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Chapter 1
Mind, Behavior, and Psychological

Science
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
What Is Psychology–
and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field,

with many specialties—but
fundamentally, psychology
is the science of behavior
and mental processes.

and What Is It Not?
Psychology is not:
• All about mental disorders and therapy
• Focused solely on diagnosing and
treating mental problems

and What Is It Not?
Psychology:
• Comes from psyche (Greek for “mind”) and
-ology (meaning “a field of study”)
• Literally means “the study of the mind”
• Covers both internal mental processes and
external, observable behaviors
• Based on objective, verifiable, scientific
evidence

Three Ways of Doing
Psychology
Main Categories:
• Experimental psychologists
• Teachers of psychology
• Applied psychologists

Applied Psychological
Specialties
Use knowledge developed by experimental

psychologists to tackle human problems
I/O Sports
School Clinical/Counseling
Forensic Environmental

Psychology Is Not Psychiatry
Psychology: Psychiatry:
•Medical specialty
•Broad field of study
•Holds an MD (Doctor of
•Holds a Ph.D (Doctor
Medicine)
of Philosophy)
•Training in treatment of
•Training emphasizes
mental and behavioral
research methods
problems
•Advanced study in
•Licensed to prescribe
specialization
medicines
What Are Psychology’s Six Main
Perspectives?
Six main viewpoints dominate

modern psychology: biological,
cognitive, behavioral, whole-
person, developmental, and
sociocultural perspectives.
Each perspective grew out of

radical new concepts about
mind and behavior.
Six Modern Perspectives of Psychology
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioral
Whole-Person
Developmental
Sociocultural
Perspective
What Determines Behavior?
Biological The brain, the nervous system,
the endocrine system, and
Cognitive genes
Behavioral
Fields of Study:
Whole-Person Neuroscience
Evolutionary Psychology
Developmental
Sources:
Sociocultural Rene Descartes

Perspective
View of Human Nature:
Biological
We are information-processing
systems.
Cognitive
Behavioral A person’s unique pattern of
perceptions, interpretations,
Whole-Person expectations, beliefs, and
memories
Developmental Sources:
Wilhelm Wundt
Sociocultural William James

Perspective
View of Human Nature:
Biological We respond to surroundings
according to principles of behavioral
learning.
Cognitive
Behavioral
The stimuli in our environment, and
the previous consequences of our
Whole-Person behaviors
John B. Watson
B. F. Skinner
Sociocultural

Perspective
Biological Psychodynamic: processes in our
unconscious minds
Source: Sigmund Freud
Cognitive
Humanistic: our innate needs to
Behavioral grow and to fulfill our best possible
potential
Sources: Carl Rogers, Abraham
Whole-Person Maslow
Developmental Trait and temperament: unique

personality characteristics that are
consistent over time and across
Sociocultural situations
Source: Ancient Greeks
Perspective
Biological What Determines Behavior?
The Interaction of heredity and
Cognitive environment, which unfolds in
predictable patterns throughout
Behavioral the lifespan
Whole-Person
Sources:
Developmental Mary Ainsworth
Jean Piaget
Sociocultural

Perspective
Biological What Determines Behavior?
The power of the situation:
Cognitive social and cultural influences
can overpower the influence of
Behavioral all other determining factors.
Field of Study:
Whole-Person
Cross-cultural psychology
Stanley Milgram
Sociocultural Philip Zimbardo

How Do Psychologists
Develop New Knowledge?
Psychologists, like all other

scientists, use the scientific
method to test their ideas
empirically.

The Four Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a hypothesis
Gathering objective data
Analyzing the results
Publishing, criticizing, and

replicating the results

Hypothesis
Developing a
hypothesis • A statement predicting the
outcome of a scientific study;
Gathering the relationship among
objective data variables
Analyzing the Operational Definitions

results • Exact procedures used in
establishing experimental
Publishing,
criticizing, and conditions and
replicating the measurement of results
results
Developing a
hypothesis
Data
Gathering
objective data
• Pieces of information
gathered by a researcher to
Analyzing the be used to test a hypothesis
results
Publishing,
criticizing, and
replicating the
results
Developing a
hypothesis
Gathering
objective data
Analyzing the Based on statistical analyses

results of results, the hypothesis is
accepted or rejected.
Publishing,
criticizing, and
replicating the
results
Developing a
hypothesis
The completed study is
Gathering presented to the scientific
objective data community.
Analyzing the Replicate

results • Redoing an experiment to
see if you get the same
Publishing, results
criticizing, and
replicating the
results
Five Types of Psychological Research
Experiments
Correlational Studies
Surveys
Naturalistic Observations
Case Studies

