Matrices and Determinants

Level - 3 Daily Tutorial Sheet-15

168. A p 1  B  C
 p 1
We can expand B  C  p 1 like binomial expansion as BC  CB .

  B  C p 1  p 1
C0 B p 1  p 1C1B pC  ...  p 1C p 1C p 1

 p 1C0 B p 1 p 1C1B pC  O  O  ...  O  C 2  O  C 3  C 4  ...  O


 B p 1   p  1 B pC  B p  B  p  1 C   
 

169. Let f  x   a 0  a1x  a 2 x 2  ...  an x n

 f  D   a 0 I  a1D  a 2 D 2  ...  an D n

a 0  diag 1,1,...,1

a1  diag d1, d2 ,...., dn 


a 2  diag d12 ,d22,..., dn2 
..



an  diag d1n , d2
n ,..., d n
n 
 diag (a 0  a1d1  a 2d12  ...an d1n ,
n
a 0  a1d2  a 2d22  ...  an d2 ,
n
a 0  a1d3  a 2d32  ...  an d3


a 0  a1dn  a 2dn2  ...an dnn )  diag f d1  , f  d2  ,... f dn 
 
a b 
170. Let A    be a square root of the matrix.
c d 
1 0 
I  
0 1 
a b  a b  1 0 
Then A 2  I  c 
 d   c d  0 1 

a 2  bc ab  bd  1 0 
Or   
 ac  cd cb  d 2  0 1 
 
Or a 2  bc  1 (1)
ab  bd  0 (2)
ac  cd  0 (3)

Level - 3 9 Solutions | Matrices and Determinants

 cb  d 2  1 (4)

If a  d  0, the above four equations hold simultaneously if d   a and a 2  bc  1 . Hence, one

  
possible square root of I is A   
   
Where , ,  are the three numbers related by the condition 2    1 .
If a  d  0 , then above four equations hold simultaneously
If b  0, c  0, a  1, d  1 or if b  0, c  0 , a   1, d   1 .

 1 0   1 0 
Hence,  ,  i.e.,  I are other possible square roots of I.
0 1   0 1

171. First, we will show that I  S is nonsingular. The equality I  S  0 implies that I is a characteristic root

of the matrix S, but this is not possible, for a real skew-symmetric matrix can have zero or purely
imaginary numbers as its characteristic roots. Thus. I  S  0, i.e., I  S is nonsingular. We have
T 1

1
A T   I  S  
  I  S T T
  I  S  
   I  S T

But  I  S T  I T  S T  I  S and  I  S T  I T  ST  I  S
1
 AT   I  S  I  S 
1
 AT A   I  S  1  S  I  S  I  S 1   I  S 1  I  S  I  S  I  S 1 I

Thus, A is orthogonal.

172. ( xf )'  xf ' f and ( x 2 f )"  [2xf  x 2 f ']'  2 f  4 xf ' x 2 f "

f g h
  xf '  f xg '  g xh ' h
2 f  4 xf ' x 2 f " 2g  4 xg ' x 2 g " 2h  4 xh '  x 2h "

R2  R2  R1 and then R3  R3  4 R2  2R1

f g h
  xf ' xg ' xh '
x 2 f " x 2 g " x 2h "

f g h
Taking x common from R2 and multiplying with R3, we have   f' g' h'
x 3 f " x 3 g " x 3h "

f' g' h' f g h f g h

d
  f' g' h'  f" g" h"  f' g' h'
dx
x 3 f " x 3 g " x 3h " x 3 f " x 3 g " x 3h " ( x 3 f ")' ( x 3 g ")' ( x 3h ")'

f g h
00 f' g' h'
( x 3 f ")' ( x 3 g ")' ( x 3h ")'

Level - 3 10 Solutions | Matrices and Determinants

173. Since  is a repeated root of the quadratic equation f ( x )  0, f ( x ) can be written as f ( x )  k ( x  a )2 ,
where k is some nonzero constant.
A( x ) B ( x ) C ( x )
Let g ( x )  A( ) B(  ) C ( ) g( x ) is divisible by f ( x ) if it is divisible by ( x   )2 , i.e., g( )  0 and
A '( ) B '( ) C '( )

g '( )  0 .
As A( x ), B ( x ), and C( x ) are polynomials of degrees 3, 4 and 5, respectively deg. g( x )  2 .

A( ) B(  ) C ( )
Now, g( )  A( ) B(  ) C(  )  0 (R1 and R2 are identical)
A '(  ) B '( ) C '( )

A '( x ) B '( x ) C '( x ) A '(  ) B '( ) C '( )

Also g '( x )  A( ) B( ) C( )  g '( )  A( ) B( ) C(  )  0 ( R1 and R3 are identical))
A '(  ) B '(  ) C '( ) A '(  ) B '( ) C '( )

This implies that f ( x ) divides g( x ) .

Level - 3 11 Solutions | Matrices and Determinants