STAGES OF ANIMAL

DEVELOPMENT
• A. Gametogenesis
• diploid and haploid cells within the context of meiosis
• B. Fertilization
• C. Cleavage
• totipotent cells within the context of cleavage in
vertebrate animals
• D. Gastrulation - formation of three germ layers:
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Each will give
rise to specific tissues and organs.
• E. Organogenesis
• F. Differentiation and Growth
 STAGES OF ANIMAL
DEVELOPMENT
• ECTODERM
• Nervous system (brain and spinal cord),
• epidermis, sense organs
• MESODERM
• muscles, bones, cartilage,
• circulatory, excretory, and reproductive
Organs
• ENDODERM
• digestive and respiratory organs,
• Endocrine glands,
• germ cells and gametes
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• I. Fertilization - Occurs in the fallopian
tube; results in a unicellular zygote
• II. Cleavage- Also takes place in the
fallopian tube after fertilization
• III. Morula and Blastocyst
• IV. Implantation- attachment of
blastocyst to endometrium of uterus; start
of pregnancy
• V. Gestation- embryonic development to
fetal development
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• I. Sperm and egg
• II. Blastula (morula or
blastocyst)
• III. An embryo (less
than two month)
implanted in the uterus
• IV. A fetus inside the
uterus (3-9 months)
• V. A baby
• VI. An adult human
Reproductive
System
Human Anatomy
Human Anatomy
Human Anatomy
• During puberty the reproductive organs
mature to create a fertile individual capable of
reproducing.
• The primary sex organs produce the sex
cells (egg/sperm) and sex hormones.
• The accessory sex organs are all the
components involved in maintaining the sex
cell and assisting in the process of
fertilization.
 I. The Male
Reproductive System
• I. The Male Reproductive System:
A. SCROTUM:
• a sac located outside of the abdominal
cavity,
• made up of a thin layer of smooth and
skeletal muscle and skin.
• divided into left and right by a septum to
form different compartments for the testicles.
• keeps the testicles outside the body so they
can be 3 degrees cooler than normal core
temperature.
• In cooler conditions, contract to bring the
testicles closer to the body.
• In warm conditions, relax to allow the skin
to stretch and maximize cooling
B. TESTES:
• surrounded by a fibrous capsule and
partially enclosed by a serous membrane
• fibrous capsule divides the testicles into
wedge-like compartments called lobules
that are filled with seminiferous tubules.
• They are innervated by an abundant
visceral sensory nerves that make them
very sensitive to pain.
• The high sensitivity serves for protection
and in sexual arousal.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES:

• consist of a thick stratified epithelium

surrounding a lumen.
• epithelium has spermatogenic cells that
mature into sperm.
• at puberty the seminiferous tubules begin
to produce about 400 million sperm.
SPERMATOGENESIS: SPERM FORMATION

• Stage 1:
Formation of
Spermatocytes

• Stage 2: Meiosis

• Stage 3:
Spermiogenesis
• SPERMATOGENESIS: SPERM
FORMATION
• Stage 1: Formation of
Spermatocytes
• spermatogonia divide by
mitosis to produce two daughter
cells, one remains in the germ
line (to continue regeneration of
more spermatogonia) and the
other one goes on to become
sperm.
• SPERMATOGENESIS:
SPERM FORMATION
• Stage 2: Meiosis:
• takes the daughter cell type B
through two rounds of division.
At the end four genetically
distinctive cells (spermatids)
are created which will each
mature into a sperm.
• SPERMATOGENESIS: SPERM
FORMATION
• Stage 3: Spermiogenesis:
Spermatids mature into sperm,
the cell develops a long flagella,
a mid piece with high
mitochondria count, and a “head”
filled with DNA= the nucleus. At
the tip of the head lies a sac filled
with digestive enzymes called the
acrosome
OTHER CELLS IN THE TESTICLES
• assisting the sperm cells to mature
and exit the scrotum (referred to as
nurse cells),
• produce male androgen (like
testosterone),
• muscular cells that cause tiny
contractions to push the sperm out
of the testes
C. Reproductive duct system
in males: tubules through which
sperm travel to exit the body.

• 1. Epididymis
• 2. Ductus deferens
• 3. Spermatic cords
• 4. Urethra
• 1. EPIDIDYMIS:
• organ that arches over the posterior
lateral side of the testis.
• If uncoiled, it can be as long as
6meters or 20 feet
• Sperm stays here for twenty days to
complete maturation and gain the
ability to swim and fertilize.
• During ejaculation smooth muscle
contracts to send mature sperm to the
ductus deferens.
2. DUCTUS DEFERENS
• AKA vas deferens
• runs superior to the testicles,
enters the abdominopelvic cavity,
runs posterior to the bladder,
passes by the seminal vesicle,
form the ampulla
3. SPERMATIC CORDS:
• a tube of fascia holding blood
vessels, nerves, and the
ductus deferens.
• 4. URETHRA
• passageway for both sperm and
urine; divided into:
• a. prostatic urethra (section
passing through prostrate gland),
• b. membranous urethra (urogenital
diaphragm)
• c. spongy (penile) urethra Urethral
glands along the spongy urethra
secrete a lubricating solution before
ejaculation.
• D. Accessory glands:
• secretions in addition to sperm
forming semen that increases
the chances of sperm
survival once it is outside the
body.
• 1. Seminal vesicles:
• 2. Prostate gland:
• 3. Bulbourethral glands:
• 1. SEMINAL VESICLES:
• paired glands located posterior to
the bladder that secrete fluid
containing:
• fructose (sugar), nutrients,
• prostagladins to stimulate the
urethra to contract,
• substances that suppress the
immune system against sperm in
females,
• enzymes the enhance sperm
mobility, and thicken the ejaculate.
2. PROSTATE GLAND:
• the size of a chestnut,
• secretes milky white fluid
that has substances to
enhance sperm mobility and
thicken ejaculate.
• susceptible to tumors and
sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs).
3. BULBOURETHRAL
GLANDS:
secrete a mucus substances
that lubricates and neutralizes
the acid from urine in the male
urethra.
E. Penis:
• Designed to deliver semen into
the female reproductive tract.
• Skin around the glans penis is
called prepuce (foreskin)
• contains erectile bodies:
• a. corpora spongiosum,
• b. corpora cavernosa, and
• c. others consisting of smooth
muscle and connective tissue.
E. Penis:
• surrounded by a high amount of blood
vessels that dilate during arousal and
engorge the spongy tissues with blood.
• The veins that normally drain the penis
are pressured shut by the expanding
spongy tissue.
• The parasymphatetic branch causes the
penis to become erect by stimulating
vasodilation.
• The symphathetic branch cause
ejaculation by stimulating contraction of
smooth muscle along the reproductive
tract.