fN!

;sl úoHdj I
ngsjpftpay; I
Physics I

m%Yak m%Yak m%Yak m%Yak m%Yak

ms<;
s =r ms<;
s =r ms<;
s =r ms<;
s =r ms<;
s =r
wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh wxlh
1 4 11 1 21 1 31 5 41 5
2 3 12 3 22 2 32 1 42 1
3 4 13 5 23 5 33 3 43 2
4 3 14 4 24 5 34 1 44 3
5 4 15 5 25 3 35 2 45 4
6 2 16 4 26 4 36 3 46 5
7 1 17 1 27 1 37 4 47 3
8 2 18 2 28 2 38 3 48 1
9 2 19 1 29 3 39 5 49 1
10 4 20 5 30 2 40 2 50 3

***
fN!;sl úoHdj II
ngsjpftpay; II
Physics II
 A fldgi - jHqy.; rpkd
m%Yak y;rg u fuu m;%fha u ms<s;=re imhkak'
(g = 10 ms-2 )

1. f.da,udkhla Ndú;fhka f.da,Sh mDIaGhl jl%;d wrh ks¾Kh lsÍug Tng kshu j we;'
f.da,udkfha bial=remamq wka;rd,h 1 mm jk w;r" jD;a;ldr mßudKfha fldgia .Kk 50 ls'
(a) (i) fuu WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'
= = .
………………………………………………………………………………………………
^,l=Kq 2&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) f.da,udkh Ndú;fhka mdGdxl ,nd .ekSug m%:u l=ula isÿ l, hq;= o@ th isÿ lrkafka
flfia o@
f.da
,udkfha mdo yd bial=remamqfõ ;=v tlu uÜgulg .; hq;=h' ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
f.da
,udkh ;, ùÿre mDIaGhla u; ;nd" ùÿre mDIaGfhka wdxYsl mrdj¾;kfhka
………………………………………………………………………………………………
iEfok bial=remamq ;=fvys m%;sìïnh;a" bial=remamq ;=v;a iam¾Y jk mßÈ ilia lsÍfuka
………………………………………………………………………………………………
th isÿ l< yel' ^,l=Kq 3&
..................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) f.da,Sh mDIaGhl jl%;d wrh ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd f.da,udkfhka ,nd .kakd ñkqu (h) l=ula
o@
bial=remamq ;=v jl% mDIaGh iam¾Y lrk ,laIHhg mdo ;,fha isg we;s Wi ^,l=Kq 2&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) h g wu;rj ,nd.; hq;= ñkqu (a) l=ula o@ ta i|yd Ndú; lrk ñkqï WmlrKh l=ula o@
f.da,udkfha mdo folla w;r mr;rh
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ^,l=Kq 1&
óg¾ fldaÿj $ jZksh¾ le,smrh ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) a ,nd.kakd wdldrh ,shd olajkak'
f.da,udkh lvodishla u; ;nd ;o lrkak'mdoj, ;=vq uÕska we;slrk i,l=Kq w;r
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ÿr óg¾ fldaÿj $ jZksh¾ le,smrfha wNHka;r ykq ^foflka tlla& wdOdrfhka
………………………………………………………………………………………………
uek.kak' ^,l=Kq 2&
..................................................................................................................................................
(iv) h mdGdxlh ,nd .ekSfï § f.da,udkfha msysàï fol my; rEmfha oelafõ'

h yss w.h fidhkak'

wdrïNl mdGdxlh = × . = . ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
wjidk mdGdxlh = + × . = . ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
= . + . = . ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
 (v) a = 3 cm kï f.da,Sh mDIaGfha jl%;d wrh (R) .Kkh lrkak' ta i|yd my; iólrKh
fhdod.kak'
h
= +
6h
.
R= +
^,l=Kq 1&
× .
………………………………………………………………………………………………
R= . ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) by; (a) (ii) i|yka l%shdj,sh isÿ lsÍug ;, o¾mKhla Ndú;d l< yels o@ meyeÈ,s lrkak'
fkdyel' ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
levm;l by< mDIaGfha wdxYsl mrdj¾;khg wu;rj" my< mDIaGfhka mrdj¾;khla
………………………………………………………………………………………………
o isÿ fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) jl% mDIaGhl jl%;d wrh uekSug wu;rj f.da,udkfha ;j;a Ndú;hla fokak'
wKaùlaI lodjl >klu fiùu'
………………………………………………………………………………………………
^,l=Kq 1&
ldishl >klu fiùu'

2. (a) .=ma; ;dmh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka l=ula o@

lsishï mod¾:hl wjia:d úm¾hdihl§ WIaK;ajfha fjkila fkdue;sj yqjudre lr.kakd
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
;dmh .=ma; ;dmh f,i ye¢kafõ' ^,l=Kq 2&
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) isiqfjl= ñY%K l%uh Ndú;d fldg whsia ys ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh fiùug wfmalaId lrhs'
(i) isiqjdg wjYHjk WmlrKj, ,ehsia;=jla idokak'
1. le,ßógrh 2. oe,af.dgq uka:h
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. WIaK;ajudkh 4. fmryka lvodis
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. isõovq ;=,djla $ ridhksl ;=,djla ^4la ksjerÈkï ,l=Kq 2" 3la ksjerÈkï ,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
^
(ii) (1) fuu mÍlaIK isÿ lsÍfï § le,ßógrhg c,h msrúh hq;= ksjerÈ uÜgu oelafjk rEmh
háka brla w¢kak'

^,l=Kq 1&
(2) tu uÜgu f;dard .ekSug fya;=j l=ula o@
c, uÜgu b;d by< úg (A) - whsia tl;= lsÍfï§ c,h le,ß ógrfhka bj;g
……………………………………………………………………………………………
úisúh yel' ^,l=Kq 1&
……………………………………………………………………………………………
 c, uÜgu b;d my< úg (C) - whsia iïmQ¾Kfhka Èh ùug ;rï c,h m%udKj;a
............................................................................................................................................
fkdùu' ^,l=Kq 1&
............................................................................................................................................
(iii) fuu isiqjdg fuu ieliqqu iy ndysr mßirh w;r ;dm yqjudrefõ n,mEula ke;s nj
;yjqre lr.ekSsug fhdod .kakd mQ¾fjdamdh l=ula o@
whsia leg tl;= lsÍug fmr le,ß ógrh yd c,fha WIaK;ajh ldur WIaK;ajhg jvd
………………………………………………………………………………………………
℃ lska jeälr" wjika WIaK;ajh ldur WIaK;ajhg jvd ℃ la my;a jk f;la
………………………………………………………………………………………………
whsia leg tl;= lsÍu' ^,l=Kq 2&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) le,ßógrhg whsia len,s tl;= lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾. fudkjd o@ tajdg
fya;= fudkjd o@

l%shdud¾. fya;=

fmryka lvodishlska f;; ud;a;= lr tl;= øj c,h le,ß ógrhg tl;= ùu

lsÍu' je<elaùug'

whsia len,s 0 ℃ ys mj;sk nj ;yjqre

l=vd whsia len,s tl;= lsÍu'
lr.ekSu'

WIaK;aj neiau md,khlska hq;=j isÿ

jrlg tl ne.ska tl;= lsÍu'
lsÍu'

^,l=Kq 6&

(c) (i) le,ßógrfha iy uka:fha ialkaOh = 𝑚1

le,ßógrfha" c,fha iy uka:fha ialkaOh = 𝑚2
whsia tl;= l< miq moaO;sfha ialkaOh = 𝑚3
c,fha wdrïNl WIaK;ajh = 𝜃1
moaO;sfha wju WIaK;ajh = 𝜃2
le,ßógrfha úYsIag ;dm Odß;djh = 𝐶
c,fha úYsIag ;dm Odß;djh = 𝑆
whsiaj, ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh = 𝐿
by; ixfla; Ndú;d fldg 𝐿 i|yd m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak lrkak'
(𝒎𝟑 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝑳 + (𝒎𝟑 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝑺(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) = [𝒎𝟏 𝑪 + (𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 ) 𝑺] (𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[𝒎 𝑪 + (𝒎 − 𝒎 ) 𝑺] (𝜽 − 𝜽 ) − (𝒎 − 𝒎 )𝑺(𝜽 − 𝜽 )
𝑳 = 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(𝒎 − 𝒎 )
^,l=Kq 1&
𝟑 𝟐
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 = 9 iy 𝜃1 = 35 ℃ 𝜃2 = 5℃
𝑆=4 Jk K 𝐶=4 Jk K kï 𝐿 ys w.h J k j,ska .Kkh lrkak'
[𝟖𝟎×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ×𝟒𝟎𝟎 + (𝟏𝟖𝟎 −𝟖𝟎)×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ×𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎] (𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓) − (𝟏𝟗𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎)𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑳 = (𝟏𝟗𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎)×𝟏𝟎−𝟑
 ^wdfoaYhg ,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑳= × J ^tall iuÕ ksjerÈ ms<s;=rg ,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) fuu moaO;sfha wjidk WIaK;ajh ;=Idr wxlhg jvd wvq jqjfyd;a ,efnk ú,hkfha úYsIag
.=ma; ;dmfha w.h i;H w.hg jvd jeä fõ o@ wvq fõ o@
i;H w.hg jvd wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. m%;sìïn msysgqï iumd; l%ufhka ,ndf.k W;a;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr ks¾Kh lsÍug Tng mejÍ
we;' fï i|yd wdOdrlhl kexjQ W;a;, ldphla" wdOdrlhl iúl, m%ldY w,afmfk;s folla (P
yd O) yd miqìï ;srhla (S) Tng imhd we;'
(a) (i) fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd wjYH wfkla whs;uh kï lrkak'
óg¾ fldaÿj ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) by; whs;u Ndú;fhka ieliQ wegjqul wiïmQ¾K rEmhla my; oelafõ' th iïmQ¾K
lrkak' jia;= ÿr (u) , m%;sìïn ÿr (v) o tys i,l=Kq lrkak'

