Lecture 1 CEG 211 - 2021 - 2022e

Mechanics of Materials 1
Oyelade Akintoye.O.
(PhD)
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,
University of Lagos.
Content
四个
重要思想
Rigid Bodies:
Plane Pin-
Statics of Equivalent
Introduction
Particles Systems of
Jointed Conclusion
Frames/Trusses
Forces
Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Textbooks
四个
重要思想
Statics and Mechanics of Materials
Ferdinand P. Beer, Ferdinand P. Beer, John T. DeWolf, David F. Mazurek
Examples in Structural Analysis

W.M.C.McKenzie
Structural and Stress Analysis

Jianqiao Ye

Introduction
四个
What is mechanics? 重要思想
Mechanics can be defined as that science which describes

and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies under
the action of forces.
Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering sciences
and is an indispensable prerequisite to their study. However,
it does not have the empiricism found in some engineering
sciences, i.e., it does not rely on experience or observation
alone; by its rigor and the emphasis it places on deductive
reasoning, it resembles mathematics.
It is divided into three parts: mechanics of rigid bodies,

mechanics of deformable bodies, and mechanics of fluids.
Introduction
四个
The mechanics of rigid bodies is sub divided into 重要思想 and
statics
dynamics, the former dealing with bodies at rest, the latter
with bodies in motion.
In this part of the study of mechanics, bodies are assumed
to be perfectly rigid.
The mechanics of deformable bodies, structures and machines,

deform under the loads to which they are subjected.
The third division of mechanics, the mechanics of fluids, is

subdivided into the study of incompressible fluids and of
compressible fluids. An important subdivision of the study
of incompressible fluids is hydraulics, which deals with
problems involving water.
Introduction
Fundamental concepts and principles-Mechanics of rigid
四个
重要思想
bodies
A force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body to move or
translate in the direction of the force. A complete description of a
force includes its magnitude and direction.
In stress analysis, a force can be categorized as either external or

internal. External forces include, for example, applied surface loads,
force of gravity and support reactions, and the internal forces are the
resisting forces generated within loaded structural elements.

Introduction
四个
重要思想
bodies
The moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body
to rotate about a specific point or axis. In order to develop a moment
about, for example, a specific axis, a force must act such that the
body would begin to twist or bend about the axis.
The magnitude of the moment of a force acting about a point or axis

is directly proportional to the distance of the force from the point or
axis. It is defined as the product of the force and the lever arm.

Introduction
四个
重要思想
bodies
 normal force, F, which is perpendicular to the cross-section;

 shear force, V, which is parallel to the cross-section;
 bending moment, M, which bends the material; and
 twisting moment (torque), T, which twists the material about its
central axis.
Introduction
四个
Fundamental concepts and principles-Mechanics of重要思想
rigid
bodies
The Parallelogram Law for the Addition of Forces
This states that two forces acting on a particle may be replaced by a
single force, called their resultant , obtained by drawing the diagonal
of the parallelogram which has sides equal to the given forces
The Principle of Transmissibility.

This states that the conditions of equilibrium or of motion of a rigid
body will remain unchanged if a force acting at a given point of the
rigid body is replaced by a force of the same magnitude and same
direction, but acting at a different point, provided that the two forces
have the same line of action

Introduction
四个
Fundamental concepts and principles-Mechanics of重要思想
rigid
bodies
Newton’s Three Fundamental Laws
=
=

Statics of Particles
四个
重要思想
The brain is wider than the sky
Emily Dickinson
四个
Force on a particle. Resultant of two forces 重要思想
A force represents the action of one body on another and is
generally characterized by its point of application , its
magnitude , and its direction.
Forces acting on a given particle, however, have the same
point of application. Each force can be completely defined
by its magnitude and direction

四个
 Experimental evidence shows that two forces P and Q

acting on a particle A can be replaced by a single force R
which has the same effect on the particle. This force is
called the resultant of the forces P and Q

