6 Mythology and Folklore

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Mythology and Folklore
Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
University Town, Northern Samar
Web: http://uep.edu.ph ; Email: uepnsofficial@gmail.com
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
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MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE
First Semester, School Year 2020-2021
LEAH A. DE ASIS, EdD
All photos are from www.google.com/search

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Module 6
MYTHS AND FOLKLORE OF
CANADA, KOREA, THAILAND,
BOLIVIA, SPAIN, AND NIGERIA
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Module No. 06 my dear students discusses the myths and folklore of

Canada, Korea, Thailand, Bolivia, Spain, and Nigeria. Just like Greek
Mythology and other myths and folklore of the different countries, this module
centers on the beginning of life, about gods and goddesses who were either
good or bad.
Major and minor gods and goddesses are herein discussed. Some
famous mythical tales and legends in each country mentioned above are also
included.
Assessment is found at the end of each module-part. After the last part
of this module, you’ll take the post test.
Dr. Leah A. De Asis

Course Professor
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MYTHS AND FOLKLORE
6
OF CANADA, KOREA,
THAILAND, BOLIVIA,
SPAIN, AND NIGERIA
6.1 Canada
6.2 Korea Learning Outcomes
6.3 Thailand  Identify the unique culture of the
6.4 Bolivia country under study;
6.5 Spain  Formulate sound judgment on
6.6 Nigeria the decisions arrived at by the
heroes;
6.1 MYTHS AND FOLKLORE  Evaluate the cultural differences
OF CANDA of the societies under study;
 Accept the cultural differences
6.1.1 French-Canadian Folklore embodied in the selections;
 Write an informal but substantial
French-Canadian folklore analysis.
has its roots in the folklore of  Discuss the themes and plots of
France, with some stock characters the selections under study;
such as Ti-Jean, the everyman  Analyze the cultural differences
character. Other popular heroes of manifested in the selections;
French-Canadian folklore were  Draw concepts, generalizations;
created in New France, such as the and conclusions;
exploits of the hunter Dalbec, and  Evaluate the merits and
the voyageur Jean Cadieux. The demerits of the characters and
earliest French-Canadian folksong relate them to the present time.
celebrates the adventures of Jean  Dramatize some parts of stories;
Cadieux.  Internalize the values learned
from the selections;
Depiction of La chasse-  Examine the societal issues
galerie (The Flying Canoe), a found in the selection and relate
them to the present issues; and
 Write a position paper on the
role of the society in one’s life.
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popular French-Canadian folktale. The coureur des bois/ voyageurs were

featured in the folklore of Quebec.
Loup-garou (werewolves) and shape-shifting sorcerers turning into
animals such as owls or bears "to torture their enemies" are widespread in
French-Canadian legends. The presence of demons and priests in many
French-Canadian legends attests to the dominant presence of the Catholic
church and its rituals in everyday lifein New France and Acadia.
The folklore of the coureur des bois and voyageurs has been much
studied, particularly the chansons (songs) they created to help them paddle in
unison when canoeing and to build morale. Folksongs and tall tales were part
of the festivities at the veillées (evening gatherings) held
in habitant communities.
The folklore of French Canada includes some rituals associated with

Church holidays. The Temps des fêtes (Candlemas) was long celebrated at
the end of the Christmas season in both Quebec and in Acadian communities.
Food was central to the celebration. It was traditional to use up the remains of
the year's wheat harvest by
making crepes or donuts. The round, golden
shapes alluded to the sun, the coming of
Spring, and the full circle of the annual
harvest cycle.
A recent folk tradition that adapts a

custom from France is
the Tintamarre parade of Acadia, similar to France's
Medieval Charivari festivities.
6.1.2 English-Canadian Folklore
Early English-Canadian folklore has several points of origin, due to the

various settler groups that came to the country from England, Scotland,
Ireland, and as Loyalists following the American Revolutionary War. Each
group brought their own traditions and created new folklore in their new
homeland. In the generations since the early settlers, waves of immigrants
have come to Canada from around the world, adding their own folklore to the
country's mix.
Oral traditions in Canada mainly have a regional or community-based

identity. This has been influenced by Canada's vast geography and early
settlement patterns. Folklorists have often focused on specific regional or
ethnic communities, as with Helen Creighton's work recording and
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documenting Nova Scotia sea-songs and ballads, or the many studies of the
folklore of Newfoundland.
6.1.3 Caught by a Hair String
Summary:
There was a couple with two (2) beautiful

daughters. Though the daughters are beautiful, they
are both timid. Their beauty is heard near and far.
Suitors line up to ask for their hands, but all of them
are turned down. They do not want any of them.
The chief in the village has a son, he asks his

father to help him marry one of them. In spite of the effort of both father and
son, they failed to convince the daughters in marriage.
There comes a lazy and not good looking guy who boosts around that
he will marry one of the beautiful women. People in the village laugh at him.
They think that it would be impossible to him to marry any of these beautiful
daughters since he lacks the potentials and personality, that even the son of
the chieftain was turned down.
The lazy and not good looking man meets an old woman who gives
him a breaded hair-string that could help him look for a wife. The old woman
instructs him, on what to do in order for the woman to fall for him. She says,
the man has to put to the hair of the woman he wants to marry the beaded-
hair-string.
The lazy man who is so persistent in finding his luck with the one of the
beautiful daughters gets the beaded-hair-string and follows what the old
woman says to him. True to what the old woman has said, the beautiful
woman easily falls for him. They were married. The people in the village could
hardly believe what they have witnessed.
The son of the chieftain who was rejected by these beautiful women
asks the help of the lucky man. The lazy and not handsome man tells the
chieftain’s son his secret. The son of the chieftain does the same. He, too,
marries the other daughter.
The chieftain’s son and the lucky man become friends. Since they are
brothers-in-law, they help each other. One day the chieftain dies. His son
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wants his brother-in-law to succeed, however, the lucky man who was once
lazy turns down the offer, instead, he promises to be the one to help the
chieftain’s son. At the end, both of them became successful.
Assessment
Kindly answer substantively.
1. Discuss the social biases in the story. Could you say that this Canadian
tale mirrors their values and aspirations? Argue.
2. Identify the cultural practices of the early Canadians stressed in the
tale which are also practiced in the Philippines.
3. Do you believe in luck? Could you say that it was pure luck that he
marries the beautiful daughter?
4. Compare the chieftain’s son and the lazy man.
5. Why do you think the two (2) beautiful daughters turned down all the
suitors?
6. What are the qualities of a man/woman would you consider in choosing
a future wife/husband? Why?
7. Do you believe in charm? Do you think it was the hair string that made
the beautiful daughter marries the lazy man? Explain.
8. Discuss the message of the tale.
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6.2 KOREAN MYTHS AND FOLKLORE
6.2.1 Introduction
Stories and practices that are considered part of Korean folklore go