^,l=Kq 2&

(iii) by; ieliqfuys W;a;, ldph ;eîug fmr" tu W;a;, ldpfha o< kdNs ÿr f' fidhd .;
hq;=h' fuu w.h fidhd .ekSug fhdod.; yels ir, l%ufõohla meyeÈ,s lrkak'
W;a;, ldph wE; msyá s jia;=jlg fhduqlr ;srh u; meyeÈ,s m%;sìïnhla ,nd .kak'
………………………………………………………………………………………………
bkamiq ldph;a ;srh;a w;r ÿr óg¾ fldaÿfjka uek.kak' ^,l=Kq 2&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) rEmfha 𝑥 yd úIo oDIaáfha wju ÿr (D) w;r mj;ajd .; hq;= iïnkaO;djh ,shd olajkak'
x ≥ D ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) S miqìï ;srh ;sîfï jeo.;alu l=ula o@
meyeÈ,s o¾Yk m:hla ,nd .ekSug wfkla jia;+kaf.ka we;sjk ndOd bj;a lsÍug'
………………………………………………………………………………………………
^,l=Kq 2&
(b) my; oelafjkafka fuu mÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ isiqjdg w;aoelSug isÿ jQ isÿùï lsysmhls' tajd
uÕyrjd .ekSug l%uhla ne.ska i|yka lrkak'
 (1) jia;= w,afmfk;af;a hál=re m%;sìïnhla oel.; fkdyels úh'
jia;=j ;j;a ldpfhka wE;g f.khEu' ^,l=Kq 1&
……………………………………………………………………………………… ...
(2) jia;= w,afmfk;af;a fl<jr ldpfha uOHfha ‚
ldpfha ;,h isria jk fia ilikak' ^,l=Kq 1&
…………………………………………………………………………………………....
(3) jia;= w,afmfk;af;a m%;sìïnh m%Odk wlaIh Tiafia isria ‚
wdOdrlh iuÕ ldpfha ;,h iq¿ jYfhka N%uKh lr m%Odk wlaIhg ldpfha ;,h
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ksjerÈ j ,ïn jk fia ilia lrkak' ^,l=Kq 1&
…………………………………………………………………………………………....
(c) (i) O ys m%;sìïnh (I), rEmfha we| olajkak' ^,l=Kq 1&
(ii) ldph yd ;srh w;r mr;rh iEuúgu 2f g jvd wvq kï" I m%;sìïnh" P g idfmalaIj l=vd
o@ iudk o@ úYd, o@
úYd,hs' ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) P iy I ys ;=vq tlsfklg iumd; nj y÷kd.kafka flfia o@
m%Odk wlaIfhka fomig wei ;sriaj p,kh lrk úg" I yd P w;r idfmalaI p,s;hlska
………………………………………………………………………………………………
f;drj tlg p,kh jk fia Èia fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) (i) jia;= ÿr" m%;sìïn ÿr iy kdNs ÿr ms<sfj,ska u, v iy f kï ldp iQ;%h f¾Çh m%ia;drhla
,nd .ekSug yels mßÈ ilia lrkak'
ldp iQ;%h" ^,l=Kq 1&
=
………………………………………………………………………………………………
v u f
………………………………………………………………………………………………
= + ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
v u f

(ii) by; (d) (i) ys ,nd.;a iólrKhg wkqj ;d;aúl m%;sìïn i|yd ,efnk m%ia;drfha o<
igykla w¢kak' wlaI ksjerÈ j i<l=Kq lrkak'

(cm-1 )
v

(cm-1 )
u

^,l=Kq 2&
(iii) y wlaIfha wka;#LKavh -0.02 cm-1 kï" W;a;, ldpfha kdNs ÿr .Kkh lrkak'
………………………………………………………………………………………………
− =-
f
………………………………………………………………………………………………
f………………………………………………………………………………………………
= ^,l=Kq 1&
4. óg¾ fia;=j Ndú;fhka f,dayhl m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fiùu i|yd mÍlaIKhla
isiqfjl= úiska ie,iqï lrk ,È'
(a) wod, ie,iqfï wiïmQ¾K rEmhla my; oelafõ'

a= ueo ìxÿ .e,ajfkdaógrh

b= wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOh
c= fmakq h;=r K
d= mßjrKh lrk ,o f,day lïìh
T;k ,o ,S lene,a,

(i) A yd B fldgqj,g wod< jHQy we| kï lrkak'

A - we£ug ,l=Kq 1
kï lsÍug ,l=Kq 1
B - we£ug ,l=Kq 1
kï lsÍug ,l=Kq 2

(ii) rEm igyfka we;=,;a fkdjk mÍlaIKh i|yd w;HdjYH WmlrKh l=ula o@ rEm igyfka
th w¢kak'
riÈh - ùÿre WIaK;ajudkh ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) K h;=r i|yd fhdod .kq ,nkafka l=uk j¾.fha h;=rla o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@
fmakq h;=rla ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
mßm:h wkjr; wjia:dfõ mj;ajd .ekSug ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) by; ie,iqu Ndú;d lr m%ia;dßl l%uhla uÕska f,dayfha m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh
,nd .ekSug woyia lrhs'
(i) fï i|yd WIaK;ajhg wu;rj ,nd .; hq;= ñkqu l=ula o@
tu WIaK;ajhg wod< ix;=,k È. ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
 (ii) by; (b) (i) ys i|yka ñkqu ,nd .ekSug fmr wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr fudkjd o@
c,h fyd¢ka uka:kh lrñka"
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ^,l=Kq 1&
nka
ika odylh ;dmlh foig yd bj;g p,kh lrñka"
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ^,l=Kq 1&
moa
O;sh tu WIaK;ajfha ál fõ,djla mj;ajd .ekSu'
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ^,l=Kq 1&
(iii) by; (b) (i) ñkqu ,nd .ekSfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr fudkjd o@
m<uqj wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOh iys;j i¾mK iam¾Ylh óg¾ fia;= lïìh u; ;nñka o<
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ix;=,k mrdih fidhd.kak'
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ^,l=Kq 1&
bkamiq wdrlaIl m%;sfrdaOh ¨yqj;a lr ksjerÈ ix;=,k ,laIH ,ndf.k ix;=,k os.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ukskak' ^,l=Kq 1&

(c) ℃ § f,day lïìfha m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅0 ද θ ℃ WIaK;ajfha § f,day lïìfha m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅𝜃 o"

f,dayfha m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh α o" θ WIaK;ajfha§ ix;=,k È. o fõ'
(i) α i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
(𝑹𝜽 − 𝑹𝟎 ) ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝛂=
𝑹𝟎 𝜽
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ....
(ii) θ yd w;r iïnkaO;djh l=ula o@
𝑹𝜽 𝒍 ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
=
𝑹𝑩 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒍
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ....

(iii) m%ia;dßl l%uhla Ndú;fhka α fiùug m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak lrkak'

𝑹𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝜶𝜽) 𝒍 ^,l=Kq 1&
………………………………………………………………………………………………
=
𝑹𝑩 (𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒍)
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ....
𝒍 𝑹𝟎 𝜶 𝑹𝟎 ^iólrKfha jï mig ,l=Kq 1"
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ....
=( )𝜽 + iólrKfha ol=Kq mig ,l=Kq 1&
(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒍) 𝑹𝑩 𝑹𝑩
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ....

(iv) m%ia;drh Ndú;fhka α ys w.h ,nd .kafka flfia o@

m%ia;drfha wkql%uh wka;#LKavfhka fn§fuka α ,nd.; yel'
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ^,l=Kq 1&

***
 fN!;sl úoHdj II
ngsjpftpay; II B fldgi – rpkd
Physics II

m%Yak y;rlg muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(g = 10 m s-2)

5. iíueÍk hkq hqO yd kdúl lghq;= j, § o" uqyq÷ .fõIK i|yd o nyq,j Ndú;d jk fN!;sl úoHd
uQ,O¾u rdYshla u; ieliqKq ksmehquls' iíueÍkhla uqyqf|a .s,Sug fyda md ùug bms¨ ï uQ,O¾uh fhdod
.efka' fï i|yd ;=,nre gexls (Ballast tanks) Ndú;d flf¾'
iíueÍkhla uqyqfoa mdfjk úg ;=,nre gexls iïmQ¾Kfhka u jd;fhka msÍ mj;S' .s,Sug wjYH jQ úg
m%udKj;a c, mßudjla gexls fj; mqrjd .kS' kej;;a uqyqo u; md ùug wjYH jQ úg iïmSä; jd;h
fuu ;=,nre gexls fj;g fmdïm lr c,h bj;a lr .kS'

(1) rEmh
is÷ï gexls (Trim tanks) iíueÍkh .s,Sfï§ tys iunr;djh md,khg wod< l%shdj,shg odhl fõ' wjr
fm;a; (Propeller) uÕska iíueÍkhg bÈßhg p,kh ùug wjYH f;rmqï n,h ,nd fohs'
my; rEmfha oelafjk iíueÍkh 2 × 107 kg ialkaOfhka hqla; jk w;r tys uq¿ mßudj 3 × 104 m3
fõ' ;=,nre gexls j, uq¿ mßudj 9 × 103 m3 fõ' uqyqÿ c,fha >k;ajh 1000 kg m-3 fõ' fuu iíueÍkh
yd iïnkaOj § we;s o;a; weiqfrka my; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

(a) (i) jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< iu;=,s; j mej;Sug

;sìh hq;= wjYH;d fudkjd o@
Wvql=re f;rmqu nrg iudk úh
hq;=h's ^iïm%hl
q a; n,h Y=kH úh hq;=h'&
^,l=Kq 1&
Wvql=re f;rmqu yd nfrys l%shd f¾Ld tlu
úh hq;=hs $iïm%hl q a; >Q¾K Y=kH úh hq;=h' ^,l=Kq 1&
(2) rEmh

(ii) iíueÍkhla tys nr wjYH f,i fjkia lr .kakd wdldrh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
;=,nre gexls (Ballest tanks) j,g wjYH f,i c,h yd jd;h msrùu u`.ska' ^,l=Kq 1&
 (iii) by; iíueÍkh uqyqfoa mdfjk úg th .s,S we;s mßudj fldmuK o@
= vρ
2 × 107 = V × 1000
V = 2 × 104 m3 ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) iíueÍkh iu;=,s; úg iíueÍkfha ialkaOh taldldr f,i jHdma; ù we;s nj i,ld Wvql=re
f;rmqï n,h l%shd lrk ,ËHhg A j, isg ÿr fidhkak'
iíueÍkh iu;=,s; úg .=re;aj flakaøh yd Wvql=re f;rmqï n,h tlu f¾Ldfõ l%shd lrhs'
^,l=Kq 1&

(b) iíueÍkfha we;=,; øjHj, msysàu fjkia lsÍu ksid tys ialkaO jHdma;sfha taldldÍ fkdjk
;;A;ajhla we;s úh' bÈßmi fldgi 0.5 × 107 kg f,i o miqmi fldgi 1.5 × 107 kg f,i o fjkia
jQ w;r tajdfha ialkaO flakaø j,g ÿr A yd B j, isg ms<sfj,ska 30 m yd 20 m úh'
(i) oeka A j, isg iíueÍkfha ialkaO flakaøhg we;s ÿr fidhkak'

3 3

× ×

.=re;aj flakaøh jgd >Q¾K .ekSfuka"

0.5 × 108 × y = 1.5 × 108 (30 - y) ^,l=Kq 1&
y = 22.5 m

A j, isg ÿr = 22.5 +30

= 52.5 m ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) fuu ialkaO jHdma;sfha fjki ksid hdkh uqyqfoa we, ùu isÿ fõ' miqj fuu ;;a;ajh is÷ï
gexls (Trim tanks) wdOdrfhka ilid hdkh iunr;djhg m;a lr .;a miq th iïmQ¾Kfhka
u .s,aùug iQodkï flßKs' ta i|yd ;=,nre gexls (Ballast tanks) j,g msrúh hq;= c, mßudj
fldmuK o@
= 2.3 × 104 m3 – 2 × 104 m3
= 0.2 × 104 m3
= 3000 m3 ^,l=Kq 1&

