CELL

MS. AILENE B. ORPIANO,PTRP,MPH

 •Almighty God, creator and giver of life

UDM Prayer •We give You thanks and vow to seek Your light
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•In our dear University

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•Amen
Learning ● Identify the structure and
function of the cell membrane
Objectives: ● Describe the various transport
mechanisms that allow
molecules to move across the
membrane
● Explain Homeostasis
● Explain the role of membrane
potential in cellular physiology
ELCL
CELL
ENAABLC

BALANCE
ORTTNSAP
TRANSPORT
 THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTION

https://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_m
o
 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
• Also known as the Internal Environment or Millieu
Interieur
 CELL MEMBRANE Aka PLASMA MEMBRANE Aka
PLASMALEMMA

● Term coined by C. Nageli and C. CramerC. in 1855, and

Plasmalemma coined by J. Q. PloweJ. Q. Plowe in 1931
● is a biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from
the outside environment
● It appears in thin sections with the electron microscope as a
triple-layered structure about 7.5–10 nanometers thick
The cell membrane is flexible and
allows a unicellular organism to
move
 CELL MEMBRANE Aka PLASMA MEMBRANE
Composed of :
● proteins 55%,
● phospholipids 25%,
● cholesterol 13%,
● other lipids 4%
● and carbohydrates 3%
● Semi permeable living
membrane essential to cell
life
types of proteins in the membrane
• 1. Structural protein
• 2. Protein that functions as pump – transport ions across
• 3. channels- for ions that can be opened/ closed by changes in
conformational of proteins
• 4. Enzymes – catalyzes reaction in surfaces of membrane.
CELL MEMBRANE PROTEIN – globular masses floating in the lipid bilayer
• most of which are glycoprotein
• Types of protein
1. INTEGRAL PROTEINS – protrude all the way through the membrane
• - provides structural channels (pores) (water soluble can diffuse)
2. PERIPHERAL PROTEINS – attached only to the surface of the membrane
and doesn’t penetrate
- Functions entirely as enzymes.
• * Integral proteins acts as carrier proteins for transporting substances
(active transport) in the direction opposite to their natural direction of
diffusion.
LIPID BILAYER –
• Thin film of lipids 2 molecules thick and continues over the entire
cell surface
• Composed entirely of phospholipids and cholesterol
• Soluble in water (hydrophilic)
• Soluble in fats ( hydrophobic)
Water soluble substances --- impermeable to ions, glucose, urea,etc.
• Fat soluble substances – 02,C02, alcohol can penetrate this portion
of the cell membrane with ease.
• MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES ( cell glycocalyx) – occurs in combination with
proteins and lipids in the form of glycoprotein and glycolipids.
• PROTEOGLYCANS – mainly carbohydrate substances bound together by small
proteins cores, are often loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell.
• GLYCOCALYX – entire surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat
 COMPOSITION OF THE ECF AND THE ICF
THE LIPID BILAYER AND THE TRANSPORT PROTEINS OF THE CELL
MEMBRANE
A. LIPID BILAYER
Is not miscible with either the ECF or ICF
Constitute a barrier for movement of H20 soluble and H20 molecule substances
Few substances can penetrate this bilayer and can either enter and leave the cell.
PROTEIN LAYER
B. A.PROTEIN MOLECULES
Transport properties and interrupts the continuity of
lipid bilayer
Transport proteins
B.B CHANNEL PROTEIN
- have watery spaces all the way through the
molecules and allow free movement of certain ions and
molecules
B.C.CARRIER PROTEIN
- binds with substances that are to be transported
and conformational changes in the protein molecules
then move the substances through the interstices of the
molecules to the other side of the membrane.
 TRANSPORT SYSTEM

