Skeletal System

Functions:
1. Support
• The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle,
and vertebral column support the
weight of the erect body.
• The mandible (jawbone) supports
the teeth.

2. Protection
• The bones of the skull protect the
brain.
• Ribs and sternum (breastbone)
protect the lungs and heart.
• Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
 Skeletal System
3. Movement
• Skeletal muscles use the bones as
levers to move the body.
4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose
tissue
• 99% of the body’s calcium is
stored in bone.
• 85% of the body’s phosphorous is
stored in bone.
• Adipose tissue is found in the
marrow of certain bones.
5. Hematopoiesis
• Blood cell formation.
• All blood cells are made in the
marrow of certain bones.
 Human Skull – 22 bones
2 parts:
1. Cranium (8 bones fused at sutures) –
protects brain, provides muscle attachment,
sinuses reduce weight of skull
2. Facial (14 bones) – gives shape to face,
provides muscle attachment
 Cranial Bones (8)
• Frontal (1) – forehead & upper eye orbits
• Parietal (2) – sides & roof of cranium
• Temporal (2) – sides & floor of cranium
 Cranial Bones
Sphenoid (1) base & sides of cranium, parts of orbits
• Ethmoid (1) – walls of nasal cavities,
floor of cranium, orbits
• Occipital (1) – back & base of cranium
The Ethmoid Bone
Floor of Cranium
The Sphenoid Bone
Special Features of Temporal Bone –
1. zygomatic process – artic. w/zygomatic
bone
2. styloid process – anchors tongue &
pharynx muscles
3.mastoid process – attachment of neck
muscles
4.ext. auditory meatus – tube to middle ear
 Special Features of Occipital Bone

1. Foramen magnum –
large opening for
brainstem to pass
through
2. Occipital condyles –
rounded projections
for articulation w/1st
vertebrae
 Facial Bones – 14 bones

Maxilla (2) – upper jaw,

roof of mouth;
(“keystone”)
Nasal (2) – bridge of
nose
Zygomatic (2) – cheek
bones, walls of orbits
Lacrimal (2) – medial
walls of orbits
 Facial Bones - continued
• Inferior nasal
conchae (2) –
walls of nasal
cavities
• Mandible (1) –
lower jaw (only
movable bone in
skull)
• Vomer (1) –
nasal
septum
 Facial Bones

Palantine (2) – roof of

mouth (hard palate)
(“cleft palate” –
incomplete fusion of
maxillae & palantine
bones)
 Special Features of Facial Bones
Mandible - mandibular condyle –articulation
point w/temporal bone
coranoid process – provides
attachment for
chewing muscles
 Special Features – Facial Bones
Zygomatic – has the temporal process; articulation point
w/temporal bone
Vertebral Column
ANATOMY OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column is the central bony pillar of
the body. It supports the skull, pectoral girdle,
upper limbs, and thoracic cage and, by way of the
pelvic girdle, transmits body weight to the lower
limbs.
Within its cavity lie the spinal cord, the roots of the
spinal nerves, and the covering meninges, to which
the vertebral column gives great protection.
 COMPOSITION OF THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebra (7
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused to form
the sacrum), and 4 coccygeal (the lower 3 are
commonly fused).
It is segmented and made up of vertebrae, joints, and
pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs, it is a
flexible structure.
The intervertebral discs form about one fourth the
length of the column.
 Vertebral Column
Cervical curve - 7 cervical vertebrae
Thoracic curve - 12 thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar curve - 5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacral curve - 5 sacral vertebrae

These curves help the spine to support

the load of the head and upper body,
and maintain balance in the upright
position.
Characteristics of a Typical Cervical Vertebra

1. The transverse processes possess a foramen

transversarium for the passage of the vertebral artery
and veins (note that the vertebral artery passes through
the transverse processes C1 to 6 and not through C7).
2. The spines are small and bifid.
3. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular.
Characteristics of a Typical Cervical Vertebra
Characteristics of the Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

The first, second, and seventh cervical vertebrae

are atypical.
The first cervical vertebra, or atlas, does not possess
a body or a spinous process. It has a lateral mass on
each side with articular surfaces on its upper surface
for articulation with the occipital condyles (atlanto-
occipital joints) and articular surfaces on its lower
surface for articulation with the axis (atlantoaxial
joints).
Characteristics of the Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

The second cervical vertebra, or axis, has a peglike

odontoid process that projects from the superior
surface of the body (representing the body of the atlas
that has fused with the body of the axis).
The seventh cervical vertebra, or vertebra
prominens, is so named because it has the longest
spinous process, and the process is not bifid. The
transverse process is large, but the foramen
transversarium is small and transmits the vertebral
vein or veins.
Characteristics of a Typical Thoracic Vertebra