back several thousand years. These tales derived from a variety of origins,
including Shamanism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and more recently
Christianity.
There are many types of folklore in Korean culture, including Imuldan,

focused on supernatural beings such as monsters, goblins, and ghosts. The
most common beings are the Dokkaebi,
which are considered Korean versions of
goblins. However, this term differs from
the European concept in that they do not
possess evil or demonic characteristics.
Instead, they are creators with powers
that seek to bring people both delight and
misery. These beings engage either in
friendly or annoying behavior with
humans. The presence of these beings is considered related to both
difficulties and pleasures in life.
6.2.2 Top 11 Deities in Korean Mythology
1. Jumong
The god who founded the ancient kingdom of Koguryeo, from which
the name Korea was ultimately derived. While Jumong’s mother, the
goddess Yuhwa, was hiding with King Keumwa she gave birth to an egg
which contained the offspring of the sun god Haemosu. Fearful over the
strange birth, King Keumwa exposed the egg to the horses of his stable, but
none of them would trample it. He left it in the forest, but none of the animals
would harm it. He tried to prevent Yuhwa from warming the egg, but Haemosu
made a shaft of sunlight keep the egg warm, even on cloudy days.
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Keumwa gave in and let Yuhwa care for the egg, from which Jumong
eventually burst forth, like many other gods in Korean mythology. (See Talhae
and Pakhyeokkeose, also born of eggs; Kimsuro, born of a golden egg found
in a golden chest; and Kimalji, born from a golden chest alone, just to be
different) Jumong could speak after just one month and grew to adulthood
very quickly. He had supernatural skill as an archer and was said to be able to
shoot even tiny objects like fleas from a great distance. He always outdid King
Keumwa’s sons, who grew to resent him, which conflict ultimately led to
Jumong heading south to establish his own kingdom, with his mother’s
blessing (in some versions she also gives him the Five Grains to take with
him).
Keumwa’s troops pursued him to the Kaesa River, where there was no
ferry. Not wishing to have to strike down the army of the man who had been
kind to his mother, Jumong instead shot
an arrow into the river and in the name of
his godly heritage as the son of Haemosu
and Yuhwa, commanded all the fish and
turtles in the water to form a bridge for
him to cross. They obeyed and after he
successfully crossed, the animals gave
way, letting the pursuing soldiers fall into
the river.
Next Jumong overthrew King Songyang by obtaining a sacred drum

and bugle, defeating him at an archery contest and by calling on the rain
goddess Aryongjong to cause a flood that washed away Songyang’s capital
city (which certainly seems more effective than drums, bugles and beating
the guy at archery).
The common people of the city were saved from the flood by Jumong,
riding a horse-sized duck. He then used his godly power to cause a new city
to form out of mist on the spot in just seven days, and this became the
capital of his new kingdom called Koguryeo. His own son Yuri went on to
become a great king, too. Jumong is sometimes spelled Chumong for the
same reason Jeju Island is sometimes spelled Cheju Island.
2. Halmang
The goddess of Jeju Island, often depicted embodying the island the
way Earth goddesses are often depicted embodying the entire planet. She
could also assume giantess form and roam the island at will and much of her
mythic cycle deals with her activities in that mobile form. Her diahhrea
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after having eaten millet porridge resulted in 360 of the hills and mountains of
Jeju Island. Halmang also arranged all the valleys and rivers of the island to
her liking, too. Her urine caused the channel between Jeju Island
and mainland Korea, or the channel between Jeju Island and nearby Udo
Island, depending on the version.
When the people of Jeju Island wanted the goddess to cease walking
around naked in her giantess form she told them that if they could make
clothing large enough to fit her she would build them a bridge to the
mainland. The people exhausted all of the material on the island but still the
clothes they made were not large
enough to cover Halmang, so
she stopped her own efforts, leaving
the bridge half-finished. (This is similar
to many Philippine myths about giant
gods or goddesses partially completing
bridges between islands)
Another myth involves her out-

doing her husband, the god Halubang,
at fishing by lying in the ocean and
swallowing all the fish into her vagina.
(This is similar to one of the Vietnamese myths about Giat Hai outdoing
Khong Lo) With that husband, the god that the large, ancient stone phalluses
on Jeju Island are dedicated to, Halmang spawned Koeulla, Puella and
Yangeulla, the progenitor gods of The Three Clans of Jeju Island.
sound from the Korean language.
3. Hwanung
The god of the laws and father of the demigod Tangun, one of the
important founder- heroes of northern Korean lore. Hwanung told his father,
Hwanin, that he desired to live among the people who worshipped them.
Hwanin designated Mount Taebaek near modern Pyeongyang for his son to
establish himself. Hwanung descended there with Aryongjong, the goddess of
rainfall and Yondung, the wind goddess. He gathered three thousand initial
followers around him and established the Divine City, from where his rule
spread.
Hwanung instituted three hundred sixty laws governing not just the
affairs of humanity, like government, agriculture, morality, punishments and
society but also governing natural laws on the young world. These laws
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pertained to lifespans, illnesses, science, etc, similar to certain concepts in

Sumerian myth. When both a female bear and a female tiger prayed to
Hwanung to be made human, only the bear passed Hwanung’s test and
became his bride, the mother of Tangun and through him many descending
generations of Koreans. The mythical significance is that it was the patience
of the bear, not the ferocity of the tiger, that became part of the Korean
character and enabled them to survive repeated invasions by Japan and
China.
4. Koeulla, Pueulla and Yangeulla
These three progenitor gods of the Three Clans of Jeju Island are
always mentioned in unison. They are the sons of Halmang, the goddess of
Jeju Island, and emerged from her womb, the ground, at a hole named
Mohung near Mount Chu. This spot, called the Hollow of the Three Clans, is a
landmark in modern day Jeju City. The three brothers roamed the island
hunting game, eating the meat and making clothes from the skins.
One day three brides arrived for them, sent with respects from the ruler
of Pyeongyang on the Korean mainland. The brides brought with them calves,
colts and the Five Grains – barley, rice, soybean, millet and foxtail millet. In
Korean mythology these five grains symbolize all of agriculture. Each of
the three gods took a bride for himself and established settlements, with their
countless offspring forming the mythical Three Clans from which all the
people of Jeju Island supposedly
descended. Each clan claims their progenitor
was the first-born of the three gods.
5. Haemosu
The Korean sun god, usually depicted

