MODULE 2 Chapter 2 Student

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEHIST-1STSEM-2020-2021
College of Arts and Sciences

Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM General Education COURSE NO. GE HIST

SPECIALIZATION Philippine History COURSE TITLE Readings in Philippine History
YEAR LEVEL All level TIME FRAME 6 hrs WK NO. 3-5 IM NO.
I. UNIT TILE/CHAPTER TITLE: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary

Sources in Philippine History
II. LESSON TITLE:
A. Content Analysis vs. Context Analysis

B. Analysis of Five Primary Sources in History
 First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta
 Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
 The Declaration of Philippine Independence
III. LESSON OVERVIEW:
This chapter is divided in various topics basing from the selected primary sources. It is important
to note that in understanding primary sources, a reader should be critical enough in examining
the author’s main argument and point of view. Hence, the authors’ views were first presented
followed by the understanding of other historians and scholars. Basically, the purpose is to
analyze the context and content of the primary sources.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Analyze the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary sources;
2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine
history; and
3. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.
V. LESSON CONTENT:
CONTEXT AND CONTENT ANALYSIS
According to Stephen Behrendt (2008), a contextual analysis is “simply an analysis of a text (in whatever
medium, including multi-media) that helps us to assess that text within the context of its historical and
cultural setting, but also in terms of its textuality – or the qualities that characterize the text as a text”. It
aims to “combine features of formal analysis with features of cultural archeology or the systematic study
of social, political, economic, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic conditions that were (or can be
assumed to have been) in place at the time and place when the text was created.
To simply put, contextual analysis an evaluation of the time, place, and situation when the primary source
was written.
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“In accordance with Section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.
On the other hand, content analysis is a systematic evaluation of the primary source like in the form of
a text, painting, caricature, speech etc. in order to develop and present an argument based on
understanding of the evidence.
To illustrate these concepts:
For this chapter, there will be five primary sources that we are going to analyze. Some analysis will be
provided and some will be done by you as students of history. Remember that one of the objectives of
this chapter is to develop your critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources. The
primary sources that we are going to analyze are as follows:
1. The First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

