Submitted to:

Dr.Zeeshan Ahmad Arfeen

Name: Kashif Khan
Roll no:F21BELEN1M01013
Department:
Electrical Engineering
Subject: Linear algebra
Semester: 3rd

Assignment no: 02
1)Linear Algebra
The branch of mathematics that is concerned with mathematical structure
closed under the operation of addition and scalar multiplication and that
includes the theory of system Linear equation, matrices, determinants, vector
spaces and linear transformation.

2)Branches of Linear Algebra

Linear algebra can be categorized into three branches depending upon
the level of difficulty and the kind of topics that are encompassed within each.
These are elementary, advanced, and applied linear algebra. Each branch
covers different aspects of matrices, vectors, and linear functions.
3)Elementary linear aljabra
Elementary linear algebra introduces students to the basics of linear algebra.
This includes simple matrix operations, various computations that can be done
on a system of linear equations, and certain aspects of vectors. Some
important terms associated with elementary linear algebra are given below:

4)Scalars - A scalar is a quantity that only has magnitude and not

direction.
It is an element that is used to define a vector space. In linear algebra, scalars
are usually real numbers.

5)Vectors - A vector is an element in a vector space. It is a quantity that

can describe both the direction and magnitude of an element.

6)Vector Space - The vector space consists of vectors that may be

added together and multiplied by scalars.

7)Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array wherein the information is organized in the
form of rows and columns. Most linear algebra properties can be expressed in
terms of a matrix.

8)Matrix Operations
These are simple arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, and
multiplication that can be conducted on matrices.

9)Singular Matrix
A singular matrix refers to a matrix whose determinant is zero. Furthermore,
such a matrix has no inverse. Students can learn more about the singular
matrix here.
10)Properties of Singular Matrix
The matrices are known to be singular if their determinant is equal to the zero.
For example, if we take a matrix x, whose elements of the first column is zero.
Then by the rules and property of determinants, one can say that the
determinant, in this case, is zero. Therefore, matrix x is definitely a singular
matrix.
A singular matrix is non-convertible in nature. What this means is that its
inverse does not exist.

As, an inverse of matrix is

Where is the determinant of. adjoint of x

and

If (singular rmatrix), then the matrix x will not exist according to equation

(1).

11)Non Singular Matrix

Non Singular matrix is a square matrix whose determinant is a non-zero value.
The non-singular matrix property is to be satisfied to find the inverse of a
matrix.
12)What Is a Non-Singular Matrix?
A non-singular matrix is a square matrix whose determinant is not equal to zero. The
non-singular matrix is an invertible matrix, and its inverse can be computed as it has a

determinant value. For a square matrix A= the condition of it being a non- singular
matrix is the determinant of this matrix A is a non zero value. |A| =|ad - bc| ≠
0.

13) Advance linear algebra

Once the basics of linear algebra have been introduced to students the
focus shifts on more advanced concepts related to linear equations, vectors,
and matrices. Certain important terms that are used in advanced linear algebra
are as follows:

14)Linear Transformations
The transformation of a function
from one vector space to another by preserving the linear structure of each
vector space.

15)Inverse of a Matrix
When an inverse of a matrix is multiplied with the given original matrix then
the resultant will be the identity matrix. Thus, A-1A = I.

16)Eigenvector
An eigenvector is a non-zero vector that changes by a scalar factor
(eigenvalue) when a linear transformation is applied to it.
17)Linear Map
It is a type of mapping that preserves vector addition and vector multiplication.

18) Linear Algebra

Applied linear algebra is usually introduced to students at a graduate level in
fields of applied mathematics, engineering, and physics. This branch of algebra is
driven towards integrating the concepts of elementary and advanced linear
algebra with their practical implications. Topics such as the norm of a vector, QR
factorization, Schur's complement of a matrix, etc., fall under this branch of
linear algebra.
A linear equation is an equation that has the standard form a1 x 1 + a2 x 2 +...+
an x n + a1x1 + a2 x 2 +...+ an x n. It is the fundamental component of linear
algebra. The topics covered under linear equations are as follows:

• Linear Equations in One variable

• Linear Equations in Two Variables
• Simultaneous Linear Equations
• Solving Linear Equations
• Solutions of a Linear Equation
• Graphing Linear Equations
• Applications of Linear equations
• Straight Line

19)Vectors
In linear algebra, there can be several operations that can be performed
on vectors such as multiplication, addition, etc. Vectors can be used to describe
quantities such as the velocity of moving objects. Some crucial topics
encompassed under vectors are as follows:

• Types of Vectors
• Dot Product
• Cross Product
• Addition of Vectors
20)Matrices
A matrix is used to organize data in the form of a rectangular array. It

can be represented as . Here, m represents the number of rows

and n denotes the number of columns in the matrix. In linear algebra, a matrix
can be used to express linear equations in a more compact manner. The topics
that are covered under the scope of matrices are as follows:
• Matrix Operations
• Determinant
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Types of a Matrix

21)Linear Algebra Formula

Formulas form an important part of linear algebra as they help to
simplify computations. The key to solving any problem in linear algebra is to
understand the formulas and associated concepts rather than memorize them.
The important linear algebra formulas can be broken down into 3 categories,
namely, linear equations, vectors, and matrices.