(c) hdkfha wjr fm;af;ys (Propeller) rEm igykla (3) rEmfha oelafõ' ^tys mßudKh fkdi,ld yßkak'&
(i) A oe;s frdaoh jdudj¾;j ñks;a;=jg jg (rpm) 31.25
‚ õ K õ " B oe;s frdaofha
‚ õ rpm j,ska fidhkak' A
oe;s frdaofha wrh 40 cm jk w;r B oe;s frdaofha wrh
25 cm fõ'
A oe;sfrdaofha yd B oe;sfrdaofha iam¾Y m%fõ. iudk
fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&
(3) rEmh
VA = VB
V = Rω ^,l=Kq 1&
 RAωA = RBωB
4 ×3 . 5
ω =
5
= 50 rpm ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) túg wjr fm;af;a iam¾Y m%fõ.h (Vp) fidhkak'

Vp = Rω
6×5 × ×3
Vp =
6
= 30 ms-1 ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) wjr fm;a; uÕska wrh 6 m jD;a;dldr yrialvla iys; c, l|la miqmi g ;,a¨ lrk nj
i,ld iíueÍkh u; bÈßhg we;s jk f;rmqï n,h fidhkak' ^wjr fm;a; uÕska uqyqÿ
c,hg ,nd fok uOHkH m%fõ.h tys iam¾Y m%fõ.fhka w¾Ohla hehs i,lkak& π 3 f,i
i,lkak)'
;;amr tll§ wjr fm;a; uÕska ;,a¨ l< c, ialkaOh" = Vp ρ
t
c, lf|a yrialv j¾.M,h" =π
=3×6
= 108

;,a¨ jQ c, l|g ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh fh§u"

v u
⃗F = ^,l=Kq 1&
t
⃗ =
F v u
t
⃗F = Vp ρ v u
3 3
⃗F = 8× × × ^,l=Kq 1&
⃗ = .43 × 7
F

ksõgkaf.a ;=kajk kshuhg wkqj iíueÍkh u; óg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg n,hla we;s fõ'
iíueÍkh u; we;sjk n,h" F ⃖⃗ = .43 × 7 ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) oeka by; f;rmqï n,h hgf;a 10 m s-1 ksh; m%fõ.fhka iíueÍkh bÈßhg p,kh fõ kï"
tys tkaðfï laIu;djh fidhkak'
P = FV ^,l=Kq 1&
7
P = .43 × ×
8
P = .43 × ^,l=Kq 1&

(d) iíueÍkh 10 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka .uka lrñka isáh § tys by< mDIaGh Èh/,s j,g yiq úh' Èh/,s
fmd<jg idfmaËj 10 m s-1 fõ.fhka iíueÍkh .uka lrk ÈYdjg úreoaO ÈYdjg meñfKa' hdkfha
my< mDIaGfha j¾.M,h 300 m2 fõ' Èh /,s wkdl+, yd wkjr; f,i m%jdyh jk nj i,lkak'
^ÿiai%dù n, fkdi,ld yßkak'&
(i) Èh/,s ksid hdkh u; by<g fhfok n,h fidhkak'
 iíueÍkhg idfmalaIj Èh/,sj, m%fõ.h" v = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃖⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ s
iíueÍkhg idfmalaIj my< c, ia:rfha m%fõ.h" v = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ s
P + ρv + ρ = P + ρv + ρ ^,l=Kq 1&
P P = × × ^,l=Kq 1&
4
= .5× P
↑F = P ^,l=Kq 1&
↑F = .5 × 4 × 3
↑F = 4.5 × 6 ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) fuu n,h WodiSk lsÍug ;=,nre gexls (Ballast tanks) j,g msrúh hq;= wu;r c, mßudj
fldmuK o@
by<g we;sjk wu;r n,h" ;=,nre gexls ;=,g c,h mqrjd .ekSfuka WodiSk lr.kS'
wu;r n,h = mqrjd.kakd c,fha nr
4.5 × 6 = × s
5
m = 4.5 ×
5
4.5 ×
mqrjd.; hq;= c,fha mßudj = 3
^,l=Kq 1&
3
= 4.5 ×

(iii) fuu Èh/,s yuqfõ iíueÍkhg .uka l, yels Wmßu m%fõ.h l=ula o@
;=,nre gexls j, uq¿ mßudj = 9000 m3
iíueÍkh iïmQ¾Kfhka .s¨kq miq b;sß mßudj = 9000 – 3000
= 6000 m3
tijqï n,h WodiSk lsÍug yels Wmßu c, ialkaOh = 6000 × 103 kg ^,l=Kq 1&
WodiSk l< yels Wmßu tijqï n,h" F x = 6 × 7 N
7
6×
tu tijqï n,h we;sùug odhljk mSvk wka;rh" ∆P = ^,l=Kq 1&
3
5
∆P = × P

iíueÍkh Wmßu m%fõ.fhka ⃖u⃗ .uka lrhs kï"

iíueÍkhg idfmalaIj Èh/,sj, m%fõ.h" u = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + u
⃖⃗ = (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
+ u) ms-1
^,l=Kq 1&
iíueÍkhg idfmalaIj my< c, ia;rfha m%fõ.h" u = u
⃗ ms -1

∆P = ρ u u
 3

5
× P = × × u u
(u u ) = 4 s ^,l=Kq 1&
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
+ u – ⃗⃗⃗⃗u =4 s
u -1
⃗ = 15 ms ^,l=Kq 1&

6. RADAR hkq mrsirfha mj;sk jia;= ixfõokh lsÍug" y÷kd .ekSug iy ia:dk.; lsÍug Ndú;d
lrk úoHq;a pqïnl moaO;shls' RADAR hkak f¾äfhda wkdjrKh yd mrdi uekSu (Radio Detection
and Ranging) f,i oelaúh yels h' fjr< u; mokï jQ by< úfNaok RADAR wk;=re weÕùu i|yd
iy .uka uÕ yeisrùug wdOdrl jYfhka Ndú; lrkq ,efí' whym;a ld,.=Kh ksid we;s jk wvq
oDIH ;;a;ajj, § mjd RADAR uÕska úh yels wk;=re ms<sn| j oekqï §fuka wdrlaIl m%jdykhla
,nd fohs'
rgl fN!ñl uqyq| ;=<g we;=,a jk kejla ms<sn| j i,lkak' kej u; SONAR (Sound Navigation
and Ranging) ksl=;a lrk wekagkdjla ^iïfma%Ilhla& iú lr we;s w;r thg Yío ;rx. msg lsÍfï
yelshdjla we;' Bg wu;rj" kej u; SONAR ,nd .ekSfï wekagkdjla ^mdrkdhlhla& we;s w;r
thg mrdj¾;s; Yío ;rx. y÷kd .; yels h'
(a) (i) kdúl lghq;= j, § RADAR l%uh Ndú;fha jdishla ,shkak'
wvq oDYH ;;a;ajj,§ mjd úh yels wk;=re ms<n
s oj oekqï §fuka wdrlaIs; m%jdykhla
,nd§u' ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) SONAR moaO;sfha iïfm%aIlh u`.ska uqyqÿ m;=, u; fhduq lrkq ,enQ Yío ;rx.hl
mrdj¾;s; ;rx.h y÷kd .ekSug .;jk ld,h ;;amr 6 la kï tu m%foaYfha uqyqÿ m;=f,a
.eUqr .Kkh lrkak ^c,h ;=, ;=< èjks m%fõ.h 1500 m s-1 fõ&'
6
q m;=,g <Õd ùug .;jk ld,h = = 3 s ^,l=Kq 1&
èjkshg uqyo
s = ut ^,l=Kq 1&
s= 5 ×3
s = 45 ^,l=Kq 1&

(b) by; kejg oDIH wdmod ix{d (SOS) ksl=;a lrk WmlrKhla o iú fldg we;' fuu WmlrKhg
f¾äfhda ;rx. ksl=;a l< yels w;r tajd rgl kdúl md,k moaO;sh uÕska y÷kdf.k wdmod
;;a;ajhlg m;a jQ kejla msysgk ia:dkh y÷kd .ekSug fyda wjYH myiqlï iemhSug fyda yels
fõ'
ojia lsysmhlg miqj by; i|yka l, e ‚ e qK b;d blaukska SOS
{ E = e‚' SOS ix{djl m%;s.%dyl laIu;djh my; iólrKh
Ndú;fhka .Kkh l< yels h'
σ
π
fuys"
- iïfm%aIK laIu;djh (W)
- m%;s.%dyl laIu;djh (W)
- ;rx.h ,nd .kakd wekagkdfõ újrfha M,odhs j¾.M,h
- RADAR mrdih
σ - RADAR ix{dfõ ;rx. wdhduh
- iïfm%aIK wekagkd ,dNh
 4

by; rfÜ kdúl l|jqrg" .sks.;a kefjka ksl=;a lrk ,o SOS ix{d y÷kd .; yels fõ' iïfm%aIK
Ëu;djh iy m%;s.%dyl Ëu;djh ms<sfj,ska 3.74 × 1012 W iy 1.8 × 103 W fõ' f¾äfhda ;rx.fha
;rx. wdhduh iy ;rx.h ,nd .kakd wekagkdfõ újrfha M,odhs j¾.M,h ms<sfj,ska 1 × 103 m
iy 500 m2 fõ' kdúl l|jqr RADAR mrdifha mßêfha msysgd we;akï kdúl l|jqr iy kej
.sks.;a ia:dkh w;r ÿr kdúl ie;mqï j,ska .Kkh lrkak' kdúl ie;mqï 1 la lsf,daóg¾ 1.8
lg iudk fõ'
(G1 = 1.6 × 104 iy π2 = 10 f,i i,lkak'&
P = 3.74 × 1012 W
P = 1.8 × 103 W
σ = 1 × 103 m
^,l=Kq 1&
= 500 m2
G = 1.6 × 104
π2 = 10
P G σ
R4 =
6π P
4
3.74 × × .6 × ×5
R4 = ^,l=Kq 1&
6× × 3.74 ×
R = 18000 m
R = kdúl ie;mqï 10 ^,l=Kq 1&

(c) SOS { = e‚ | q e e õ isák mqoa.,hska fírd

.ekSug hjkq ,efí' .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dfõ ixLHd;h 660 Hz jk Yío ;rx. msg lrk WmlrKhlao
kq.eiqï wkdjrlhla o iú fldg we;' .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dj 10 m s-1 ksh; m%fõ.hlska .uka lrhs '
^uqyqÿ iq<xj, n,mEu fkdi<ld yßkak '&
(i) Yío ;rx. j,g wkqrEmj fvdma,¾ wdprKh yÿkajd fokak'
èjks m%Njh iy ksÍlaIlhd w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla we;súg" ksÍlaIlhdg ksÍlaIKh jk
oDIH ixLHd;h" m%Njh ksl=;a lrk i;H ixLHd;hg jvd fjkia fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&