2. Kartilya ng Katipunan by Emilio Jacinto
3. The Declaration of Philippine Independence as read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
4. Political Carricature of the American Era by Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces
5. Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the Joint Session of US Congress
Analysis of Primary Sources
A. The First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta
The First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta is a detailed description of the first world
circumnavigation as initiated by Ferdinand Magellan. Unfortunately, he died in the Philippines thus the
title to first circumnavigate the globe was given to Juan Sebastián Elcano, the Captain of the ship which
was able to return to Spain. This narrative serves as an essential source of our knowledge about Magellan
and Elcano's voyage.
Analysis of the Context
Author’s Background
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Who is Antonio Pigafetta? Antonio Pigafetta was a well-known Italian scholar and explorer from the
Republic of Venice. He was a scribe or chronicler commissioned by the Spanish Crown to accompany
Ferdinand Magellan and document a voyage intended to expand the Spanish empire.
He was from a noble descent from a rich family in Venice. Perhaps his being a scholar of cartography
and geography got him the job. Interestingly, his account was a major reference to the events leading to
Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines.
Situation/Condition of the Times
What prompted the Europeans to travel during the 16 th Century? Perhaps you have ideas in mind. But I
would like us to remember the basics, the 3Gs – God, Gold, and Glory.
 God
 Gold
 Glory
Analysis of the Content
In the First Voyage, Pigafetta had narrated what he actually saw and what was in his mind:
“I grew up, in the Marianas, hearing about this gulf. It is part of why travel writing can be so fraught for
me now. On reaching the Marianas after nearly four months at sea with no new provisions, "The captain-
general wished to stop at the large island and get some fresh food, but he was unable to do so because
the inhabitants of that island entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on, in such
a manner that we could not defend ourselves” (Stanley, 2003).
The sailors did not understand that this was custom, that for the islanders, property was communal and
visitors were expected to share what they had. As a result, Magellan and his starving crew retaliated.
Magellan then named the archipelago Islas de los Ladrones, the Islands of Thieves. This name of the
island lasted for three hundred years, long after the islands were absorbed into the Spanish empire. But
it was a surprise to see in Pigafetta's text that the sailors moved to compassion.
From the Marianas, the fleet moved on to the Philippines. They linger there, exploring the land,
exchanging gifts with the chiefs, observing the people. And I know what's coming for the people; I know
that we're seeing, through Pigafetta, the hush of a world just before it changes, wholly and entirely (Essay
Daily, 2013).
Meanwhile, Pigafetta also in his travel writing showed how he was so amazed by many things and
products and the naked, beautiful people. It's happening even now in the text, as the Filipino pilots are
captured to direct the way to the Moluccas, the way to the spices. There is Pigafetta, roaming and
cataloging and recording, caught up in the first flush of a new world.
This is what “great travel writing gives us: a way to wholly enter a moment, a feeling, a body during the
past. We can be our forefathers, marveling at the country, our country, transformed by its vast expanse”.
Or we can be in the shoes of Pigafetta, on the deck of the Trinidad, moved to write from shock and
wonder. We can also be the women on a boat in the Marianas, crying out of love for the dead (Essay
Daily, 2013).
Scholars’ Comment on Pigafetta’s Account
According to scholar Theodore Cachey Jr., the travelogue represented “the literary epitome of its genre
and achieved an international reputation”. To him, the First Voyage is an:
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“Intent on marveling at what it encounters—and therein lies much of its appeal. It is a work
that is intent on wonder and astonishment. In travel writing, one often must recreate the first
moment of newness, that fresh sense of awe, on the page for the reader; Pigafetta does it
again and again, by reveling in odd and odder bits of detail.
We watch Pigafetta wonder at trees in Borneo whose leaves appear to walk around once
shed, leaves that "have no blood, but if one touches them they run away. I kept one of them
for nine days in a box. When I opened the box, that leaf went round and round it. I believe
those leaves live on nothing but air.” (Pigafetta,76). We marvel, in the Philippines, at sea
snails capable of felling whales, by feeding on their hearts once ingested (48). On a stop in
Brazil, we see an infinite number of parrots, monkeys that look like lions, and "swine that have
their navels on their backs, and large birds with beaks like spoons and no tongues" (10) (cited
in Essay Daily, 2013).
However, there were perceived problems in the travel writing of Pigafetta. First is that, the travel writer
has the authority grounding from his or her own observation without considering the thoughts of others.
Second is the call for humility in confronting the unknown.
Other authors also commented that Pigafetta’s account is remarkably ethnocentric thinking that European
culture is superior over the early Filipinos.
Also, he emphasized too much on the “nakedness” and “exotic” culture of the “natives” and stressed on
the early Filipinos’ amazement and illiteracy to European artillery and goods.
Nonetheless, Pigafetta’s accounts provided a first-hand information observation and general impression
of the “Far East” during the 16th Century.
B. Kartilya by Emilio Jacinto
The Kartilya is one of the most important documents of Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). It was given the original title as Mga Aral ng Katipunan nang manga
A.N.B. The acronym A.N.B stands for Anak ng Bayan. Remember that the Katipunan is a society which
envisioned a united Filipino Nation and the only organization which aimed for total independence from
Spain during the Spanish period.
But why was it given the original title as mentioned? Within the Katipunan are 3 ranks/grades of
membership namely 1) Katipon, 2) Kawal, and 3) Bayani. This is illustrated in the image below:
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https://www.facebook.com/PhilippinesMyPhilippines/photos/a.251529181653283/294778527328348/?type=1&theater
There are passwords used within each rank. For members of katipon, the agreed password is “Anak ng
Bayan”. The kawal group used the password “GOMBURZA” and “Rizal” was the chosen password for
the Bayani group. Most of the members are in the Katipon group for a start and that is where the original
title of the Kartilya is based. A recruited individual is considered a rightful member after submitting oneself
to the sandugo or blood compact and oath which states:
Source: Aguinaldo and the Revolution of 1896 by Pedro S. de Achutegui, SJ and Miguel A. Bernad, SJ
Emilio Jacinto is considered the Brain of the Katipunan. He is the confidante and right hand of Andres
Bonifacio. He was raised from a poor family in Tondo. But despite poverty, he was educated. After
graduating from Colegio San Juan de Letran, he attended the University of Sto. Tomas taking Law but
he failed to finish.
How old is Emilio Jacinto when he joined the Katipunan? He became a member of Katipunan at the age
of 18. Hiding under the pen name Dimasilaw, he served as the editor of Kalayaan, the official organ of
the organization. He is known within the secret society as Pingkian. He died of malaria at the age of 24
in Majayjay, Laguna.
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Remember that the Kartilya was conceived during the planned revolution of KKK against the Spanish
government. It was still in use during the first phase of the revolution, and Bonifacio was planning to print
more copies shortly before he was killed (Robertson, 2013). Written and published in 1896, the
Katipunan’s Kartilya (or Cartilla) defined its major objectives as mentioned by Guerrero et al. (2003):
Ang kabagayan pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos at dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin

ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog sa pamamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa,
upang sa pagkakaisang ito’y magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag
sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan.
Sa salitang tagalog katutura’y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa makatuid,
bisaya man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, etc., ay tagalog din.
(The objective pursued by this association is noble and worthy; to unite the inner being and
thoughts of the tagalogs through a binding pledge, so that through this unity they may gain
the strength to destroy the dense shroud that benights the mind and to discover the Path of
Reason and Enlightenment. The word tagalog means all those born in this archipelago;
therefore, though visayan, Ilocano,pampango, etc. they are all tagalogs.) (p. 52)
Note that the term “Tagalog” included all persons born in the archipelago. Remember that at that
time, the term “Filipino” applied solely to Spaniards born in the islands. Bonifacio and Jacinto made
“Tagalog” a term applicable to all indios or natives (Guerrero et al.,2003).
The Kartilya as cited from Robertson (2013):
MANGA ARAL NANG

KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na

walang lilim, kun di damong makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang

gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat
ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring
ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik;
nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
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9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang
dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung
ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang
at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang
kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa,
anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha,
wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa;
wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang sariling
wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong
di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa
bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan
dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang
nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga
ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang
mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.
As one looks into the content of the Kartilya, one can obviously infer that it contains the rules of conduct
of Katipunan members, both intrapersonal and interpersonal. There are rules that guide the individual to
become an upright person as well as rules that guide the way he treats others.
The content of the Kartilya is also a reaction and response to certain value systems that Filipinos found
disgusting and are against with under the Spanish government. Thus, the Kartilya invokes inherent
equality regardless of race, occupation or status.
The Kartilya also emphasizes and upholds the liberal ideals that are influences of the Enlightenment
Period. As Robertson (2013) has noticed, the Tagalog words that resound loudest in the Kartilya, beyond
doubt, are the equivalents of the Enlightenment’s defining watchwords: Liberty (Kalayaan), Equality (lahat
ng tao’y magkakapantay), Fraternity (kayong lahat ay magkakapatid), Reason (Katuiran), Progress
(Kagalingan), and Enlightenment itself (Kaliwanagan).
C. The Declaration of Philippine Independence by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
The Declaration of Philippine Independence is 2,000-word document which summarized the reason
behind the revolution against Spain, the war for Independence, and the future of the new republic under
Aguinaldo.
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Stephen Macaraeg (n.d.) in his paper provided a detailed information on the life of this author: Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, the author of the Declaration of the Philippine Independence itself, is considered to
be “one of the unsung and unhonoured great Filipinos albeit his notable contributions to the cause of
Philippine revolution. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was born in Biñan, Laguna, on December 7, 1830.
He finished his law degree at the University of Santo Tomas and practiced his profession in Manila,
wherein Dr. Jose Rizal “during his student days in Manila, even sought the advice of Don Ambrosio,
whom he called “Tio Bosyong”.
In the eyes of the public, he was known to be as a stalwart defender of the poor, and labourers; giving
them free legal advices and defending their cases in court free of charge. An anecdote relates to this
incident in is life:
“Once Bautista was captured by a group of bandits on his way to Malolos, Bulacan. When
the bandits knew that he was the famous “Don Bosyong,” as he was popularly known by the
people, who had saved many of their friends from the gallows and the poor in court cases
against the greedy Spaniards and rich Filipino deciques , they immediately apologized and
set him free.”
Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in July 1896, Bautista was among those who were
arrested and jailed in Fort Santiago. However, he was later on released after eloquently defending
himself, and finally convincing the Spanish authorities “that the rebellion was not actually against Spain
but a blind desperate plea for reforms. However, the Spanish government gave him a second warrant of
arrest after finding out that he was in fact directly involved in the revolution.
With the failure of the Philippine Revolution, and the attempt of the Spanish government to douse the
flames of the revolution, Bautista has given the chance to work as one of the advisers of the governor-
general at that time.
The decline of Spanish control as a result of alliance of Filipinos and Americans as led by General Emilio
Aguinaldo in that historic Battle of Manila Bay in May 1, 1898, caused the revolutionary leaders to
convene again. Bautista got news of Aguinaldo’s arrival on May 19, 1898, and immediately travelled to
Kawit, to offer his services to the formerly exiled general. With his exceptional knowledge in law, he
became the political adviser of Aguinaldo, subsequently appointing Bautista as his Auditor General de
Guerra. During his time of service to Aguinaldo, Bautista have penned some of the most important state
documents that shifted the course of Philippine History. The most significant document that Bautista
penned was none other than the “Act of the Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino People
(Ibid).
The historic Declaration of Philippine Independence took place in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. During
this day, Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and
independence of the Philippine islands from Spanish colonization after the latter was defeated at the
Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 during the Spanish-American War. However, the proclamation was
not recognized by the United States or Spain, as the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the
United States in the Treaty of Paris signed on 10 December 1898 in consideration for an indemnity for
