CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In the earlier days of science and technology in Nigeria, students were

graduating from their respective institutions without any technical knowledge

or work experience. Training is a key factor in enhancing the efficiency and

expertise of the workforce. The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(abbreviated as SIWES) was established by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

in 1973 to resolve the problem of inadequate practical skills necessary for

employment in industries by the graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria. It

has become an innovative phenomenon in human resources development and

training in our country today.

1.1 DEFINITION OF SIWES

SIWES is a skill development program designed to prepare students of

universities, polytechnics and colleges of education for transition from the

college environment to state that working experience is an educational program

in which students participate in work activities while attending school. This

work experience program gives student the opportunity to be part of an actual

work situation outside the lecture room. SIWES is a cooperative industrial

internship program that involves institutions of higher learning, industries, and

the federal government of Nigeria, Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Nigeria

Universities Commission (NUC) and NBTE/NCCE in Nigeria. Students that

participate in this work experience program include those studying Computer

Science, Information technology, Engineering, Vocational, technological and

1
 related courses in institutions of higher learning. SIWES forms part of the

approved minimum academic standards in these institutions.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Some of the objectives of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

among others include;

a. To prepare students of the various tertiary institutions for the work situation

they are likely to meet after graduation;

b. To provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire

industrial skills and experience during their course of study;

c. To allow the transition phase from school to the world of working environment

easier and facilitate students’ contact for later job placements;

d. To expose the students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment

and machinery that may not be available in their universities;

e. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in

real work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

f. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process

and prepare Students for employment in Industry and Commerce.

1.3 THE SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

The scheme covers all science and technological based courses in

monotechnics, polytechnics and universities in Nigeria, resulting in a high

population of students which is easily managed because of the public and

private industries that partake in the scheme. SIWES enables students acquire

2
 industrial know-how in their field of study particularly in technological based

courses. It also enables students experience the application of theoretical

knowledge in solving real life problems.

1.4 ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES

PROGRAMME AND THEIR ROLES

The Federal Government, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), the Supervising

Agency, National Universities Commission (NUC), Employers of labour and

Institutions have specific roles to play in the management of SIWES. The roles

are:

a. The Federal Government

 To provide adequate funds to the ITF through the Federal Ministry of Industry

for the scheme;

 To make it mandatory for all ministries, companies and parastatals to offer

places to students in accordance with the provisions of Decree No. 47 of 1971

as amended in 1990.

 Formulate policies to guide the running of the scheme nationally.

b. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF). This agency is to:

 Formulate policies and guidelines on SIWES for distribution to all the SIWES

participating bodies;

 Provide logistic material needed to administer the scheme;

 Organize orientation programmes for students prior to attachment;

 Provide information on companies for attachment and assist in industrial

placement of students;

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  Supervise students on Industrial attachment;

 Accept and process Master and Placement lists from institutions and

supervising agencies;

 Vet and process students’ logbooks and ITF Form 8.

c. The Supervisory Agencies (NUC, NABTEB, etc.)

The NUC is to:

 Ensure the establishment and accreditation of SIWES unit/Directorate in

institutions under their jurisdiction;

 Vet and approve Master and Placement lists of students from participating

institution and forward same to ITF; Fund SIWES Directorate adequately in

participating institutions;

 Direct for the appointment of full-time SIWES Coordinator/Director;

 Participate in the Biennial SIWES conferences and seminars in conjunction

with ITF.

1.5 THE ROLE OF THE STUDENT AND THE ORGANISATION

The student is to partake in the program in such a way that the purpose and

objectives of the program will be achieved at the end. The student is advised to

ask questions, be submissive, and adhere to all the rules and regulations of the

organization where he is attached. The student is required to genuinely fill his

logbook on a daily basis and get it signed at the end of every week and month

by the industrial based supervisor. He/she must notify ITF at the beginning of

the program and also get the logbook stamped at the end of the program.

