3
70° 40°
B C D B C
Sol. ACD + 40° = 180° (linear pair) In ABC, AB < BC { AB is smallest}
ACD = 140° Ans. 3 < 1 ……(1)
also A + B = ACD {angle opp. to longer side is larger}
(exterior angle = sum of opp. interior angles)
Also in ADC
A + 70° = 140° A = 140° – 70°
AD < CD  CD is longest
A = 70°
 4 < 2 …..(2) A
adding equation (1) & (2)
3 + 4 < 1 + 2 F E
C < A
or A > C Proved. B D C
Ex.30 In given figure, PR > PQ and PS bisects ~
BCE  BFC.
QPR. Prove that PSR > PSQ. [NCERT]
  Corresponding parts of 
P  B = C  
congruent triangles are equal
 AC = AB .... (i)
[ Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
Similarly, ABD ~
 ABE
B =A
Q S R [Corresponding parts of congruent triangles
Sol. In PQR, PR > PQ are equal]
Q > R ……(1)  AC = BC ....(ii)
[Sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
{angle opposite to longer side is greater}
From (i) and (ii), we get
and 1 = 2 ( PS is bisector) …..(2) AB = BC = AC
P Hence, ABC is an equilateral triangle.
12 Ex.32 In Fig. AD = BC and BD = CA.
A B

Q S R
D C
Now for PQS, PSR = Q + 1 …..(3)
Prove that ADB = BCA and
{exterior angle = sum of opposite interior angle}
DAB = CBA.
P
Sol. In triangles ABD and ABC, we have
1 AD = BC [Given]
BD = CA [Given]
and AB = AB [Common]
So, by SSS congruence criterion, we have
Q S
ABD ~
 CBA  DAB = ABC
& for PSR, PSQ = R + 2 …..(4)
By equation (1), (2), (3), (4), PSR > PSQ   corresponding parts of 
congruent triangles are equal
Proved.  
Ex.31 AD, BE and CF, the altitudes of ABC are  DAB = CBA
equal. Prove that ABC is an equilateral Ex.33 In Fig. PQ > PR. QS and RS are the bisectors
triangle of Q and R respectively.
Sol. In right triangles BCE and BFC, we have
Hyp. BC = Hyp. BC
BE = CF [Given]
So, by RHS criterion of congruence,
 P Sol. In ABC, we have
AB > AC [Given]
 ACB > ABC .... (i)
S
[ Angle opp. to larger side is greater]
Q R Now, in ACD, CD is produced to B,
Prove that SQ > SR. forming an ext ADB.
Sol. In PQR, we have  ADB > ACD
PQ > PR [Given]  Exterior angle of Δ is greater 
 than each of interior opp. angle 
Angle opp. to larger side  
PRQ > PQR  
 of a triangle is greater    ADB > ACB ... (ii)
1 1 [ ACD = ACB]
 PRQ > PQR
2 2
From (i) and (ii), we get
 SRQ > SQR
ADB > ABC
 RS and QS are bi sec tors of 
 PRQ are PQR respectively   ADB > ABD[ ABC = ABD]
 
 SQ > SR  AB > AD
[ Side opp. to greater angle is larger] [ Side opp. to greater angle is larger]
Ex.34 In Fig. [NCERT] Ex.36 Prove that any two sides of a triangle are
L together greater than twice the median drawn
to the third side.
Sol. Given : A ABC in which AD is a median.