wearing a headdress of crow feathers from the
gigantic crow he killed when it stole the sun
and he had to retrieve it (crows
have connections with the sun in Chinese
myths, too and in Vietnamese mythology some versions claim that the sun
goddess’ palanquin is adorned with crow images instead of rooster images).
For his chief weapon Haemosu wielded a solar sword that shone as brightly
as the sun.
Each dawn as the sun, his home, made its way across the sky he
would leave it to take its course while he flew down to the Earth on his
chariot. That chariot, Oryonggeo, was drawn by five flying dragons and
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traveled faster than the wind. The sun god’s retinue, meanwhile, accompanied
him riding giant white swans that floated on multi- colored, music-producing
clouds. Haemosu and his court would land at Puyeo, the ancient capital of
what would eventually become the combined Three Kingdoms of Korea.
There the sun god would attend to the affairs of mortals all day, returning to
his solar home at sunset. Haemosu desired the goddess Yuhwa, who bore his
son Jumong.
6. Koenegitto
The war god of Jeju Island, home of a shrine that bears his name.
Koenegitto had a bronze gong which, when struck once, could conjure up an
army of a million soldiers out of the air. When struck twice the army
would disappear. Koenegitto was the son of the shrine god Sochonguk
through the mortal woman Paek Chunim. When Koenegitto turned three he
was so uncontrollable that Sochonguk locked him in a chest and tossed the
chest into the sea.
Koenigitto escaped the chest, married the youngest daughter of the

dragon god of the sea but was asked to leave the sea kingdom when his
enormous appetite was emptying the dragon god’s larder. He and his wife
went to Chonja on the Korean mainland, where Koenegitto became a hero by
driving away an invading army (led by multi- headed generals) from the north.
The bronze- armored demigod then returned triumphantly to Jeju Island for
revenge on his parents for tossing him into the sea. He scared them both to
death, then transformed his father into a mountain ridge and his mother into a
shrine.
7. Habaek
The god of the Yalu River, which borders what is now North Korea and
China. As such he had special
significance as the watchman over the
northern frontier. Habaek’s daughter
Yuhwa was snatched away by the sun
god Haemosu and made his
bride. Habaek complained to Hwanin,
the Heavenly King of the gods, who
ordered Haemosu to meet with his irate
father-in- law. Haemosu defeated the river god in a metamorphosis duel,
besting him in the forms of animals of the sea, land and air, but then
benevolently acquiesced to Habaek’s demand for a formal wedding
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ceremony. Following that ceremony the still- reluctant bride fled Haemosu,
ultimately hiding with King Keumwa of Puyeo.
8. Kimsuro
The god sent down from the heavens to rule the Kaya region of
Korea in approximately 43 C.E. Nine elders ruled the Kaya region – one from
each of the main city- states, but the lack of a central authority prompted them
to pray to the heavenly king of the gods Hwanin for a strong ruler to unite
them. Hwanin’s voice rang out from the heavens, drawing a crowd of
hundreds to Kuji Mountain, where he instructed them to sing the Kujiga. After
the song was sung, Hwanin lowered a golden chest from the sky, a chest
containing six large golden eggs. From these eggs hatched the god Kimsuro
and five of his subordinate aristocrats, all of whom grew to be nine feet tall in
a matter of days. Kimsuro united the nine city-states into the kingdom of Kaya,
defeated the god Talhae (future founder of Shilla) in a metamorphosis duel
and refused to get married until the gods sent a wife, Hwangok ,to him from
India.
9. Yuhwa
The goddess of willow trees, this daughter of the river- god Habaek
was desired by the sun god Haemosu. The sun god trapped her by causing a
copper palace to grow from some lines he drew on the ground. Yuhwa and
her sisters, intrigued by the sudden appearance of the magnificent structure,
ventured in and were lavishly entertained by Haemosu and his attendants. At
a sign from the sun god the attendants made to bolt the doors so they
could trap the three goddesses within. Yuhwa’s sisters were swift enough to
escape, but Yuhwa was captured by Haemosu
and taken off to be his wife. Eventually she fled
Haemosu and, while hiding with King Keumwa
of Puyeo she gave birth to Haemosu’s son
Jumong.
10. Tangun
The founder- god of the ancient Choson

kingdom supposedly in 2333 B.C. Tangun was
the son of Hwanung, the god of the laws who
descended from the heavens to teach humanity how to live and adapt to the
world when it was young. Tangun established an ancient city near
Pyeongyang, which the demented Kim Jong IL of North Korea claimed to
have unearthed in recent years but for some reason (HA!) refused to allow
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outside authorities in to confirm the claim. Tangun ruled as a combination king

and high priest and is still worshipped today by many modern Koreans who
follow Cheondogyo, “the religion of the heavenly way.” We are told Tangun
ruled for 1,500 years, then became the guardian god of Mount Taebaek.
11. Igong
Also called Hallakkungi, this god tended the Flower Garden of Life and
Death. This garden contained flowers that were really the souls of each
person on Earth and Igong oversaw the length and quality of each life. After
ending those lives by plucking their corresponding flowers from the garden
Igong also decided on the soul’s merits for rebirth. This god was worshipped
only on Jeju Island, the huge island off the southern coast of Korea. Jeju is
also spelled Cheju because our alphabet has no true equivalent of that
consonant.
6.2.3 Myth of Haemosu
“Haemosusinhwa ”narrates the story of Haemosu, the progenitor of

North Buyeo and the father of Jumong, founder and progenitor of Goguryeo.
Haemosu was the son of Cheonje (Celestial Emperor), who descended

to earth to rule the human world, wearing a hat made of crow feathers on his
head; carrying on his waist the dragon light sword (yonggwanggeom); riding a
carriage pulled by five dragons; and
accompanied by a hundred men riding
swans. The region from which he descended
had originally been ruled by Haeburu.
Haemosu attended to state affairs in the
morning and ascended to the heavens in the
evening, and people called him
Cheonwangrang (Celestial King).
One day Haemosu encounters, by the

