Phase-change material

A phase change material(PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing
and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are
classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.

Contents
Characteristics and classification A sodium acetate heating pad. When
Organic PCMs
the sodium acetate solution
Inorganic crystallises, it becomes warm.
Inorganic Eutectics
Hygroscopic materials
Solid-solid PCM materials
Selection criteria
Thermophysical properties
Common PCMs
Commercially available PCMs
Technology, development and encapsulation
Thermal composites Play media
Applications A video showing a "heating pad" in
action
Fire and safety issues
See also
References
Sources
Further reading

Characteristics and classification

Latent heat storage can be achieved through liquid→solid, solid→liquid, solid→gas and liquid→gas phase changes. However, only solid→liquid and liquid→solid phase changes are practical for PCMs.
Although liquid–gas transitions have a higher heat of transformation than solid–liquid transitions, liquid→gas phase changes are impractical for thermal storage because large volumes or high pressures
are required to store the materials in their gas phase. Solid–solid phase changes are typically very slow and have a relatively low heat of transformation.

Initially, solid–liquid PCMs behave like sensible heat storage (SHS) materials; their temperature rises as they absorb heat. Unlike conventional SHS materials, however, when PCMs reach the
temperature at which they change phase (their melting temperature) they absorb large amounts of heat at an almost constant temperature. The PCM continues to absorb heat without a significant rise in
temperature until all the material is transformed to the liquid phase. When the ambient temperature around a liquid material falls, the PCM solidifies, releasing its stored latent heat. A large number of
PCMs are available in any required temperature range from −5 up to 190 °C.[1] Within the human comfort range between 20–30 °C, some PCMs are very effective. They store 5 to 14 times more heat
, masonry or rock.[2]
per unit volume than conventional storage materials such as water

Organic PCMs
Bio-Based, or Paraffin (CnH2n+2), or carbohydrate and lipid derived.[4][5][6]

Advantages

Freeze without much undercooling

Ability to melt congruently
Self nucleating properties
Compatibility with conventional material of construction
No segregation [3]Example Organic Bio-based PCM
Chemically stable
in a poly/foil encapsulation for
High heat of fusion
durability in building applications,
Safe and non-reactive
where it works to reduce HVAC
Recyclable energy consumption and increase
Carbohydrate and lipid based PCMs can be produced from renewable sources occupant comfort.
Disadvantages

Low thermal conductivity in their solid state. High heat transfer rates are required during the freezing cycle. Nano composites were
found to yield an effective thermal conductivity increase up to 216%.[7][8]
Volumetric latent heat storage capacity can be low
Flammable. This can be partially alleviated by specialist containment, or by incorporating environmentally friendly fire retardants.

Inorganic
Salt hydrates (MnH2O)[9]

Advantages

High volumetric latent heat storage capacity

Availability and low cost
Sharp melting point
High thermal conductivity
High heat of fusion
Non-flammable
Disadvantages
 .[10]
Incongruous melting and phase separation upon cycling which can cause a significant loss in latent heat enthalpy
Corrosive to many other materials, such as metals. [11][12][13]

Change of volume is very high

Super cooling is major problem in solid–liquid transition
Nucleating agents are needed and they often become inoperative after repeated cycling

Inorganic Eutectics
c-inorganic, inorganic-inorganic compounds

Advantages

Some inorganic eutectics have sharp melting point similar to pure substance.
Volumetric storage density is slightly above organic compounds.
Extra water principle can be used to avoid phase change degradation, involving dissolving the anhydrous salt during melting to
result in a thickening of the liquid material so that it melts to a gel form; however
, this can cause huge reduction in latent heat. Example eutectic salt hydrate PCM
Disadvantages with nucleation & gelling agents for
long term thermal stability and
They still have the same disadvantages as inorganic PCMs, such as reduced thermal performance upon cycling, corrosivity , high
volume change, and high supercooling. thermoplastic foil macro-
Sharp crystals may form when the salt hydrate PCM solidifies, potentially causing leaks in cases of macro-encapsulation. encapsulation physical durability.
Limited data is available on thermo-physical properties as the use of these materials is limited compared to organic PCMs. Applied for passive temperature
stabilization to result in building
HVAC energy conservation.[14]
Hygroscopic materials
Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb (water condenses) and release water (water evaporates). The process is thus:

Condensation (gas to liquid) ΔH<0; enthalpy decreases (exothermic process) gives fofheat.
Vaporization (liquid to gas) ΔH>0; enthalpy increases (endothermic process) absorbs heat (or cools).
Whilst this process liberates a small quantity of energy, large surfaces area allows significant (1–2 °C) heating or cooling in buildings. The corresponding materials are wool insulation, earth/clay render
finishes,.

Solid-solid PCM materials

A specialised group of PCMs that undergo a solid/solid phase transition with the associated absorption and release of large amounts of heat. These materials change their crystalline structure from one
lattice configuration to another at a fixed and well-defined temperature, and the transformation can involve latent heats comparable to the most effective solid/liquid PCMs. Such materials are useful
because, unlike solid/liquid PCMs, they do not require nucleation to prevent supercooling. Additionally, because it is a solid/solid phase change, there is no visible change in the appearance of the PCM,
and there are no problems associated with handling liquids, e.g. containment, potential leakage, etc. Currently the temperature range of solid-solid PCM solutions spans from -50 °C (-58 °F) up to
+175 °C (347 °F).[15]

Selection criteria
[16]
Thermodynamic properties. The phase change material should possess:

Melting temperature in the desiredoperating temperature range

High latent heat of fusion per unit volume
High specific heat, high density and high thermal conductivity
Small volume changes on phase transformation and small vapor pressure at operating temperatures to reduce the containment problem
Congruent melting
Kinetic properties
High nucleation rate to avoid supercooling of the liquid phase
High rate of crystal growth, so that the system can meet demands of heat recovery from the storage system
Chemical properties
Chemical stability
Complete reversible freeze/melt cycle
No degradation after a large number of freeze/melt cycle
Non-corrosiveness, non-toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive materials
Economic properties
Low cost
Availability

Thermophysical properties

Common PCMs
 Heat Heat Thermal
Specific Specific Density, Density, Thermal
of of conductivity, VHC VHC
Organic Melting heat, cp heat, cp ρ ρ conductivity, k
Material fusion, fusion, k solid liquid
PCM point, Tm solid liquid solid liquid solid
ΔHfus ΔHfus liquid kJ/m3·K kJ/m3·K
kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K kg/m3 kg/m3 W/m·K
kJ/kg MJ/m3 W/m·K

Water No 0 °C (32 °F) 333.6 319.8 2.05 4.186 917 1,000 1.6[17] -2.22[18] 1,880 4,186