(ii) .sks .kakd kefjys ld¾h uKav,hg wefik ihsrkfhys ixLHd;h .Kkh lrkak ' ^jd;h
;=, èjks m%fõ.h 340 m s-1 fõ'&
v
𝒇′ = 𝒇 ^,l=Kq 1&
v vs
34
𝒇′ = 660 ×
33
𝒇′ = 68 Hz ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dfõ lms;dkag wefik mrdj¾;s; ;rx.fha ixLHd;h l=ula o@

v+v
𝒇′′ = 𝒇′ ^,l=Kq 1&
v
35
𝒇′′ = 680 ×
34
𝒇′′ = 7 Hz ^,l=Kq 1&
 5

(iv) kq.eiqï wkdjrlfha fmkajk kq.eiqï ixLHd;h l=ula o@

∆𝒇 = 𝒇′′ − 𝒇′ ^,l=Kq 1&
= 700 – 660
= 40 Hz ^,l=Kq 1&

(d) .sks .kakd kej yd .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dj mj;sk f¾Ldj Tiafia kej hd;%dfjka bj;g p,kh
jk wjia:djla i<lkak' fï nj jgyd.;a" .,jd .ekSfï hd;%dfõ lms;dka úiska .,jd.ekSfï
hd;%dj kj;d kq.eiqï ixLHd;h ksÍ ËKh l< úg kq.eiqï wkdjrlfhys 19.5 Hz kq.eiqï
L e q‚' jd;h ;=< èjks m%fõ.h ksh; nj i,ld .sks .kakd kefjys fõ.h
ks¾Kh lrkak'

34 v
𝒇′ = 66 × ^,l=Kq 1&
34
34 v 34
𝒇′ = 66 × × ^,l=Kq 1&
34 34 + v
(34 v)
𝒇′ = 66 ×
(34 + v)
∆𝒇 = 66 − 𝒇′′ ^,l=Kq 1&
(34 v)
∆𝒇 = 66 − 66 × (34 + v)
(34 v)
.5 = 66 − 66 × (34 + v)
V = 5 ms-1 ^,l=Kq 1&

(e) by; (d) ys wdldrhg .sks .kakd kefõ fõ.h fidhd.;aa ú.i .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dj 15 m s-1
m%fõ.fhka kej foi g .uka wdrïN lrk ,§' hd;%dfõ jQ èjks m%Njfha laIu;djh 0.6 mW
fõ' ^m%Njfha isg èjksh w¾O f.da,dldr m%foaYhl me;sfrk nj i,lkak'&

(i) .sks .kakd kej yd .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dj w;r mr;rh 1 km jk úg .sks .kakd kefõ
isákakkag wefik Yíofha èjks ;Sj%;dj l=ula o@ (π 3 f,i i,lkak')
P
= ^,l=Kq 1&
3
.6 ×
=
3
×π×
= × ^,l=Kq 1&
 6

(ii) by; (e) (i) wjia:dfõ isg ñks;a;= 1'5 lg miq kefõ isákakkag wefik èjks ;Sj%;d uÜgu
l=ula o@ ^Y%jH;d foay,Sh w.h 1 × 10-12 W m-2 fõ')
ñks;a;= 1.5 g miq mr;rh"
kejg idfmalaIj hd;%dfõ fõ.h = 15 - 5 ms-1 = 10 ms-1 ^,l=Kq 1&
s = ut
3
s = 10 × × 60
s = 900m

⸫ kj mr;rh = 100 m ^,l=Kq 1&

oeka kj ;Sj%;dj ,
3
.6 ×
=
×π×
8
= × ^,l=Kq 1&
β = lo ( ) ^,l=Kq 1&
8
β = lo ( )
β = 4 d ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) tu ld,h ;=< èjks ;Sj%;d uÜgfï jeä ùu fldmuK o@

β = lo ( )
β = d ^,l=Kq 1&
∆β = 40 – 20
∆β = d ^,l=Kq 1&

(f) kefjys .skak ksid th wdikakfha jdhqf.da,fha WIaK;ajh by< hk w;r" kefõ isg ÿr g
h;a u th l%ufhka wvq fõ' .sks.kakd kej yd .,jd.ekSfï hd;%dj w;r ÿr kï" g tÈßj
kq.eiqï wkdjrlfha mdGdxlfhys (∆ ) úp,kh i|yd o< m%ia;drhla w¢kak' ^kej ksYap, nj
i,lkak'&

d jeäjk úg T wvq fõ'

T wvqjk úg V wvq fõ'
V wvqjk úg ∆f wvq fõ'
⸫ d jeäjk úg ∆f wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&
o< m%ia;drh jl%dldr úh hq;=h' ^,l=Kq 1&

7. (a) mDIaÀl wd;;sh wm fndfyda úg tÈfkod m%dfhda.slj mßirfha w;aú¢k isÿùï ;=< olakg ,efí' øj
ì¢;s" jdhq nqnq`M wdÈh f.da,dldr yevhla .ksñka mDIaÀl Yla;sh wju jk f,i ia:dhSlrKh fõ'
(i) WIAK;ajh iu`. øjhl mDIaÀl wd;;s úp,kh jk wdldrh o< m%ia;drhlska ksrEmKh lrkak'
 7

=K
T

wlaI we|Su iy kï lsÍug ^,l=Kq 1&

^tAll ±laùu wjYH ke;&
K m%ia;drfha yevh ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) f.da,dldr nqnq<l mDIaÀl Yla;sh wju jkafka flfia o hkak fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
wfkla ´kEu >k jia;= yevhla iu. iei£fï § f.da,hl mDIaÀl j¾.M,h
wju fõ'
fï ksid mDIaÀl Yla;sh o wju jk neúka jvd ia:dhS fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&
mDIaÀl Yla;sh = T Δ

(iii) mDIaÀl wd;;sfha n,mEu ksid tjeks f.da,dldr øj ì¢;a;l wNHka;r yd ndysr mSvk w;r
mSvk wka;rhla yg .kS' tA wkqj wrh R jk f.da,dldr øj ì¢;a;l wNHka;r yd ndysr mSvk
T
wka;rh Δ jk nj fmkajkak' T hkq øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;sh fõ'
n, iu;=,s;;dj ie,lSfuka" T
→F1 = F2 + πRT ^,l=Kq 1&
F
P= u`.ska T
(P1 – P2 πR2 = πRT ^,l=Kq 1& T
(P1 – P2) R = 2T T
T
∴ ΔP = T
R

(b) jd;h ÿiai%dù udOHhla fkdúKs kï jeis c,h m;s; ùu Ydl yd i;a;aj m%cdjg fuka u mdxY=
ieleiaug o b;d ydkslr jk by< m%fõ.hlska fmdf<djg <`.d jkq we;' flfia kuq;a jd;fha
ÿiai%dú;dj fya;=fjka by< wyfia we;s j,dl=`Mj, isg fmdf<djg meñKSfï § jeis ìxÿ hï ydkslr
fkdjk uÜgul wdka; m%fõ.hlg m;a fõ'
(i) jd;fha ÿiai%dú;dj i,ld wrh r jQ jeis c, ìxÿjl wdka; m%fõ.h (vo) i|yd m%ldYkhla
,nd .kak' my<g jeàfï § c, ìxÿj f.da,dldr iajNdjh /l .kafka hehs o" jd;h uÕska
we;s lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu fkdi,ld yersh yels nj o Wml,amkh lrkak' jd;fha ÿiaai%dú;d
ix.=Klh η f,i .kak'
wdka; m%fõ. wjia:dfõ n, iu;=,s;h i,ld"
u + F = mg
u fkdi,ld yeßh yels kï"
F = mg
4
6πθ v0 = π 3 ρ ^,l=Kq 1&
3

v0 = ρ ^,l=Kq 1&
η
 8

(ii) jd;fha ÿiaai%dú;d ix.=Klh 1.6 × Pa s f,i o" jeis c, ìxÿjl idudkH úIalïNh 1.8
mm f,i o" f.k jeis c, ìxÿjl wdka; m%fõ.h (vo) by; m%ldYkh weiqßka .Kkh lrkak'
^c,fha >k;ajh 1000 kg m-3 yd g = 10 m s-2 fõ')
.8
r= mm = 0.9 mm
3
. ×
v0 = × 5 × 103 × 10 ^,l=Kq 1&
.6 ×
v0 = 112.5 m s-1 ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) m%dfhda.slj jeis ìxÿjla my<g jeàfï § th f.da,dldr iajNdjfhka wm.ukh

ù rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrfha yevhlg ilia fõ' fï wdldrhg yevh fjkia
ùfï § c, ìxÿfõ by< mDIaGfha jl%;d wrh (R1)" my< mDIaGfha jl%;d wrhg
(R2) jvd úYd, jk nj (R1 > R2) .Kkhla uÕska fmkajd fokak' c, ìxÿfõ
isria Wi h fõ'
T T
P1 – P0 = , P2 – P0 =
R R
;j o"
P1 + ρ = P2 ^,l=Kq 1&
T T
+ P0 + ρ = + P0 ^,l=Kq 1&
R R

ρ = 2T ( – )
R R
R R
ρ = 2T ( )
R R
R R ρ
(R1 – R2) = ( ) ^,l=Kq 1&
T
fï wkqj" (R1 – R2) > 0 ksid R1 > R2 úh hq;= h' ^,l=Kq 1&
tkï by< mDIaGfha jl%;d wrh > my< mDIaGfha jl%;d wrh fõ'

(c) tlu øjhl jqj o iam¾Y fldaKh" WIaK;ajh" øjh yd iam¾Y ù we;s mDIaGfha iajNdjh" øjhg by<ska
we;s udOHh wd§ lreKq wkqj fjkia fõ' ùÿre yd c,h w;r iam¾Y fldaKh iq`M fldaKhla jqj o"
l=v froaola yd c,h w;r iam¾Y fldaKh uyd fldaKhla jkafka fï lreKq fjkia ùfuks' fï ksid
l=vhla u; f;; fkdr|hs' l=vhla ks¾udKfha § l=v froao i|yd khsf,daka" fmd,sfhiag¾ j¾.hla
fyda tjeks c,hg wmdr.uH" c,h fkdr|k fjk;a nyqwjhjl j¾.hla fhdod .ksS'
(i) fuu orejd /f.k hk l=vfha uqÿk m%foaYfha úúO úIalïNj, l=vd
jD;a;dldr isÿre lsysmhla mj;S' u| jeiaila mj;sk wjia:djl fuu
isÿre yryd c,h ldkaÿ ù orejd fkdf;óug kï isÿrej,g mej;sh yels
Wmßu úIalïNh .Kkh lrkak' l=vh uqÿk m%foaYfha ks;H >klula
iys; c,h ia;rhla fkdmj;sk nj i,lkak'
c,fha mDIAÀl wd;;sh = 2.5 × N m-1
c, w¾O f.da,h u; l%shd lrk isria n, i,ld"
mg = T × π
4
× π 3
× ρ = π T ^,l=Kq 2&
3
 3T
r2 =
ρ