Spanish expenses and assets lost (Candelaria, 2018).
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Here is a copy cited:

Declaration of PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Translation by Sulpicio Guevara
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and
solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by
virtue of, a Decree issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy,
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend, as well as the
representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish
domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance with and even under
the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the shooting of those placed under arrest
under the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were
left unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General
Blanco at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish
ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than those of the Inquisition which
every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and sovereignty of which the
people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed
by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of
a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took place in said shores to which
battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako ** of Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of
Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force the
Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital,
winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the
whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical precedents
and because in international law the prescription established by law to legalize the vicious acquisition of private
property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt which was calmed but not
complete stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of
the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under
terms, both written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that by
reason of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo
returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the 31st of last month
when several towns anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178
men, between Imus Cavite-Viejo, under the command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated , the revolutionary
movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas,
Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms,
truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in the first mentioned province only the
Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out; in the
third the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of San Fernando where the greater part of them
are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth,
in the capital and in Calumpit; and in last two remaining provinces, only in there respective capitals, and the city of
Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union,
Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time of the pacification and others even
before, so that the independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection
of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare
solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown
of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely severed and annulled; and that, like other
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free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter
into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which and Independent State Has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to support this
Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our Honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the Dictatorship established by
Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today begins to have a life of
its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate
the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he
composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish domination,
And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the commission of abuses by its officials,
and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrificed in order to please the insatiable friars in their
hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends,
trampling upon the Penal Code of these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of
Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without any spiritual aid of
our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don
Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the intrigues of
these so-called Religious corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of
San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding
the execution of the decree- sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case
interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the
jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by them in Mindanao
which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and ordering the return of those parishes,
all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent last month of the year
of the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn, caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land
that grow more and more through the iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of our chalice of
suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and
continued its course to the adjoining regions of the province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought
a one sided battle against superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without
proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.
Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to
discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this day, must used the
same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are found described in the attached drawing,
the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its
blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these
Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the
gigantic step made by the son of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying
the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which
declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and
White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled:
Don Segundo Arellano Don Ramon Gana Don Manuel Salafranca
Don Tiburcio del Rosario Don Marcelino Gomez Don Simon Villareal
Sergio Matias Don Valentin Politan Don Calixto Lara
Don Agapito Zialcita Don Felix Politan Don Buenaventura Toribio
Don Flaviano Alonzo Don Evaristo Dimalanta Don Zacarias Fajardo
Don Mariano Legazpi Don Gregorio Alvarez Don Florencio Manalo
Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta Don Sabas de Guzman Don Buenaventura Toribio
Don Aurelio Tolentino Don Esteban Francisco Don Gabriel Reyes
Don Felix Ferrer Don Guido Yaptinchay Don Hugo Lim
Don Felipe Buencamino Don Mariano Rianzares Bautista Don Emiliano Lim
Don Fernando Canon Faustino Don Francisco Arambulo Don Fausto Tinorio
Don Anastacio Pinzun Don Antonio Gonzales Don Rosendo Simon
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10