Sodium sulfate 32.4 °C

No 252
(Na2SO4·10H2O) (90.3 °F)

NaCl·Na2SO4·10H2O No 18 °C (64 °F) 286

44.2 °C
Lauric acid Yes[21][22] 211.6 197.7 1.76 2.27 1,007 862 1,772 1,957
(111.6 °F)[23]
29.8 °C
TME(63%) / H2O(37%) Yes[21][22] 218.0 240.9 2.75 3.58 1,120 1,090 3,080 3,902
(85.6 °F)
Mn(NO3)2·6H2O / 15–25 °C
No[26][27] 125.9 221.8 2.34 2.78 1,795 1,728 4,200 4,804
MnCl2·4H2O(4%) (59–77 °F)

72.2 °C
Na2SiO3·5H2O No[26][27] 267.0 364.5 3.83 4.57 1,450 1,280 0.103−0.128[28] 5,554 5,850
(162.0 °F)
660 °C
Aluminium No 396.9 1,007.2 0.8969 2,700 2,375 237[30][31] 2,422 ?
(1,220 °F)
1,085 °C
Copper No 208.7 1,769.5 0.3846 8,940 8,020 401[33] 3,438 ?
(1,985 °F)
1,064 °C
Gold No 63.72 1,166.3 0.129 19,300 17,310 318[35] 2,491
(1,947 °F)
1,538 °C
Iron No 247.3 1,836.6 0.4495 7,874 6,980 80.4[36] 3,539
(2,800 °F)
327 °C
Lead No 23.02 253.2 0.1286 11,340 10,660 35.3[38] 1,459
(621 °F)
181 °C
Lithium No 432.2 226.0 3.5816 534 512 84.8[39] 1,913
(358 °F)
962 °C
Silver No 104.6 1,035.8 0.235 10,490 9,320 429[41] 2,465
(1,764 °F)
1,668 °C
Titanium No 295.6 1,273.5 0.5235 4,506 4,110 21.9[42] 2,359
(3,034 °F)
420 °C
Zinc No 112.0 767.5 0.3896 7,140 6,570 116[44] 2,782
(788 °F)
310 °C
NaNO3 No 174
(590 °F)
282 °C
NaNO2 No 212
(540 °F)
318 °C
NaOH No 158
(604 °F)
337 °C
KNO3 No 116
(639 °F)
360 °C
KOH No 167
(680 °F)
283 °C
NaOH / Na2CO3(7.2%) No 340
(541 °F)
370 °C
NaCl(26.8%) / NaOH No 370
(698 °F)
NaCl / KCL(32.4%) / 346 °C
No 281
LiCl(32.8%) (655 °F)

NaCl(5.7%) / NaNO3(85.5%) 287 °C

No 176
/ Na2SO4 (549 °F)

284 °C
NaCl / NaNO3(5.0%) No 171
(543 °F)
282 °C
NaCl(5.0%) / NaNO3 No 212
(540 °F)
NaCl(42.5%) / KCl(20.5%) / 385–393 °C
No 410
MgCl2 (725–739 °F)

290 °C
KNO3(10%) / NaNO3 No 170
(554 °F)
320 °C
KNO3 / KCl(4.5%) No 150
(608 °F)

KNO3 / KBr(4.7%) / 342 °C

No 140
KCl(7.3%) (648 °F)

5.5 °C
Paraffin 14-Carbons[46] Yes 228
(41.9 °F)

Paraffin 15-Carbons[46] Yes 10 °C (50 °F) 205

16.7 °C
Paraffin 16-Carbons[46] Yes 237.1
(62.1 °F)
21.7 °C
Paraffin 17-Carbons[46] Yes 213
(71.1 °F)

Paraffin 18-Carbons[46] Yes 28 °C (82 °F) 244

Paraffin 19-Carbons[46] Yes 32 °C (90 °F) 222

Paraffin 20-Carbons[46]
Paraffin 20-Carbons[46] Yes 36.7 °C 246
(98.1 °F)
40.2 °C
Paraffin 21-Carbons[46] Yes 200
(104.4 °F)
44 °C
Paraffin 22-Carbons[46] Yes 249
(111 °F)
47.5 °C
Paraffin 23-Carbons[46] Yes 232
(117.5 °F)
50.6 °C
Paraffin 24-Carbons[46] Yes 255
(123.1 °F)
49.4 °C
Paraffin 25-Carbons[46] Yes 238
(120.9 °F)
56.3 °C
Paraffin 26-Carbons[46] Yes 256
(133.3 °F)
58.8 °C
Paraffin 27-Carbons[46] Yes 236
(137.8 °F)
61.6 °C
Paraffin 28-Carbons[46] Yes 253
(142.9 °F)
63.4 °C
Paraffin 29-Carbons[46] Yes 240
(146.1 °F)
65.4 °C
Paraffin 30-Carbons[46] Yes 251
(149.7 °F)
68 °C
Paraffin 31-Carbons[46] Yes 242
(154 °F)
69.5 °C
Paraffin 32-Carbons[46] Yes 170
(157.1 °F)
73.9 °C
Paraffin 33-Carbons[46] Yes 268
(165.0 °F)
75.9 °C
Paraffin 34-Carbons[46] Yes 269
(168.6 °F)
7.8 °C
Formic acid[46] Yes 247
(46.0 °F)
16.3 °C
Caprilic acid[46] Yes 149
(61.3 °F)
17.9 °C
Glycerin[46] Yes 198.7
(64.2 °F)

p-Lattic acid[46] Yes 26 °C (79 °F) 184

Methyl palmitate[46] Yes 29 °C (84 °F) 205

39 °C
Camphenilone[46] Yes 205
(102 °F)
40 °C
Docasyl bromide[46] Yes 201
(104 °F)
40 °C
Caprylone[46] Yes 259
(104 °F)
41 °C
Phenol[46] Yes 120
(106 °F)
41 °C
Heptadecanone[46] Yes 201
(106 °F)
1- 41 °C
Yes 218
Cyclohexylooctadecane[46] (106 °F)

41 °C
4-Heptadacanone[46] Yes 197
(106 °F)
43.3 °C
p-Joluidine[46] Yes 167
(109.9 °F)
44 °C
Cyanamide[46] Yes 209
(111 °F)
45 °C
Methyl eicosanate[46] Yes 230
(113 °F)
48 °C
3-Heptadecanone[46] Yes 218
(118 °F)
48 °C
2-Heptadecanone[46] Yes 218
(118 °F)
48 °C
Hydrocinnamic acid[46] Yes 118
(118 °F)
49.3 °C
Cetyl acid[46] Yes 141
(120.7 °F)
59 °C
a-Nepthylamine[46] Yes 93
(138 °F)
50 °C
Camphene[46] Yes 238
(122 °F)
50 °C
O-Nitroaniline[46] Yes 93
(122 °F)
51 °C
9-Heptadecanone[46] Yes 213
(124 °F)