Identification of placement opportunities, funding of SIWES supervisors and

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 assessment of the student are some of the roles played by the institutions to

ensure smooth running of the program.

1.6 HISTORY OF AL-BARKA HOSPITAL

Amal hospital and maternity was established in the year 15/march/2017 located

at No-1BK Gurbabiya Amigo Road Sabon-Gari Tudun Wada in Kaduna south

local government Kaduna state. Amal start with medical director and three

consultant doctor together with six nurses. Amal hospital and maternity have

branches in the hospital start with security section which protect the life and

properties of the hospital, also admin and finances unit, the pharmacy unit,

male word, female ward piedtric unit, maternity unit surgery unit consulting

unit likewise accident and emergency unit amenity unit therefore Amal

hospital and maternity have the attendance for cleaning the hospital like Amal

hospital as a result of un space in the hospital the fixed Aiman laboratory and

ultrasound centre they are working together

1.7 ORGANIZATIONAL STRATA OF ALBARKA HOPITAL AND

MATERNITY

The organization structural of Amal hospital are;

 Consultant Room

 Nursing station

 Resumption

 Pharmacy unit

 Male word

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 Theater unit

 Pedantic unit

 Maternity unit

 Female ward

 Amenities unit

 Accident and emergency

 Laboratory department

 Ultrasound unit

The hospital was collaborated with national health insurance (NHIS) together

with Kaduna state government works KADCHMA at the 4/3/2020 also the

hospital has branches at Unguwar Ma’azu, also Hayin Rigasa Layin Hakimi Igabi

Local Government Kaduna State.

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 CHAPTER TWO

WEEK 1 - 27/5/23
2.1 INTRODUCTION

My first day of the exercise, I was introduced to the staffs and managements of

AL-BARKA HOSPITAL, orientation was successfully done and different parts

or unit in laboratory was known also chemicals, reagents, apparatus e.t.c was

known.

I was trained for the period of four months. After the introduction, I was

deployed to Laboratory section.

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION LABORATORY

A Laboratory is a place for testing, experimentation and it is also building

equipped for scientific research teaching or for the manufacture of drugs or

chemical. It is also a place where diagnosis of materials or specimens is carried

out.

2.1.2 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

Laboratory apparatus is used to carry out scientific experiments and they range

from simple complex defending in the uses.

The most commonly used in maternity lab are;

• E.D.T.A – is used for sample collection (blood)

• Syringe & Syringe

• Cotton wool

• Bunsen Burner – is used for heating and sterilization purposes.

7
• Capillary tubes – for putting samples of blood

• Pipette – used for titration

• Slide – for mixing or putting sample

• Tile – is used for dropping blood samples or serums.

• Urine container – is used for urine test

• Incubator – Is used to grow and maintain micro diagnosis culture or cell cultures

• Microscope- is an instrument used to see things ordinary eyes cannot see.

• Heamatospun machine – it is used for spinning

• Electrophoresis – is used for genotype test.

• Heamatosphin reader – for measuring the amount of blood

• Dropper – is used for dropping samples

• Centrifuge –

• Glucometer – is used for random blood sugar (RBs) and fasting blood sugar (FBs)

test.

• Cilcucometer strip -

• Refrigerator –

Thermometre

Pipette
Centrifuge
Capillary tubes
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 WEEK 2 - 03/6/23

2.2 SAFETY RULES AND REGULATION IN LABORATORY

Safety rules and regulation are the precautionary measures taken to avoid

accident in the working environment. In laboratories, strict adherence to rules

and precautions must be done in order to minimize accident.

2.2.1 RULES AND REGULATION

- Firstly always put on your labcoat and hand gloves during work

- Avoid touching your eyes, skin and nose while your hand gloves are still on your

hand

- Laboratory must be kept clean and tidy up all times

- Eating and drinking are not allowed in the laboratory

- Avoid exposure of chemicals

- All chemicals should be kept at right place after use

- Used machined should be turn off and doors should be properly locked before

leaving the laboratory

- Always wash your hands before leaving the lab.

