The Simple Pendulum (1) Experiment Aims: Measurement of the acceleration due to gravity (g) unit 2 [(m/s*)] (2) Basic Theory: L T =2n |— [ Where, T: periodic time, L: the length of pendulum, and g: gravity. To find g: By squaring the above equation (3) Experiment Set- Up (Apparatus): 1- Simple pendulum 2- Meter scale 3 - Stopwatch(4) Measuring Steps: Start with length of the pendulum about 30 cm. Allow the pendulum to oscillate in vertical plane through a small angle (@). Find the time of 10 complete oscillation (Tj) . Calculate the time for one complete oscillation (T = Tyo / 10). Repeat steps (2), (3) and (4) several times by increasing length of thread (L). Draw a graph between T° (as y-axis) and L (as x- axis). Find the slope then calculate (g) using the relation _ 4nt ~~ slopeHook’s Law (1) Experiment Aims: Determination the Force constant or Elastic constant of spring (k) [unit (N/m)] (2) Basic Theory: F=—kAx Where, F: Applied force on the spring, k: The force constant of the spring, Ax : The displacement of the body. The negative sign (-ve) means that the force exerted by the spring is always directed opposite the displacement. (3) Experiment Set- Up 1- Spring. 2- Meter scale. 3 - Five weights. 4 - Stand rod. (4) Measuring Steps: 1- Determine the original length of the spring (without any weights). 2- Use first weight and measure the displacement (Ax).3- Increase the weights and measure (Ax) for each weights. 4- Draw a graph between x(as y-axis) and F (as x-axis). 5- Find the slope then calculate (k) using the relation kaa F = mg = (m) (980)scosity (1) Experiment Aims: Determine the viscosity coefficient (n) of a liquid unit [poise]. (2) Basic Theory: 2 R? n= GOs- PT Where, ps: density of glycerin, p.: density of sphere, R: radius of sphere, V: velocity of the sphere and g:gravity. (3) Experiment Set- Up (Apparatus): 1- Glycerin 2- Four spheres 3 - Stopwatch (4) Measuring Steps: 1- Throw a first sphere in a glycerin tube. 2-Record the time of its motion between the two marks. 3-Repeat the above steps for all spheres. 4-Calculate the velocity for all of them. 5-Draw a graph between V (as y-axis) and R (as x-axis). 5/156-Find the slope then calculate (7) using the relation 2 1 slope 1= 5 (Ps— AL) t(s) V=x/t (cm/s)echanical equivalent of heat (J) Experiment Aims: Determination Mechanical equivalent of heat (J) unit [(/cal)] (2) Basic Theory: We (my Cy + McCoy ar Where, I: intensity of current, V: potential difference, t: time, AT: change in temp., ‘My : mass of water, Gy: specific heat of water, m,:mass of calorimeter, Cw: specific heat of calorimeter (3) Experiment Set- Up (Apparatus): 1-Power supply 2- Ammeter 3 - Voltmeter 4- calorimeter 5- Thermometer 6- rheostat 7-Stopwatch (4) Measuring Steps: 1- Measure the initial temp. 2- Read I and V. 3- Record the time at which the temp. is raised 1C°. TINS4- Take several reading of time. 5- Draw a graph between t (as y-axis) and AT (as x-axis). 6- Find the slope then calculate (J) using the relation fe Vv (my Cw + Meloy slopeFirst law of thermodynamics (1) Experiment Aims: Verification of first Law of Thermodynamics. (2) Basic Theory: MyCy + MeCe(Tmix — Tiw) = MsCs(Tis — Tmix) Where, my: Mass of water, — c,: Specific heat of water, m,: Mass of container, c,: Specific heat of container, T nix: Temp. of water, container and sphere. Tiy: Temp. of water and container. Ti,: Temp. of spheres (3) Experiment Set- Up (Apparatus): 1-Water 2- Spheres 3 - Container 4-thermometer 5-heater (4) Measuring Steps: 1- Record the reading of thermometer of water and container. 2- Record the reading of thermometer of spheres. 9/153- Heat the spheres until reach 95C°. 4- Put the hot spheres in water and take the reading of thermometer (Typix)- 5- Substitute in equation to calculateTypix « 6- Compare between exp. and theoretical results.Thermal expansion (1) Experiment Aims: Determine the linear thermal expansion coefficient (a) unit [(c) (2) Basic Theory: _1AL °* Tar Where, L: initial length, AL: Change in length, AT: Change in temp. (3) Experiment Set- Up (Apparatus): 1- Rod 2- Thermometer 3- Micrometer (4) Measuring Steps: 1- Reset the micrometer. 2- Start the heating process. 3- Take the reading of micrometer every 5 C°. 4- Record results in table. 5- Draw a graph between AL (as y-axis) and AT (as x- axis).6- Find the slope then calculate (a) using the relation slope a=—-Young’s Modulus (1) Experiment Aims: Determination the value of the Young’s Modulus of a given wire (Y) unit [(N/m’y (2) Basic Theory: _mgL ~ AML Where, m: the mass , g: gravity, L: length of wire, A: area of wire (ar’) AL: change in length. (3) Experiment Set- Up (Apparatus): 1-Holder 2- Wire 3 - Micrometer 4-weights (4) Measuring Steps: 1- Reset the micrometer. 2- Add first weight to the holder and take the reading of micrometer. 3- Repeat this step for all weights. 13/154- Draw a graph between AL (as y-axis) and m (as x-axis). 5- Find the slope then calculate (Y) using the relation gl 1 A slopeDefinitions Simple harmonic motion: cyclic motion repeats itself periodically. Periodic time: time of complete oscillation. Hook’s law states that: the extension of the spring is directly to the tension in the spring. Elastic materials: materials which retain its original shape after removing the applied stress. (Example: spring) Non- Elastic materials: materials which can’t retain its original shape after removing the applied stress. (example: clay) Drag force: force acting opposite to the motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. The thermal expansion of the body: the tendency of matter to change in length by increasing the temperature. Mechanical equivalent of heat: same amount of work whatever its source gives the same amount of heat. First law of thermodynamics: the change in internal energy of a system is due to heating or cooling process plus the work done on or by the system. ORAU =Q+W. 10. Young’s Modulus: _tensile stress F/A FL “tensile strain AL/L~ A AL 15/15