Types of Psychological Research
Experiments
The researcher controls all conditions and
directly manipulates the conditions.
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Experimental Group
Control Group
Random Assignment

Correlational Study
The relationship between variables is studied,
but without experimental manipulation of an
independent variable; cause-and-effect
relationships cannot be determined.
Positive Correlations
Negative Correlations
Zero Correlations

Surveys
A technique used in descriptive research;
typically involves seeking people’s responses to
a prepared set of verbal or written items
Political Pollsters
Marketing Consultants

Naturalistic Observations
A form of descriptive research involving behavior
assessment of people or animals in their natural
surroundings
Childrearing Practices
Shopping Habits
Animal Behavior

Case Studies
Research involving a single individual (or, at
most, a few individuals)
Small Sample Size

Lack of Control
Limited Generalizability

Biases in Psychological Research
Expectancy Bias
• The researcher allows his or her
expectations to affect the outcome of a
study
•Blind control
Controlling Bias:
•Placebo: a sham “drug” or fake treatment
•Double-blind control: both participants and
researchers are unaware of group
assignment
Ethical Issues in Psychological
Research
American Psychological Association (APA)

• Ethical principles of psychologists and
code of conduct
• Shields participants from potentially
harmful procedures
• Ensures confidentiality
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
• Examines all studies proposed

Ethical Issues in Psychological
Research
Informed Consent
• Participants must be informed of all
procedures, and any potential dangers, so they
may opt out they so desire.
Deception
• Allowable if no substantial risks are likely
Animal Studies
• Specific guidelines need to be followed.

Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
rental, lease, or lending of the program.
What Is Psychological
Disorder?
Three classic signs suggest severe psychological

disorder:
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Affective disturbances
Part of a continuum ranging from absence of

disorder to severe disorder
Disorders are an exaggeration of normal

responses

The Spectrum of
Mental Disorder

What Is Psychological
Disorder?
The medical model views

psychological disorders as
diseases, whereas the
psychological view sees them as
an interaction of biological,
behavioral, cognitive, and social-
cultural factors.

Changing Concepts of
Psychological Disorder:
Historical Roots
Ancient World
• Supernatural powers
• Possession by demons and spirits
400 B.C.
• Physical causes
• Hippocrates: imbalance of humors
Middle Ages
• Medieval church
• Demons and witchcraft
Eighteenth Century
• Mental disorders are diseases of the mind.
• Similar to other physical diseases
• Objective causes requiring specific treatments
Changing Concepts of Psychological
Disorder: The Psychological Model
Behavioral Perspective
• Abnormal behaviors can be acquired
through behavioral learning; environmental
conditions
Cognitive Perspective
• Abnormal behaviors are influenced by
mental processes: thoughts, feelings,
perceptions, and memory

Changing Concepts of Psychological
Disorder: The Psychological Model
Social-Learning Theory
Combines these two perspectives

The Biopsychology of
Mental Disorder

Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Distress
Does the individual
Maladaptiveness show unusual or
prolonged levels of
Irrationality unease or anxiety?
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Distress
Maladaptiveness Does the person

regularly act in ways
that make others fearful
Irrationality or that interfere with his
or her well-being?
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Distress
Does the person act or
Maladaptiveness talk in ways that are
irrational or
Irrationality incomprehensible to
others?
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Distress Does the individual

behave erratically and
Maladaptiveness inconsistently at
different times or from
Irrationality one situation to
another? Is the
Unpredictability individual experiencing
a loss of control?
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Distress
Maladaptiveness Does the person

behave in ways that
Irrationality are statistically rare
and violate social
Unpredictability norms?
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
How are Psychological
Disorders Classified in the DSM-5?
The DSM-5, the most widely

used system for classifying
mental disorders, organizes
psychological disorders by
their mental and behavioral
symptoms.