四个
The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A . Determine their

resultant.
= 97.73
= 15.04 + 20 = 35.04
四个
A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of the

forces exerted by the tugboats is a 200kg force directed
along the axis of the barge, determine the tension in each of
the ropes knowing that α = 45
= 146.41 = 103.53
四个
Two structural members B and C are bolted to the重要思想
bracket A.
Knowing that the tension in member B is 250kg and that the
tension in C is 200kg, determine the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force acting on the bracket
= 200 + 250 − 2 ∗ 200

∗ 250 cos(125)
= 400
= 40 − 30.8 = 9.2
四个
Rectangular components of a force:UNIT VECTORS
重要思想
F has been resolved into a component &' along the x

axis and a component &( along the y axis.
& = &' ) + &( *

四个
Rectangular components of a force:UNIT VECTORS
重要思想
&'
&' = &+,- &( = &-./ Tan =
&(
The magnitude F of the force can be obtained by

applying the Pythagorean theorem and writing
&= &' + &(

四个
Addition of forces by summing X and Y components
重要思想
Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the

resultant of the forces on the bolt.

四个
Equilibrium of a particle. Free-body diagrams 重要思想
Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

四个
Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

四个
Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.

Knowing that P = 500 N and α = 60°, determine the
tension in AC and BC.

四个
Rectangular components of a force in space 重要思想
&( = & cos (
&3 = &sin (
&' = &3 cos5 = &sin ( cos5
&6 = &3 sin5 = &sin ( sin5

四个
重要思想

Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Systems of Forces
Introduction
Most of the bodies considered in elementary

mechanics are assumed to be rigid, a rigid body
being defined as one which does not deform.
Actual structures and machines, however, are never

absolutely rigid and deform under the loads to
which they are subjected.

Introduction
Two important concepts associated with the effect

of a force on a rigid body are the moment of a
force about a point and the moment of a force
about an axis.
Since the determination of these quantities involves

the computation of vector products and scalar
products of two vectors, the fundamentals of vector
Algebra will be introduced

External and internal forces
The external forces represent the action of other

bodies on the rigid body under consideration. They
are entirely responsible for the external behavior of
the rigid body. They will either cause it to move or
ensure that it remains at rest.
The internal forces are the forces which hold

together the particles forming the rigid body. If the
rigid body is structurally composed of several parts,
the forces holding the component parts together are
also defined as internal forces
External forces

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces
The principle of transmissibility states that the conditions

of equilibrium or motion of a rigid body will remain
unchanged if a force F acting at a given point of the rigid
body is replaced by a force F’ of the same magnitude and
same direction, but acting at a different point, provided that
the two forces have the same line of action.

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces

The two forces F and F’ have the same effect on the rigid
body and are said to be equivalent . This principle, which
states that the action of a force may be transmitted along
its line of action, is based on experimental evidence.

Vector product of two vectors

In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of a force
on a rigid body, a new concept, the concept of a moment of a
force about a point , will be introduced at this time. This
concept will be more clearly understood, and applied more
effectively, if we first add to the mathematical tools at our
disposal the vector product of two vectors.

The vector product of two vectors P and Q is
defined as the vector V which satisfies the following
conditions.
The line of action of V is perpendicular to the plane
containing P and Q
The magnitude of V is the product of the magnitudes
of P and Q and of the sine of the angle formed by
P and Q .

The direction of V is obtained from the right-hand

rule. Close your right hand and hold it so that your
fingers are curled in the same sense as the rotation
through which brings the vector P in line with the
vector Q; your thumb will then indicate the
direction of the vector V

When two vectors P and Q have V either the same

direction or opposite directions, their vector product
is zero.
The magnitude of V is the product of the magnitudes

of P and Q and of the sine of the angle formed by
P and Q .