waters of Ungsim Pond, Habaek’s three
daughters, who had emerged from
Cheongha, which is Amnok (Yalu) River, under Mt. Ungsim, north of his
fortress. Haemosu hosts a gathering for them with drinks with an aim to
acquire a wife, and after getting them drunk, captured Yuhwa, one of the
daughters. Upon receiving this news, Habaek rushes to the shore, furious,
and engages in a duel against Haemosu, to see if Haemosu is really the son
of the Celestial Emperor. When Habaek transformed himself into a carp,
Haemosu turned into an otter to chase after him; when Habaek turned into a
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deer Haemosu turned into a wild dog; when Habaek turned into a pheasant,
Haemosu turned into a hawk and attacked.
Finally Habaek accepted that Haemosu was the son of the Celestial
Emperor, and permitted him to wed his daughter Yuhwa. Worried that
Haemosu might leave Yuhwa behind, Habaek gets Haemosu drunk and puts
the couple in a leather cart, which is then loaded onto the five-dragon carriage
to take them to the heavens. Haemosu, however, wakes up before the
carriage leaves the water and escapes from the leather cart cutting a hole
using Yuhwa’s golden hairpin, then ascends alone to the celestial kingdom.
Habaek, furious that Yuhwa has brought dishonor to the family, pulls out her
lips until they hang three ja long, and abandons her on the shore of Ubalsu.
Yuhwa gets caught in a fishing net that belongs to the fisherman
Gangnyeokbuchu, who pulls her out and offers her to King Geumwa. Yuhwa
could not speak due to her drooping lips, and only after her lips were cut three
times, she was finally able to speak.
The king, realizing that she is the wife of the celestial prince, decides to
keep her in the queen’s palace. There, Yuhwa is impregnated when a ray of
sunlight shines on her body, and she gives birth to Jumong, who grows up to
become the founder of the kingdom of Goguryeo.
The mythology of northern Korea follows a narrative structure that

starts with the marriage between a celestial god and earthly god/water god
and moves on to the birth of the progenitor and the foundation of a kingdom,
which the myth of Haemosu also adheres to. The
characteristics of the deities in this myth as a
celestial god and a sun god are closely related to
those in the shamanic myth of Maiden Danggeum,
also known as the Song of the Origin of Jeseok.
6.2.3 Habaek
Habaek is the Goguryeo god of the Amnok

River or, according to an alternative interpretation,
the sun god Haebak. According to legend, his
daughter Yuhwa married Haemosu and gave birth
to Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo.
Mythological Overview
Habaek, the god of the Amnok River, had three daughters: Yuhwa),
Wuihwa, and Hweonhwa. The eldest of his daughters, Yuhwa, was confronted
by Hae Mo-su while she was bathing in a river, and eventually she married
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him without her father's permission. Outraged by the act, Yuhwa's father
challenged Hae Mosu to a duel of metamorphosis.
Habaek transformed into a carp, a deer, and a quail, only to be caught

by Hae Mo-su when he transformed into an otter, a wolf, and a hawk
respectively. Defeated and recognizing Hae Mo-su's supremacy, Habaek
consented to the marriage.
However, after the official marriage ceremony was held, Yuhwa

escaped Hae Mo-su's chariot before they could ascend to heaven and she
returned to her father. Because his daughter's actions brought disgrace to
him, Habaek had her lips stretched out and he exiled her to a stream
in Dongbuyeo, condemning her to a mortal life. Yuhwa was later freed by
fishermen, who brought her to the local king, Geumwa, and she later gave
birth to Jumong.
Assessment
Answer substantively.
1. Write characterize the deities in Korean mythology. Compare them to

the gods and goddesses of other countries.
2. Discuss the fight between Haemosu and Habaek. Put this fight in the
political battle in the Philippine Congress or between powerful
countries.
3. Research something about the Kingdom of Goryeo or Goguryeo in
ancient Korean time.
4. What kind of a father was Habeak? Discuss.
5. Discuss the similarities of a Filipino father to that of Habaek.
6. Write essays on
6.1 Power struggle
6.2 Pride and prejudice
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6.3 THAI MYTHS AND LEGENDS
Ten Popular Thai Myths and Legends
Thailand is a country steeped in myth and legend, with a storied history

of ancient kingdoms, terrifying ghosts and national icons. Here are 10 popular
Thai tales which have survived through the ages.
1. Naresuan’s Elephant Battle
Back when Thailand was known as the

Kingdom of Ayutthaya, King Naresuan’s reign
was marked by one of the most legendary
battles in Thai history. Atop his elephant, the king
called out to the crown prince of Burma Mingya
Swa to face him in single combat. He accepted
and Naresuan killed his opponent, winning the
battle that secured Thailand’s later victory in the
war. Whilst today elephant riding is hugely
frowned upon, it’s one of the most enduring stories from this era of the
country’s history – and one that they’re fiercely proud of.
2. Krasue
One of Thailand’s most feared ghosts, Krasue was a lady who was
promised to a Siamese nobleman yet loved a soldier of low rank. After being
caught with her lover, she was sentenced to death by burning. A sorceress
attempted to cast a protection spell, but its effects came on too late, leaving
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only her intestines, viscera and head unscathed. Today, it’s thought that her
ghostly remains roam the night in search of food, be it blood, flesh or faeces,
and many people claim to have seen her in the night.
3. Mae Nak
Thailand has its fair share of spooky stories, and perhaps none is more
terrifying than that of Mae Nak. Nak was pregnant and very much in love
when her husband was conscripted to fight in a war. During his absence, both
Nak and her baby died in childbirth.
The husband returned from the war, however, to find both his wife and
child waiting for him at home. Villagers were killed by Nak before they could
warn the husband, and he later only found out when he saw her stretch out
her bony arms to the floor to pick up a lime. He fled, hiding firstly in a plant
that ghosts are afraid of, and secondly to the temple, where ghosts can’t
enter.
Mae Nak was eventually exorcised twice; firstly into a jar, and secondly
into the waistband of a monk. To this day, it’s said that the Thai royal family
are the ones in possession of the waistband that contains her spirit.
4. Phra Luang Phor Tuad, the Miraculous Monk
One of the most revered and respected monks in Thai history, Phra
Luang Phor Tuad first caught national attention as a child when a snake
constricted him, yet it didn’t bite; instead, it gave him a pearl from its mouth
and left. After becoming ordained as a monk, he left for Ayutthaya by boat,
which was then caught in a huge storm. Fearing
that the monk was the cause, the others on the
boat considered throwing him overboard, until he
performed two miracles — calming the seas and
turning the water around the boat into drinking
water. He later cemented his fame by solving a
puzzle that nobody else could.
He lived until he was 120, and was thought

to have performed several more miracles whilst he was alive. Today, Thais
remember him by wearing amulets depicting him, as they’re thought to be
magic.
5. Nai Khanom Tom