3 × .5 ×
r =√ 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
×
r = √7.5 × 10-3
r = 2.74 mm
;sìh yels Wmßu úIalïNh = 5.48 mm ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) idudkHfhka l=vhla u; g jeis c,h m;s; jQ miq j ìxÿ lsysmhla tl;= ùfuka iEÿKq úYd,
ìxÿ f,i ^úIalïNh = 4 mm& tAjd l=vfha odr Tiafia my;g fíf¾' fuu úYd, f.da,dldr
c, ì÷jla mßud ydks ùulska f;dr j iudk úIalïN iys; l=vd f.da,dldr c, ì÷ 4 la njg
m;a fõ kï"
3
1. iEfok l=vd c, ìxÿjl úIalïNh .Kkh lrkak' (√ 7)
uq`M mßudj i,ld"
4 4
πR3 = π 3 × 4
3 3
4 4
π (2 × 10-3)3 = π 3 × 4 ^,l=Kq 1&
3 3
3
×
r = 3
√4
3
×
r=
.587
r = 1.26 mm
l=vd f.da,dldr c, ìxÿjl úIalïNh = 2.52 mm ^,l=Kq 1&

2. fuys § isÿ jk mDIaÀl Yla;s fjki .Kkh lrkak' π 3

Δ =T Δ
= 2.5 × 10-2 × (4 × 4π 2 – 4πR2) ^,l=Kq 1&
= 2.5 × 10-2 × 4π 4 2 – R2)
= 2.5 × 10-2 × 4π – R) (2r + R)
= 2.5 × 10-2 × 4 × 3 (2.52 – 2) × 10-3 × (2.52 + 2) × 10-3 ^,l=Kq 1&
Δ = 7.05 × 10-7 J ^,l=Kq 1&

(d) orejdf.a jeys lndfha idlal=jlg j;=r msÍu ksid tys ;snQ remshf,a ldis folla my; 1 yd 2 rEmj,
mßÈ we,S we;s nj ldis idlal=fjka msg;g .;a úg ksÍlaIKh úh'

E E E E
(i) by; 3 rEmfha ±lafjk AB wlaIh Tiafia mSvkh fjkia jk wdldrh o< m%ia;drhl ksrEmKh
lrkak'

wlaI we|Su iy kï lsÍug

^tAll ±laùu wjYH ke;& ^,l=Kq 1&
m%ia;drfha yevh

(ii) tu ldis fol tlsfklska fjka lsÍug 4 rEmfha mßÈ orejd fhÈh hq;= wju n,h (F) .Kkh
lrkak ^b`.sh ( ldishl fome;af;a we;s mSvk wka;rh ksid yg.kakd n,h muKla i,lkak '&
remshf,a ldisfha úIalïNh = 2 cm
ldis fol w;r mr;rh = 0.1 mm
c, fldgfia jl%;d folu i,ld"
T T
P0 – P = + d ^,l=Kq 2&
R ( )

ΔP = 2T ( + )
R d
F = ΔP

F = 2T ( + ) πR2 ^,l=Kq 1&

R d
πTR R+d
F=
d
d <<< 2R ksid (2R + d) ≃ R f,i f.k" ^,l=Kq 1&
4πTR
F=
d

4 × 3 × .5 × × ×
F= 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
. ×
F = 0.3 N ^,l=Kq 1&
8. (a) 2019 cqks 17 jk Èk Y%S ,xldj ..k.dó iy wNHjldY
fCIa;%hg id¾:lj msúiSu ienE jQ ySkhls' th isÿ jQfha Y%S
,xldfõ idok ,o ‘rdjKd ’ keue;s pkaøsldj id¾:lj
wNHjldYhg fhduq lsÍfuks' ialkaOh 1.05 kg jQ fuu
pkaøsldj le,sf*dakshdfõ msysá wNHjldY uOHia:dkhlska
wNHjldY.; lrk ,§' fuu hdkh mDÓú mDIaGfha isg
400 km (h1) by<ska we;s llaI.; wrhla Tiafia llaI.;
ù we;'
(i) ‘rdjKd ’ pkaøsldfõ llaI.; m%fõ.h (V0) i|yd
G, M, RE iy h1 weiqfrka m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak
lrkak'
^fuys M hkq mDÓúfha ialkaOh o G hkq id¾j;%
.=re;ajdl¾IK ksh;h yd RE hkq mDÓúfha wrh
fõ'&
pkaøsldfõ jD;a; p,s;hg"
v
F =
G v
= ^,l=Kq 2&
(R + ) (R + )
G
V =√ ^,l=Kq 1&
R +

(ii) ‘rdjKd ’ hdkhg ish llaIh iïmq¾K lsÍug hk ld,h tu hdkfha ia:dhS;djh ks¾Kh
lsÍug fhdod .kakd jeo.;a idOlhls' tu hdkfha wdj¾; ld,h (T) i|yd m%ldYkhla G, M,
RE iy h1 hk mo weiqßka jHq;amkak lrkak'
V = ω ^,l=Kq 1&
G π
√R +
= (R + ).
T
^,l=Kq 1&
3
π(R + )
T = ^,l=Kq 1&
G

(iii) wdj¾; ld,h i|yd w.hla ,nd .kak' ^GM = 4 × 1014 m3 s-2, RE = 6400 km yd π 3 f,i
i,lkak'&
3
3 3
× 3 × (64 × +4 × )
T=
4
4×
T = 5.319 × 103 s fyda T = 5.32 × 103 s ^,l=Kq 1&
(b) cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkh (International Space
Station / ISS) hkq ñksidg jdih l< yels jk f,i ilid
we;s lD;%su pkaøsldjls' th mDÓú mDIaGfha isg 408 km (h2)
by<ska llaI.; lr we;' tys ialkaOh 4 × 105 kg ls'
(i) .=re;ajdl¾IK úNjh hkq l=ula o@ tys SI tall l=ula
o@
tall ialkaOhla wkka;fha isg .=re;ajdl¾IK
lafIa;%fha hï ,laIHlg f.k tafï§ l< hq;=
ld¾hh" tu ,laIHfha .=re;ajdl¾IK úNjhhs'
^,l=Kq 1&
Jkg-1 ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkh llaI.; lsÍfï § .=re;aj úNj Yla;sfha isÿ jk fjki
i|yd m, g, h2 iy RE mo Ndú;d lrñka m%ldYkhla jHq;amkak lrkak' ^fuys m hkq
cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkfha ialkaOh iy g hkq mDÓúfha .=re;ajc ;ajrKhhs'&
G G
∆ =
(R + )
( R
) ^,l=Kq 1&
G
g = ^,l=Kq 1&
R
R
∆ = ^,l=Kq 1&
(R + )

(iii) cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkh llaI.; lsÍu i|yd isÿ l< hq;= wju ld¾hh .Kkh
lrkak'
^g = 10 m s-1&
wju ld¾hh = .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh + pd,l Yla;sh
R G
= + m ^,l=Kq 1&
(R + ) (R + )
R R
= (R ⌈ + ⌉
+ )
3
4 8×
=𝟒× 5
× × 68 8 × 3
⌈ 3 + ⌉
64 ×
= 7.55×1012 J ^,l=Kq 1&

(c) hïlsis jdhqjl j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h (Vrms)" tu jdhqj hï .%yf,dalhla jgd jdhqf.da,h ;=< ;sìh
yels o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug Wmfhda.S lr.; yels h' hï jdhqjl 6Vrms < Ve kï ^Ve hkq wod,
.%yf,dalfha úfhda. m%fõ.hhs'& tu jdhqjg jdhqf.da,h ;=< mej;sh yel' Tlaiscka jdhqfõ wKql
ialkaOh 32 g mol-1 fõ' jdhqf.da,fha uOHkH WIaK;ajh 27 °C nj o R = 8 J mol-1K-1 i,lkak'
(i) Tlaiscka mßmq¾K jdhqjla nj Wml,amkh lrñka tys j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h (Vrms)
fidhkak' ^WIaK;ajh fl,aúka j,ska T o id¾j;% jdhq ksh;h R iy jdhqfõ ujq,sl ialkaOh
3 T
M úg j¾. uOHkH uQ, fõ.h s √ iólrKfhka ,efí'&

3RT
V s =√
 3

3×8×3
V s =√ 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
3 ×
V s= 4.74×102 ms-2
6V s = .84 s ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) mDÓú jdhqf.da,h ;=< Tlaiscka mj;S o@ keoao@ myokak'

G
V =√ ; V =√ R ^,l=Kq 1&
R
4
×4×
V =√ 3 ; V =√ × × 64 × 3
^,l=Kq 1&
64 ×
V = . 8 s ; V = .3 s
⸫ 6V s < V
⸫ O2 jdhqj mDÓú jdhqf.da,h ;=, mj;S' ^,l=Kq 1&

(d) hï jia;=jl$.%yf,dalhl úfhda. m%fõ.h wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h blaujd .sh úg th l¿ l=yrhla f,i
y÷kajhs' Karl Schwarzschild kï úoHd{hd úiska fmkajd fok mßÈ hï jia;=jl ialkaOh wêl ùu
fyda wrh b;d l=vd ùu uÕska th l¿ l=yrhla njg m;a úh yels h'
^wdf,dalfha m%fõ.h" c = 3 × 108 m s-1" G = 6.67 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2, M = 6 × 1024 kg yd π 3 f,i
i,lkak'&
(i) mDÓúfha >k;ajh (dE) g iudk >k;ajhla we;s ialkaO mDÓúhg tl;= lr uk#l,ams;j l¿
l=yrhla njg m;a l< úg tys wrh (rm) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak' tys w.h fidhkak'
G
V =√

4
G× π 3 d
C =√ 3
^,l=Kq 1&

3
= √8πGd ^,l=Kq 1&
4
6× 3 3 3
d = =4 = = 5.7 ×
V 3 3
×3× 64 ×
3
^,l=Kq 1&
8
3× 3×
=√ 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
8 × 3 × 6.67 × × 5.7 ×

rm = 1.71×1011m ^,l=Kq 1&

 4

(ii) mDÓúfha ialkaOh fjkia fkdlr uk#l,ams;j tys wrh wvq lr l¿ l=yrhla njg m;a
l<fyd;a tys wjidk wrh (rs) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak' tys w.h fidhkak'
G
V =√
G
=
s
G
s = ^,l=Kq 1&
4
×4×
s =
8
3×
rs = 8.89×10-3m ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) .%yf,dalhl ialkaOhg (M) tÈßj"