Overview of DSM-5
Classification System
DSM-5 (2013)
• Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
• Includes 300+ disorders
• Gives practitioners a common language
• symptoms, syndromes, diagnoses, diseases
• No definition of “normal”
• Recognizes developmental progression
• Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Depressive Disorders
Abnormal disturbance in emotion or mood
Major Depressive Disorder

• Form of depression that does not alternate with mania
• Accounts for majority of mental hospital admissions
• Most prevalent form of disability around the world
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

• Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight

Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
• A disorder involving swings of mood from
mania to depression
Mania
• excessive elation or manic excitement
Depression
• sadness or despair

Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• Persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety,
without any known external cause
Panic Disorder
• Marked by panic attacks that have no
obvious connection to events in a person’s
present experience
Agoraphobia
• Fear of public places/open spaces
Anxiety Disorders
Phobia or Phobic Disorder

• Disorder involving a pathological fear of a
specific object or situation
Cause: Preparedness Hypothesis
• The notion that we have an innate tendency
to respond quickly and automatically to
stimuli that posed a survival threat to our
ancestors

Phobias

Phobias
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts
and behaviors
• obsession: thoughts, images, impulses that
reoccur
• compulsions: repetitive, purposeful acts
• Genetic link: tendency to run in families
• Learning component

Somatic Symptom Disorders
Psychological problems appearing in the form

of bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Conversion Disorder
• Paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but
with no discernible physical cause
Illness Anxiety Disorder
• Excessive concern about health and disease;
formerly called hypochondriasis

Dissociative Disorders
• Group of pathologies involving
“fragmentation” of the personality
Dissociative Dissociative
Amnesia Fugue
Depersonalization Dissociative
Disorder Identity Disorder

Dissociative Psychologically
Amnesia induced loss of
memory for personal
Dissociative Fugue information
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative
Identity Disorder

Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue Dissociative amnesia

with the addition of
Depersonalization “flight” from one’s
Disorder home, family, and job
Dissociative
Identity Disorder

Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization Abnormality involving

Disorder the sensation that
mind and body have
Dissociative separated
Identity Disorder

Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
Disorder
Condition in which
Dissociative
the individual
Identity Disorder
displays multiple
identities
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
• Severe psychopathology
• Personality disintegrates
• Emotional life is disrupted
• Cognitive processes distorted
• More common in men than women
• First appearance: typically before age
twenty-five for men; between twenty-five
and forty-five for women

Criteria for a Diagnosis of
Schizophrenia

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Fundamentally a brain disorder

Biological Factors
• Genetic factors place the individual at risk,
but environmental stress factors transform
this potential into an actual schizophrenic
disorder

MRI Scans of Twins: One with and
One without Schizophrenia

Figure 12.7 Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia
The graph shows average risks for developing schizophrenia in persons with a relative that has schizophrenia.
Data were compiled from family and twin studies conducted in European populations between 1920 and 1987;
the degree of risk correlates highly with the degree of genetic relatedness.
Source: Figure 10 from p. 96 of Gottesman, I. (1991). Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness. New York,
NY: W. H. Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co. Copyright © 1991. Reprinted by permission of W. H. Freeman
and Company/Worth Publishers.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Can appear at any age, but often first seen in
childhood
Autism spectrum disorder
• Marked by impoverished ability to “read” other
people, use language, or interact socially
Dyslexia
• A reading disability, thought by some experts
to involve a brain disorder
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Disability involving short attention span,
distractibility, and extreme difficulty in
maintaining inactive for any period
Personality Disorders
Chronic patterns of poor judgment, disordered
thinking, emotional disturbances, disrupted
social relationships, or lack of impulse control
Narcissistic
• exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for
constant attention or admiration, or preoccupation
with fantasies of success or power
Antisocial
• lack of conscience or a sense of responsibility to
others
Borderline
• instability and impulsivity; unpredictable moods
and stormy personal relationships, little tolerance
for frustration
Adjustment Disorders and Other
Conditions that May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attention
Marital
Mild Depression
Problems
Physical Academic
Complaints Problems
Parent-Child
Job Problems
Problems
Bereavement Malingering
What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses

lead to proper treatments—
but diagnoses may also
become labels that
depersonalize individuals and
ignore the social and cultural
contexts in which their
problems arise.
Diagnostic Labels
Depersonalization
• Results from labeling
• Depriving people of their identity and
individuality by treating them as objects
rather than as individuals
• Reinforces disturbed behavior