M A
N
x° y°
if x > y, show that M > N.
D
Sol. We have, B C
LMN + xº = 180º .... (i)
[Angles of a linear pair]
E
 LNM + yº = 180º ....(ii)
To prove : AB + AC > 2 AD
[Angles of a linear pair]
Construction : Produce AD to E such that
 LMN + xº = LNM + yº
AD = DE. Join EC.
But x > y. Therefore,
LMN < LNM Proof : In s ADB and EDC, we have
AD = DE [By construction]
 LNM > LMN
 LM > LN BD = DC [ D is the mid point of BC]
[ Side opp. to greater angle is larger] and, ADB = EDC [Vertically opp. angles]
Ex.35 In Fig. AB > AC. Show that AB > AD. So, by SAS criterion of congruence
ADB ~
 EDC
A
Corresponding parts of 
 AB = EC congruent triangles are equal
 
Now in AEC, we have
AC + EC > AE [ Sum of any two sides of a
B D C      is greater than the third]
  AC + AB > 2 AD (PQ + QS) + (RP + RS) > PS + PS
 AD  DE  AE  AD  DE  2AD and EC  AB  PQ + (QS + RS) + RP > 2 PS
Ex.37 In Fig. PQR is a triangle and S is any point in  PQ + QR + RP > 2 PS
its interior, show that SQ + SR < PQ + PR. [ QS + RS = QR]
P Ex.39 In Fig. T is a point on side QR of PQR and
S is a point such that RT = ST.
Q
T
S
T
Q S
R
Sol. Given : S is any point in the interior of PQR.
To Prove : SQ + SR < PQ + PR R P
Construction : Produce QS to meet PR in T. Prove that PQ + PR > QS.
Proof : In PQT, we have Sol. In PQR, we have
 Sum of the two sides of a Δ PQ + PR > QR
PQ + PT > QT  
is greater than the third side   PQ + PR > QT + RT [ QR = QT + RT]
 PQ + PT > QS + ST .... (i)  PQ + PR > QT + ST .... (i)
[ QT = QS + ST] [ RT = ST (Given)]
In RST, we have In QST, we have
ST + TR > SR ....(ii) QT + ST > QS ....(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get From (i) and (ii), we get
PQ + PT + ST + TR > SQ + ST + SR PQ + PR > QS.
 PQ + (PT + TR) > SQ + SR Ex.40 Find OBA in given figure
 PQ + PR > SQ + SR SQ + SR < PQ + PR.
Ex.38 In PQR S is any point on the side QR. 198°
Show that PQ + QR + RP > 2 PS. Sol. O
P A B

 AOB + 198° = 360°

AOB = 360° – 198° = 162°
and OA = OB = radius of circle
Q S R A = B = x (let)
Sol. In PQS, we have x + x + 162° = 180° (a.s.p.)
PQ + QS > PS ... (i) 2x + 18°
[ Sum of the two sides of a  is greater x = 9°
than the third side]  OBA = 9°.
Similarly, in PRS, we have
RP + RS > PS ....(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. A palne figure bounded by three lines in a plane is 2. A triangle, no two of whose sides are equal is
called a triangle. called a scalene triangle.
3. Atriangle whose two sides are equal is called an 20. Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
isosceles triangle. the third side.
4. A triangle whose sides are equal is also called an
equilateral triangle.
5. A triangle with one angle a right angle is called a
right angled triangle.
6. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180º.
7. If a side of a triangles is produced, the exterior
angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two
interior opposite angles.
8. If two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent
under the correspondence A D, B  E and
C  F, then we write  ABC ~
 DEF or
ABC DEF.
9. Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the
included angle of one are equal to the
corresponding sides and the included angle of the
other triangle (SAS congruence criterion).
10. Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the
included side of one tringle are equal to the
corresponding two angles and the included side of
the other triangle (ASA congruence criterion).
11. If any two angles and non-included side of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and
side of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent (AAS congruence criterion).
12. If three sides of one triangle are equal to three of
the other triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent (SSS congruence criterion).
13. If in two right triangles, hypotenuse and one side
of a triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one
side of other triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent (RHS congruence criterion).
14. Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are
equal.
15. If the altitude from one vertex of a triangle bisects
the opposite sides, then the triangle is isosceles.
16. In an isosceles triangle altitude from the vertex
bisects the base.
17. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle
bisects the opposite side, then the triangle is
isosceles.
18. If the altitudes of a triangles are equal, then it is
equilateral.
19. In a triangle, side opposite to the larger angle is
longer.