(1) >k;ajh ksh; úg tys wrh (R)
(2) by; (d) (ii) i|yka mßÈ .%yf,dalh l¿ l=yrhla lsÍu i|yd l=vd l< úg tys wrh
(rs& ys o< úp,khka tl u m%ia;drhl w¢kak'
G
s = ; d =4
πR3
3

s ∝ R3 = 4
πd
3
R∝∛

^wlaI fol kï lsÍu yd ksjerÈ tall i|yd ,l=Kq 1&

^R m%ia;drfha ksjerÈ jl%dldr yevhg ,l=Kq 1&
^rs m%ia;drfha ksjerÈ yevhg ,l=Kq 1&
^R m%ia;drfha w.hka úp,kh rs m%i; a drfha w.h
úp,khg jvd b;d úYd, f,i olajd ;sîug ,l=Kq
s 1; fuh ;Dma; fkdjk úg m%ia;drj, yevhka ksjerÈ
jqjo wod, ,l=Kq ysñ fkdfõ'&

9. (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(A) fldgi

(a) (i) j¾. uOHkH uQ, fjda,aàh;dj (Vrms) hkak y÷kajkak'

j¾. uOHkH uQ, úNj wka;rh hkq hï m%;Hdj¾; úNj wka;rhlg wkqrEm ir, Odrd
úNj wka;rh fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&

fyda

hï lsis m%;sfrdaOhla ;=,ska m%;Hdj¾; úNj wka;rhla .uka lrk úg ,efnk laIu;dju
,eîu i|yd ta ;=,ska heúh hq;= ir, Odrd úNj wka;rh fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&
 5

(ii) .Dy úoHq;a mßm: wdÈfhys Ndú;d jk ihskdldr úoHq;a ;rx.hla i|yd j¾. uOHk uQ,
fjda,aàh;dj (Vrms) yd l=`M fjda,aàh;djh (VP) w;r iïnkaOh s o" l=`M fjda,aàh;djh
√
(VP) yd ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj (VDC) w.h w;r iïnkaOh D π
o" kï" VDC yd Vrms
w;r iïnkaOh ,nd .kak'
V s × √ = Vp
π
VDC × = Vp
π
∴ VDC × =V s ×√
√ V s
VDC = ^,l=Kq 1&
π

(b) my; (1) rEmfhka oelafjkafka negß wdfrdamlhl l%shdldß;ajh olajk o< igykls' tys Rcqldrl
fldgi uÕska ksjfia m%;Hdj¾; iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla njg m;a lrhs' X
Wmdx.h" wdfrdamKh lrk wjia:dfõ § ksh; 5 V fjda,aàh;djla mj;ajd .ksñka fjda,aàh;d
ia:dhSldrlhla f,i l%shd lrhs' A yd B .Dy mßm:hg iïnkaO lrk w;r P yd S g wdfrdamKh
lsÍug wjYH fldaI iïnkaO lrhs'

q
D
s

(i) mßKdulfha fmdgj,a w;r wkqmd;h 32: 1 kï ys w.h l=ula o@

VP P
= ^,l=Kq 1&
V
4 3
=
V
V = 7.5 V ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) Rcqldrl fldgi uÕska ,nd fok ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj (VDC) .Kkh lrkak'
(√ = 1.4 yd π 3 f,i i,lkak)
√ × 7.5
VDC =
π
× .4 × 7.5
VDC =
3
VDC = 7 V ^,l=Kq 1&
 6

(iii) 3 Ω m%;sfrdaOh yryd Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'

Ω m%;sfrdaOh yryd úNj wka;rh = 7 – 5 V = V ^,l=Kq 1&

3
Ω m%;sfrdaOhg"
3
V = IR
3
V= × Ω
3 7
I =3A
⸫ Ω m%;sfrdaOh yryd Odrdj = 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
3

(c) (2) rEmfhka oelafjkafka kej; wdfrdamKh lr Ndú;d l< yels úÿ,s mykla i|yd ieliQ o< mßm:
igykls' kej; wdfrdamKh l< yels úoHq;a .dul n,h yd wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 3 Ω jQ fldaI
3 la uÕska myka mßm:h l%shd;aul fõ'

E
tys S iaúph újD;j PQ yd RS iïnkaO l< úg"
(i) fldaI ;=k yryd Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
fldaI 3 yryd .,k Odrdj kï"
5 (3 × .5) V = × (3 × ) Ω ^,l=Kq 1&
3
.5 V = × Ω
= .5 ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) negß wdfrdamlhlfha X yryd .,k Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'

3
X yryd we;s Odrdj x kï"
lZfpd*a f.a m<uq kshuhg wkqj"
3 = .5 + x ^,l=Kq 1&
x = .5 ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) wdfrdamKh jk ld,h ;=< fldaIhl úoHq;a.dul n,h ys ksh;j mj;sk nj ie<lsh
yels h' túg fldaI iïmQ¾Kfhka wdfrdamKh ùug meh y;rl ld,hla .; fõ kï fldaIhl
.nvd ù we;s Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
fldaIfha úoHq;.
a dul n,hg tfrysj l< ld¾hh fldaIfha Yla;sh f,i .nvd fõ'
fldaI 3 ys .nvd jQ Yla;sh = × × t
= 4.5 V × .5 × 4 × 6 × 6 s
 7

=3 4 J ^,l=Kq 1&
3 4
⸫ tla fldaIhl .nvd jQ Yla;sh = J
3
= 8 J ^,l=Kq 1&

(d) úÿ,s myka mßm:h wdfrdamlfha úikaê lr S iaúph ixjD; l< úg"
(i) úÿ,s n,anh Wmßu laIu;djfhka ±,afõ hehs i,ld R ys w.h .Kkh lrkak'
úÿ,s n,anh ;=<k
s a .uka lrk Odrdj = = A ^,l=Kq 1& 3
3V 3
V 3
úÿ,s n,anfha m%;sfrdaOh = = = Ω ^,l=Kq 1&
P
mßm:hg lZfpd*a f.a fojk kshuh fh§u"
Σ =Σ R
(3 × .5) V = A × [(3 × ) + + R] Ω ^,l=Kq 1&
3 3
R = 3.5 Ω ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) úÿ,s n,anh meh lShla oe,afõ o@

3 4 J = × t + (3) × × t + (3) × 3.5 × t ^,l=Kq 1&
T= 6 s
∴ t = meh 6 ^,l=Kq 1&

(e) S iaúph ixjD; lr ;sìh§u myka mßm:h wdfrdamlhg iïnkaO l< úg"
(i) úÿ,s n,anh ±ù hdfï wjodkula we;s nj .Kkhla u`.ska myokak'
úÿ,s n,anh yryd .uka l< yels Wmßu Odrdj = 3 = .33
oeka n,anh yryd Odrdj kï"
5 V = × ( + 3.5)
= .4 ^,l=Kq 1&

⸫ úÿ,s n,anh ;=<k

s a .e,sh yels Wmßu Odrdjg jvd jeä Odrdjla .uka lrhs' tneúka
úÿ,s n,anh oeù hhs' ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) fï ksid n,anh iuÕ Y kï 3 V fjda,aàh;d hdulhla iïnkaO lsÍug woyia lrhs kï th
iïnkaO lrk wdldrh rEm igyklska fmkajkak'

^n,anh iuÕ iudka;r.;j iïnkaO lsÍug ,l=Kq 1)

 8

(iii) fï wjia:dfõ Y yryd .,k Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'

R m%;sfrdaOhg"
3
V = IR
V = 3 × 3.5 Ω ^,l=Kq 1& 33
4
3 = A
7
= .57 ^,l=Kq 1&
3 33
Y yryd Odrdj Y kï"
3 = Y + .33
3

.57 = Y + .33 3
Y= . 4 ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) oeka fldaI iïmQ¾Kfhka wdfrdamKh jk f;la"

(1) R uÕska ydks jQ Yla;sh
R yryd ydks jQ Yla;sh = ( 3 ) × R × t
4
=( ) × 3.5 × 4 × 6 × 6
7
= 6 457. 4 J ^,l=Kq 1&

(2) n,anh jeh l< Yla;sh

n,anh jeh l< Yla;sh = P × t
= ×4×6 ×6
= 4 4 J ^,l=Kq 1&

(3) wdfrdamlh uÕska jehl< uq¿ Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'

fï wjia:dfõo by; (c) (iii) § .uka l< Odrdju fldaI yryd .uka lrk neúka
fldaI iïmQ¾Kfhka wdfrdamKh ùug meh 4la .; fõ'

33

7
3

wdfrdamlh uÕska ,nd ÿka uq¿ Odrdj = .57 + .5 = . 7

wdfrdamlh uÕska we;s l< úNj wka;rh = 5V
⸫ wdfrdamlh uÕska jehl< uq¿ Yla;sh = V × × t
= 5 V × . 7 × (4 × 6 × 6 )s
^,l=Kq 1&
= 77 4 J ^,l=Kq 1&
 fyda

Yla;s ixiaÓ;shg wkqj fldaI ;=< .nvd jQ Yla;sh" fldaIj, wNHka;r m%;sfrdaO
ksid jeh jQ Yla;sh" n,anh uÕska jeh l< Yla;sh" R yryd ydks jQ Yla;sh yd Y
yryd ydks jQ Yla;sh tl;= lsÍfuka wdfrdamlh uÕska jeh l< uq¿ Yla;sh ,efí'

fldaIj, wNHka;r m%;sfrdaO ksid jeh jQ Yla;sh = ( .5) × × 4 × 6 ×6

=36 J
Y yryd ydks jQ Yla;h s = 3 × . 4 × 4 × 6 ×6
= 368 J
(fldaIj, wNHka;r m%;sfrdaO ksid jeh jQ Yla;sh yd Y yryd ydks jQ Yla;sh hk
foflysu w.hka ksjerÈj .Kkh lr we;akï ,l=Kq 1)

⸫ wdfrdamlh uÕska jehl< uq¿ Yla;h

s =3 4 +36 + 44 + 6 457. 4
+ 368
= 77 5. 4 J ^,l=Kq 1&

(B) fldgi

(a) npn g%dkaisiagrhla ix{d j¾Olhla f,i fhdod .kakd wjia:djla my; oelafõ' § we;s o;a; weiqfrka
my; m%Yakj,g ms,s;=re imhkak'

(i) B ys úNjh lSho@

3
6×
V = × 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
(6 + ) ×
V = 8 V ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) yd Odrd .Kkh lrkak'

V – =V + R
3
8 – = .7 + × 3.6 × ^,l=Kq 1&
= ^,l=Kq 1&
 3

= C+ ^,l=Kq 1&
3
× = C+ × 6
∴ C ≈ ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) Odrd ,dNh (β) fldmuK o@

C
β =
3
×
β = 6
×
β = ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) j, w.h lSho@

= C RC + VC + R
= × 3 + VC + × 3
× 3.65 × 3
^,l=Kq 1&
VC = .7 V ^,l=Kq 1&

(v) j, l=¿ w.h fldmuK o@

V = VC + R
V = .7 + × 3 × 3.65 × 3

V = V ^,l=Kq 1&

(b) fydag,a ldurhl kej;S isák mqoa.,fhl=g fiajlfhl= le|ùug wjYH jQ úg ldurfha we;s
fnd;a;ula ;o lr tuÕska fiajl ldurfha jQ k<dj (alarm) kdo lrùu u`.ska ta nj oekaúh yels h'
fiajlhl=g k<d y~ weiqkq miq th jid oud (off) wod, ldurhg f.dia mÍlaId lrhs' fuu l%shdj,sh
i|yd ldrld;aul j¾Olhla yd S-R ms,sfmd,la Ndú;fhka mßm:hla ks¾udKh lr we;' fnd;a;u
;o l, úg Ω m%;sfrdaO fol iudka;r.; j iïnkaO fõ' mßm:fha vfhdavh mßmQ¾K fõ'

