410 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING ENGINEERING Total slurry volume is now equal to: Slurry volume = 78.4 +1,228.6 + 33.7 + 20.9 =1,361.6 ft? Cement amount can be estimated by using slurry yield as follows: ent amount = Sit##¥ volume _ 1,361.6 slurry yield 1.13 Amount of dispersant equals: = 1,204.9 = 1,205 sks Dispersant amount = 1,205% 0.05 = 60.3 gals Amount of retarder equals to: Retarder amount = 1,205 x 0.04 = 48.2 gals Amount of water equals to: Dispersant amount = 1,205 x 4.8 ~ 5,784 gals ~ 138 bbls 9.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Portland cement for the construction of oil and gas wells was introduced in a) 1920s b) 1930s ©) 1900s d) None of the above 2. ‘The cementing process involves mixing powder cement with water and some addi- tives to prepare a) Drilling fluid b) Cement slurry ©) Brine solution d) None of the above 3, There are_____main cementing stages in the drilling operations. a) Five b) Six c) Four ) None of the above 4, The cementing process is performed after the ________ have been run in the wellbore. a) Casing strings b) Drilling fluid ©) Drillpipe d) None of the above10. iL. CEMENTING 411 is the first part of the completion process for a production well. a) Perforations b) Fracturing ©) Cementing d) None of the above —_______ is used most commonly to shut off water influx permanently into the well during the production phase. a) Packers b) Cementing c) Drillpipe d) None of the above Oil well cement (OWC) isa powdery substance made of a) limestone and day ) sodium chloride and clay ) limestone and potassium d) none of the above Cements are mixed with sand, gravel and water to form concrete in the a) Oil industry b) Construction industry ©) Ceramics industry d) None of the above Cements are mixed with water and special additives to form slurry in the a) Ceramics industry b) Oil industry c) Construction industry a) None of the above _______ is the process of placing cement slurry in the annulus space between the well casing and the rock formations surrounding the wellbore. a) Fishing b) Hydraulic fracturing c) Oil well cementing d) None of the above Placing a casing string is not sufficient to ensure wellbore stability; therefore _____is placed inside the wellbore. a) Drilling fluid b) Packers ¢) Cementing d) None of the above412 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING ENGINEERING 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. is the process of injecting cement into a confined zone behind the casing such as casing leaks and flow channels in formations. a) Sidetracking b) Cementing liner strings "Squeeze cementing d) None of the above __________is a remedial job required to repair faulty primary cementing at a later age of well life. a) Squeeze cementing b) Sidetracking c) Cementing liner strings a) None of the above Portland cement was patented in England in a) 1820 b) 1824 c) 1828 d) 1832 —________ is always cemented to surface. a) Production casing b) Intermediate casing ) Conductor pipe d) None of the above _—_________ production involves the transformation of the raw materials through a series of steps into a consistent powdered product. a) Additives b) Cement c) Bentonite d) None of the above ‘The API specifications for materials and testing for well cements indude require- ments for ____ classes of oil-well-cements (OWCs). a) 5 bd) 6 7 d) 8 Oil well cements are classified into grades based upon their content. a) Tricalcium aluminate b) Tricalcium silicate ©) Dicalcium silicate d) None of the above19, 21. 23. 24, 25. a) Class B b) Class A ) ClassC 4) Class D a) Class G & H b) Class B & C c) ClassD & E d) Class A & F CEMENTING 413 is used in milder, less demanding well conditions. are specified for deeper, hotter and higher pressure well conditions. ‘The _____ of OWC is slightly different from that of regular Portland ‘cement. a) Chemical structure b) Chemical reaction c) Chemical composition d) None of the above OWC usually have lower _____ content. a) ‘Tricalcium aluminate b) Tricalcium silicate ¢) Dicaleium silicate d) None of the above ‘The chemical composition of two classes of cement a) Class B & C b) Class D & E ©) ClassG & H d) Class A & E ‘The basic difference in Class G & Class H is a) Surface area b) Rate of reaction ¢) Compressive strength d) None of the above Class H is _____ than Class G cement. a) Finer b) Coarser ) Average d) None ofthe above is similar. Class H cement has a____water requirement than Class G cement. a) Average b) Higher ) Lower d) None of the above414 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING ENGINEERING 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, Higher density