The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Submitted By Muhammad Rashid

Submitted To Engr. Dr. Farhana Umer

Subject Electromotive field theory

Roll No# F21BELEN1M01001

Assignment no. 01

Department ElectricaL Engineering

Question # 01:Electric field due to volume charge?

electric field due to volume charge:

The electric field due to a volume charge can be calculated using the Gauss's
Law. The Gauss's Law states that the electric flux through a closed surface is equal
to the charge enclosed by the surface divided by the permittivity of free space.
Mathematically, we can write this as:
 Φ = Q / ε0
Where Φ is the electric flux, Q is the charge enclosed, and ε0 is the permittivity of
free space.
For a volume charge density ρ, the total charge enclosed within a volume V is
given by:
 Q = ∫∫∫V ρ dV
Thus, the electric field E due to the volume charge can be expressed as:
 E=Φ/A
Where A is the area of the closed surface. Substituting the value of Φ from
Gauss's Law and Q from the equation above, we get:
 E = 1 / 4πε0 ∫∫∫V ρ(r) (r - r') / |r - r'|^3 dV
Where r is the position vector of the point where the field is to be calculated, r' is
the position vector of the volume element dV, and |r - r'| is the distance between
the two points. This equation is called the Coulomb's Law for continuous charge
distribution and is used to calculate the electric field due to a volume charge
density.

Question # 02: Electric Field due to infinite surface charge?

Electric field due to infinite surface charge:

The electric field due to an infinite surface charge can be calculated using the
formula:
 E = σ / (2ε0)
Where E is the electric field, σ is the surface charge density (charge per unit area)
and ε0 is the permittivity of free space.
This formula applies for a uniform, infinite plane of charge that extends infinitely
in two dimensions. The electric field is perpendicular to the surface and has the
same magnitude at all points.
To derive this formula, we can use the Gauss's Law. Consider a flat Gaussian
surface that is parallel to the infinite plane of charge. The surface must have an
area A and its normal vector should be perpendicular to the plane of charge. The
electric flux through this surface is given by:
 Φ=EA
Since the electric field is perpendicular to the surface, it is constant over the entire
surface. Thus, the total electric flux through the surface is:
 Φ = E A = Q / ε0
Where Q is the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface. For an infinite plane of
charge, the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is simply the product of the
charge density σ and the area of the surface A:
 Q=σA

Substituting this into the above equation, we get:

 E A = (σ A) / ε0
Simplifying and solving for E, we get the formula mentioned at the beginning:
 E = σ / (2ε0)
This formula is widely used in electrostatics to calculate the electric field due to an
infinite surface charge.

The end