ACTIVE TRANSPORT =
1. Primary active transport
2. Secondary active transport

PASSIVE TRANSPORT=
Diffusion, osmosis
 DIFF. BET. THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Transport through the cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Protein
A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT – refers to the movement of a substance and
in a direction of energy gradient (downhill movement)
- energy gradient may be
1. Difference in concentration
2. Difference in pressure
3. Difference in electrical charges
B. ACTIVE TRANSPORT – refers to the net movement of
a substance and in a direction against the energy
gradient ( uphill movement)
- Requires energy to produce the movement
against the physiochemical or passive driving force.
 DIFFUSION
Rate of diffusion depends on the following:
1. Amount of substance available
2. Velocity of kinetic motion
3. Number of openings in the cell membrane

A. SIMPLE DIFFUSION – movement of molecules or ions through a membrane opening or

intermolecular spaces without the necessity of binding with carrier protein in the membrane.

-2 pathways
-1. Interstices of the lipid bilayer
- 2. watery channels in some of the transport proteins
 SIMPLE DIFFUSION
1.Simple Diffusion through the lipid Bilayer
A. Diffusion of lipid soluble substance
Lipid solubility – most important factor that determines the rapidity of a
substance that move through the lipid bilayer.
e.g. 02, nitrogen, CO2 and alcohols ( high, dissolves in lipid bilayer and
diffuse through the cell membrane)
B. Transport of H20 and other Lipid-soluble molecules
H20 – insoluble, penetrate the cell membrane very rapidly because
H20 molecules are small
Kinetic energy is great enough that they can simply penetrate like bullets
- if LARGE – penetration falls off extremely rapidly
 C. Failure of ion to diffuse through the lipid bilayer
-small ions such as: (with 1MX less H20)
1. Hydrogen ion
2. Na
3. K
Reason for impenetrability
1.electrical charge of ions + multiple molecules of H20 =
increase in size
2. Interacts with the charges of lipid bilayer
- charge ions electrical barrier = REPULSED
2. Simple diffusion through PROTEIN channels and gating of
these channels
Protein channels = H20 pathway through the interstices of
protein molecules
Important characteristics:
Often selectively permeable to certain substances
Many of the channels can be opened or closed by gates
 Selective permeability of different protein channels
1. Na channels = 0.3 by 0.5 nm in size
- inner surface are strongly (-) charged
-pull Na ions inside

2.K channels = smaller hydrated K ions can pass through this small
channels

- hydrated K ions are smaller than hydrated Na ions (Na ions

electron is less than K ions orbital set, therefore, it attracts more
H20 molecules)
Gating protein channels
Na channels = this gate opens and close on the outer surface
of the cell membrane
K channels = it opens and closes on the inner surface
OPENING AND CLOSING OF GATES ARE CONTROLLED
IN 2 WAYS:
A. Voltage gating
e.g. Action potential in a nerve
- strong (-) charge inside = Na gates remain tightly
CLOSED
- loses (-) charge = Na opens suddenly ad allow
tremendous quantities of Na ions to pass inward.
- K channels OPENS = inside of cell becomes (+) charges
B. Ligand Gating
- opens/close gates when another molecules (ligand)
binds in the protein molecules
e.g. effect of Ach on Ach channel
B. FACILITATED DIFFUSION – requires the interaction of
the molecules or ions with a carrier protein that aids its
passage through the membrane.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION

The substance transported in this manner

cannot pass through the membrane without
specific carrier proteins helping it.
The rate of diffusion approaches a max.
called V max.
Therefore, concentration of substances
increases continuously in Simple diffusion
Concentration of substances limited in
facilitated diffusion.
 → Binding receptor on protein carrier
1.Molecules to be transported enters the channel and becomes bound
2.Conformation changes occur in carrier proteins
3.Channels now opens to the opposite side of the membrane

Reason : ( binding force of receptor is weak)

- thermal motion of attached molecules causes it to break away and
released on the opposite side.
Substances that cross by facilitated diffusion:
Glucose
Amino acids
Water Soluble substances
Ions
Glucose
Urea
Fat Soluble substances
02
C02
Alcohol
 Factors that affect net rate of diffusion
A.Permeability of the membrane
B.Diffusion in concentration of diffusing
substance between two sides of the
membrane
C.Pressure difference across the membrane
D.Electrical potential difference between two
sides of the membrane.
OSMOSIS:
- NET DIFFUSION OF WATER -

Osmosis occurs from pure water toward a water/salt

solution. Water moves down its concn gradient.

