REVIEW

WHAT IS TECTONIC PLATE?

TECTONIC PLATES ARE LIKE GIANT
PUZZLE PIECES THAT MAKE UP
THE EARTH'S OUTER SHELL.
THESE PLATES ARE CONSTANTLY
MOVING, BUT VERY SLOWLY.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
THEORY
FRANCES BACON (1620):
WHILE REVIEWING THE
FIRST MAPS OF THE
COASTLINES OF AFRICA
AND SOUTH AMERICA NOTED
THAT THE OUTLINES OF
THE CONTINENTS APPEAR
AS IF THEY COULD FIT
TOGETHER.
FRANCES PLACET (1668) WAS
THE FIRST TO SUGGEST THAT
THE CONTINENTS WERE
ACTUALLY FIXED TOGETHER AS
SUGGESTED BY THEIR
OUTLINES. SUGGESTED THAT
THE CONTINENTS HAD BEEN
TORN APART BY THE BIBLICAL
FLOOD.
IN 1858 ANTONIO SNIDER-
PELLEGRINI MADE THE
FOLLOWING “BEFORE AND
AFTER” MAPS OF SOUTH
AMERICA AND AFRICA.
 ALFRED WEGENER
German geophysicist and
meteorologist, was born on
November 1, 1880, in Berlin.
WHAT IS THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT
THEORY?
The Continental Drift Theory, proposed by
Alfred Wegener in 1912 but widely accepted
only in the 1960s, explains how Earth's
continents have moved and changed over time.
The basic principle of the theory is that the Earth's
continents were once all connected in a single
landmass called Pangaea, which has since broken
apart and drifted to their current positions.
He published his evidence in a book
called Origins of Continents and
Oceans in 1915.
EVIDENCES
 FOSSIL EVIDENCE
Fossils of plants and animals found on different
continents that were once part of Pangaea
provide strong evidence of continental drift.
For instance, fossils of the extinct reptile
Mesosaurus have been found in both South
America and Africa. This distribution suggests
that these continents were once connected
because Mesosaurus could not have crossed a
wide ocean.
The Glossopteris seed is known to
be large and bulky and therefore
could not have drifted or flown
across the oceans to a separate
continent. Therefore, the
continents must have been joined
at least one point in time in order
to maintain the Glossopteris’ wide
range across the southern
continents
 GLACIAL EVIDENCES
Glacial deposits and landforms, such as
striations and moraines, provide evidence
of past ice ages. The distribution of these
glacial features on continents like Africa
and India, which are now in warm
climates.
 PALEOCLIMATIC ZONES
Evidence of past climates.
For example, coal deposits found in
Antarctica indicate that it was once
located in a temperate or tropical climate,
supporting the idea of continental drift.
 MATCHING GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rocks and mountain ranges of
Eastern North American and Western
Europe are similar. When maps of
continents are brought together
their mountain ranges form a single
continous range of the same age and
style of formation
CONTINENTAL DRIFT VS
TECTONIC PLATE THEORY
Continental Drift was proposed first and only
states (but does not explain) the splitting up of
Pangaea in the current seven continents.
Plate Tectonics explains Continental Drift, and also
other geologic features such as volcanoes,
earthquakes, mountains etc,
In simple terms, the Continental Drift Theory is
about how continents used to be connected and
slowly moved apart, like pieces of a puzzle
drifting away. Tectonic Plates, on the other
hand, are like big puzzle pieces in the Earth's
outer layer that move around, causing all sorts
of changes on our planet, like earthquakes and
mountains.
 DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Where two pieces
of the Earth's
crust are moving
away from each
other.
SEAFLOOR
SPREADING
 HARRY HESS
Harry Hammond Hess (1906–1969) was an American
geologist and Navy officer.
He proposed the Seafloor Spreading

He suggested that the ocean floor wasn't static but

was actively spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges.
 MAPPING THE MID - OCEAN RIDGE
The mid - ocean ridge is the longest chain of
mountains in the world.
In the 1950's scientist mapped the mid - ocean ridge
using sonar.
Sonar is an instrument that uses sound waves to
measure distance.
It bounces sound waves off underwater objects and
records the echoes of these sounds.
 MAPPING THE MID - OCEAN RIDGE
The time that it takes the echo indicates the distance to
the object.
The scientists found out that the ocean floor was not
flat.