The magnitude V of the vector

product of P and Q is equal to the
area of the parallelogram which has
P and Q for sides .
The vector product P X Q will therefore remain

unchanged if we replace Q by a vector Q’ which is
coplanar with P and Q and such that the line
joining the tips of Q and Q’ is parallel to P .
’
The vector product P X Q will therefore remain

unchanged if we replace Q by a vector Q’ which is
coplanar with P and Q and such that the line
joining the tips of Q and Q’ is parallel to P .

Vector products expressed in terms of rectangular components
Let us now determine the vector product of any two

of the unit vectors i , j , and k


We can now easily express the vector product V of two

given vectors P and Q in terms of the rectangular
components of these vectors. Resolving P and Q into
components, we first write
' 7 6
' ( 6

8 7 9
7 9 9 7
9 8 8 9
8 7 7 8

The vector product V can thus be expressed in the

following form, which is more easily memorized
' ( 6
' ( 6

Moment of a force about a point
Let us now consider a force F acting

on a rigid body. As we know, the force
F is represented by a vector which
defines its magnitude and direction.
However, the effect of the force on the
rigid body depends also upon its point
of application A . The position of A
can be conveniently defined by the
vector r which joins the fixed
reference point O with A

We will define the moment of F about O as the vector

product of r and F
The moment ; must be perpendicular to the plane

containing O and the force F. The sense of ; is
defined by the sense of the rotation which will bring the
vector r in line with the vector F ; this rotation will
be observed as counterclockwise by an observer located
at the tip of ;
Finally, denoting by u the angle between the lines of

action of the position vector r and the force F , we find
that the magnitude of the moment of F about O is
where d represents the perpendicular distance from O to

the line of action of F

The magnitude of ; measures the tendency of the force

F to make the rigid body rotate about a fixed axis directed
along ;

Varignon’s theorem
The moment about a given point O of the resultant of

several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the
moments of the various forces about the same point O .
< =
>
<+ +……

Rectangular components of the moment of a force
The moment about a given point O of the resultant of

several concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the
moments of the various forces about the same point O .
' ( 6
:
: ' ( 6
:
' ( 6

To compute the moment ?

about an arbitrary point B of
a force F applied at A
? @ ⁄A
? @ ?
? @ ⁄A @ ⁄A @ ⁄A
' ( 6
@ ⁄A @ A
@ ⁄A @ A
@ ⁄A @ A

Example
A force of 800 N acts on a bracket as shown. Determine
the moment of the force about B
? @ ⁄A
@ ⁄A

Example
? @ ⁄A

Thank you

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Mechanics of Materials 1

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Examples in Structural Analysis

Structural and Stress Analysis

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Mechanics can be defined as that science which describes

It is divided into three parts: mechanics of rigid bodies,

The mechanics of deformable bodies, structures and machines,

The third division of mechanics, the mechanics of fluids, is

In stress analysis, a force can be categorized as either external or

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The magnitude of the moment of a force acting about a point or axis

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

 normal force, F, which is perpendicular to the cross-section;

The Principle of Transmissibility.

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The brain is wider than the sky

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

 Experimental evidence shows that two forces P and Q

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A . Determine their

A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of the

= 200 + 250 − 2 ∗ 200

F has been resolved into a component &' along the x

& = &' ) + &( *

The magnitude F of the force can be obtained by

&= &' + &(

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Determine the tension in each of the ropes AB and AC

Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown.

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

&' = &3 cos5 = &sin ( cos5

&6 = &3 sin5 = &sin ( sin5

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Most of the bodies considered in elementary

Actual structures and machines, however, are never

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Two important concepts associated with the effect

Since the determination of these quantities involves

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

External and internal forces

The external forces represent the action of other

The internal forces are the forces which hold

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces

The principle of transmissibility states that the conditions

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Principle of transmissibility: Equivalent forces

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Vector product of two vectors

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

The direction of V is obtained from the right-hand

Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNILAG

Vector product of two vectors

When two vectors P and Q have V either the same

The magnitude of V is the product of the magnitudes