(i) by; ldrld;aul j¾Olh l%shd;aul lsÍug úNj iemhSu i|yd ne.ska jQ fldaI 6 la ,nd
§ we;akï th Ndú;d lr iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj imhk wdldrh mßm: igykla u`.ska olajkak'

^,l=Kq 2&
+
 3

(ii) ‚ my; oelafõ' tys újD; mqvq fjda,aàh;d ,dNh (A)

fldmuK o@

A = m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh
5
= 6
( 5 × )
5
= ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) fnd;a;u ;o lsÍug fmr ys w.h fidhkak'

Ok m%odkhg ,efnk úNjh V+ o" RK m%odkhg ,efnk úNjh V o kï"
3
3×
V+ = 5 × 3 = V
(3 + ) ×
3
×
V = 5× 3 = V
(5 + )×
^V+ yd V folu ksjerÈj .Kkh lr we;akï ,l=Kq 1&
V = × (V+ V )
V = 5×( ) ^,l=Kq 1&
5
V = V
kuq;a V g ,nd.; yels Wmßu w.h 5 V fõ'
∴ V = 5 V ^,l=Kq 1&
tuksid vfhdavh miq keUqre fõ'
∴ V = ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) fnd;a;u ;o l< miq ys w.h fidhkak'

Ok m%odkhg ,efnk úNjh V+ o" RK m%odkhg ,efnk úNjh V o kï"
3
3×
V+ = 5 × 3 = V
(3 + ) ×
3
5×
V = 5× 3 = 7.5 V
(5 + 5) ×
^V+ yd V folu ksjerÈj .Kkh lr we;akï ,l=Kq 1&
V = × (V+ V )
V = 5 × ( 7.5) ^,l=Kq 1&
V = + .5 × 5 V
kuq;a V g ,nd.; yels Wmßu w.h 5 V fõ'
∴ V = + 5 V ^,l=Kq 1&
tuksid vfhdavh fmr keUqre fõ'
 3

3
4×
V =V × 3
(8 + 4) ×
3
4×
V =+ 5× × 3 = +5 V ^,l=Kq 1&
(8 + 4) ×

(c) mßm:fha , SR ms,sfmdf,ys S m%odkh fj; ,nd fohs' ms,sfmdf,ys R m%odkhg fiajl ldurfhka
úNj ,nd fokq ,efí'

(i) NOR oajdr Ndú;fhka SR ms,sfmd,la ilid .; yels wdldrh mßm: igyklska olajkak'

^,l=Kq 2&

(ii) wdrïNfha § Q yd ̅ ms<sfj,ska 0 yd 1 ;d¾lsl uÜgfï we;s nj i,ld fnd;a;u ;o l< úg

ms,sfmdf,ys m%odk yd m%;sodk ;d¾lsl uÜgï olajkak' fuúg k<dj kdo fõ o@

S R Q ̅
Q
1 0 1 0
^,l=Kq 1&
k,dj kdo fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) fnd;a;u ;o lr kej; w; .;a miq ms,sfmdf,a ;d¾lsl uÜgï olajkak' fuúg k<dj kdo
fõ o@

S R Q ̅
Q
0 0 1 0
^,l=Kq 1&
k,dj kdo fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) fiajlhd miq j R i|yd ;d¾lsl 1 ,nd fohs' fuúg ;d¾lsl uÜgï olajkak' fuúg k<dj
kdo fõ o@

S R Q ̅
Q
0 1 0 1
^,l=Kq 1&
k,dj kdo fkdfõ' ^,l=Kq 1&
 33

(v) fujeks mßm: ieliSfï § ixfhdacl ;d¾lsl mßm: fjkqjg SR ms,sfmd, jeks wkql%ñl
;d¾lsl mßm: Ndú;fha we;s jdish l=ula o@
wkql%ñl mßm: j, fmr u;lh .nvd fõ' tksid fnd;a;u ;o lr w; bj;a l, o k,dj
tl È.gu kdo fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&
fuksid fiajlhka oekqj;a lsÍu jvd id¾:l fõ'

10. (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig muKla ms<s;=re imhkak'

(A) fldgi

YS;lrKh iy jdhqiólrK hka;%h hk fol u ;dm .;s úoHdfõ m<uqjeks kshuhg tlÕ j l%shd lrk
hka;% folls' YS;lrKh uÕsska t;=, we;s wdydr wdÈh laIqø Ôùkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh wvq my< WIaK;ajhl
mj;ajd .ekSu wfmalaId flf¾' YS;lrKfha we;=<; yd msg; we;s f,day k< moaO;shla ;=< YS;lrK
jdhqjla ixirK fjñka mj;ajd .efka' mßir WIaK;ajfha § mSvkhla fhdod øj lsÍfï yelshdj iy
jdIamSlrKfha .=ma; ;dmh úYd, w.hla ùu hkdÈh YS;lrK jdhqjlg ;sìh hq;= m%Odk ,laIK f,i
ie,fla'
q = e

e
=
K

E E
YS;lrKh ;=< isÿ jk l%shdj,sh by; 2 rEmfha olajd we;s ADCBA ;dm.;sl l%shdj,shg iudk l<
yels h' 1 rEmfha olajd we;s f,day k< moaO;sfha msg; fldgfia we;s øj wjia:dfõ mj;sk YS;lrK
jdhqj mgq l=vd keiskakla (expansion valve) ;=<ska jdIam f,i we;=<; k< ;=< g úÈkq ,efí (AD
l%shdj,sh)' fufia jdIam ùu i|yd wjYH .=ma; ;dmh YS;lrKh ;=< we;s idudkH jd;fhka wjfYdaIKh
lr .kS' fï ksid YS;lrKh ;=< we;s jd;fha yd wdydr j, WIaK;ajh wvq fõ' jdIam njg m;a jQ
YS;lrK jdhqj l%ufhka wNHka;r k< ;=< jHdma; ùu isÿ fõ (DC l%shdj,sh)' miqj" fuu jdIam ñY%Kh
iïmSvlh (compressor) yryd .uka lrjhs' tys §" ndysr mSvkhla fhdod iaÓr;dmS ixfldapkhla (CB
l%shdj,sh) uÕska ñY%Kh øj lsÍu isÿ fõ' fuys §" YS;lrK jdhqj u; ld¾hhla isÿ fõ' ñY%Kfha
WIaK;ajh laIKsl j by< hdu isÿ fõ' ndysr k< moaO;sh Tiafia .uka lsÍfï § ñY%Kh l%ufhka isis,a
ùula isÿ fõ' ndysr k<j,g iïnkaO j we;s f,day oe, u`.ska ;dmh mßirhg ydks jk j¾.M,h jeä
lrhs' túg isis,kh jvd ld¾hlaIu fõ (BA l%shdj,sh)' fuu iuia; pl%Sh l%shdj,sh YS;lrKh ;=<
È.ska È.g u isÿ fõ'

YS;lrKhl we;s úfYaI;ajh jkqfha WIaK;ajh wvq l,dmhl isg WIaK;ajh jeä l,dmhla olajd ;dmh
.uka lsÍu hs' kuq;a fujeks l%shdj,shla i|yd wksjd¾h ndysr ld¾hhla isÿ lsÍu wjYH fõ' Bg fya;=j
jkqfha ;dmh wvq WIaK;aj l,dmhl isg jeä WIaK;aj l,dmhla olajd iajhxisoaO j .,d fkdhdu hs'
 34

fuys §" YS;lrKh ;=< we;s WIaK;ajh wvq l,dmfhka YS;lrK jdhqj hï ;dm m%udKhla (QC)
wjfYdaIKh lr .efka' iïmSvlh u`.ska tu jdhqj u; W ld¾hhla lrk ,ÿ j" ndysr mßirhg (tkï
WIaK;ajh jeä l,dmhg) hï ;dm m%udKhla (QH) uqod yef¾'

YS;lrKhl l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| woyila ,nd .ekSu i|yd tys l%shdldß;aj ix.=Klh (Coefficient Of
Performance) kï w.hla y÷kajd § we;' fuh COP w.h f,i o olajkq ,efí' fuh fndfyda úg 1 g
jvd jeä w.hls' YS;lrKhl COP w.h .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; iólrKh fhdod .efka'

(a) (i) YS;lrK jdhqj f,i fhdod .kakd jdhqjlg ;sìh hq;= m%Odk ,ËK folla ,shd olajkak'
mßir WIaK;ajfha § mSvkhla fhdod øj lsÍfï yelshdj ^,l=Kq 1&
jdIamSlrKfha .=ma; ;dmh úYd, w.hla ùu ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) ;dm .;s úoHdfõ m<uq kshuh by; iuia; l%shdj,sh i|yd fhÈh yels nj i,ld hï lsis
ld,hla ;=< YS;lrK jdhqj u`.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk ,o ;dmh (QC) yd tu`.ska mßirhg uqod
yßk ,o ;dmh (QH) weiqßka tu ld,h ;=< iïmSvlh u`.ska lrk ,o ld¾hh (W) i|yd
m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
;dm .;s úoHdfõ m<uq kshuhg wkqj"
ΔQ = ΔU + Δ ^,l=Kq 1&
∆Q = +QC QH , ΔU = ^pl%Sh ls%hdj,shla ksid&" +/– ksjerÈj y÷kd .ekSu yd
Δ = – ^jdhqj u; lrk ,o ld¾hh& wdfoaYh ^,l=Kq 2&
+QC – QH = + –
= QH – QC ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) 2 rEmfha ADCB ixjD; fldgfia j¾.M,h 1500 J o" tu l%shdj,sfha § YS;lrKh we;=<;ska
wjfYdaIKh lr .;a ;dm m%udKh 4500 J o kï" YS;lrK jdhqj u`.ska mßirhg uqod yßk
,o ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'
QH = + QC
QH = 5 + 45 = 6 J ^,l=Kq 2&

(iv) by; YS;lrKhg wod< COP w.h .Kkh lrkak'

QC
COP f =
45
COP f = = 3 ^,l=Kq 1&
5

(b) (i) YS;lrKfha msgqmi we;s tl u øjHhlska ;kd we;s f,day k< yd f,day ±, mßirh iu`.
;dmc iu;=,s;;djlg m;aj wkjr; j we;s wjia:djla i,lkak' tAjd tl u ksh; 7 ℃
WIaK;ajhl mj;S o" tAjdfha uq`M iM, mDIaÀl j¾.M,h 120 cm2 o" by; (a) (iii) ys Tn
.Kkh l< ;dm m%udKh ñks;a;= 20 l § ksoyia jQ nj o i,ld f,dayfha isis,k ksh;h
.Kkh lrkak' ndysr WIaK;ajh 3 ℃ l ksh; j mej;s nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
ksõgkaf.a isis,k kshufhka"
∆Q
= θ – θR ^,l=Kq 1&
∆t
 35