1. The body is medium size and heart shaped.

2. The vertebral foramen is small and circular.
3. The spines are long and inclined downward.
4. Costal facets are present on the sides of the bodies
for articulation with the heads of the ribs.
5. Costal facets are present on the transverse processes
for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs (T11 and
12 have no facets on the transverse processes).
6. The superior articular processes bear facets that face
backward and laterally, whereas the facets on the
inferior articular processes face forward and medially.
The inferior articular processes of the 12th vertebra
face laterally, as do those of the lumbar vertebrae.
Characteristics of a Typical Thoracic Vertebra
 Characteristics of a Typical Lumbar Vertebra

1. The body is large and kidney shaped.

2. The pedicles are strong and directed backward.
3. The laminae are thick.
4. The vertebral foramina are triangular.
5. The transverse processes are long and slender.
6. The spinous processes are short, flat, and
quadrangular and project backward.
7. The articular surfaces of the superior articular
processes face medially, and those of the inferior
articular processes face laterally.
Characteristics of a Typical Lumbar Vertebra
 Sacrum
The sacrum consists of five rudimentary vertebrae fused
together to form a wedge-shaped bone, which is concave
anteriorly. The upper border, or base, of the bone
articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra. The narrow
inferior border articulates with the coccyx. Laterally, the
sacrum articulates with the two iliac bones to form the
sacroiliac joints . The anterior and upper margin of the
first sacral vertebra bulges forward as the posterior margin
of the pelvic inlet and is known as the sacral promontory.
The sacral promontory in the female is of considerable
obstetric importance and is used when measuring the size
of the pelvis.
The vertebral foramina are present and form the sacral
canal.
Sacrum
 Coccyx
The coccyx consists of four vertebrae fused together to
form a single, small triangular bone that articulates at
its base with the lower end of the sacrum. The first
coccygeal vertebra is usually not fused or is
incompletely fused with the second vertebra.
 Sternum
The sternum lies in the midline of the anterior
chest wall. It is a flat bone that can be divided into
three parts: manubrium sterni, body of the
sternum, and xiphoid process
 Articulations of the Sternum

The body of the sternum articulates above with the

manubrium at the manubriosternal joint and
below with the xiphoid process at the xiphisternal
joint. On each side it articulates with the second
to the seventh costal cartilages .
Articulations of the Sternum
 Typical Rib
A typical rib is a long, twisted, flat bone having a
rounded, smooth superior border and a sharp,
thin inferior border. The inferior border
overhangs and forms the costal groove, which
accommodates the intercostal vessels and
nerve. The anterior end of each rib is attached to
the corresponding costal cartilage .
Third to the ninth ribs are typical ribs.
Typical Rib
 Typical Rib

A rib has a head, neck, tubercle, shaft, and

angle . The head has two facets for articulation
with the numerically corresponding vertebral
body and that of the vertebra immediately above.
The neck is a constricted portion situated between
the head and the tubercle.
Typical Rib
 Typical Rib
The tubercle is a prominence on the outer surface
of the rib at the junction of the neck with the shaft.
It has a facet for articulation with the transverse
process of the numerically corresponding
vertebra. The shaft is thin and flattened and
twisted on its long axis. The angle is where the
shaft of the rib bends sharply forward.
Typical Rib
Typical Rib
 Atypical Rib
1st , 2nd ,10th , 11th and 12th pair of ribs are
atypical ribs.
The first rib is important clinically because of its
close relationship to the lower nerves of the brachial
plexus and the main vessels to the arm, namely, the
subclavian artery and vein. The scalenus anterior
muscle is attached to its upper surface and inner
border. Anterior to the scalenus anterior, the
subclavian vein crosses the rib; posterior to the
muscle attachment, the subclavian artery and the
lower trunk of the brachial plexus cross the rib
and lie in contact with the bone.
First Rib
BONES AND JOINTS OF THE UPPER
AND LOWER EXTREMITIES
 Bones of the Upper Limb

 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
 Humerus

Figure 5.21a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
5.35a
 Bones of the Upper Limb

• The forearm has

two bones
• Ulna
• Radius

Figure 5.21c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
5.35b
 Bones of the Upper Limb
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist
 Metacarpals – palm
 Phalanges – fingers

Figure 5.22

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.36
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Composed of two bones
 Clavicle – collarbone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
 They articulate at the acromioclavicular
joint

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.33
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