Chapter 13
Therapies for
Psychological Disorders
rental, lease, or lending of the program. 1
What is Therapy?
Therapy for psychological

disorders takes a variety of
forms, but all involve a
therapeutic relationship
focused on improving a
person’s mental, behavioral,
or social functioning.
2
What is Therapy?
• General term for any treatment process

• In psychology and psychiatry, therapy
refers to a variety of psychological and
biomedical techniques aimed at dealing
with mental disorders or coping with
problems of living.
3
Components of Therapy
Identifying the problem
Identifying the cause of the

problem or the conditions that
maintain the problem
Deciding on and carrying out

some form of treatment
4
Types of Mental Health Care
Professionals
Counseling Psychologist
Clinical Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Clinical Social Worker
Pastoral Counselor
5
Professional Title
Specialty:
Problems of
Clinical Psychologist normal living
Psychiatrist Work setting:
Schools, clinics,
Psychoanalyst other institutions
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Credentials:
Master’s in
counseling, PhD,
Pastoral Counselor EdD, or PsyD
6
Professional Title
Specialty:
Those with severe
Clinical Psychologist or less severe
disorders
Psychiatrist Work setting:
Psychoanalyst Private practice,
mental health
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner agencies,
hospitals
Credentials:
Pastoral Counselor PhD or PsyD
7
Professional Title
Specialty:
Counseling Psychologist Physician trained
to treat mental
problems (often
Psychiatrist by means of drug
therapies)
Psychoanalyst
Work setting:
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Private practice,
clinics, hospitals
Credentials:
Pastoral Counselor MD
8
Professional Title
Specialty:
Psychiatrist
Freudian therapy
Psychoanalyst
Work setting:
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Private practice
Clinical Social Worker Credentials:

MD or PhD
Pastoral Counselor
9
Professional Title Specialty:
Nursing specialty;
licensed to
Clinical Psychologist prescribe drugs
Work setting:
Psychiatrist
Private practice,
Psychoanalyst clinics, hospitals
Psychiatric Nurse Credentials:
Practitioner RN plus special
training in treating
mental disorders
Pastoral Counselor and prescribing
drugs 10
Professional Title
Counseling Psychologist Specialty:
Social worker with
a specialty in
Psychiatrist dealing with
mental disorders
Psychoanalyst Work setting:
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Often employed
by government
Clinical or Psychiatric
Social Worker Credentials:
Pastoral Counselor MSW
11
Professional Title
Counseling Psychologist Specialty:
Clinical Psychologist Combines

spiritual guidance
Psychiatrist with practical
counseling
Psychoanalyst
Work setting:
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Religious order or
ministry
Credentials:
Pastoral Counselor Varies
12
Therapy in Historical Context
Medieval Europe:
• Mental disorder the work of devils and
demons
• Exorcism needed to “beat the devil” out
More Modern Times

• Mentally ill placed in institutions called
asylums, which often resulted in neglect
13
Modern Approaches to Therapy
Modern approaches abandoned demon
model and abusive treatments.
• Therapies based on psychological and
biological theories of mind and behavior
• psychological therapies, often called
psychotherapy
• biological therapies focus on altering the
brain.
14
How Do Psychologists
Treat Psychological Disorders?
Psychologists employ two