Thymol[46] Yes 51.5 °C 115

(124.7 °F)
 52 °C
Methyl behenate[46] Yes 234
(126 °F)
52.9 °C
Diphenyl amine[46] Yes 107
(127.2 °F)
53.1 °C
p-Dichlorobenzene[46] Yes 121
(127.6 °F)
54.3 °C
Oxolate[46] Yes 178
(129.7 °F)
55 °C
Hypophosphoric acid[46] Yes 213
(131 °F)
55 °C
O-Xylene dichloride[46] Yes 121
(131 °F)
56 °C
ß-Chloroacetic acid[46] Yes 147
(133 °F)
56 °C
Chloroacetic acid[46] Yes 130
(133 °F)
56.7 °C
Nitro napthalene[46] Yes 103
(134.1 °F)

Trimyristin[46] Yes 33 °C (91 °F) 201

60.6 °C
Heptaudecanoic acid[46] Yes 189
(141.1 °F)
61.2 °C
a-Chloroacetic acid[46] Yes 130
(142.2 °F)
61.8 °C
Bees wax[46] Yes 177
(143.2 °F)
63 °C
Glyolic acid[46] Yes 109
(145 °F)
63 °C
Glycolic acid[46] Yes 109
(145 °F)
63.5 °C
p-Bromophenol[46] Yes 86
(146.3 °F)
67.1 °C
Azobenzene[46] Yes 121
(152.8 °F)
68 °C
Acrylic acid[46] Yes 115
(154 °F)
70 °C
Dinto toluent (2,4)[46] Yes 111
(158 °F)
76.7 °C
Phenylacetic acid[46] Yes 102
(170.1 °F)
77 °C
Thiosinamine[46] Yes 140
(171 °F)
77 °C
Bromcamphor[46] Yes 174
(171 °F)
79.3 °C
Durene[46] Yes 156
(174.7 °F)
81 °C
Methyl bromobenzoate[46] Yes 126
(178 °F)
96 °C
Alpha napthol[46] Yes 163
(205 °F)
97.5 °C
Glautaric acid[46] Yes 156
(207.5 °F)
100 °C
p-Xylene dichloride[46] Yes 138.7
(212 °F)
104.3 °C
Catechol[46] Yes 207
(219.7 °F)
115 °C
Quinone[46] Yes 171
(239 °F)
118.9 °C
Actanilide[46] Yes 222
(246.0 °F)
119 °C
Succinic anhydride[46] Yes 204
(246 °F)
121.7 °C
Benzoic acid[46] Yes 142.8
(251.1 °F)
124 °C
Stibene[46] Yes 167
(255 °F)
127.2 °C
Benzamide[46] Yes 169.4
(261.0 °F)
16.7 °C
Acetic acid[46] Yes 184
(62.1 °F)

Polyethylene glycol 600[46] Yes 20 °C (68 °F) 146

Capric acid[46] Yes 36 °C (97 °F) 152

47 °C
Eladic acid[46] Yes 218
(117 °F)
52.5 °C
Pentadecanoic acid[46] Yes 178
(126.5 °F)

Tristearin[46]
 Tristearin[46] Yes 56 °C 191
(133 °F)
58 °C
Myristic acid[46] Yes 199
(136 °F)
55 °C
Palmatic acid[46] Yes 163
(131 °F)
69.4 °C
Stearic acid[46] Yes 199
(156.9 °F)
81 °C
Acetamide[46] Yes 241
(178 °F)
102 °C
Methyl fumarate[46] Yes 242
(216 °F)

Volumetric heat capacity(VHC) J·m−3·K−1

Thermal inertia (I) = Thermal effusivity (e) J·m−2·K−1·s−1/2

Commercially available PCMs

 Density, Density, Thermal Thermal
Heat of Specific Specific
ρ ρ conductivity, conductivity,
Melting fusion, heat, cp heat, cp
Material Supplier Type Form solid liquid k k
point, Tm ΔHfus solid liquid
solid liquid
kJ/kg kg/m3 kg/m3 kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K
W/m·K W/m·K
Phase Change
0100- Q-50 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −50 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−58 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-45 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −45 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−49 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-40 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −40 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−40 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-35 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −35 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−31 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-30 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −30 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−22 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-27 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −27 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−17 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-25 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −25 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−13 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-22 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −22 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−8 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-20 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −20 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (−4 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-15 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −15 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (5 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-10 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −10 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (14 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0100- Q-05 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- −5 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (23 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0200- Q1 Functionalized Bulk, Macro-
Energy 1 °C (34 °F) 325 910 980 1.1 0.58 4.2 4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0200- Q2 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 900- 850-
Energy 2 °C (36 °F) 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0200- Q4 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 900- 850-
Energy 4 °C (39 °F) 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0200- Q5 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 900- 850-
Energy 5 °C (41 °F) 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0200- Q6 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 900- 850-
Energy 6 °C (43 °F) 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0200- Q8 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 900- 850-
Energy 8 °C (46 °F) 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0300- Q10 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 10 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (50 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0300- Q12 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 12 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (54 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0300- Q14 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 14 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (57 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q15 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 15 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (59 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q16 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 16 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (61 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q17 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 17 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (63 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q18 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 18 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (64 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
0400- Q19 Phase Change Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 19 °C 200-235 900- 850- 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM Energy BioPCM encapsulated (66 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q20 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 20 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (68 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q21 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 21 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (70 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q22 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 22 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (72 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q23 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 23 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (73 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q24 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 24 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (75 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q25 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 25 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (77 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0400- Q26 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 26 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (79 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q27 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 27 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (81 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q28 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 28 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (82 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q29 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 29 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (84 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q30 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 30 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (86 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q32 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 32 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (90 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q35 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 35 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (95 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q37 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 37 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (99 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q40 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 40 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (104 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q42 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 42 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (108 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q45 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 45 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (113 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q50 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 50 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (122 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q52 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 52 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (126 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q54 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 54 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (129 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q56 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 56 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (133 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q58 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 58 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (136 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q62 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 62 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (144 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q65 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 65 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (149 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q68 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 68 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-235 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (154 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q70 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 70 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (158 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
0500- Q72 Phase Change Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 72 °C 200-230 900- 850- 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM Energy BioPCM encapsulated (162 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q76 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 76 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (169 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q79 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 79 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-230 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (174 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q82 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 82 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (180 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q85 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 85 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (185 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q87 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 87 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (189 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q89 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 89 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (192 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q91 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 91 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (196 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q93 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 93 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (199 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q95 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 95 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (203 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q97 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 97 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (207 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q99 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 99 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (210 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
0500- Q100 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 100 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (212 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q105 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 105 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (221 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q110 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 110 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (230 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q114 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 114 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (237 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q120 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 120 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (248 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q125 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 125 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (257 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q129 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 129 °C 900- 850-
Energy 200-240 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (264 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q134 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 134 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-250 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (273 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q140 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 140 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-250 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (284 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q144 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 144 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-250 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (291 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q148 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 148 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-250 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (298 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q152 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 152 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-250 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (306 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q155 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 155 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-250 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (311 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q159 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 159 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-280 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (318 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q161 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 161 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-280 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (322 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
1000- Q169 Phase Change Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 169 °C 220-280 900- 850- 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM Energy BioPCM encapsulated (336 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Phase Change
1000- Q175 Functionalized Bulk, Macro- 175 °C 900- 850-
Energy 220-280 0.25-2.5 0.2-0.7 2.5-4.5 2.3-4.1
BioPCM BioPCM encapsulated (347 °F) 1250 1300
Solutions[47]
Macro- 18 °C
18 C⁰ Infinite R Insolcorp[48] Inorganic 200 1540 0.54 1.09 3.14
encapsulated (64 °F)
Macro- 21 °C
21 C⁰ Infinite R Insolcorp[48] Inorganic 200 1540 0.54 1.09 3.14
encapsulated (70 °F)
Macro- 23 °C
23 C⁰ Infinite R Insolcorp[48] Inorganic 200 1540 0.54 1.09 3.14
encapsulated (73 °F)
Macro- 25 °C
25 C⁰ Infinite R Insolcorp[48] Inorganic 200 1540 0.54 1.09 3.14
encapsulated (77 °F)
Macro- 29 °C
29 C⁰ Infinite R Insolcorp[48] Inorganic 200 1540 0.54 1.09 3.14
encapsulated (84 °F)
savE HS −30 °C
Pluss[50] Inorganic Bulk 224 1425
33N[49] (−22 °F)

