Language and Text Structure Across

Disciplines Literature and Arts

 CONNOTATIONS
5 Love Languages by Dr. Gary Chapman  FIGURES OF SPEECH
 VIVID LANGUAGE
Academic Disciplines
 MATHEMATICS In literature, creativity = content.
 BUSINESS
 SOCIAL SCIENCES POETIC LICENSE
 NATURAL SCIENCE Example: Today Was A Fairytale by Taylor
 LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Swift

Know Your Jargons TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

Efficient reading of texts across disciplines  Psychoanalytic criticism
primarily requires familiarity with the special  Marxist criticism
vocabulary or jargon of the field.  Feminist criticism
 New criticism
Mathematics  Reader response criticism
 USE OF SYMBOLS  Structuralist criticism
 LETTERS WITH SPECIAL  Deconstructive criticism
MEANINGS  New historical and Cultural criticism
 NOTATIONS, NUMBERS,  Queer criticism
FORMULA  African American criticism
Examples:  Post-colonial criticism
1. 3 is the square root of 9
2. 5 is a prime number Upon seeing an orange:
Mathematics is an exact, precise language.
Structuralism asks:
Business How are the orange peel and the flesh
 SPECIAL VOCABULARY differentiated into composite parts of the
 BUSINESS WRITING orange?
Business requires cordiality.
Deconstruction asks:
Social Sciences If the orange peel and the flesh are both
 SPECIAL VOCABULARY part of an “orange,” are they not in fact one
 GRAPHS AND TABLES and the same
Social Sciences - "Soft" Sciences thing?

Natural Sciences Gender theory asks:

 TECHNICAL TERMS, SYMBOLS, What possibilities are available to a woman
ABRV who eats this orange? to a man? to a
 DIAGRAMS AND DRAWINGS queer?
 INFORMATION-HEAVY
Natural Sciences - "Hard" Sciences Formalism asks:
What shape and diameter is the orange?

Social class theory asks:
Who owns the orange?
Who gets to eat it?
Postcolonialism asks:
Who doesn’t own the orange?
Who took the orange away?
Reader response theory asks:
What does the orange taste like?
What does the orange remind us of?
PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
THE UNCONCIOUS
 The unconscious is the storehouse
of those painful experiences and
emotions, those wounds, fears,
guilty desires, and unresolved
conflicts we do not want to know
about because we feel we will be
overwhelmed by them (Tyson,
2006).
 Repression is the expunging from
consciousness.
 Repression doesn’t eliminate our
painful experiences and emotions.
 Thus, the unconscious is a dynamic
entity that engages us at the
deepest level of our being.
 Until we find a way to know and
acknowledge to ourselves the true
cause(s) of our repressed wounds,
fears, guilty desires, and unresolved
conflicts, we hang onto them in
disguised, distorted, and self‐
defeating ways (Tyson, 2006).
ROLE OF FAMILY
The role of family is a big and an important
factor in psychoanalytic theory.
 Failure
 Imperfect child/black sheep
 Unlovable
 Irresponsible
Freudian Theory
 Oedipal conflict is the competition
with the parent of the same gender
for the attention and affection of the
parent of the opposite gender.
 Sibling rivalry is the competition of
siblings for the attention and
affection of parents.
The defenses, anxiety, and core issues
Not recognizing or examining our
destructive behaviors is a form of a defense.
Defenses include:
 Selective Perception - hearing and
seeing only what we feel we can
handle.
 Selective Memory - modifying our
memories so that we don’t feel
overwhelmed by them or forgetting
painful events entirely .
 Denial - believing that the problem
doesn’t exist or the unpleasant
incident never happened.
 Avoidance - staying away from
people or situations that are liable to
make us anxious by stirring up some
unconscious—i.e., repressed—
experience or emotion.
 Displacement - “taking it out” on
someone or something less
threatening than the person who
caused our fear, hurt, frustration, or
anger.
 Projection - ascribing our fear,
problem, or guilty desire to someone
 else and then condemning him or
her for it, in order to deny that we
have it ourselves.
When our defenses break down, we
experience anxiety.
 Fear of intimacy - the chronic
and overpowering feeling that
emotional closeness will
seriously hurt or destroy us and
that we can remain emotionally
safe only by remaining at an
emotional distance from others
at all times.
 Fear of abandonment - the
unshakable belief that our friends
and loved ones are going to
desert us (physical
abandonment) or don’t really
care about us (emotional
abandonment).
 Fear of betrayal - the nagging
feeling that our friends and loved
ones can’t be trusted.
 Low self-esteem - the belief that
we are less worthy than other
people and, therefore, don’t
deserve attention, love, or any
other of life’s rewards.
 Insecure or unstable sense of
self - the inability to sustain a
feeling of personal identity, to
sustain a sense of knowing
ourselves.
 Oedipal fixation (or oedipal
complex) - a dysfunctional bond
with a parent of the opposite sex
that we don’t outgrow in
adulthood and that doesn’t allow
us to develop mature
relationships with our peers.
Dreams and Dream Symbols
When we sleep, it is believed that our
defenses do not operate in the same
manner they do when we are awake. During
sleep, the unconscious is free to express
itself, and it does so in our dreams (Tyson,
2006).
 The “message” or dream’s
underlying meaning is what we call
latent content.
 Dream Displacement occurs
whenever we use a “safe” person,
event, or object as a “stand‐ in” to
represent a more threatening
person, event, or object.
 Condensation occurs during a
dream whenever we use a single
dream image or event to represent
more than one unconscious wound
or conflict.
 Collectively, condensation and
dream displacement are referred to
as primary revision.
 Manifest content would be the
images described earlier with the
examples like my boss and fighting
something.
 In interpreting our dreams then,
our goal is to recall the manifest
content and try to uncover the
latent content.
 Phallic Symbols
 Male Imagery = towers, rockets,
guns, arrows, swords, and the like.
 Female Imagery = caves, rooms,
milk, walled‐in gardens, (like the
ones we see in paintings
representing the Virgin Mary), cups,
or enclosures and containers of any
kind.
OTHER SYMBOLS
 Water
 Animals (snakes)
 Fire
 Being chased by someone or
something
 Teeth falling out
the meaning of death
Death is the ultimate abandonment:
no matter how close we are to our loved
ones, no matter how important we are in
our communities, when we die we die
alone.
The meaning of sexuality

 Human sexuality is a
psychological experience that
elicits abstract explanations;
human sexuality is a frightening
power in our lives (Tyson, 2006).

 He believed that even infants are

sexual beings who pass through
stages oral, anal, and genital—in
which pleasure is focused in
different parts of the body.

 Our sexuality is one of the

clearest and most consistent
barometers of our psychological
state in general. Our sexuality is
an inescapable human reality to
which we must live a
relationship. Our sexuality is not
a matter of biological drive‐
discharge mechanisms but a
matter of meanings.

 Tyson (2006) argued that sexual

behavior is also a product of our
culture because our culture sets
down the rules of proper sexual
conduct and the definitions of
normal and abnormal sexual
behavior.