Hand gloves

9
 WEEK 3&4 - 05/6/23

2.3 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN THE LABOURATORY

 Reception

 Laboratory

2.3.1 FUNCTION OF THE DEPARTMENT SECTORS IN THE LABORATORY

 RECEPTION

Reception is a formal social occasion or place held to welcome someone

 LABORATORY

Laboratory is a place equipped for experimental study in a science or for

testing and analysis

2.4 VARIOUS LABORATORY RATES

 Parasitology

 Bacteriology

 Haematology

PARASTHOLOGY

Parasthology this is where the studying or research of parasite is carried out.

BACTERIOLOGY

Bacteriology is the scientific study of Bacteria

HAEMATOLOGY

Haematology is a place where study of blood either in health disease is carried out.

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2.4.1 TEST UNDER HEMATOLOGY

 (PVC) pack cell volume

 Heamaglobin CHB

 Full blood cell or count (FBc)

 White blood count (WBc)

 Platelet counts

 Blood group

 Genotype

Tube

WEEK5- 19/6/23

2.5 TEST COMMON IN THE LAB

I was taught on the different and varieties of the test common in the lab some

of the test includes;

• RBS (Random blood sugar)

• FBS (Fasting blood Sugar)

 Urea & electrolyte (U&E)

 Liver function test (LFT)

• HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) for liver test

• Thypoid function test. (T3, T4, T).

• Urinalysis.
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2.5.1 NAMES OF VARIOUS TEST CARRIED OUT IN THE LABORATORY

 FBC (Full blood count): this is the types of test to carried out different types

of disease in body such as the blood level, p(v) , wbc, mp, Widal and

differential count.

 (PACK CELL VOLUME) PCV : is used to check the blood level of the

body.

 Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS): Is the text to carried out or check the levels of

sugar in the body (Quantitative test).

 Malaria Parasite (MP) is the test carried out to check for malaria parasite in

the blood

 Urinalysis test: This is the test carried out to check for glucose and protein in

the body.

 Widal test: This is the test carried out to checkout typhoid and malaria

 Hepatitis B – HBS (AG) is the test for hepatitis

 RVs- HIV : This is the test carried out to check for HIV in the body

 Pregnancy Test (PT Test): This is the test for pregnancy weather positive or

negative.

 ESR Test : Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate is the test carried out to monitor or

observed disease in the blood.

 WBC Test: White blood cell s the test carried out or check the well being of

the Wbc in the body.

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 CO BO AO o

Lig
“CH” “BH” “AH” “H”

WEEK6-26/6/23

2.6 COLLECTION OF BLOOD SAMPLE STORAGE

 Using need and Syringe

 Spirit swap (Mixture if cotton wool and spirit)

 EDTA container (Ethylene, dromix tetraacetic)

 Storage of the disposal of sample e.g; Blood, Urine and Stool

2.6.1 LABORATORY REAGENTS AND CHEMICALS

• Mathalrin Blue

• Methalein

• Tehling’s reagent

• Catline reagents

• Anti- ser2, A, B, & D

• EDTA
13
• Acetona

• Function of EDTA is to prevent blood from clothing

• Function of Anti- ser2, A, B, & D is to check the blood group

Spirit Bottle

Syringe

Spirit Bottle
EDTA

WEEK7-03/7/23

2.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLASMs AND SERUM

Plasms: is the supernal or upper part of the blood which is obtained after

spinning with the addition of EDTA while;

Serum is the supernal or upper port of the blood which is obtained after

spinning without the addition of EDTA.

2.7.1 TYPES OF STAINS

 Stain A and B

 Geimsa Stain

 Leisman stain

2.7.2 BLOOD GROUPING

Blood group is the process of verifying the exact group the blood belongs to

with the use of anti serra.