Don Timoteo Bernabe Don Juan Antonio Gonzales Don Leon Tanjanque
Don Flaviano Rodriguez Don Juan Arevalo Don Gregorio Bonifacio
Don Gavino Masancay Don Ramon Delfino Don Epitacio Asuncion
Don Narciso Mayuga Don Honorio Tiongco Don Catalino Ramon
Don Gregorio Villa Don Francisco del Rosario Don Juan Bordador
Don Luis Perez Tagle Don Epifanio Saguil Don Jose del Rosario
Don Canuto Celestino Don Ladislao Afable Jose Don Proceso Pulido
Don Marcos Jocson Don Sixto Roldan Don Jose Maria del Rosario
Don Martin de los Reyes Don Luis de Lara Don Ramon Magcamco
Don Ciriaco Bausa Don Marcelo Basa Don Antonio Calingo
Don Manuel Santos Don Jose Medina Don Pedro Mendiola
Don Mariano Toribio Don Efipanio Crisia Don Estanislao Galinco
Don Gabriel de los Reyes Don Pastor Lopez de Leon Don Numeriano Castillo
Don Hugo Lim Don Mariano de los Santos Don Federico Tomacruz
Don Emiliano Lim Don Santiago Garcia Don Teodoro Yatco
Don Faustino Tinorio Don Andres Tria Tirona Don Ladislao Diwa(?).
Don Rosendo Simon Don Estanislao Tria Tirona
Don Leon Tanjanque Don Daniel Tria Tirona
Don Gregorio Bonifacio Don Andres Tria Tirona
Don Manuel Salafranca Don Carlos Tria Tirona
Don Simon Villareal Don Sulpicio P. Antony
Don Calixto Lara
Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me and by all those here
assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson,
a Colonel of Artillery.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate
Source: Centennial Publication. National Historical Insitute
The Declaration contains several things:
1. It mentioned about the abuses and inequalities suffered by the Filipinos as justification of the revolution
against Colonial Spain. The Spanish domination is likened to an ominous yoke or a burden which
made the lives of Filipinos miserable.
2. It gave a brief historical overview of Spanish occupation and gave a specific detail about the
occurrence of the Philippine revolution spreading “like wild fire”.
3. It cited Rizal’s execution as unjust.
4. It narrated about the Cavite Mutiny which took place on January 21, 1872. Remember that the Cavite
mutiny refers to the military uprising of about 200 soldiers in the fort of San Felipe in Cavite. This event
implicated the three priests Father Burgos, Father Gomez and Father Zamora. With the manipulation
of their enemies, the Spanish friars, they were accused to have initiated the said mutiny. Nonetheless,
those unfortunate incidents like the Cavite Mutiny and the death of GOMBURZA awakened the
national consciousness of the Filipinos to fight for reforms and eventually for independence.
5. It invoked that the established Philippine Republic be led by Emilio Aguinaldo and thus Filipinos must
support him.
6. It explained the original meaning of the Philippine flag which was waved during that day. It is surprising
to know that the colors red, white and blue were adopted from the flag of USA as “manifestation of
profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and
continues lending us”.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 11