cement column generate _____ pressure on the forma- tions which can result in fracturing the formations. a) Higher b) Lower ) Average d) None of the above Lower density cement column generate ______ pressure on the forma- tions which can result in an influx from the formations. a) Higher b) Lower ) Average d) None of the above Fluid loss control additive is, a) Bentonite b) Attapulgite ©) CMHEC 4) All of the above —________ occurs when the water in the cement slurry leaves it and invades the permeable formation. a) Compressive strength b). Fluid loss ) Thickening time a) None of the above ‘Which of the following is not a component of oil well cement? a) Cement powder b) Chemical additives c) Water 4) Gravel Cementing process can be performed a) After drilling the hole b). After running the casing string ) After installing the well head 4) All of the above Successful cement design depends mainly on a) Wellbore geometry b) Well depth ©) Type of formation fluid 4) Allof the above Which of the following is the major cement objectives? a) Protect casing from corrosion ) Protect surface water aquifers from contamination c) Eliminate shallow gas kicks 4) Allofthe above35. 36. 37. 38. 39. CEMENTING 415 ‘Which of the following is not one of the major cement objective? a) Support wellbore from collapse b) Provide zonal isolation ¢) Reduce shallow gas kicks 4) None of the above ‘To abandon the well, cement should be set a) Inthe annulus between well and casing b) In certain cement plugs inside the casing c)_ Inside the casing from bottom to the top of the well, 4) None of the above il well cementing can be used in many applications such as a) Side tracking b) Well abandonment c) Shut off water zones d) All of the above Squeeze cementing is normally used to solve problems such as a) Unconsolidated formations b) High initial water saturation ©) Casing leaks 4) All of the above In zonal isolation, ____ should be considered to insure good isolation. a) Pressure and temperature changes during the well life b) Well depth c) Mud cake thickness d) All of the above |. One of the raw materials of cement powder is: a) Calcium carbonate b) Sodium carbonate ) Barium carbonate 4) Allof the above Answers 1a, 2b, 3c, 4a, 5c, 6b, 7a, 8b, 9b, 10¢, L1¢, 12c, 13a, 14b, 15¢, 16b, 174, 18a, 19b, 20a, 2c, 22a, 23c, 24a, 25b, 26c, 27a, 28b, 29d, 30b, 31d, 32b, 33d, 34a, 35c, 36b, 37d, 38c, 39a, 40a. 9.4 Summary This chapter discusses different classes of cement and admixtures that have been designed for the different well conditions. Cementing technology is one of the impor- tant pillars of the oil industry operations. It is very important to give it full attention during the well construction. Failure to complete a successful cementing job will lead toCEMENTING 419 Shoe Track = 30 ft “This casing is to be cemented in two stages as follows: Stage One: Shoe to 6300 ft (TOC) from surface Stage ‘Two: From 1500 to 1000 fi from surface. The stage collar is at 1500 ft. Allow 20% excess of Class G cement for both stages. Calculate: i) Calculate total no. of sacks of cement required in both stages, and ii) Calculate the total mixwater required in both stages. Exercise 9.10: The 13 3/8" casing string ofa well is to be cemented using class ‘G’ cement in two stages. The following data is provided: 20" Casing shoe : 1,600 ft 13 3/8" Casing 77 Ib/ft : 01,000 ft 13 3/8" Casing 72 Ib/ft : 1,000-7.000 ft. 17 1/2" open hole Depth : 7,030 ft. Stage Collar Depth : 1,600 fi. Shoetrack : 60 ft. ‘Cement stage 1 : (7,000-6,300 ft.) Class ‘G’ Density : 15.9 ppg Yield : 1.18 frVsk ‘Mixwater Requirements: 0.67 fi*/sk Cement stage 2 : (1,600-1,000 ft.) Class “G’ +5% Bentonite Density : 13.3 ppg Yield : 1.89 fi'/sk ‘Mixwater Requirements: 1.37 fi?/sk Calculate the following: 2. The requiwred number of sacks of cement for a Ist stage of 600 jt. and a 2nd stage of 450 ft (Allow 30% excess in open hole) b) ‘The volume of mixwater required for each stage. ©) The total hydrostatic pressure exerted at the bottom of each stage of ‘cement (assume a 10 ppg mud is in the well when cementing). 