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 Types of Blood Group

 Anti A, B, AB and D or O

 Tile blood group

 Serrum blood group

Separatory Funnel
Conical Flask

Breaker

Boiling Flask
Watch Glass

flas
Crystaling Dish

Funnel Cover Slip

15
2.8 TEST CARRIED OUT IN THE LABORATORY WEEK 8 & 9 -10/7/23

2.8.1 BLOOD COLLECTION

Blood collection is the process of taking blood sample from the patient for

diagnostic purpose.

2.8.2 METHODS OF BLOOD COLLECTION

 Capillary blood collection

 Venous blood collection

 Femur blood collection

2.9 BLOOD GROUPING

 Firstly, the blood sample was collected in a syringe or from E.D.T.A container,

a drop of the sample was dropped on a TDs up to three different drops.

 From the first drop anti A reagent which is blue in colour was dropped and anti

B reagents which is yellow in colour was dropped at the second drop and anti

D which is colorless was drooped at the third drop.

 All the drops were mixed together with the reagent using a slide and was

swirled for up to 6 seconds on Augmentation was formed.

 The result was observed.

 The text was successfully done and the result observed was found to be A+

 In blood group O+ is the universal donor

 And AB+ is the universal recipient.

2.9.1 STEPS ON HOW TO READ BLOOD GROUP

 When ther is reaction on A and D or O it indicate that the person is A positive (A+).

 When there is reaction on B and D or O it show that the person is B Positive (B+)

 When there is reaction on O or D it indicate that the person is O positive (O+)

16
 When there is reaction on A only, it shows that the person is A negative (A-)

 When ther is reaction on none of the Anti sere- A, B or D it indicate that is O

negative (O-)

 When ther is reaction on B onlu it indicate the person is B neagative (B-)

 When ther is reaction on only A and B it indicate AB negative (AB-)

 When ther is no reaction on AB and D or O it indicate AB positive (AB+)

Anti - A Anti - B Anti - D

Neutral Colour
Blue Yellow

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 WEEK 10 -24/7/23

2.10 TYPES OF STAINS

 Stain A and B

 Geimsa Stain

 Leisman stain

2.10.1 FUNCTIONS –

 It aid in viewing microscope on the slide by using Microscope

2.10.2 TYPES OF FILM

Thick Film and Thin Film

 Thick film : is the process where the bloos will be thick and usually dropped at

the body of the slide and it does not need the cover slip

 Thin film is a process where a little blood is used and it is placed nd the tip of

the side and it needs a covership.

Anti - A Anti - B Anti - D

Neutral Colour
Blue Yellow

A Glass Slide
Cover slip

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 WEEK 11 -31/7/23

2.11 STEPS AND PROCEDURES IN FILM MAKING

 A drop of blood was placed on a clean slide using a pasture pipette

 A spreader was placed infront ot the blood. It was drag backward to get the

blood 2 + 450

 Allow it to run on both edges

 Give the spreader a rapid push forward to produre; the head, body and tail

 In other to check for mp in a blood

 The film slid should be dry for some time about 5 minutes

 Fix the film with methanol and allow it to dry

 The dip into field Stain A then wash

Pregnancy test

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 WEEK 12 -07/8/23

2.12 PARCK CELL VOLUME (P.C.V) TEST

Tittle => Estimation of packed cell volume

Aim => To determine the amount of blood present in the blood cell

Material => Blood Sample, Capillary tubes micro heamates pin machine, micro
Bunsen Flame
heamates reader, cotton wool, burners.

Procedure => The sample was collected and was put into a capillary tube, excess

blood was wiped with cotton wool, edge was sealed with Bunsen flame, it was

placed into micro hematocrit machine and spinned for five minutes and the

result was read with micro hematocrit reader.