But I would like you to remember some lessons or insights from analyzing such primary source:
1. It helped us realize that a re-examination of the document reveals some overlooked historical truths
about Philippine history.
2. From the tone of the declaration, one can feel the revolutionary sentiment during those times.
3. Official records and documents like the proclamation of independence is influenced by politics (power)
during that time. This is manifested in the selectiveness of information contained in the document.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 12

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES (To be given by the instructor)
IX. REFERENCES
Cachey, Theodore Jr (2007) in Pigafetta, Antonio. The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of
Magellan’s Expedition. Ed. Theodore J. Cachey, Jr. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
Candelaria, J. P., & Alphora, V. C. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Manila, Philippines:
Rex Book Store, Inc
Del Rosario F. G., & Dacles, D. M. (2018). Readings in Philippine History: A Workbook.
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya: SMU Publishing House.
De La Paz, C. L. (2016). Alfredo Roces: Man of Arts and Letters (First of Two Parts). Retrieved
from http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/185/alfredo-roces-man-of-arts-and-letters-first-of-two-parts-
Guerrero Milagros C., Encarnacion, Emmanuel N. and Villegas, Ramon N. (2013). Andres Bonifacio and the 1896
Revolution. NCCA Sulyap Kultura, 3-12.
Macaraeg, Stephen. (n.d.) Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: The Unsung Hero of the Act of Proclamation of Independence by
the Filipino People. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://academia.edu.
National Historical Institute Centennial Publication (n.d.). The Philippine Revolution: The Act of Declaration of Philippine
Independence. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.html.
Pigafetta, Antonio. The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition. Translated by
Stanley, Lord. 2003. Retrieved from https://en . The First _Voyage _Round_the_ World/ Pigafetta% 27s_ Account_
of_ Magellan %27s_Voyage.
Pigafetta, Antonio. The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition. Ed. Theodore J.
Cachey, Jr. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
Robertson, J. (2013). The light of liberty : Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897. Quezon City, Philippines:
Ateneo de Manila University Press.
UW Madison - Department of History. (2020). Alfred W. McCoy: Harrington Professor of History.

Retrieved from https://history.wisc.edu/people/mccoy-alfred-w/
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 13


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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences

DEGREE PROGRAM General Education COURSE NO. GE HIST

I. UNIT TILE/CHAPTER TITLE: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary

II. LESSON TITLE:

A. Content Analysis vs. Context Analysis

III. LESSON OVERVIEW:

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

CONTEXT AND CONTENT ANALYSIS

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1

1. The First Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

Analysis of Primary Sources

A. The First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

Analysis of the Context

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2

Situation/Condition of the Times

Analysis of the Content

Scholars’ Comment on Pigafetta’s Account

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B. Kartilya by Emilio Jacinto

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Situation/Condition of the Times

Ang kabagayan pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos at dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin

Analysis of the Content

The Kartilya as cited from Robertson (2013):

MANGA ARAL NANG

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na

2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang

6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.

8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6

C. The Declaration of Philippine Independence by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

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Analysis of the Context

Situation/Condition of the Times

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Analysis of the Content

Here is a copy cited:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

The Declaration contains several things:

3. It cited Rizal’s execution as unjust.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 11

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 12

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES (To be given by the instructor)

UW Madison - Department of History. (2020). Alfred W. McCoy: Harrington Professor of History.

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 13

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