22)Linear Equation

by 4 and subtract from eq (2)

One Solution Parallel

(x,y) = (-1,2) No Solution
Column Forms

Three Planes

Column 1 + Column 2 + Column 3

Singular Case

1)
2)
 3)

By adding (1), (2) and (3)

Three phase have a line in common.

23)Vector Spaces and Subspaces

A vector space is a non-empty set v of objects called vectors on which
are defined two operations called addition and multiplication by
scalar object to the ten axioms.

Ten Axioms

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
 9)
10)

R1 , R2 , R3 ……….R∞

R1 = One dimensional vector of real number. R2 =

Two dimensional plane of real number. R∞=
Infinity dimensional space.

24)Subspace
A subspace of a vector space is a non-empty subset that satisfies the
requirements for a vector space.

1) If we add any vectors x and y in the subspace, x+y is in

subspace.

2) If we multiply any vector x in the subspace by any scalar

c,
cx is in the subspace.

3) Zero vectors will belong every subspace.

1st quadrant

3st quadrant

3st quadrant

1st quadrant
Rule (1) is violated

Neither 1st nor 3rd

25)Column Space of A
The column space contains all linear combination of A.b1

Combination of column equals to

26)Null Space of A
The null space of a matrix consist of all vectors c such that

, then
then
1) 2)
Only the solution to homogenous equation from a subspace.

The null space contains only the vector (0, 0).

27)Linear Independency
In theory of vector space a set of vector to say to be linearly
dependent if at least of the vectors in the set can be defined as a
linear combination of the others. If the no set can be written in this
way then the vectors are said to be linear dependently.
Example
 A=
1- Second c is three time first c
So,
-3 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 0
Implies that vector are linearly independent
2- Row 3 is two time row 2 minus five time row 1

-2+5 =0

28)Alternative Way

1
=1

29Rank of a Matrix
Rank of a matrix is defined as the minimum number of
linearly independent column vectors in the matrix.
1- If R and C are the numbers of the rows and columns of the
matrix respectively

If R is less than C then maximum rank of a matrix is R

 2- If R>C
Maximum rank is C.

30) Zero Rank

The rank of a matrix would be zero only if the matrix has
no element.

1- If matrix has only one element maximum rank is 1

31)Transpose of Matrix
The transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix
over its diagonal; that is, it switches the rows and columns indices of
matrix A by producing another matrix, after denoted by

Method
The transpose number of rows into column and column element
convert into rows.

Denotion
It is denoted by placing T at the top of matrix like

32)Determinant
In linear Algebra, the determinant is a scalar value that
can be completed from the elements of a square matrix and encodes
certain properties of linear transformation described by the matrix.
If the determinant of A matrix is zero than the matrix A is singular.
If the determinant of A matrix is non-zero then A is invertible.

Involves

Four main uses of determinant are;

1-
Parameter is subtracted from the diagonal entries of A and
then determinant is taken to get the polynomial. The roots of that
polynomial give the value of A.

2-
Scalar triple product.

Scalar triple product gives the volume of a parallelepiped. If

scalar triple product is equal to zero the three vectors are
coplanar.
3- If a is triangular then det A will be the product of pivots or
diagonal entries
 Determinant = (product of pivots)

= a1 det

-ve sign comes from single row/column exchange.

If there are even number of rows and column then sign will be
+tve.
4- A matrix with the rows of zero has the determinant equal to
zero.

33)Properties of determinant
=

1- The determinant of identity matrix is equal to 1.

=1

2- Determinant change signs when rows and column exchange

= =

3- The determinant depends linearly on the first row. Add

vector in row 1.
 = +

Multiply by t in row 1

=t

4- If two rows of a matrix are equal then Det A=0

=0, =0

5- Subtracting a multiple of one row from another row leaves

the same determinant.

Rows operation

= -

= – =

6- The determinant of AB is the product of det A times det B.

Product rule =

7- The transpose of A has the same determinant of A itself.

 Det ( ) = det A

Transpose rule

= =

EXERCISE

1- Count rows exchanges to find the determinant

=1

34)Parallelepiped
Parallelepiped is a 3-D shape whose faces are all parallelograms.
It is obtained from a Greek word which means 'an object having
parallel plane'. Basically, it is formed by six parallelogram sides to
result in a three-dimensional figure or a Prism, which has a
parallelogram base.