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Revered as the father of Muay Thai, Nai Khanom Tom was a Thai
prisoner of war in Burma. The Burmese wanted to compare their martial art
with the martial art of Thailand, and so called for the best fighter amongst the
Thai prisoners to take part in a bout. Nai Khanom Tom stepped forward, and
dispatched of 10 opponents, one after the other with a break. Impressed, the
King granted the Siamese prisoner freedom, and Nai Khanom Tom has been
revered as a legend ever since.
6. Phra Chao Sua
Phra Chao Sua, or the Tiger King, was the ruler of Thailand from 1702
to 1709. This man was known for his passion for sports, in particular Muay
Thai. The king was such a huge fan of Thailand’s national sport that he often
entered competitions in disguise, where he beat champions without revealing
his true identity. Despite later descending into alcoholism and overseeing a
national famine, he’s more fondly remembered for his ability in the ring.
7. The Naga
You might have noticed statues at Thai temples that look similar to a
snake or dragon, but in fact they are neither; they are Naga. Semi-divine
beings that feature in both Buddhism and Hinduism, Naga are believed by
locals to live in the Mekong river. More interestingly, they’re thought to be the
cause of the Naga fireball phenomenon, which sees fireballs rise from the
supposedly-inhabited Mekong river high into the air. Not to worry, though;
Naga are guardian-type figures who keep away bad spirits, so they’re worth
having around — just be careful if you’re going for a swim in the Mekong.
8. Mountain of the Sleeping Lady
According to legend, the mountain of Doi Nang Non in Chiang

Rai takes its unusual shape from that of a sleeping lady. A beautiful princess
was betrothed to a man who ran away, leaving her
pregnant and alone. She waited for him, and went out
looking for him, fearing he was lost. After walking for
several days, she collapsed to the ground and,
realising he had left her, cried out in despair before
dying. As her ghost left her body, it grew to a large
size and eventually become a mountain range, that’s
today called Doi Nang Non — or the mountain of the
sleeping lady.
9. The Rice Goddess

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Rice in Thailand is a big deal, standing as the world’s second-biggest

exporter providing plenty of jobs and income to the country. As a result, many
people involved in the industry routinely pray to or make offerings to Phosop,
aka ‘the Rice Goddess’. This is done at every stage of the cultivation of grain,
and it’s thought that Phosop will ensure that everyone has enough to eat.
Thailand’s Queen Sirikit also acknowledges the practice, and it’s common for
a woman to play the role of Phosop during rice festivals and celebrations.
10. Krahang
Another Thai ghost story, Krahang was said to be a sorcerer involved

in black magic who now manifests himself as a shirtless man who roams
through the Thai countryside. He’s granted powers of flight thanks to two rice
baskets he uses as wings, and rides with a long wooden pestle between his
legs. Well-known by virtually every Thai, Krahang has been blamed for
attacks on women in remote villages.
Assessment
1. Discuss the culture, traits, and psychic of the Thais based on the tales.
2. Research on the traditions and beliefs of the Thais.
3. Pick out the characters in the tales and describe each.
4. Write a ghostly experience.
5. Do you believe in miracles? Discuss.
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6.4 MYTHS AND FOLKLORE OF BOLIVIA
6.4.1 Introduction
The main legends and myths of Bolivia integrate indigenous elements

with Catholic beliefs. The most outstanding are the guajojo, a bird that used to
be woman; the jichi, a guardian genius; and chiru chiru, a thief who helped the
poor among others.
Bolivia is a country characterized by its diversity and mythology. Its

culture has been shaped by the influence of a
great variety of ethnic groups that have inhabited
its territory, and the imprint of European culture left
by the Spanish colony.
It is currently situated that around 40

villages live in this region. That makes Bolivian
mythology so rich, complex, and peculiar. It also
contributes the amount of characteristics and
traditions influenced by the varied geographic
surroundings.
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This Andean country, with a population of just over 10 million

inhabitants, has ancestral myths about natural phenomena such as rain and
drought, and legends about life in the mines.
In Bolivian myths and legends can be seen the cultural syncretism that
identifies them. There is even overlap of indigenous beliefs and characters of
the Catholic religion. These stories reflect an important part of the history and
experiences of the people.
6.4.2 The 10 Most Popular Legends and Myths of Bolivia
1. Legend Chiriguana
According to the Chiriguanas, Tupí-Guaraní ethnicity that occupied

Bolivian territories, the origin of this legend is in the history of two brothers:
Tupaete and Aguara-tumpa, the good and the evil, creation and destruction.
In distant times, Aguara-tumpa was jealous of the creation of its brother

and burned all the fields and forests where they inhabited the chiriguanos.
To protect them, Tupaete recommended to them to move to the rivers,

but his brother refused to surrender and it rained until all the chiriguania was
flooded.
Already yielding to fate, Tupaete spoke to his children. All would die.
However, in order to save the race, he ordered them to choose between the
two of them the strongest two, to put them into a giant mate.
Thus, the two brothers remained protected until Aguara-tumpa believed

all the Chiriguanos extinct and let the fields dry up. The children grew up and
left their hiding place.
The children found Cururu, a giant toad that gave them fire and allowed
them to survive until they were large enough to reproduce and recover the
chiriguana race.
2. The Boy
In the jungle, after the sun has fallen, you

can hear the chant of the Guanajuato. They say
that it is almost a cry, a heartbreaking sound that
leaves the listener upset. Their song is heard in
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the jungle, in some regions of the Amazon. The guajojó is a bird, but
according to the legend, before it was a woman.
She was the daughter of a cacique who fell in love with a man of his
own tribe. Upon learning, his father used his sorcerer powers to kill the suitor
in the thick of the jungle for not considering him worthy.
When the Indian began to suspect the long absence of her beloved,
she went to look for him. Finding the remains of the crime threatened his
father with denouncing it before the tribe. To protect itself, the cacique turned
it into a bird. Since then she is crying there for the death of her beloved.
3. Origin of Maize
One day the god Ñandú Tampa found some twins, Guaray (sun) and
Yasi (moon), playing alone in the mount. When he saw them he thought they
would be good company for the god father Ñanderu Tampa and he quickly
caught them and flew away to deliver them.
The mother listened to her children and ran to them, but she could only
take them from the thumbs of her foot, which remained in her hands while the
Ñandu god obstinately followed her path.
Sometime later, the father god ordered the mother to sow the thumbs
of her children in a dream. After a long period of sun and rain, large spear-
shaped plants began to grow from where they buried
the twins' fingers.
From these plants began to produce fruits with

grains of different colors: yellow, white and purple, as
a gift from the father god.
4. Rain and Drought
The story tells that Pachamama (the earth) and

Huayra Tata (the wind) were a couple. Huayra Tata
lived at the top of fences and abysses, and from time
to time he lowered and emptied Lake Titicaca to fertilize Pachamama, and
then let the water fall in the form of rain.
When he fell asleep in the lake, the waters were disturbed, but he
always returned to the peaks, which were his domains.
5. The Jichi
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The Chiquitanos believe in a changing genius of guardianship.