savE HS −24 °C
Pluss Inorganic Bulk 222 1200 3.6
26N[51] (−11 °F)

savE HS −20 °C
Pluss Inorganic Bulk 210 1140 0.7 4.9 3.4
23N[52] (−4 °F)

savE HS −18 °C
Pluss Inorganic Bulk 242 1095 0.44
18N[53] (0 °F)

savE HS −15 °C
Pluss Inorganic Bulk 280 1070 0.53 5.26 3.4
15N[54] (5 °F)

savE HS −10 °C
Pluss Inorganic Bulk 230 1125 0.60 4.25 0.96
10N[55] (14 °F)

savE HS −6 °C
Pluss Inorganic Bulk 230 1120 0.55 1.76 3.2
7N[56] (21 °F)

savE HS 01[57] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 1 °C (34 °F) 290 1010 0.55 2.2 3.9

savE OM 3.5 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 240 835 0.146 0.22 3
03[58] (38.3 °F)

3.6 °C
savE FS 03[59] Pluss Organic Bulk 214 0.16
(38.5 °F)
savE OM 5.5 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 130 845 0.135 0.3 2.37
05[60] (41.9 °F)

5.9 °C
savE FS 05[61] Pluss Organic Bulk 110 0.134
(42.6 °F)
savE OM
Pluss Organic Bulk 9 °C (48 °F) 220 1050 0.168 0.235 3.1
08[62]
savE OM 9.5 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 240 1060 0.118 0.235
11[63] (49.1 °F)

savE OM 21 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 250 924 0.14 0.21 2.6
21[64] (70 °F)

21 °C
savE FS 21[65] Pluss Organic Bulk 130 0.3
(70 °F)
22 °C
savE HS 21[66] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 185 1400 0.59 0.82 3.4
(72 °F)
23 °C
savE HS 22[67] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 185 1540 0.56 1.13 3.04
(73 °F)
25 °C
savE HS 24[68] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 185 1510 0.55 1.05 2.3
(77 °F)
29 °C
savE HS 29[69] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 190 1530 0.382 0.478 2.3
(84 °F)
savE OM 29 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 229 870 0.172 0.293 3.9
29[70] (84 °F)

29 °C
savE FS 29[71] Pluss Organic Bulk 189 0.45
(84 °F)
savE OM 31 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 200 878 0.123 0.185 2.6
30[72] (88 °F)

31 °C
savE FS 30[73] Pluss Organic Bulk 170 0.496
(88 °F)
savE OM 32 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 200 870 0.145 0.219
32[74] (90 °F)

35 °C
savE HS 34[75] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 150 1850 0.47 0.5 2.4
(95 °F)
savE OM 37 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 197 870 0.16 0.2
35[76] (99 °F)

savE OM 37 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 210 860 0.13 0.16
37[77] (99 °F)

savE OM 46 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 250 880 0.1 0.2
46[78] (115 °F)

savE OM 48 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 275 875 0.12 0.2
48[79] (118 °F)
savE OM Pluss Organic Bulk 50.3 °C 250 850 0.14 0.21 3.05
50[80] (122.5 °F)

savE OM 55 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 210 840 0.1 0.16 3.05
55[81] (131 °F)

savE OM 67 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 183 924 0.33 0.19 2.38
65[82] (153 °F)

savE FSM 67 °C
Pluss Organic Bulk 150 845 0.25
65[83] (153 °F)

87 °C
savE HS 89[84] Pluss Inorganic Bulk 180 1630
(189 °F)
PureTemp -37 −37 °C
[85] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 147 880 1.39
(−35 °F)

−23 °C
PureTemp -23 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 145 860 2.11
(−9 °F)
PureTemp -21 −21 °C
[86] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 240 1060 1.83
(−6 °F)

−17 °C
PureTemp -17 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 145 860 1.74
(1 °F)
PureTemp -15 −15 °C
[87] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 286 1030 1.84
(5 °F)

−12 °C
PureTemp -12 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 168 870 1.86
(10 °F)
PureTemp -2 −5 °C
[88] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 150 860 1.66
(23 °F)

PureTemp 1 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 1 °C (34 °F) 300 1000 2.32
PureTemp 4
[89] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 4 °C (39 °F) 187 880 2.26

PureTemp 6 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 6 °C (43 °F) 170 860 1.56
PureTemp 8
[90] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 8 °C (46 °F) 180 860 1.85

12 °C
PureTemp 12 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 185 860 1.76
(54 °F)
PureTemp 15 15 °C
[91] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 165 860 2.25
(59 °F)

PureTemp 18 18 °C
[92] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 189 860 1.47
(64 °F)

PureTemp 20 20 °C
[93] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 180 860 2.59
(68 °F)

PureTemp 23 23 °C
[94] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 203 830 1.84
(73 °F)