Figure 5.20a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
5.34a
 Clavicle
Articulates with the sternum and first costal
cartilage medially and with the acromion
process of the scapula laterally. Weakest
part is the junction of its lateral and
intermediate thirds at the junction of two
curves.
Lateral Third of the Clavicle
Flattened and has a superior and inferior
surfaces. The anterior border is concave and
the posterior border is convex backwards.
Medial 2/3 of the Clavicle
Cylindrical and has 4 surfaces (Anterior,
Posterior, Superior and Inferior)
Left clavicle. Inferior surface
 Conoid Tubercle
Tubercle on the inferior surface of the lateral
third of the clavicle that gives attachment to
the coracoclavicular ligament.
 SCAPULA
BORDERS:
1. Upper
2. Lateral – Runs from
the inferior angle to
the glenoid cavity
3. Medial – Extends
from the inferior to
the superior angle;
Shortest
 SCAPULA
ANGLE:
1. Inferior – Level of 7th
rib and spine of 7th
thoracic vertebra
2. Superior – Junction
of the superior and
medial border
3. Lateral – Truncated
by the glenoid cavity
 SCAPULA
SURFACES:
1. Anterior (Costal) – Slightly hollowed out
especially above
2. Dorsal – Divided by the spine of the scapula
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
 Spine of the Scapula
Projects from the upper part of the dorsal
surface of the bone and is triangular in
shape. The lateral end of the spine is free and
forms the acromion which articulates with
the clavicle.
1. Supraspinous fossa
2. Infraspinous fossa – Continues with the
supraspinous fossa through the spinoglenoid
notch
 Acromion Process
Projects forward almost at right angles from
the lateral end of the spine
 Coracoid Process
Projects upward and forward above the
glenoid cavity and provides attachment for
the muscles and ligaments
 Glenoid Fossa
Pearshaped cavity from the superolateral
angle of the scapula which articulates with
the head of the humerus
 Humerus
Longest and largest bone of the upper limb.
The most frequent site of fracture is the shaft
just below the attachment of the deltoid.
Fractures of the upper end may damage the
axillary nerve while fractures of the medial
epicondyle may damage the ulnar nerve
 Head of the Humerus
Articulates with the
glenoid cavity
Anatomical Neck of the Humerus
Slight Constriction immediately
below the head of the humerus
 Surgical Neck of the Humerus
The surgical neck of the humerus is a constriction
below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and
lesser tubercle. Close to this medially are the
axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex
artery
Greater and Lesser Tuberosity
Below the anatomical neck separated from
each other by the bicipital groove. Lesser
tubercle is on the anterior aspect of the bone
immediately beyond the anatomical neck.
The greater tubercle occupies the lateral part
of the upper end of the humerus and is the
most lateral bony point in the shoulder
region.
Greater and Lesser Tuberosity
Intertubercular Groove (Bicipital Groove)

Separates the greater and

lesser tuberosities
 Deltoid Tuberosity
Rough, triangular area on
the anterolateral surface of
the middle of the humerus
to which the deltoid muscle
attaches.
Spiral Groove(Radial Groove)
Also known as the
musculospiral groove, radial
groove, or spiral groove) is a
broad but shallow oblique
depression for the radial
nerve and deep brachial
artery. It is located on the
center of the lateral border
of the humerus.
Lateral and Medial Epicondyles
Lower end of the
humerus for the
attachments of muscles
and ligaments
 Supracondylar Ridges
Lower border of the
humerus until it terminates
to the condyles
Supracondylar Ridges
 Coronoid Fossa
Smaller hollow area which lies immediately
above the trochlea on the anterior surface of
the condyle; which receives the coronoid
process of the ulna during flexion of the
forearm.
 Radial Fossa
Slight depression above the capitulum on the
lateral side of the coronoid fossa which
receives the head of the radius when the
elbow is flexed
 Olecranon Fossa
The depression in the posterior surface of the
humerus that receives the olecranon process
of the ulna when the forearm is extended.
 Capitulum
For articulation with the head of the radius
 Trochlea
For articulation with the trochlear notch of the
ulna
 Radius
Lateral bone of the forearm. Articulates with
the humerus at the elbow joint and with the
ulna at the superior radioulnar joint. Its
lower end articulates with the scaphoid and
lunate at the wrist joint and with the ulna at
the radioulnar joint
 Head of the Radius
Disc shaped upper end of the radius and
articulates with the capitulum of the
humerus. Its medial side articulates with the
radial notch of the ulna
 Neck of Radius
Below the head of radius
Bicipital Tuberosity(Radial Tuberosity)
A large blunt projection on the medial
surface of the radius for the attachment of
the biceps brachii tendon.
 Interosseous Border
For the attachment of the
interosseous membrane
connecting the radius and
the ulna.
 Ulnar notch of Radius
Articulates with round
head of the ulna; Slight
depression at the
mediodistal end of the
bone
Styloid Process of Radius
Projects distally
from its lateral
margin
 Ulna
The ulna is one of the two long bones in the
forearm; In anatomical position, the ulna is
located at the side of the forearm closest to
the body.
Ulna
 CARPAL BONES
There are 8 carpal bones made up of 2 rows.
A. Proximal row from lateral to medial –
scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
B. Distal row from lateral to medial –
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
METACARPAL BONES AND PHALANGES
There are 5 metacarpal bones. The first
metacarpal bone of the thumb is the shortest
and most mobile and it occupies a more
anterior position. The base of the metacarpal
bones articulate with the distal row carpal
bones; The head which forms the knuckles
articulate with the proximal phalanges.
There are three phalanges for each fingers but
only two for the thumb.
METACARPAL BONES AND PHALANGES
Bones of the Lower Limbs

