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    Chapter 8 - Imagining A Nation

    Uploaded by

    Dane Ross S. DAGOHOY

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    CHAPTER 8 IMAGINING. A NATION wards the end ofthe nineteenth century, economic conditions the Philippines had improved In such # way that ta. possible for many creole and mestizo farilies to send their son to school not only in Manila, but also in Eurape. The young Filipin students’ sojourn tothe Peninsula would awaken in thelr mind cess about progress and lve for their motherland, Nineteenth century Spain was also going through several processes of ehange.Polticaly speaking, the Restoration put back Into place te ‘monachy ob&ienso Xil and established a constitutional monarchy wy a bicameral legistature, The Constitution of 1876 ensured that poi Stabity relied on the rotation ofthe Liberal and Conservative parties inthe goverment. The parliamentary system of two partes, howeves was weakened by managed elections and numerous turnovers © ‘overnment employees “The young Filipino students also observed a diference in he Position of the Church in Spain. While the Constitution of 1876 Geclared Catholicism asthe religion of the state, private practice o other religions was tolerated. More significantly, the Church hed litle Influence on poitical mates, The environment where: the Filipinos immersed, themseNe SrerTct, unt 900 whee ass cccuners cova ba, expressed ane Sxchanged freely. Political end religious institutions could Tecan 20s acid A st otrenrcal i wos on ervicoe*t that allowed these young Fi ung Filipino student jestion, and imagine what a nation i oe Se Es pi end oF 15 CRED Ne Side hou be ab (posi the Propaganda Novemee (7 ésengush Rials involvement the movement oc 7 e9len bom propaganda Werks. Cortes - the lecislative or lawmaking body ofthe Spanish g _qeole —2 Spaniard born inthe Philippines mestizo ~ on individual born of mised ancestry: may eer to inestizo oF 8 Chinese mestizo propaganda — information used to promote or publi ‘nuse oF point of view r Restoration - refers to the Spanish Restoration: a paid in istry spanning the years 1874-1931 that saw the restoration ‘monarchy under Afonso Xl together withthe establishment ‘iameral legislature ‘The earliest attempt to unite Filipinos studying the formation of the Circulo Hispano-Filipino, an under the leadership of a creole, Juan Atayde. It had of Spaniards who were sympathetic towards the Girculo published a. bi-weekly i titled R Hispano-Filipino in 1882, butt ‘Organization itself were short-lived and lasted only Despite the demise of the Revista del Gi no, the Filipinos in Spain continued to Journalism, In 1883, a periodical called Los ‘ut With the intention of demanding for the colonies equality of rights and equal opportunities for progres, Although it could not be determined whether the newspaper was a Filipino project, Filipinos such as Sraciano Lopez Jacng and Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga were involved as staff member, Other Filipinos including Rizal and Eduardo de Lete also contributed articles concerned with socio-political and economic reforms inthe Philippines. During the time Rizal's first novel, NOli me Téngere, came cout in 1887, another newspaper titled Espaia en Filipinas began its publication through the support of Filipinos, creoles, and mesticos in Madrid. The newspaper was short-lived as ‘well because of glaring differences and internal feuding among its staff. With the end of the newspaper emerged a stronger Filipino community united in its purpose to continue working for Filipino rights. By January 1889, the Filipino community in Barcelona began preparations for the publication of a new periodical. Among the eaely supporters who helped with finances were Mariano Ponce and Pablo Rianzares. On the other hand, Graciano Lopez Jaena offered his services as editor. Marcelo H. del Pilar having arrived from Manila at this time, also joined the effors. “The newspaper, La Solidaridad, released its first issue ‘on February 15, 1889. In its first article, the staff defined is program as, “to combat al reaction, to impede all retrogression, to applaud and accept every liberal idea, to defend all progres.” ‘Among the reforms the newspaper sought were: Philippine representation in the Cortes, freedom of the press, and the end of the practice of exiling residents without due process. The periodical placed particular emphasis on affairs dealing with the Philippines because of all Spain's overseas provinces, it was the only one that lacked parliamentary representation. La Solidaridad often ran articles dealing with Spanish politics, attacks on friars, and reforms for the Philippines: Sections were also assigned to accommodate and print letter’ —_ 0 ee from the police tog found. AS Political and economic ots. ad gave space forthe pabiaton of ineraey Support for the newspaper gradually ine ; agers erew- ATONE thos who cvealy comin aye José Rizal, Dominador Gomes, Jose Mara io Luna, and renowned Filipinist scholar rit. Other Filipinos who contributed aries dso pssumed NAMES. In time, del Pilar gradually ook onthe active role of the paper. Lopez Jaena, although editor in name, fis days in cafes and was knoven to be incapable of work, By the time del Pilar decided to move to Madd rent with him. The first issue printed in Madrid November 15, 1889. A month later, the periodial change of editorship with del Pilar now taking the helm. By 1890, two of the most prominent members of in Spain began to increasingly show stance with regard co Philippine affairs. Rizal ‘opinion that to serve the country bette, one had issues closer to home. One had to speak tothe Fl than the Spaniards. Del Pilar, onthe other hand, Politician who felt that efforts at persuading the S and officials needed to be continued and that this: Way to achieve the reforms Filipinos were seeking: ‘Things came to a head when at a New Yeats} 1891, the Filipinos in Madrid proposed that ‘0 unite their community. Rizal agreed with el Pilar expressed initial misgivings. ‘ook place resulting in chree And two more inconclusive ballos the ‘ventually win the position a8 Filipino the manipulations of Mariano Ronce. Inthe end, Rizal fej, triumph was shallow”and lelt Madrid a few weeks later, Foy" this poine onwards, Rizal stopped from contributing article, yo “La Solidaridad and focused instead on the writing of his novel, The periodical continued to publish only until 1895, Becany of lack of funds and inrernal feuding, the newspaper released final issue on November 15, 1895. In its final issue, its editoe del Pilar, had written, “We are persuaded that no sacrifices arg to0 little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that ig oppressed by slavery.” ‘Aims of La Solidaridad = Read the following excerpt from the article, “Our Aims; written by the staff of La Solidaridad on February 15, 1889, Answer the questions that follow. Our Aims Modest, very modest indeed are our aspirations. Our program aside from being harmless is very simple; to fight all reaction, 0 hinder all steps backuiard, 10 applaud and to accept all liberal ideas, and to defend Progress; in brief, to be a propagandist above all of ideals of democracy so that these might reign overall nations here and beyond the seas. The aims of La Solidaridad are defined: to gather, to

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