Observation => it was observed that when the capillary tube, was place in the micro

hematocrit machine. Serum and Plasma was formed

Results => The result was found to be

Infants – 47 – 48 % Male – 42 – 48 %

Female – 35.5 – 44.5%

Conclusion =>The aim which was to determines the amount of blood present in the
blood cell was successfully achieved.

Packed Cell Volume (PCV) – is the total amount of red wood cells (RBC) of a
human body

Capillary tubes
Blood 20
 WEEK 13 – 14/08/23

2.13 WHITE BLOOD CELL TEST (WBC TEST)

Tittle => While Blood Cell Test (WBC Test)

Aim => To detect the wellbeing of the body

Materials = Blood sample, fork solution spreader, chamber, YIO objective lens
microscope

Method => Widal test is conducted by collecting 0.02ml of blood sample and
put it into a clean test tube.

Procedure => - Use 0.35ml of fork solution was added into the same test tube

and mixed thoroughly.

- It was then allowed to settle for 2 minutes

- The spreader was moved on the chamber until 2 rainbow

color appeared.

- Then the chamber was changed by adding a drop of the

solution on the chamber

- It was then focused under YIO objective lens

OBSERVATION => It was observed that small black dot were seen at the large four
corner square of the chamber and counted as W1, W2, W3, W4

CONCLUSION => WBC test helps to defect wellbeing of the body, hence the test
was successfully conducted.

Microscope 21
2.14 WIDAL (TYPHOID TEST) WEEK 14 – 21/8/23

Tittle => Widal (typhoid test)

Aim => To detect the presence of salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid

Materials = Blood sample, White file, Atigen H(H-AH, BH, CH) and ORO, AO,

BO, (O); centrifuge, glass-rod

Method => Widal test is conducted by collecting 0.02ml of blood sample, it was

allowed to for the serum to form. Drop of the blood was dropped on a tile and

O and H reagent was dropped. Also, it was sterilized for 2 mins and the result

was observed.

Observation =>

It was observed that when the O reagent was dropped at the first drop of the

serum, it turns and when the H reagent was drop it turns.

Results =>

The result was found to be

O H

80 80

CONCLUSION => Widal test helps to defect typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever

hence the test was successfully conducted

An Incubator

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2.14.2 URINALYSIS TEST (UPT) WEEK 14– 9/7/22

Tittle => Urine Test (UT)

Material => Urine sample, Urinalysis strip, Combia Container

Method => Urinalysis is biological, physical and microscopic analysis is

normally done with urine, when the urine was collected from the patient in a

urine container a urine test strip dripped inside the urine and the changes was

observed after few seconds in urine test only the glucose and protein was used

to be observed.

Result=> Protein-neg, 30(0.3), 100(1.0), 500(5.0)

Glucose-neg, norm, 50(2.8), 150 (8.5), 500 (27.8)

Urine test
Container
An Incubator

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2.14.3 PREGNANCY TEST (UPT) WEEK 14- 21/8/23

Tittle => Pregnancy Test (UPT)

Material => Pregnancy Test, Strip, Urine bottle or blood plasma

Method => Pregnancy test is normally done with urine and it is usually done to

pregnant woman, when the urine was collected from the patient in a urine

container a urine test strip dripped inside the urine and the changes was

observed after few seconds in urine pregnancy test only the glucose and

protein was used to be observed.

Result=> Protein-neg, 30(0.3), 100(1.0), 500(5.0)

Glucose-neg, norm, 50(2.8), 150 (8.5), 500 (27.8)

WEEK 15- 28/8/23

2.15 HEPATITIS TEST

Tittle => Determination of Hbsag

Aim => To detect the presemce of hepatitis B surface anlagen

Apparatus = Blood sample, sample hepatitis, Strip, cotton wool & capillary tubes.

Method => HBsag is done with syrume, the blood was collected from a suspected

patient and was put into an E.D.T.A container, and the blood was out into a

capillary tube and was put into a centrifugal machine for the blood to spin

for some minutes then or scrum was formed at the top of plasma at the middle

and then Red blood cells. The serum was dropped at the strip and the result

was read after 5 min.