24 °C
PureTemp 24 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 185 860 2.85
(75 °F)
PureTemp 25 25 °C
[95] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 185 860 1.99
(77 °F)

PureTemp 27 27 °C
[96] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 200 860 2.46
(81 °F)

PureTemp 28 28 °C
[97] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 205 860 2.34
(82 °F)

PureTemp 29 29 °C
[98] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 189 850 1.77
(84 °F)

33 °C
PureTemp 33 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 185 850 2.34
(91 °F)
35 °C
PureTemp 35 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 180 850 2.44
(95 °F)
PureTemp 37 38 °C
[99] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 222 840 2.21
(100 °F)

PureTemp 48 48 °C
[100] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 245 820 2.1
(118 °F)

PureTemp 53 53 °C
[101] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 225 990 2.36
(127 °F)

PureTemp 58 58 °C
[102] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 237 810 2.47
(136 °F)

PureTemp 60 61 °C
[103] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 230 870 2.04
(142 °F)

PureTemp 63 63 °C
[104] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 199 840 1.99
(145 °F)

PureTemp 68 68 °C
[105] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 198 870 1.85
(154 °F)

108 °C
PureTemp 108 PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 180 800
(226 °F)
PureTemp 151 151 °C
[106] PureTemp LLC Organic Bulk 170 1360 2.06
(304 °F)

Astorstat HA Honeywell[107] Organic Bulk 21.7 °C

17 (71.1 °F)
Astorstat HA 27.2 °C
Honeywell Organic Bulk
18 (81.0 °F)
Rubitherm 24 °C
RT26 Organic Bulk 232
GmbH[108] (75 °F)

Rubitherm 28 °C
RT27 Organic Bulk 206
GmbH (82 °F)
−21 °C
Climsel C -21 Climator[109] Inorganic Bulk 288 1300 0.6 3.6
(−6 °F)
−18 °C
Climsel C -18 Climator Inorganic Bulk 288 1300 0.6 3.6
(0 °F)
Climsel C 7 Climator Inorganic Bulk 7 °C (45 °F) 126 1400 0.6 3.6
10.5 °C
Climsel C 10 Climator Inorganic Bulk 126 1400 0.6 3.6
(50.9 °F)
21 °C
Climsel C 21 Climator Inorganic Bulk 112 1380 0.6 3.6
(70 °F)
24 °C
Climsel C24 Climator Inorganic Bulk 151.3 1380 0.6 3.6
(75 °F)
28 °C
Climsel C28 Climator Inorganic Bulk 162.3 1420 0.6 3.6
(82 °F)
32 °C
Climsel C32 Climator Inorganic Bulk 162.3 1420 0.6 3.6
(90 °F)
48 °C
Climsel C48 Climator Inorganic Bulk 180 1360 0.6 3.6
(118 °F)
58 °C
Climsel C58 Climator Inorganic Bulk 288.5 1460 0.6 1.89
(136 °F)
70 °C
Climsel C70 Climator Inorganic Bulk 282.9 1400 0.6 3.6
(158 °F)
Mitsubishi 27 °C
STL27 Inorganic Bulk 213
Chemicals[110] (81 °F)