Although sometimes a toad and other tiger, its most common manifestation is
that of the snake.
It shelters the waters of life and for this it hides in rivers, lakes and
wells. Sometimes, as punishment for those who do not value this resource, it
leaves and leaves behind the drought.
The jichi has to pay tribute, because if it is disturbed it jeopardizes the

prosperity of the fishing and the survival of the towns.
6. The Caretaker of Mines
"The uncle": this is how the protector of the underground world in

Potosí is known. There, where the dominions of God do not reach, the miners
have given themselves to the guardianship of the devil, whom they nicknamed
"the uncle".
After centuries of mining started by the Spanish colony and

innumerable deaths (it is said that they exceeded eight million), there may still
be found in the corridors of the mines
figurines surrounded by beers, cigars
and even animals sacrificed in adoration
to the uncle, so that this protects them.
The risks to the miners are very
high. Some of the causes of these
workers' deaths are the rudimentary
protective equipment, the lack of
oxygen, the chances of accidents and
the constant threat of black lung
disease.
Devil worship gives these men

and children hope for protection. As long as the guy is happy, they can go
home.
7. Chiru Chiru
Chiru Chiru was a robber who lived in the mines, a kind of Robin Hood
that distributed what he stolen among the poor.
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One day a miner found him stealing and wounded him. They said that
when they went to find him in his cave, where he took refuge after the attack,
they found his body next to an image of the Virgin. Since then, the Chiru Chiru
Cave has become a sacred place.
8. The Destruction of Huari
An evil god named Huari decided to confront the tribe of Urus for
having followed the path of good.
He sent pests and monsters as serpents and toads to destroy the

population, but the Virgin of the Socavón came to his rescue and fought with
the god until he fled and hid where no one else could find him.
9. Oboish
In Bolivia there are also beliefs of diseases similar to the evil eye, but
mortal, called"oboish"or"malpuesto".
This evil can only be healed by sorcerers who sold their soul to the
devil. Remedies range from holy water to whips with ribbons made from
animal skin.
10. The Goblins
Elf is a recurring character in Bolivian

stories. Different versions speak of white
clothes, hats and other particular attire, but all
agree that it is a child whose eyes show evil.
They say he died before he was

baptized and now he goes around doing
pranks. Some stories assert that he has an
iron hand and with it strikes whom he finds;
other stories associate him with murders.
6.4.3 The Creation
Summary:
Lord Con Ticci Virarocha, the prince and creator of all things created
the animals and giant human beings with the earth’s eternal darkness,
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because he has not yet created light. The first generation of humans got
angry and so they shouted loud. They became ungrateful which made Lord
Con Ticci Virarocha angry. He turned them into stone.
He created flood that even the high mountains were underwater to

punish those who survived. Next, he created the sun, the moon, and the stars.
With only the wave of his hand the mountains and valleys again appeared.
Looking around, he decided to create waters, animals, and the new

generation of human beings out of stones. He
divided them into groups with specific duties. He
gave them food to grow, taught them language, and
the basics of life to live.
One day, the people attacked Virarocha because

they did not recognize him, so Lord Virarocha
punished them. Some asked forgiveness. They built
stone for Lord Virarocha and a place of worship. The
people continued worshipping him to atone for their
sin and help.
Assessment
1. Analyse each of the 10 most popular legends and myths of Bolivia.

2. Based on the substance of each legend and myth draw your
conclusion regarding Bolivian’s cultural beliefs and values.
3. Identify the characters in the myths and legends and describe each.
4. Research on Bolivian political and social issues. Compare them to
ours.
5. Discuss the influence of the Catholic religion in the myths and legends
of the Bolivians.
6. Just like the Philippines, Bolivia was also colonized by Spain. Discuss
the similarities between the Philippines and Bolivia in terms of its
culture and beliefs.
7. How is Lord Con Ticci Virarocha characterized in the tale? What about
the creations?
8. Cite Biblical stories related to the creation story from Bolivia.
Major 06 204
6.5 Mythology and Folklore of Spain
Spanish Folklore – Ancient Myths and Legends
Every country has its fair share of folktales and legends with Spain
certainly not being the exception. This ancient country is a land filled with
many traditional Spanish myths and legends, filled to the brim with rich
history.
Spanish mythology has evolved over many thousands of years into

what it is today. However, many legends are incredibly old and have
withstood the test of time still being told and celebrated to this day. Many of
the legends were created from the different cultures Spain interacted with in
the past, combining into unique tales.
These stories have been passed down from generation to generation

becoming a solid part of the Spanish culture over time. These are some of our
favourite myths and legends in Spain.
Traditional Spanish Folktales

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Spanish folktales cover almost everything from the origin of saints and
cities to monsters and other various impish creatures.
1. How Barcelona Got Its Name
One of the more famous stories involves the origin of Barcelona.

Collectively, many Spaniards agree that the premise of this story involves the
famous Greek hero Hercules. It is
said that he journeyed from
Greece with a fleet of nine ships
on an expedition around the
Mediterranian. However, during
his journey the ninth ship of his
fleet was lost at sea, vanishing
without a trace.
The remaining vessels set

off on a quest to try to discover
the whereabouts of the ship that
had mysteriously disappeared.
Eventually, after deciding to
continue the search on the
surrounding coastline they found the ship which was wrecked at the base of a
large hill.
The crew of the other ships and Hercules himself found the area to be
of great beauty and decided to name it Barca (Meaning boat) Nona (Which
stood for ninth). Commemorating the lost ship and its sailors.
Of course, there is no evidence to aid the legitimacy of this story but it

still remains a famous tale to this day.
2. The Legend of Saint George and His Princess
Another famous myth in Spain is that of the legend of Saint George,

who is known as San Jorge in Spain.
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It is said that many hundreds of years ago there lived a dragon in the
region of Montblanc who extorted tribute from the villages that surrounded the
area.
As time went on, the villagers

eventually ran out of livestock and
trinkets to give as tribute to the
dragon. As a result, the dragon flew
into a rage and threatened to
destroy all the villages.
The villagers of these small

hamlets decided it would be best for
them to instead offer a sacrifice at
random to the dragon at certain
times of the year. This became
widely accepted as the norm, until
one unfortunate occasion when the
princess of the land was chosen to
be the next sacrifice.
She was well-loved by the

people and many offered to take her place. She, however, refused and took
responsibility for the fate that was bestowed upon her.
The princess was sent to the dragon but before she could be eaten a
gallant knight appeared to fight the monstrous serpent. Ultimately the knight
won the battle. From the ground where the dragon’s blood was spilled a single
rose blossomed which the knight (who was Saint George) plucked and
presented to the princess.
This story gave rise to the celebrations that take place every year on
the 23rd of April where Spaniards dance and celebrate in the streets of the
cities. It is traditional for the men to present roses to the women that they love
on this day.
This celebration is widely adored by the public even to this day, as it

has been for hundreds of years.
3. Tales of Spanish Monsters

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Cultures around the world almost always contain certain myths and
legends that inspire fear and terror into
those that hear it. More often than not
these stories were created from
unexplained events that over time
grew into beliefs about terrifying
monsters.
4. The Legend of El Coco
Arguably, the most infamous of