main forms of treatment:
insight therapies
and behavioral therapies.
15
Types of Psychotherapy
16
Insight Therapies
Insight Therapies
• Psychotherapies in which the therapists
help patients/clients understand (gain
insight into) their problems
• Aim at revealing and changing a patient’s
disturbed mental processes through
discussion and interpretation
• Numerous approaches involve this type of
therapy.
17
Insight Therapies
Freudian Psychoanalysis
• Insight therapies based on the assumption
that psychological problems arise from
tension created in the unconscious mind by
forbidden impulses
• Major goal: To release conflicts and
memories from the unconscious
18
Insight Therapies:
Psychodynamic Therapies
Psychoanalysis
• The form of psychodynamic therapy
developed by Sigmund Freud
• Access to unconscious material through
free association
• Helps the patient understand the
unconscious causes for his or her
symptoms
19
Insight Therapies
Freudian Psychoanalysis
20
Insight Therapies:
Psychoanalysis
• The ego blocks unconscious problems from
consciousness through defense mechanisms.
• e.g., displacement and repression
Analysis of Transference
• Analyzing and interpreting the patient’s
relationship with the therapist, based on the
assumption that this relationship mirrors
unresolved conflicts in the patient’s past
21
Insight Therapies:
Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapies
• Therapies developed by psychodynamic
theorists who embraced some but not all of
Freud’s ideas
• emphasis on conscious motivation
• significance of the self
• experiences throughout life
• the role of interpersonal relationships
• abandoned the psychoanalyst’s couch
• see patients once a week
22
Insight Therapies:
Humanistic Therapies
Humanistic Therapies
• Mental problems arise from low self-esteem,
misguided goals, and unfulfilling
relationships.
Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers
• Emphasizes healthy psychological growth
through self-actualization
• Reflection of feeling: paraphrasing client’s
words to capture the emotional tone expressed
23
Insight Therapies:
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapy
• Emphasizes rational thinking as the key to
treating mental disorder
• Helps patients confront destructive thoughts
24
Insight Therapies:
Group Therapies
Group Therapy
• Psychotherapy with more than one client
Self-Help Support Groups
• Groups that provide social support and an
opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing
with common problems; typically
organized/run by laypersons (not
professional therapists)
25
Insight Therapies:
Group Therapies
Couples and Family Counseling

• Intended to help clients learn about
relationships
• Can be more effective than individual
therapy with one member of the relationship
at a time
26
Behavior Therapies
Behavior Therapy
• Any form of psychotherapy based on the
principles of behavioral learning:
• operant conditioning and classical
conditioning
Systematic Aversion
Desensitization Therapy
Contingency Token
Management Economies
Participant
Modeling 27
Classical Conditioning Therapies
Systematic Desensitization
• Technique in which anxiety is extinguished
by exposing the patient to an anxiety-
provoking stimulus
Exposure Therapy
• Desensitization therapy in which patient
directly confronts the anxiety-provoking
stimulus (as opposed to imagining it)
28
A Sample Anxiety Hierarchy
29
Classical Conditioning Therapies
Aversion Therapy
• Involves presenting individuals with an
attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant
stimulation in order to condition a repulsive
reaction
30
Operant Conditioning Therapies
Contingency Management
• Approach to changing behavior by altering
the consequences of behaviors
• Effective in numerous settings
• e.g., families, schools, work, and prisons
31
Operant Conditioning Therapies
Token Economies
• Applied to groups (e.g., classrooms or
mental hospital wards)
• Involves distribution of “tokens”
contingent on desired behaviors
• Tokens can later be exchanged for
privileges, food, or other reinforcers.
32
Participant Modeling: An
Observational-Learning Therapy
Participant Modeling
• The therapist demonstrates and encourages
a client to imitate a desired behavior.
• Draws on concepts from both operant and
classical conditioning
33
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:
A Synthesis
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Combines cognitive emphasis on thoughts
with behavioral strategies that alter
reinforcement contingencies
• Assumes irrational self-statements cause
maladaptive behavior
• Seeks to help the client develop a sense of
self-efficacy
34
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:
A Synthesis
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