 The thigh has

one bone
 Femur – thigh
bone

Figure 5.35a, b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

5.40a
Bones of the Lower Limbs

 The leg has

two bones
 Tibia
 Fibula

Figure 5.35c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

5.40b
Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The foot
 Tarsus – ankle
 Metatarsals – sole
 Phalanges – toes

Figure 5.25

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.41
 Innominate Bone
The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a
large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone,
constricted in the center and expanded above and
below. It has one of the few ball and socket
synovial joints in the body – the so called hip joint.
• It meets its fellow on the opposite side in the
middle line in front, and together they form the
sides and anterior wall of the pelvic cavity.
• Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bone
comprises the skeletal component of the pelvis.
 Arcuate Line
The arcuate line of
the ilium is a smooth
rounded border on
the internal surface
of the ilium. It is
immediately inferior
to the iliac fossa and
Iliacus muscle.
PUBIS
Pubic Crest
Medial to the
pubic tubercle is
the pubic crest,
which extends
from this process
to the medial end
of the bone.
 Pecten(Pectineal Line)
The pecten pubis or pectineal line of the pubis is a
ridge on the superior ramus of the pubic bone.
The iliopectineal line is the border of the iliopubic
eminence. It can be defined as a compound structure
of the arcuate line (from the ilium) and pectineal line
(from the pubis).
 Obturator Crest
The anterior border of superior pubic ramus
presents a sharp margin, the obturator crest,
which forms part of the circumference of the
obturator foramen superiorly and affords
attachment to the obturator membrane.
 Quadrate Tubercle
Receives insertion of
quadratus femoris
 Gluteal Tuberosity
The lateral ridge of the
linea aspera is very
rough, and runs almost
vertically upward to the
base of the greater
trochanter. It is termed
the gluteal tuberosity,
and gives attachment to
part of the Gluteus
maximus
 Linea Aspera
The linea aspera (L.
rough line) is a ridge of
roughened surface on
the posterior aspect of
the femur, to which are
attached muscles and
intermuscular septum.
 Supracondylar Ridges
Inferior extensions of the linea aspera that
runs diagonally across the posterior aspect of
the femur
Condyles and Intercondylar Fossa
 Epicondyles and
Adductor Tubercle
Patellar and Popliteal Surface
 Tibia
Large medial bone of the leg. It articulates
with the condyles of the femur and head of
the fibula above and with the talus and distal
end of the fibula below.
 Fibula
Slender lateral bone of the leg which takes no
part in the articulation at the knee joint but
below it forms the lateral malleolus of the
ankle joint.
 Patella
The patella, also known as the knee cap or
kneepan, is a thick, circular-triangular bone
which articulates with the femur and covers
and protects the anterior articular surface of
the knee joint.
 TARSAL BONES
The 7 bones of the tarsus make up the skeleton
of the posterior half of the foot.
1. Proximal rows = Talus and Calcaneus
2. Distal rows (Medial to Lateral) = medial
cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral
cuneiform and the cuboid
3. Medial side = Navicular bone
 Tarsal MNEMONICS
Try Catching Naughty Cute Chicks
T=Talus
C=Calcaneum
N=Navicular
C=Cuniforms 3
C=Cuboid
 Tarsal MNEMONICS
Tall Centers Never Take Shots From
Corners
T = Talus
C = Calcaneus
N = Navicular
T = Third Cuneiform
S = Second Cuneiform
F = First Cuneiform
C = Cuboid
 METATARSALS
The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a
group of five long bones in the foot located
between the tarsal bones of the hind- and
mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes.
Lacking individual names, the metatarsal
bones are numbered from the medial side
(side of big toe): the first, second, third,
fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals
are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the
hand.
 FOOT PHALANGES
The phalanges of the foot are the bones in
the toes. They correspond, in number and
general arrangement, with those of the hand;
there are two in the big toe, and three in
each of the other toes. They differ from them,
however, in their size, the bodies being much
reduced in length, and, especially in the first
row, laterally compressed.
END