these myths is that of El Coco. This
story is synonymous with those of the
boogeyman. The exploits and tales of
this monster are often told to naughty
and misbehaving children.
It is said that El Coco would

kidnap or eat children that were
troublemakers and disobeyed their parents’ wishes, snatching them from their
beds while they were asleep. Spaniards often say that El Coco stalks the city
streets in the twilight hours of the night with a large blackened bag looking for
his next victims.
Many agree that the story was actually given rise by a man known as
Francesco Ortega who lived a few centuries back. This man was convinced to
drink the blood of children after a folk healer told him it would cure him of his
tuberculosis. Truly a very creepy legend!
5. The El Duende Legend
Another myth is that of the Duendes, which are known to look like little
imp-like beings. Many believe that
they are mischievous and
malevolent spirits that infiltrate the
homes of people and revel in
wreaking havoc and chaos.
However, there are also many

Spaniards and Central Americans
who believe that they are also
Major 06 208
capable of spontaneous and random acts of kindness such as leading lost

hikers or children to safety. Many people believe to this day that Duendes
actually exist and excel at hiding from the general population.
6. Other traditional myths in Spain
Out of the many Spanish myths, there are a few that correlate with
other myths from around the world, such as the belief in Ratoncito Perez. This
myth is also referred to as the Perez Mouse. It was created by a writer back in
the late 1800s for a child prince, the son of the King of Spain at the time.
The story was about a small mouse who lived in a large box of biscuits
with his entire family in the city of Madrid. They used the pipes and tunnels in
the city to reach the bedrooms of children who had recently lost their teeth.
This was a story very similar to that of the tooth fairy and has since
been adapted into many other novels, literature and movies.
The original story was so popular that the city council of Madrid
commissioned a plaque to be made and placed in the city that
states Ratoncito Perez lived there.
Assessment
1. Share a famous tale from your place. Discuss the impact of this tale
among youngsters.
2. Research on how the Spanish people today celebrate the 23 rd of April.
Compare this to any festival in the Philippines or in your place.
3. Cite similarities between the Spanish traditions, practices, and values,
and that of the Filipinos.
4. Summarize one (1) story of chivalry which originated from Spain.
Major 06 209
5. Describe the attitude of the villagers toward ordinary people and toward
the princess. Draw your inference and conclusion.
6.6 Mythology and Folklore of Nigeria
The Creation of the Universe

(Nigerian Tale)
Characters:
Character Characterization
Olorun The ruler of the sky
Olokun The ruler of the sea
Obatala The creator of the earth, the trees, and the protector of the
humans
Orunmila The son of Olokun who helped Obatala by advising him to make a
golden chain, gave him the white hen, snail shell with sand, the
Major 06 210
palm nut, and a black cat
Summary:
In the beginning there were only the sky, the water, and beneath.
Olorun and Olokun were contented of the situation, however, Obatala wanted
to improve the kingdom below. Obatala asked the help of Olokun. Olokun
called his son Orunmila to help Obatala.
Olokun told Obatala that he will need a gold

chain to reach the Kingdom below. For this,
Obatala asked the help of other gods, but their
golds were not enough. Obatala did not lose
hope. He asked the blacksmith to make the chain
that could reach the sea. When the chain was
ready, Obatala fastened it to the end of the sky.
Before he left, Orunmila gave him a snail shell
filled with sand, white hen, palm nut, and a black cat.
Obatala went down the earth and was about to be drowned, but
Orunmila shouted from above telling him to use the things given to him.
Obatala poured the sand while the white hen scattered them through
scratching the sand from the hills and valleys.
Obatala planted the palm nut. The trees grow, coconut sprang up
which later on used in building houses. He lived with the black cat. Because of
loneliness of being alone, after a year, Obatala created figures out of clay.
The figures were deformed since he did it while he was drunk. He continued
making figures out of the clay until he succeeded forming a nice one.
Assessment
1. Discuss the effort of Obatala in improving the kingdom below (earth).

2. What are the human practices stressed in the tale?
3. Research on the importance of a cat among Nigerians.
4. Write at least five (5) commonalities among gods from different
countries shared by the Nigerian gods.
Major 06 211
5. Write essays on:

5.1 creativity
5.2 solitude
REQUIREMENTS
1. Individual recorded presentation. Choose from any of the following:

a. Creative storytelling
b. Monologue based from any of the selections studied
c. Declamation such as Medea, Dr. Faustus, and other pieces of good
substance
Major 06 212
2. Compilation of Folklore from your place (include folk medicine, tales,

riddles, proverbs, beliefs, and practices).
SUGGESTED READINGS
The Leopard, World Literary Gems by S.C. Concepcion

Once Upon a Time, Gabriel Okara
Gahini Lake, John Nagenta
How the Ethiopian Woman Tamed Her Husband
Why Ananse Owns Every Story: An Ashante Folktale from Ghana
REFERENCES
Bascara, L. R. World Literature
Bokkyu,L. Korean Folk Literature. Folktales. Mythology . Encyclopedia of

Korean Culture https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/en/topic/detail/5414
Candia, A. P. (1972). Mythological Dictionary of Bolivia.
Concepcion, S.C. World Literary Gems.
De Asis, Leah, et.al., Walking Through the Wonders of World Literature.

Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2015.
Duka, C. The Literatures of Asia and Africa
Koremango, R. (s.f.). Origin of the corn plant . Obtained from Educa:

educa.com.bo
lacia, F.C. The Literatures of the World.
Lara, J. (s.f.). Surumi. The Friends of the Book.
Pierini, F. (1903). Mythology of the Guarayos of Bolivia. Anthropos , 703-710.
Rosenburg, Donna. World Mythology. USDA: NTC Pub. Group, 1998.
Samouilhan, K. (2020). Spanish Folklore – Ancient myths and legends

https://travelinginspain.com/spanish-folklore/
Sherman, J. (2011). Storytelling, An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore.