This discovery peaked their curiosity to discover what

the ridge was and how it got there.
Oceanic to Oceanic
When oceanic plates move
apart they causes a cracks in
the ocean lands. Than the
magma start to make it’s way
up than, it cools down. When
the magma cools down it build
up a Mid- Ocean ridge.
 MID- OCEAN RIDGES
Are underwater mountain ranges that
run through the center of the ocean
basins. They are formed by volcanic
activity and tectonic plate movement.
The magma rises to the surface and
solidifies, creating new oceanic crust.
Mid- ocean ridges play a crucial role in
the creation of new oceanic crust
 WHAT IS SEAFLOOR
SPREADING AND WHAT ARE
THE EVIDENCES?
 SEAFLOOR SPREADING
Is a process that occurs at mid-
ocean ridges, where new oceanic
crust is formed as magma rises from
the mantle and solidifies. As this new
crust forms, it pushes the older crust
away from the ridge. causing the
ocean floor to spread apart.
 MAGNETIC STRIPING
is a phenomenon that occurs on
the ocean floor where
alternating bands of magnetic
polarity are found. These bands
are symmetrically arranged
around mid- ocean ridges, with
each band representing a
reversal of Earth’s magnetic
field.
 AGE OF THE SEAFLOOR
Scientist have used radiometric dating
to determine the ages of rocks on the
seafloor and found that the rocks get
progressively younger as you move
away from mid- ocean ridges.
 SUBDUCTION ZONES
are areas where one tectonic plate is forced
beneath another plate. These zones are often
associated with volcanic activity and
earthquakes. The subducting plate is usually
made up of oceanic crust, which is denser than
the continental crust it is being forced under.
 EVIDENCES OF SEAFLOOR SPREADING
There are active fractures in the lithosphere along the
ocean floor and in a pattern that mimics the shapes of the
continental coastlines.
WHAT IS HOTSPOT
VOLCANISM?
 HOTSPOT VOLCANISM
His a type of volcanic activity that
occurs when molten rock, or magma,
rises up from deep within the Earth's
mantle and erupts on the surface.
Unlike other types of volcanism, which
occur at tectonic plate boundaries,
hotspots are thought to be caused by
plumes of hot material rising up from
deep within the mantle.
EXAMPLE OF HOTSPOTS
 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
One of the most famous examples of
hotspot volcanism is the Hawaiian Islands.
The islands were formed by a hotspot
located beneath the Pacific Plate, which has
been slowly moving northwest over millions
of years. As the plate moves, new islands
are formed over the hotspot, creating a
chain of volcanic islands stretching across
the Pacific Ocean.
 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Another example of hotspot volcanism is
Yellowstone National Park in the United States.
The park sits atop a hotspot that has been
active for millions of years, resulting in the
formation of geysers, hot springs, and other
geothermal features. The most recent eruption
from this hotspot occurred approximately
640,000 years ago, and scientists believe that
it could erupt again in the future.
 IMPACT OF HOTSPOT VOLCANISM
Hotspot volcanism can have a profound impact
on both the environment and human populations.
When a hotspot erupts, it can release large
amounts of ash, gases, and lava into the
atmosphere. This can cause air pollution and
respiratory problems for nearby communities.
Additionally, the lava and ash can destroy homes,
buildings, and infrastructure, leaving people
displaced and without resources.
 THANK YOU!
PREPARED BY : SIR. VINCE CHARL RAFAL
AND SIR. GIAN CARLO MAGPULONG
NO NEED TO BE PRESSURED, PWEDENG
SUMMARIZATION LANG ANG ISULAT.
-SIR VINCE