27 °C
S27 Cristopia[111] Inorganic Bulk 207
(81 °F)
29 °C
TH 29 TEAP[112] Inorganic Bulk 188
(84 °F)
Rubitherm 22 °C
RT 20 Organic Bulk 172
GmbH (72 °F)
23 °C
Climsel C23 Climator Inorganic Bulk 148 32
(73 °F)
Rubitherm 25 °C
RT 26 Organic Bulk 131
GmbH (77 °F)
Rubitherm 28 °C
RT 30 Organic Bulk 206
GmbH (82 °F)
Rubitherm 21 °C
RT 32 Organic Bulk 130
GmbH (70 °F)
Micro- 26 °C
DS 5000 Micronal[113] 45
encapsulated (79 °F)
Micro- 23 °C
DS 5007 Micronal 41
encapsulated (73 °F)
Micro- 21 °C
DS 5030 Micronal 37
encapsulated (70 °F)
Micro- 26 °C
DS 5001 Micronal 110
encapsulated (79 °F)
Micro- 23 °C
DS 5008 Micronal 100
encapsulated (73 °F)
Micro- 21 °C
DS 5029 Micronal 90
encapsulated (70 °F)
Rubitherm −9 °C
RT -9 HC Organic Bulk 260
GmbH (16 °F)
Rubitherm −4 °C
RT -4 Organic Bulk 179
GmbH (25 °F)
Rubitherm
RT 0 Organic Bulk 0 °C (32 °F) 225
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 2 HC Organic Bulk 2 °C (36 °F) 205
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 3 Organic Bulk 3 °C (37 °F) 198
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 3 HC Organic Bulk 3 °C (37 °F) 250
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 4 Organic Bulk 4 °C (39 °F) 182
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 5 Organic Bulk 5 °C (41 °F) 180
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 5 HC Organic Bulk 5 °C (41 °F) 240
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 6 Organic Bulk 6 °C (43 °F) 175
GmbH
RT 8 Rubitherm Organic Bulk 8 °C (46 °F) 180
GmbH
Rubitherm
RT 9 Organic Bulk 9 °C (48 °F) 160
GmbH
Rubitherm 10 °C
RT 10 Organic Bulk 150
GmbH (50 °F)
Rubitherm 10 °C
RT 10 HC Organic Bulk 195
GmbH (50 °F)
Rubitherm 11 °C
RT 11 HC Organic Bulk 190
GmbH (52 °F)
Rubitherm 12 °C
RT 12 Organic Bulk 150
GmbH (54 °F)
Rubitherm 15 °C
RT 15 Organic Bulk 140
GmbH (59 °F)
Rubitherm 18 °C
RT 18 HC Organic Bulk 250
GmbH (64 °F)
Rubitherm 21 °C
RT 21 Organic Bulk 160
GmbH (70 °F)
Rubitherm 21 °C
RT 21 HC Organic Bulk 190
GmbH (70 °F)
Rubitherm 22 °C
RT 22 HC Organic Bulk 200
GmbH (72 °F)
Rubitherm 24 °C
RT 24 Organic Bulk 150
GmbH (75 °F)
Rubitherm 25 °C
RT 25 Organic Bulk 148
GmbH (77 °F)
Rubitherm 25 °C
RT 25 HC Organic Bulk 230
GmbH (77 °F)
Rubitherm 27 °C
RT 27 Organic Bulk 179
GmbH (81 °F)
Rubitherm 28 °C
RT 28 HC Organic Bulk 245
GmbH (82 °F)
Rubitherm 31 °C
RT 31 Organic Bulk 170
GmbH (88 °F)
Rubitherm 35 °C
RT 35 Organic Bulk 170
GmbH (95 °F)
Rubitherm 35 °C
RT 35 HC Organic Bulk 240
GmbH (95 °F)
Rubitherm 42 °C
RT 42 Organic Bulk 174
GmbH (108 °F)
Rubitherm 44 °C
RT 44 HC Organic Bulk 255
GmbH (111 °F)
Rubitherm 47 °C
RT 47 Organic Bulk 170
GmbH (117 °F)
Rubitherm 50 °C
RT 50 Organic Bulk 168
GmbH (122 °F)
Rubitherm 52 °C
RT 52 Organic Bulk 173
GmbH (126 °F)
Rubitherm 55 °C
RT 55 Organic Bulk 172
GmbH (131 °F)
Rubitherm 58 °C
RT 58 Organic Bulk 160
GmbH (136 °F)
Rubitherm 60 °C
RT 60 Organic Bulk 144
GmbH (140 °F)
Rubitherm 62 °C
RT 62 Organic Bulk 146
GmbH (144 °F)
Rubitherm 65 °C
RT 65 Organic Bulk 152
GmbH (149 °F)
Rubitherm 70 °C
RT 70 HC Organic Bulk 230
GmbH (158 °F)
Rubitherm 79 °C
RT 80 HC Organic Bulk 240
GmbH (174 °F)
Rubitherm 82 °C
RT 82 Organic Bulk 176
GmbH (180 °F)
Rubitherm 90 °C
RT 90 HC Organic Bulk 200
GmbH (194 °F)
117 °C
S117 PlusICE[114] Inorganic Bulk 160 1450 0.7 2.61
(243 °F)
89 °C
S89 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 151 1550 0.67 2.48
(192 °F)
83 °C
S83 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 141 1600 0.62 2.31
(181 °F)
72 °C
S72 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 127 1666 0.58 2.13
(162 °F)
70 °C
S70 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 110 1680 0.57 2.1
(158 °F)
S58 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 58 °C 145 1505 0.69 2.55
(136 °F)
50 °C
S50 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 100 1601 0.43 1.59
(122 °F)
46 °C
S46 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 210 1587 0.45 2.41
(115 °F)
44 °C
S44 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 100 1584 0.43 1.61
(111 °F)
34 °C
S34 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 115 2100 0.52 2.1
(93 °F)
32 °C
S32 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 200 1460 0.51 1.91
(90 °F)
30 °C
S30 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 190 1304 0.48 1.9
(86 °F)
27 °C
S27 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 183 1530 0.54 2.2
(81 °F)
25 °C
S25 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 180 1530 0.54 2.2
(77 °F)
23 °C
S23 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 175 1530 0.54 2.2
(73 °F)
22 °C
S21 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 170 1530 0.54 2.2
(72 °F)
19 °C
S19 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 160 1520 0.43 1.9
(66 °F)
17 °C
S17 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 160 1525 0.43 1.9
(63 °F)
15 °C
S15 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 160 1510 0.43 1.9
(59 °F)
13 °C
S13 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 160 1515 0.43 1.9
(55 °F)
10 °C
S10 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 155 1470 0.43 1.9
(50 °F)
S8 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 8 °C (46 °F) 150 1475 0.44 1.9
S7 PlusICE Inorganic Bulk 7 °C (45 °F) 150 1700 0.4 1.85
164 °C
A164 PlusICE Organic Bulk 290 1500 2.42
(327 °F)
155 °C
A155 PlusICE Organic Bulk 100 900 0.23 2.2
(311 °F)
144 °C
A144 PlusICE Organic Bulk 115 880 0.23 2.2
(291 °F)
133 °C
A133 PlusICE Organic Bulk 126 880 0.23 2.2
(271 °F)
118 °C
A118 PlusICE Organic Bulk 340 1450 2.7
(244 °F)
95 °C
A95 PlusICE Organic Bulk 205 900 0.22 2.2
(203 °F)
82 °C
A82 PlusICE Organic Bulk 155 850 0.22 2.21
(180 °F)
70 °C
A70 PlusICE Organic Bulk 173 890 0.23 2.2
(158 °F)
62 °C
A62 PlusICE Organic Bulk 145 910 0.22 2.2
(144 °F)
60 °C
A60H PlusICE Organic Bulk 212 800 0.18 2.15
(140 °F)
60 °C
A60H PlusICE Organic Bulk 145 910 0.22 2.22
(140 °F)
58 °C
A58H PlusICE Organic Bulk 243 820 0.18 2.85
(136 °F)
58 °C
A58 PlusICE Organic Bulk 132 910 0.22 2.22
(136 °F)
55 °C
A55 PlusICE Organic Bulk 135 905 0.22 2.22
(131 °F)
53 °C
A53H PlusICE Organic Bulk 166 810 0.18 2.02
(127 °F)
53 °C
A53H PlusICE Organic Bulk 130 910 0.22 2.22
(127 °F)
52 °C
A52 PlusICE Organic Bulk 222 810 0.18 2.15
(126 °F)
50 °C
A50 PlusICE Organic Bulk 218 810 0.18 2.15
(122 °F)
48 °C
A48 PlusICE Organic Bulk 234 810 0.18 2.85
(118 °F)
46 °C
A46 PlusICE Organic Bulk 155 910 0.22 2.22
(115 °F)
44 °C
A44 PlusICE Organic Bulk 242 805 0.18 2.15
(111 °F)
A43 PlusICE Organic Bulk 43 °C 165 780 0.18 2.37