9.5.3 MCQs (Self-Practices) 1. Which of the following can be used as weighing material for the cement? a) Barite b) Bentonite ©) Calcite d) All of the above 2, Thickening time of the cement can be controlled using a) Accelerators ©) Weighing materials 4d) None of the above420 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING ENGINEERING 3. In general, minimum cement compressive strength of ___________ has to be developed before staring any operations in the well. a) 50,000 psi b) 5,000 psi d) 50 psi 4, The term “soundness” describes the ability of the hardened cement to a) Transmits sound waves b) Isolate sound noises | 4d) All ofthe above 5. The term “cement fineness” describes the a) Pore sizes inside the cement sheath | ) Sizes of the gravels used d) None of the above 6. Which of the following compound is responsible for early strength of cement sheath? | b) Di-calcium silicate ) Calcium silicate d) All ofthe above 7. Cement slurry can be prevented from contamination using a) Special chemicals b) Top plug c) Bottom plug o Spacer fluid is pumped inside the casing a) Before releasing the top plug b) After releasing the bottom plug, 4) None of the above 9. Inwhich of the following cases multi-stage cementing should be considered? a) HPHT conditions ©) Two casing strings d) All of the above 10. In high pressure squeeze operations, squeeze pressure should be a) Equal to the formation pressure b) Equal to the fracture pressure 4) Less than the fracture pressurei. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. CEMENTING 421 Accelerators are usually added to the cement slurry when hole depths are a) Shallow b) Deep ©) All depths d) Accelerators are not required _—________ is the most commonly used retarders in cement jobs. a) Calcium carbonate b) Calcium lignosulfonate ©) Calcium chloride d) All of the above Fluid loss agents are used to control the loss of a) Cement slurry to the formation b) Cement slurry to the fresh water aquifers c) Water to the formation d) Allof the above ‘Which of the following is one of the extenders added to cement slurry? a) Sodium chloride b) Sodium carbonate ©) Sodium hydroxide 4) Sodium silicate All of the following are not one of the lost circulation control agents except a) Gilsonite b) Cellophane ©) Nylon 4) Allof the above Dispersant additives are added to the cement slurry to a) Increase viscosity b) Decrease viscosity ©) Increase density d) Decrease density Silica sand is usually added to the cement slurry to a) Prevent strength retrogression b) Increase cement strength ©) Increase cement density ) Allof the above ‘What is the benefit of using centralizers? a) Centralize the casing string at the top of the well b) Insure uniform distribution of cement around the casing ©) Centralize the cement inside the casing d) Allof the above422 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRILLING ENGINEERING 19, 21. 24, 25. ‘What will happen if the top plug is put first during cementing? a) Cement ob can be performed normally b) Cement job will fail ©). Top plug will open when it reaches the casing shoe d) None of the above ‘To prevent back flow of cement slurry into the casing, float collar is equipped with a) Rupture dick valve b) ‘Two way valve ©) Oneway valve d) All of the above ‘When cement job evaluation is conducted? a) After displacing the cement b) After at least two weeks from cementing ©) After two days from cementing d) After surface cement samples are hardened ‘Which of the following tools measures the bond between cement and casing? a) CBL b) CCL ©) VDL d) All of the above ‘Which of the following tools measures the bond between cement and formation? a) CBL b) CCL c) VDL d) All of the above Which of the following tools used for cement job evaluation? a) CBL b) CET ©) VDL d) Allof the above Errors in cement volume calculations are mainly as a result of incorrect value of a) Depth b) Hole size c) Cementslurry density d) Allofthe above How do you make sure that cement slurry filled all the annulus between casing and hole? a) Some of cement slurry must be displaced out at surface b) When pumped all the required displacement volume ©) When top plug sat on top of bottom plug d) Allof the aboveCEMENTING 423 27. Which of following information isnot required during cement volume calculations? a) Formation fracture pressure b) Hole depth ©) Formation fluids type d) None of the above 28. Which ofthe following information is required during cement volume calculations? a) Formation porosity b) Formation fracture pressure c) Formation thickness d) Allof the above 29. In which environments cement slurry design needs more attention? a) Deep wells b) HPHT ©) Depleted reservoirs d) Allofthe above 30. Which of the following parameter limits the cement slurry density? a) Hole depth b) Formation fiuid’s type c) Formation fracture pressure 4) Allof the above 9.6 Nomenclature H, = plastic viscosity t = yield point APL ‘American Petroleum institute B. bearden consistency unit BHT bottom-hole temperature BHST = bottom-hole static temperature cBL cement bond log cement evaluation tool feet gallon high pressure high temperature inner diameter pounds outer diameter oilwell cement slurry density, Ib/gal pound per square inch revolution per minute compressive strength, psi specific gravity