Sharpes Reference.
Will Drayson, W. Ten Popular Thai Myths and Legends. Culture

Triphttps://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/10-popular-thai-
myths-legends/
Major 06 213
Wozniak, E. and Balladeer’s (2011). Top Eleven Deities in Korean Mythology

https://glitternight.com/2011/03/24/the-top-11-deities-in-korean-
mythology/
Nothing is as special as celebrating your feat than a cup

of good coffee. You deserve a toast of it. You may now
declare your bravery. But just as you may forget it, I am
reminding you to answer the post-test in the next pages.
POSTTEST
Part I. Multiple Choice (20 points). Read the items below
and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A. Myth C. Marchaen Tale

B. Legend D. Fable
deals with the creation of the universe, the origins of man, the gods and native culture
heroes.
Major 06 214
2. A. Myth C. Marchaen Tale

B. Legend D. Fable
deals mainly with the origin of local phenomena or events, origin of places, and other
things.
3. A. Tricketer C. Didactic
B. Fable D. Novelistic
tale discusses stories of rewards and punishments.
4. A. Tricketer C. Didactic
B. Fable D. Novelistic
tale narrates foolishness of the central character or his cleverness.
5. A. Leona de los Reyes C. Merle Alunan

B. Damiana L. Eugenio D. Edith Tiempo
is recognized as the “Mother of Philippine Folklore”.
6. A. Carlos P. Romulo C. Isabelo de los Reyes

B. Bienvenido Lumbera D. Jose P. Rizal
is considered the “Father of Philippine Folklore”.
7. A. Aminakable C. Apalaki
B. Agnu D. Anagolay
is the god of the sea of the ancient Filipinos.
8. A. Mayari C. Ikapati
B. Hanan D. Tala
is said to be the goddess of the moon and the most beautiful among the ancient
Filipino goddess.
9. A. Bulan C. Saguday
B. Revenadon D. Mapulon
is the god of thunder and lightning (Filipino myth).
10. A. Hera C. Hestia

B. Athena D. Aphrodite
is the goddess of intelligence and skill.
11. A. Ares C. Hades

B. Apollo D. Hephaestus
is the only ugly god. He is the god of the metalwork.
12. A. Themis C. Cronus

B. Oceanus D. Uranos
is the titan of divine law and order.
13. A. Odin C. Signy

B. Thor D. Sigurd
owns a powerful hammer (Norse myth).
Major 06 215
14. A. Thor C. Balder

B. Loki D. Tyr
is the most beloved of the gods in the Norse mythology.
15. A. Fraya C. Frigga

B. Heimdal D. Signy
is the Norse goddess of love and beauty.
16. A. Medea C. Galatea

B. Arethusa D. Thisbe
helps Jason in his pursuit of the golden Fleece.
17. A. Yin C. P’ an Ku
B. Yang D. Nu Kua
is the Chinese creator and preserver of life.
18. A. Yin C. P’ an Ku
B. Yang D. Nu Kua
refers to male principle (light, bright) in the Chinese myth.
19. A. Tepeu C. Odin

B. Manco Capac D. Maui
is a Hawaiian hero who tamed the sun.
20. A. Tepeu C. Loon

B. Obatala D. Vishnu
is the Nigerian creator of the earth.
Part II. Matching Type (10 points). Below are epithets. Match Column A with
Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on the space provided
for before each number.
A B
____ 1. Zeus A. rosy-fingered
____ 2. Aphrodite B. swift-footed
____ 3. Hera C. silver-footed
____ 4. Iris D. wind-footed
____ 5. Eos E. ox-eyed
____ 6. Athena F. owl-eyed
____ 7. Thetis G fair-haired
.
____ 8. Helen H. long-dressed
____ 9. Demeter I. great-hearted
____10. Achilles J. laughter-loving
K. cloud-gatherer
Major 06 216
Part III. Mix and Match (10 points). Below are famous names in mythology
and folklore. Pair the names accordingly.
Cupid Galatea Thisbe

Sigmund Psyche Jason
Pygmalion Orpheus Eurydice
Medea Pyramus Guinevere
King Arthur Alpheus Arethusa
Ceyx Olokun Alcyone
Olorun Signy Odin
Frigga
Why not spend an hour or two with a cup

noodle. Congratulations! It’s a job well-done.
You may now tap your shoulder, and say,
“thanks for not leaving me behind”.

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Major 06 178

Mythology and Folklore

Republic of the Philippines

LEAH A. DE ASIS, EdD

All photos are from www.google.com/search

Module No. 06 my dear students discusses the myths and folklore of

Dr. Leah A. De Asis

MYTHS AND FOLKLORE

popular French-Canadian folktale. The coureur des bois/ voyageurs were

The folklore of French Canada includes some rituals associated with

A recent folk tradition that adapts a

6.1.2 English-Canadian Folklore

Early English-Canadian folklore has several points of origin, due to the

Oral traditions in Canada mainly have a regional or community-based

6.1.3 Caught by a Hair String

There was a couple with two (2) beautiful

The chief in the village has a son, he asks his

Kindly answer substantively.

6.2 KOREAN MYTHS AND FOLKLORE

Stories and practices that are considered part of Korean folklore go

There are many types of folklore in Korean culture, including Imuldan,

6.2.2 Top 11 Deities in Korean Mythology

Next Jumong overthrew King Songyang by obtaining a sacred drum

Another myth involves her out-

pertained to lifespans, illnesses, science, etc, similar to certain concepts in

4. Koeulla, Pueulla and Yangeulla

The Korean sun god, usually depicted

Koenigitto escaped the chest, married the youngest daughter of the

The founder- god of the ancient Choson

outside authorities in to confirm the claim. Tangun ruled as a combination king

6.2.3 Myth of Haemosu

“Haemosusinhwa ”narrates the story of Haemosu, the progenitor of

Haemosu was the son of Cheonje (Celestial Emperor), who descended

One day Haemosu encounters, by the

The mythology of northern Korea follows a narrative structure that

Habaek is the Goguryeo god of the Amnok

Habaek transformed into a carp, a deer, and a quail, only to be caught

However, after the official marriage ceremony was held, Yuhwa

1. Write characterize the deities in Korean mythology. Compare them to

6.3 THAI MYTHS AND LEGENDS

Ten Popular Thai Myths and Legends

Thailand is a country steeped in myth and legend, with a storied history

1. Naresuan’s Elephant Battle

Back when Thailand was known as the

4. Phra Luang Phor Tuad, the Miraculous Monk

He lived until he was 120, and was thought

5. Nai Khanom Tom

6. Phra Chao Sua

8. Mountain of the Sleeping Lady

According to legend, the mountain of Doi Nang Non in Chiang

9. The Rice Goddess

Rice in Thailand is a big deal, standing as the world’s second-biggest

Another Thai ghost story, Krahang was said to be a sorcerer involved

Kindly answer substantively.

6.4 MYTHS AND FOLKLORE OF BOLIVIA

The main legends and myths of Bolivia integrate indigenous elements

Bolivia is a country characterized by its diversity and mythology. Its

It is currently situated that around 40

This Andean country, with a population of just over 10 million

6.4.2 The 10 Most Popular Legends and Myths of Bolivia

According to the Chiriguanas, Tupí-Guaraní ethnicity that occupied

In distant times, Aguara-tumpa was jealous of the creation of its brother