(109 °F)
42 °C
A42 PlusICE Organic Bulk 105 905 0.21 2.22
(108 °F)
40 °C
A40 PlusICE Organic Bulk 230 810 0.18 2.43
(104 °F)
39 °C
A39 PlusICE Organic Bulk 105 900 0.22 2.22
(102 °F)
37 °C
A37 PlusICE Organic Bulk 235 810 0.18 2.85
(99 °F)
36 °C
A36 PlusICE Organic Bulk 217 790 0.18 2.37
(97 °F)
32 °C
A32 PlusICE Organic Bulk 130 845 0.21 2.2
(90 °F)
29 °C
A29 PlusICE Organic Bulk 225 810 0.18 2.15
(84 °F)
28 °C
A28 PlusICE Organic Bulk 155 789 0.21 2.22
(82 °F)
26 °C
A26 PlusICE Organic Bulk 150 790 0.21 2.22
(79 °F)
25 °C
A25H PlusICE Organic Bulk 226 810 0.18 2.15
(77 °F)
25 °C
A25 PlusICE Organic Bulk 150 785 0.18 2.26
(77 °F)
24 °C
A24 PlusICE Organic Bulk 145 790 0.18 2.22
(75 °F)
23 °C
A23 PlusICE Organic Bulk 145 785 0.18 2.22
(73 °F)
22 °C
A22H PlusICE Organic Bulk 216 820 0.18 2.85
(72 °F)
22 °C
A22 PlusICE Organic Bulk 145 785 0.18 2.22
(72 °F)
17 °C
A17 PlusICE Organic Bulk 150 785 0.18 2.22
(63 °F)
16 °C
A16 PlusICE Organic Bulk 213 760 0.18 2.37
(61 °F)
15 °C
A15 PlusICE Organic Bulk 130 790 0.18 2.26
(59 °F)
A9 PlusICE Organic Bulk 9 °C (48 °F) 140 775 0.21 2.16
A8 PlusICE Organic Bulk 8 °C (46 °F) 150 773 0.21 2.16
A6 PlusICE Organic Bulk 6 °C (43 °F) 150 770 0.21 2.17
A4 PlusICE Organic Bulk 4 °C (39 °F) 200 766 0.21 2.18
A3 PlusICE Organic Bulk 3 °C (37 °F) 200 765 0.21 2.2
A2 PlusICE Organic Bulk 2 °C (36 °F) 200 765 0.21 2.2
E0 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 0 °C (32 °F) 332 1000 0.58 4.19
−2 °C
E-2 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 306 1070 0.58 3.8
(28 °F)
−3.7 °C
E-3 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 312 1060 0.6 3.84
(25.3 °F)
−6 °C
E-6 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 275 1110 0.56 3.83
(21 °F)
−10 °C
E-10 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 286 1140 0.56 3.33
(14 °F)
−11.6 °C
E-11 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 301 1090 0.57 3.55
(11.1 °F)
−12.3 °C
E-12 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 250 1110 0.56 3.47
(9.9 °F)
−14.8 °C
E-14 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 243 1220 0.53 3.51
(5.4 °F)
−15 °C
E-15 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 303 1060 0.53 3.87
(5 °F)
−18.7 °C
E-19 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 282 1125 0.58 3.29
(−1.7 °F)
−20.6 °C
E-21 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 263 1240 0.51 3.13
(−5.1 °F)
−22 °C
E-22 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 234 1180 0.57 3.34
(−8 °F)
−26 °C
E-26 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 260 1250 0.58 3.67
(−15 °F)
−29 °C
E-29 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 222 1420 0.64 3.69
(−20 °F)
−32 °C
E-32 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 243 1290 0.56 2.95
(−26 °F)
E-34 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk −33.6 °C 240 1205 0.54 3.05
(−28.5 °F)
 −36.5 °C
E-37 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 213 1500 0.54 3.15
(−33.7 °F)
−49.8 °C
E-50 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 218 1325 0.56 3.28
(−57.6 °F)
−75 °C
E-75 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 102 902 0.17 2.43
(−103 °F)
−78 °C
E-78 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 115 880 0.14 1.96
(−108 °F)
−90 °C
E-90 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 90 786 0.14 2.56
(−130 °F)
−114 °C
E-114 PlusICE Eutectic Bulk 107 782 0.17 2.39
(−173 °F)
−26 °C
PCM-HS26N SAVENRG[115] Inorganic Bulk 205 1200
(−15 °F)
−23 °C
PCM-HS23N SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 200 1180
(−9 °F)
−10 °C
PCM-HS10N SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 220 1100
(14 °F)
−7 °C
PCM-HS07N SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 230 1120
(19 °F)
PCM-HS01P SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 0 °C (32 °F) 290 1010
PCM-OM05P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 5 °C (41 °F) 198 770
5.5 °C
PCM-0M06P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 260 735
(41.9 °F)
PCM-0M08P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 8 °C (46 °F) 190 1050
11 °C
PCM-0M11P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 260 1060
(52 °F)
21 °C
PCM-0M21P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 120 1050
(70 °F)
22 °C
PCM-H22P SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 185 1540
(72 °F)
24 °C
PCM-HS24P SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 185 1540
(75 °F)
29 °C
PCM-HS29P SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 190 1550
(84 °F)
32 °C
PCM-OM32P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 235 870
(90 °F)
35 °C
PCM-OM35P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 197 870
(95 °F)
34 °C
PCM-HS34P SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 150 1850
(93 °F)
37 °C
PCM-OM37P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 218 880
(99 °F)
46 °C
PCM-OM46P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 245 860
(115 °F)
48 °C
PCM-OM48P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 255 980
(118 °F)
53 °C
PCM-OM53P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 192 860
(127 °F)
65 °C
PCM-OM65P SAVENRG Organic Bulk 210 840
(149 °F)
89 °C
PCM-HS89P SAVENRG Inorganic Bulk 180 1540
(192 °F)
Micro- −30 °C
MPCM -30 Microtek[116] Organic 145
encapsulated (−22 °F)
Micro- −30 °C
MPCM -30D Microtek Organic 145
encapsulated (−22 °F)
Micro- −9.5 °C
MPCM -10 Microtek Organic 155
encapsulated (14.9 °F)
Micro- −9.5 °C
MPCM -10D Microtek Organic 155
encapsulated (14.9 °F)
Micro-
MPCM 6 Microtek Organic 6 °C (43 °F) 162
encapsulated
Micro-
MPCM 6D Microtek Organic 6 °C (43 °F) 162
encapsulated
Micro- 18 °C
MPCM 18 Microtek Organic 168
encapsulated (64 °F)
Micro- 18 °C
MPCM 18D Microtek Organic 168
encapsulated (64 °F)
Micro- 28 °C
MPCM 28 Microtek Organic 187.5
encapsulated (82 °F)
Micro- 28 °C
MPCM 28D Microtek Organic 187.5
encapsulated (82 °F)
Micro- 56 °C
MPCM28D-IR Microtek Organic 170
encapsulated (133 °F)
 MPCM 37 Microtek Organic Micro- 37 °C 195
encapsulated (99 °F)
Micro- 37 °C
MPCM 37D Microtek Organic 195
encapsulated (99 °F)
Micro- 43 °C
MPCM 43D Microtek Organic 195
encapsulated (109 °F)
Micro- 56 °C
MPCM 56D Microtek Organic 170
encapsulated (133 °F)
28 °C
Latest 29 T TEAP Inorganic Bulk 175 1490 1 2
(82 °F)
24 °C
Latest 25 T TEAP Inorganic Bulk 175 1490 1 2
(75 °F)
19 °C
Latest 20 T TEAP Inorganic Bulk 175 1490 1 2
(66 °F)
17 °C
Latest 18 T TEAP Inorganic Bulk 175 1490 1 2
(63 °F)
CrodaTherm™ Croda
Organic Bulk 5 °C (41 °F) 191
5[117] International Plc