Results =>

Reactive when two line appear, non-reactive when one line appear, invalid

when no line appear

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 Refrigerator

WEEK 16- 04/9/23

2.16 RVS (RETROVIAL SYNDROME FOR HIV)

Tittle => Determination of RVs

Aim => To determine RVS

Material => Syringe, swab, dry cotton toniest RVS strip, capillary tube.

Method => Retroviral Syndrome is a test that is used to detect HN, either positive or

negative and it is done with blood, firstly the sample was collected from the

suspected patient and was put into an E.D.T.A container, a capillary tube was

put into the container for the collection of the sample, a drop of blood sample

was dropped at the rapid diagnostic test strip for HIV and waited for some

minutes to observed the result.

Result => i- When two lines appears it means reactive

ii- Non-reactive if one line appears

iii- Invalid if no line appears

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 WEEK 16 – 04/09/23

2.16.2 FASTING BLOOD SUGAR F.B.S

Tittle => Fasting blood sugar test (F.B.S)

Aim => To determine the total number of glucose in blood

Material => Test tube, Blood plasma, Glucose, Incubator Photoelectric,

Calorimetre.

Method => Fasting blood sugar F.B.S is a test that is done with a blood sample,

a patient have to fast for 7-8 hrs from 8pm to 8am, the patient thumb finger was

pricked with a picker and the glycometer strip was put into the glycometer a

red light appeared at the center of the strip and the blood was dropped

immediately at exactly on the red light and waited for 2-3 mins for this result to

be observed.

Result => Ranges of F.B.S 3.0 – 6.0mmLll

26
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During my Siwes period, I faced challenges such as;

a) Inability of firms, organizations, companies to accept Siwes/IT students, and to

dedicate quality time towards educating and enlightening them about work

etiquette.

b) Inability of the company to provide a more suitable office or workshop for

SIWES students.

c) Lack of trust and confidence on the side of the organizations towards students

on Industrial attachment.

d) There was problem of accommodation within the Organization which was a

serious challenge for students on attachment leaving them with no option than

to rent apartments in nearby settlements.

e) This was another challenge for students leaving in nearby settlement due to

lack of accommodation within the Organisation. Despite a means transportation

provided by the organisation to convey workers to and fro, there was either late

arrival of the vehicle or failure to turn up..

3.1 RELEVANCE OF SIWES PROGRAMME

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is aimed at exposing

students to the practical work of what they are taught in the class so as to have

better understanding of what they are taught. And this I have acquired during

my SIWES program at Albarka Hospital.

My academic work was very paramount to my experience I gained from the

Laboratory. The SIWES scheme is an opportunity to work and have the real

practical skills needed.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 CONCLUSION

The student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is of paramount importance.

Apart from exposing the student to the practicalities in job training, it also

exposes the student to economic realities in the country.

During the period of training, I was able to learn and carried out all the task

been given to me, now I can carry out a lab test and also state the result or

outcome of the test and others materials in a specific field by myself, I was

taught how to use the lab and carry out different kinds of test.

The programme should be sustained because it teaches the student how to be

self-reliant and hardworking, especially this SIWES has taught me so many

things which I do not know, I can handle the lab perfectly without need

anybody to help me. This programme has go a long way in making students

better citizen of the country.

4.2 RECOMMENDATION

1. Industrial Training Funds should mandate to pay students during training to

alleviate the problems of feeding and accommodation than waiting till the end

of the programme.

2. The ITF should mass out by visiting the student in the place of attachment to

make sure that they perform their duties perfectly well.

3. Student should not joke with the IT they should be serious about the work

been assign to them.

4. Government should provide a Job opportunity for student must especial a place

for the four months Industrial Training.

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 REFRENCE

 Albarka hospital training book

 Wikipedia

 IT HANDBOOK

 SIWES Logbook

29