Figure 4-9; Guyton & Hall

 OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
the amount of pressure required to counter osmosis

Osmotic pressure is
attributed to the
osmolarity
of a soln

Figure 4-10;
Guyton & Hall
 Factors that affects Cell membrane permeability
❖Thickness of the membrane
❖Lipid solubility
❖Number of protein channels through which the substance can pass ( number of channels/ areas)
❖Temperature (* The greater the temperature, the greater the thermal motion of molecules and ions.)
❖The molecular weight of diffusing substances
❖Area of the membrane
Diffusion coefficient
D= P X A
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Movement of molecules or ions across the membrane

against a concentration gradient (or uphill against an
electrical or pressure gradient.).
E.g. K, Na, Ca, Iron,H, CL, iodide, urate ions, different
sugars, amino acids
2 types according to the source of energy
1. Primary
2. Secondary
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Primary Active Transport
• molecules are “pumped” against a concentration gradient at the expense of
energy (ATP)
– direct use of energy
Ex. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP/ (electrogenic pump of the cell)
Na, K, Ca, Hydrogen, Cl other ions

Secondary Active Transport

• transport is driven by the energy stored in the concentration gradient of another
molecule (Na+)
– indirect use of energy
Components of the NA-K pump ( 2 globular protein)
1. LARGE Protein –
3 receptor sites for binding NA ions on the portion of the protein that protrudes to the interior of
the cell
2 receptor sites for K ions on outside
Inside portion of this protein adjacent to or near to the Na binding sites has ATPase activity
Extruding Na ions- outside
K ions – inside
2. SMALL proteins
Unknown function
 NA-K pump
❑Control the volume of cells
❑(-) Na-K pump swell until they burst
❑Pumps 3 sodium ions to the outside of the cell for every 2 K ions pump into the cell.
❑Aka electrogenic pump of the cell ( creates electrical potential) across the cell
membrane as it pumps)
❑- creates positivity outside the cell AND it causes negativity inside.
 CALCIUM PUMP
o – 2 calcium pump
1 in cell membrane and pumps CA to the outside of the
cell
2. Other pump CA ions into vesicular organelles (SR)/
mitochondria)
oProtein molecules has a binding sites for CA ions.
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The energy is derived secondarily from ionic concentration gradients that have
been created in the first place by primary active transport
A. Co transport (co-porters): substance is transported in the same direction as the
“driver” ion (Na+)
e.g. Na Co transport of Glucose
Secondary Active Transport
Na Co transport of the AA
Na K two Cl co transport
K Cl Co transport ( inside to outside)
N A N gl N
a+ A a+ ucoutsid a+
e
B. COUNTER TRANSPORT (anti-porters):
substance is transported in the opposite direction as
the “driver” ion (Na+)
E.g. Na Ca counter transport
✔Na hydrogen Counter Transport
N N Na+/HCO3-
a+ a+

C H+ Cl-/H+
 HOMEOSTASIS

• Mechanism of the major functional system

• Maintenance of the static or constant conditions in the
internal environment
• Refers to the existence of a stable environment
• Is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s
internal environment due to ceaseless interplay of the
body’s many regulatory processes
 A feedback system or feedback loop

is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored,

evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
 Clinical Implication

1. Understanding how cells maintain

homeostasis,
2. Developing new drugs and therapies,
3. Studying cellular communication and
signaling, and
4. Developing new technologies:
 SUMMARY
I.Parts of cell membrane
II. Transport system:
II.A Passive Transport
-Simple diffusion through lipid bilayer and protein layer [ voltage gated and
ligand gating))
-Facilitated diffusion ( protein layer)
-Osmosis
II.B Active Transport
-Primary Active transport ( NA/K pump)
-Secondary Active transport ( co and counter transport)
III. Homeostasis
 REFERENCE
Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton and
Hall