• Albert Ellis
• Based on the idea that irrational thoughts and
behaviors are the cause of mental disorders
• Attempts to eliminate the self-defeating
thoughts
Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)
• Positive emphasis on growth
• Emphasis on research
35
Evaluating the
Psychological Therapies
Eysenck (1952) proposed that people with
nonpsychotic problems recover just as
well with or without therapy.
Reviews of evidence since have shown

that:
• Eysenck overestimated the improvement
rate in the group without therapy.
• Therapy is better than no therapy.
• It appears advantageous to match specific
therapies with specific conditions.
36
Comparing the Different Types of Therapy
37
How Is the Biomedical
Approach Used to
Treat Psychological Disorders?
Biomedical therapies seek to
treat psychological disorders
by changing the brain’s
chemistry with drugs, its
circuitry with surgery, or its
patterns of activity with pulses
of electricity or powerful
magnetic fields.
38
Drug Therapy
Antipsychotic Drugs
• e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and
clozapine
• Usually affect dopamine pathways
• May have side effects
• tardive dyskinesia: incurable disorder of
motor control resulting from long-term use of
antipsychotic drugs
39
Drug Therapy
Antidepressant Drugs
• Three major categories:
• tricyclic compounds (e.g., Tofranil and Elavil)
• SSRIs (e.g., Prozac)
• Monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors and
lithium carbonate (effective against bipolar
disorder)
Mood Stabilizers
• e.g., Lithium and Depakote: effective for
bipolar disorders
40
Drug Therapy
Antianxiety Drugs
• Include barbiturates and benzodiazepines
• May include some antidepressant drugs that
work on certain anxiety disorders
• Should not be used to relieve the ordinary
anxieties of everyday life
• Should not be taken for more than a few
days at a time
• Should not be combined with alcohol
41
Drug Therapy
Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)

• Produce excitement or hyperactivity
• Suppress activity level in persons with
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Controversy exists concerning the use of these
stimulants for children.
• side effects
• growth slowed
• concern regarding overdiagnosis of ADHD
42
Psychosurgery
The general term for surgical intervention

in the brain to treat psychological
disorders
• The infamous prefrontal lobotomy is no
longer performed.
• Severing the corpus callosum, however,
can reduce life-threatening seizures.
43
Brain-Stimulation Therapies
Used to treat severe depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• Apply an electric current to temples briefly
• Patient is put to “sleep.”
• Memory deficits are a side effect.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
• High-powered magnetic stimulation to the brain
• Also effective for bipolar disorder
Deep Brain Stimulation
• Surgical implants of a micro electrode directly in
the brain
• Still highly experimental
44
Hospitalization
and the Alternatives
Therapeutic Community
• Designed to bring meaning to patients’ lives
• Hospital setting to help patients cope with the world
outside
• Higher costs
Deinstitutionalization
• Removing patients, whenever possible, from mental
hospitals
Community Mental Health Movement
• Effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to
provide therapy from outpatient clinics
45
How do the Psychological
Therapies and Biomedical
Therapies Compare?
Although a combination of
psychological and medical
therapies is better than either
alone for treating some (but not
all) mental disorders, most
people who suffer from
unspecified “problems in living”
are best served by
psychological treatment alone.
46
Depression
Psychological vs. Medical Treatment

• Both are equally effective ways to treat
depression in the short run.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy is more
effective in the long run.
• A combination of both is most effective.
47
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological vs. Medical Treatment

• Both can be effective.
• Most effective is a combination of both.
48
Empirically Supported Therapy (EST)
Therapies validated by research evidence
showing that they actually work
This research raises interesting questions
about whether counselors/therapists should
be limited to these therapies.
• Can this guideline help practitioners to avoid
harmful therapies?
• Can practitioners still meet individual needs?
• How will the insurance companies be
involved?
49

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Chapter 1

Mind, Behavior, and Psychological

Psychology is a broad field,

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Use knowledge developed by experimental

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Six main viewpoints dominate

Each perspective grew out of

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Developmental Trait and temperament: unique

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Psychologists, like all other

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Gathering objective data

Analyzing the results

Publishing, criticizing, and

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Analyzing the Operational Definitions

Analyzing the Based on statistical analyses

Analyzing the Replicate

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Small Sample Size

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American Psychological Association (APA)

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Three classic signs suggest severe psychological

Part of a continuum ranging from absence of

Disorders are an exaggeration of normal

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The medical model views

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Maladaptiveness Does the person

Distress Does the individual

Maladaptiveness Does the person

The DSM-5, the most widely

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Abnormal disturbance in emotion or mood

Major Depressive Disorder

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Phobia or Phobic Disorder

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