CrodaTherm™ Croda 6.8 °C

Organic Bulk 184
6.5[117] International Plc (44.2 °F)

CrodaTherm™ Croda 15 °C
Organic Bulk 177
15[117] International Plc (59 °F)

CrodaTherm™ Croda 21 °C
Organic Bulk 176
21[117] International Plc (70 °F)

CrodaTherm™ Croda 29 °C
Organic Bulk 207
29[117] International Plc (84 °F)

CrodaTherm™ Croda 53 °C
Organic Bulk 226
53[117] International Plc (127 °F)

The above dataset is also available as an Excel spreadsheet fromUCLA Engineering

Technology, development and encapsulation

The most commonly used PCMs are salthydrates, fatty acids and esters, and various paraffins (such as octadecane). Recently also ionic liquids were investigated as novel PCMs.

As most of the organic solutions are water-free, they can be exposed to air, but all salt based PCM solutions must be encapsulated to prevent water evaporation or uptake. Both types offer certain
advantages and disadvantages and if they are correctly applied some of the disadvantages becomes an advantage for certain applications.

They have been used since the late 19th century as a medium for the thermal storage applications. They have been used in such diverse applications as refrigerated transportation[118] for rail[119] and
road applications[120] and their physical properties are, therefore, well known.

Unlike the ice storage system, however, the PCM systems can be used with any conventional water chiller both for a new or alternatively retrofit application. The positive temperature phase change
allows centrifugal and absorption chillers as well as the conventional reciprocating and screw chiller systems or even lower ambient conditions utilizing a cooling tower or dry cooler for charging the
TES system.

The temperature range offered by the PCM technology provides a new horizon for the building services and refrigeration engineers regarding medium and high temperature energy storage applications.
The scope of this thermal energy application is wide-ranging of solar heating, hot water, heating rejection, i.e. cooling tower and dry cooler circuitry thermal ener
gy storage applications.

[121] naturally become the obvious storage choice.

Since PCMs transform between solid–liquid in thermal cycling, encapsulation

Encapsulation of PCMs

Macro-encapsulation: Early development of macro-encapsulation with large volume containment failed due to the poor thermal conductivity of most PCMs. PCMs tend to
solidify at the edges of the containers preventing ef
fective heat transfer.
Micro-encapsulation: Micro-encapsulation on the other hand showed no such problem. It allows the PCMs to be incorporated into construction materials, such as
concrete,
easily and economically. Micro-encapsulated PCMs also provide a portable heat storage system. By coating a microscopic sized PCM with a protective coating, the particles
can be suspended within a continuous phase such as water . This system can be considered aphase change slurry (PCS).
Molecular-encapsulation is another technology , developed by Dupont de Nemours that allows a very high concentration of PCM within a polymer compound. It allows storage
capacity up to 515 kJ/m2 for a 5 mm board (103 MJ/m3). Molecular-encapsulation allows drilling and cutting through the material without any PCM leakage.

As phase change materials perform best in small containers, therefore they are usually divided in cells. The cells are shallow to reduce static head – based on the principle of shallow container geometry.
The packaging material should conduct heat well; and it should be durable enough to withstand frequent changes in the storage material's volume as phase changes occur. It should also restrict the
passage of water through the walls, so the materials will not dry out (or water-out, if the material is hygroscopic). Packaging must also resist leakage and corrosion. Common packaging materials
showing chemical compatibility with room temperature PCMs includestainless steel, polypropylene and polyolefin.

Thermal composites
Thermal-composites is a term given to combinations of phase change materials (PCMs) and other (usually solid) structures. A simple example is a copper-mesh immersed in a paraffin-wax. The copper-
mesh within parraffin-wax can be considered a composite material, dubbed a thermal-composite. Such hybrid materials are created to achieve specific overall or bulk properties.

Thermal conductivity is a common property which is targeted for maximisation by creating thermal composites. In this case the basic idea is to increase thermal conductivity by adding a highly
conducting solid (such as the copper-mesh) into the relatively low conducting PCM thus increasing overall or bulk (thermal) conductivity. If the PCM is required to flow, the solid must be porous, such
as a mesh.

Solid composites such as fibre-glass or kevlar-pre-preg for the aerospace industry usually refer to a fibre (the kevlar or the glass) and a matrix (the glue which solidifies to hold fibres and provide
compressive strength). A thermal composite is not so clearly defined, but could similarly refer to a matrix (solid) and the PCM which is of course usually liquid and/or solid depending on conditions.
They are also meant to discover minor elements in the earth.

Applications
Applications[1][124] of phase change materials include, but are not limited to:
 Thermal energy storage
Solar cooking
Cold Energy Battery
Conditioning of buildings, such as 'ice-storage'
Cooling of heat and electrical engines
Cooling: food, beverages, coffee, wine, milk products, green houses
birth asphyxia[122]
Medical applications: transportation of blood, operating tables, hot-cold therapies, treatment of
Human body cooling under bulky clothing or costumes.
Waste heat recovery Phase-change material being
Off-peak power utilization: Heating hot water and Cooling employed in the treatment of
Heat pump systems neonates with birth asphyxia[122][123]
Passive storage in bioclimatic building/architecture (HDPE, paraffin)
Smoothing exothermic temperature peaks in chemical reactions
Solar power plants
Spacecraft thermal systems
Thermal comfort in vehicles
Thermal protection of electronic devices
Thermal protection of food: transport, hotel trade, ice-cream, etc.
Textiles used in clothing
Computer cooling
Turbine Inlet Chilling with thermal energy storage
Telecom shelters in tropical regions. They protect the high-value equipment in the shelter by keeping the indoor air temperature below the maximum permissible by absorbing heat
generated by power-hungry equipment such as aBase Station Subsystem. In case of a power failure to conventional cooling systems, PCMs minimize use of diesel generators,
and this can translate into enormous savings across thousands of telecom sites in tropics.

Fire and safety issues

Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others are hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be selected and applied very
carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound engineering practices. Because of the increased fire risk, flamespread, smoke, potential for explosion when held in containers, and
liability, it may be wise not to use flammable PCMs within residential or other regularly occupied buildings. Phase change materials are also being used in thermal regulation of electronics.

See also
Heat pipe

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Sources
PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) BASEDENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS AND GLOBAL APPLICATION EXAMPLES
Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAEHVAC Applications

Phase Change Material Based Passive Cooling Systems Design Principal and Global Application Examples
Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAEPassive Cooling Application

Further reading
Raoux, S. (2009). "Phase Change Materials".Annual Review of Materials Research. 39: 25–48. Bibcode:2009AnRMS..39...25R. doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-082908-145405.
Phase Change Matters(industry blog)

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