CL 202

Fluid Mechanics

Instructors: Dr. Amit Kumar and Dr. Raghvendra Gupta

Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati

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 General Information

 Timing:
Tuesday: 7:55-8:50 AM
Wednesday: 11-11:55 AM
Thursday: 11-11:55 AM

 Platform:
MS Teams

 Instructors:
Dr. Amit Kumar (CST): amitkumar@iitg.ac.in
Dr. Raghvendra Gupta (CL): guptar@iitg.ac.in

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Syllabus

Properties and classification of fluids, fluid statics: pressure, gravity and

surface tension, Newton's law of viscosity; Integral and differential analyses
for fluid motion: Reynolds Transport theorem, Navier-Stokes equations;
Potential flow, stream functions; Euler and Bernoulli equations; Flow
measuring techniques; Dimensional analysis and similitude, Buckingham Pi
theorem; Internal and external fluid flows: friction factor, energy losses in
fittings and valves, boundary layer theory; concepts of drag and lift; Fluid
machinery: pumps, blowers, fans and compressors; Introduction to
turbulent flows, flow through porous media, non-Newtonian fluids and
compressible flows.

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Books
Textbook: R. W. Fox and A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Wiley
India Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

Reference Books:
1. F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 8th Ed., McGraw Hill Publications, 2017.
2. Y. Cengel and J. Kimbala, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications,
McGraw Hill Publication, 3rd Ed., 2014
3. W. M. Deen, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 2016.
4. W. L. McCabe, J. Smith and P. Harriot, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering,
7th Ed., McGraw - Hill, International Edition, 2014.
5. G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press,
1967.
6. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Fluid Mechanics, Course of Theoretical Physics,
Vol. 6, 2nd Edition, 1987.

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Other Resources
MOOCs Lectures:

NPTEL course by
Prof. V Shankar (Chemical Engineering, IIT Kanpur): Fluid Mechanics
Prof. Suman Chakrabarty (Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur): Introduction to
Fluid Mechanics and Fluids Engineering

Some Useful Fluid Mechanics Videos: Illustrated Experiments in Fluid Mechanics

http://web.mit.edu/hml/ncfmf.html

Gallery of fluid motion: https://gfm.aps.org/

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Evaluation plan

Quizzes (×3), endsem (??) 51

Tutorials 49

Total 100

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Fluid Mechanics
 What is a fluid?
 Substances/ materials that flow
 Can be liquid and gas
 Substances that deform continuously when a tangential (or shear) stress is
applied over them

Solids deform only up to Fluids keep deforming as long as

a certain limit the force is applied
F F F

Time

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Fluid Mechanics

 Solid: Stress is related to strain

 For an linear elastic solid: Stress is proportional to strain
(proportionality constant is the appropriate elastic modulus)
 Fluid: Stress is related to rate of strain
 For a Newtonian fluid: Stress is proportional to rate of strain
(proportionality constant viscosity)
 Some materials show both fluid and solid like properties
 Known as viscoelastic fluids

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 Fluid Mechanics

 Mechanics – Analysis of action of forces on objects

 Statics: Concerned with fluids at rest
 When a shear stress is present- fluid deforms continuously, i.e. flows
 Only normal stress is present for a static fluid
 Fluid statics- Also called hydrostatics
 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
 Archimedes’ Principle
 Dynamics: Concerned with flow of fluids
 Aerodynamics: air and other gases
 Hydrodynamics: liquids

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Role of Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering

 Role of Chemical Engineer

 Conventionally, production of chemicals/materials at the industrial scale
 Develop, design and engineer the complete process and the equipment
required to convert the raw materials into desired products efficiently,
safely and economically

 Operations performed in the continuous mode (and not batch)

 Most of the materials are fluids (in liquid and gaseous form)
 Flow of solid materials- Granular flow

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 Role of Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Industry

Physical processing: Unit Operations

 Fluid flow
 Heat transfer
Raw materials  Mass transfer Final product
 Mechanical operations

+
Chemical processing
 Reaction kinetics
 Mixing

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 Chemical Engineering Applications

 Pipeline transportation

 Pressure drop- Pumping

requirement
 Pressure flow relationship
 Phase change and
cavitation
 Flow distribution

An overview of pipeline transportation in oil and gas industry

Image from https://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/FactSheets/FSTransmissionPipelines.htm

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 Chemical Engineering Applications

 Shell and tube heat exchanger

 Used in a number of chemical

industries
 Convection is the dominant medium
 Flow behaviour inside the tubes
 Flow in shell- around tubes i.e.
around cylinders

Shell and tube heat exchanger

Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchanger

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 Chemical Engineering Applications

 Stirred tank reactors

 A very commonly used reactor in the industry

 Can operate in batch and continuous modes
 Can be single-phase or multiphase
 Effective mixing
 Impeller design
 Power required
 In this course: dimensional analysis
Stirred tank reactor
Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactor

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 Chemical Engineering Applications

 Fixed or Packed bed reactor

 Often used in catalytic processes
 A fixed bed of catalyst particles (typically 1-5 mm size)
 Fluid flow through porous media

Packed or Fixed bed reactor

Image from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fixed-bed-reactor

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 Chemical Engineering Applications

 Fluidized bed reactor

 Commonly used in catalytic cracking
 Gas-solid flow
 Catalyst (10-100 microns) is fluidized
 Good mixing in all directions
 Minimum fluidization velocity
 Flow regimes

Fluidized bed reactor

Image from:
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/Reactors/F
BR/FBR.html

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 Chemical Engineering Applications

 Bubble column reactor

 Motion of fluid particles in a continuous
fluid medium
 Forces experienced by the particles and their
resulting motion

Bubble column reactor

Image from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_column_reactor

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Human Circulatory System

 A network of flexible pipes

 Heart: a pump delivering pulsatile flow
 Curved sections, bifurcations are prone to
deposition of fatty materials such as cholesterol
 The regions of deposition have been observed
to have low wall shear stress
 Hemodynamics: Flow of blood
 Design of artificial heart valve, heart pump
 Poiseuille who gave the relationship between
flow rate and pressure drop for fully-developed
flow in a pipe was a physiologist.

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Human Pulmonary System

 Flow of air in lung

 Thin mucus layer in the
airways- two-phase flow
 Capillary effect
 Design of inhalers

Inhalers Inhalers
Image from Yang et al., Image from Yang et al.,
J Controlled release, 2014 J Controlled release, 2014

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 Fluid Mechanics and COVID19

 Effect of wearing mask

 Social distancing
 Governed by fluid dynamics
principles

Schlieren Images of two volunteers facing each other

Image from Tang et al., J. R. Soc. Interface, 2009

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Fluid Mechanics in other disciplines

 Mechanical Engineering
 Aircraft and spacecrafts: wings, propulsion system
 Automobiles- streamlined body
 Civil Engineering
 Hydraulic machine
 Rivers, dams
 Metallurgical Engineering
 Physics
 Mathematics

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