6 4
= × × × 7 –3 ^,l=Kq 1&
×6
= .4 K ^,l=Kq 1&
(ii) YS;lrKh we;=<; yd msg; fhdod .kakd k< fndfyda úg >klu wvq yrialv úIalïNh
;rula úYd, ;U k, fõ' óg fya;=j l=ula úh yels o@
;Uj, ;dm ikakdhl;dj by< ùu" k<j, >klu wvq ùu ksid WIaK;aj wkql%uKh by<
ùu" yrialv úIalïNh úYd, ùu ksid ;dmh yqjudre jk j¾.M,h jeä ùu hk lreKq
ksid ;dmh ikakhkh jk YS>%;dj jeä fõ' ;dmh yqjudrej fõ.j;a fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&

(c) ysia ixjD; ldurhla ;=< l%shd;aul jk YS;lrKhla ;nd we;' YS;lrKfha fodr újD; lr fkdue;'
(i) ld,h;a iu`. ldurfha WIaK;ajh fjkia jk wdldrh o< m%ia;drhlska ksrEmKh lrkak'
K

wlaI we|Su iy kï lsÍug ,l=Kq 1

m%ia;drfha yevhg ,l=Kq 1

(ii) hï lsis ld,hla ;=< mßirhg uqod yßk ,o ;dm m%udKh 4050 J fõ' fuu ;dm m%udKh
iïmQ¾Kfhka u ldurfha WIaK;ajh by< kexùug fhojqKq nj i,ld ldurh t<fUk kj
WIaK;ajh .Kkh lrkak' ldurh wdrïNfha mej;s WIaK;ajh 3 ℃ fõ' ^ldurfha ;dm
Odß;djh = 450 J K-1& ldurfha WIaK;ajh jeä lr .kakd ld,h w;r;=r § uqod yßk ,o
;dmfhka jk n,mEu fkdi,ld yßkak'
ΔQ = Δθ
4 5 J = 45 J K × Δθ ^,l=Kq 1&
Δθ = ℃
kj WIaK;ajh = 3 ℃ ^,l=Kq 1&

(iii) 3 ℃ § ldurfha ksrfmalaI wd¾ø;djh 30 g m-3 kï ldurh t<fUk kj WIaK;ajfha § tys

idfmalaI wd¾ø;djh .Kkh lrkak (R = 8 J mol-1 K-1, c,fha ujq,sl ialkaOh = 18 g mol-1.)
WIaK;ajh (℃) 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 39 40
c,fha ix;Dma; 4.25 4.50 4.76 5.32 5.95 6.28 6.63 6.99 7.38
jdIam mSvkh (kPa)

ix;Dma; jdIamh mßmQ¾K kï"

PV = RT ^,l=Kq 1&
RT
P=( )( )
v
P
d= ^,l=Kq 1&
RT
3
7× P × 8 ol
d= ^,l=Kq 1&
8J ol K × 3 K
3
d = 5 .48 ^,l=Kq 1&
 36

3 ℃§ j k jdIa >k aj
RH = × 100 ^,l=Kq 1&
3 ℃ § ix D a jdIa >k aj
3
RH = ×
5 .48
RH = 5 .43% ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) ld,h;a iu`. ldurfha idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj (RH) yd ksrfmalaI wd¾ø;dj (AH) úp,kh jk
wdldrh tl u m%ia;drhl ksrEmKh lrkak' tu m%ia;dr RH yd AH f,i kï lrkak'

wlaI we|Su iy kï lsÍug ,l=Kq 1

AH m%ia;drfha yevh ,l=Kq 1
RH m%ia;drfha yevh ,l=Kq 1

(v) tla;rd isis,a îu fnodyereïlrejka msßila lshd isáfha .nvdj wvq WIaK;ajhl mj;ajd
.kafka kï .sïydkfha § uq¿ n,Yla;s mßfNdackh wvq jk nj hs' .nvdfõ YS;lrK yd wê-
YS;lrK úYd, m%udKhla we;s nj ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fuu lshuk iuÕ Tng tl`. úh yels
o" fkdyels o hkak olajkak' Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;=j fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
tl`. úh yels h' ^,l=Kq 1&
.nvdj wvq WIaK;ajhl mj;ajd .; yels kï f,day k< yd .nvdj w;r we;s wu;r
WIaK;ajh θ – θR jeä fõ' wu;r WIaK;ajh isis,k YS>%;djg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl
neúka fuúg isis,kh jvd ld¾hlaIu fõ' úoHq;a Yla;s mßfNdackh wvq fõ' ^,l=Kq 2&

(B) fldgi

ridhksl øjH mßjykh lrk kejla wk;=rlg m;a ù tys nyd¨ï gexlshl ;snQ iSishï-137 (137Cs)
úlsrKYS,s uQ,øjH msg; mßirhg ksrdjrKh úh'
(a) fuu 137 Cs my; i|yka wdldrhg úlsrKYS,S laIh ùug m;afõ'
37 37
s + X + Yla;sh (E)
fuys oS ksl=;a jk Yla;sh .eud γ lsrK f*dafgdak wdldrfhka mj;S'
(i) by; X y÷kd.kak'
β ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) by; laIh ùug wod, kHIaál iólrKh

(1) fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dak weiqßka ,shkak'
→+ p+ + υ̅ (υ̅ w;HdjYH fkdfõ.) ^,l=Kq 1&
 37

(2) lajdlaia iy f,magka weiqßka ,shkak'

udd → uud + + υ̅ ^,l=Kq 3&
(iii) fuys § ksl=;a jk .eud lsrK f*dafgdakhl Yla;sh 1.174 MeV fõ' f*dafgdakhl ixLHd;h
fidhkak' (1 eV =1.6 × 10-19 J, h = 6.6 × 10-34 m2 kg s-1)
= f ^,l=Kq 1&
6
. 74 × × .6 × = 6.6 × 34 × f
f = .8 × Hz ^,l=Kq 1&

(iv) by; tla Ëh ùul § isÿ jk ialkaO fjki .Kkh lrkak' (c = 3 × 108 m s-1)
= ^,l=Kq 1&
6
. 74 × × .6 ×
∆ =
8
3×
3
∆ = . 87 × ^,l=Kq 1&

(v) by; úlsrKYS,s idïm,fha il%sh;dj ^;;amrhlg laIh fjk mrudKq .Kk& 9 × 1016 Bq fõ
kï" úlsrK ksl=;a ùfï laIu;djh fidhkak'
laIu;djh = il%sh;dj × tla laIhùul§ msg lrk Yla;sh
^,l=Kq 1&
6 6
P = × × . 74 × × .6 ×
4
P = .6 × ^,l=Kq 1&

(vi) kefjys WIaK;ajh jeä ùu fya;=fjka" by; i|yka laIh ùfï iS>%;djh ^il%sh;dj& jeä
jkafka o@ Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;= olajkak'
ke;' ^,l=Kq 1&
úlsrKYS,;dj $ laIhùfï iS>%;dj WIaK;ajh u; r|d fkdmj;S' ^,l=Kq 1&

(b) fuu NdKav kefjys ;;a;ajh msßlaiSug fjk;a kdúl keõ o fhdod .kakd ,§' ukqIHfhl=g
ksrdjrKh úh yels Wmßu úlsrKYS,s ;Sj%;djh 0.27 W m-2 nj fidhd .kakd ,§' Tn by; (a) ys
i|yka l< ms<s;=r Ndú;d fldg kdúl kefjys kdúlhkag lsisÿ fi!LH wdrlaIl .eg¨jlska f;dr
j kdúl kej" NdKav kej iu`. ;nd .; hq;= wju ÿr .Kkh lrkak' π = 3)
wju ÿr r kï"
P
= ^,l=Kq 1&
4
.6 ×
. 7 = ^,l=Kq 1&
4×3×
= 7. ^,l=Kq 1&

(c) miq j" NdKav kej .s¨Kq w;r b;d úYd, fmfoil uqyqÿ j;=r 137Cs úlsrKYS,s iuia:dksl j,ska
wmú;% úh' .eud γ lsrK j,g ksrdjrKh jQ úg i;a;aj mg,hlska Wrd.kakd úlsrK m%udKh (H)
µSv hr-1 tall j,ska my; iólrKfhka ,nd foa'
'
7× × ×
fuys"
= .eud γ lsrK f*dafgdak loïnfha ;Sj%;djh (cm-2 s-1)
 38

= .eud γ lsrK f*dafgdakhl Yla;sh (MeV)

'
= mglfha ialkaO wjfYdaIK ix.=Klh (cm2 g-1)
uqyqÿ j;=f¾ wmú;% jQ fldgfia úlsrK f*dafgdakj, ;Sj%;djh 1.2 × 104 cm-2 s-1 f,i jd¾;d úh'
(i) uqyqÿ Ôúka i|yd ' ys w.h 0.027 cm2 g-1 kï H j, w.h µSv hr-1 j,ska .Kkh lrkak'
H = .57 × . 74 × . × 4 × . 7
H= . 6× μ v ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) wOHhk jd¾;d u`.ska fmkajd fokafka 2 mSv g jvd jeä úlsrK m%udKhla Wrd .ekSu uqyqÿ
Ôùkag udrdka;sl jk nj hs' kej .s,S ojia ;=klg miq leianEfjl= ñh f.dia ;sî yuqjQfha
h' tu ld,fha §" leianEjd ika;;slj .eud lsrK j,g ksrdjrKh jQ nj Wml,amkh lrñka
leianEjdf.a urKhg jvd;a iïNdú;dj we;s fya;=j úlsrK nj fmkajkak'
leianEjd wjfYdaIKh l< úlsrK m%udKh = . 6 × × 6 × 3 × 4 × 3 v ^,l=Kq 1&
= 5.5 v ^,l=Kq 1&
⸫ leianEjd Wrd.;a úlsrK m%udKh" udrdka;sl úlsrK m%udKhg jvd jeäh' urKhg
fya;=j th fõ' ^,l=Kq 1&

37
(d) s úlsrK iuia:dkslfha w¾O Ôj ld,h jir 30 ls' wmú;% jQ 100 cm3 c,h idïm,hl 37 s
mrudKq 1 × 1022 m%udKhla fidhd .kakd ,§' kuq;a c,fha wdrlaIs; 37 s mrudKq idkaøKh >k
ógrhg mrudKq 12.5 × 1024 ls'
(i) 37 s ys laIh ùug wod, laIh ksh;h .Kkh lrkak'
.6 3
λ= ^,l=Kq 1&
T
.6 3
λ= y
3
= .3 × y ^,l=Kq 1&

(ii) ld,hg tÈßj wmú;% c,fha 37 s mrudKq ixLHdj yd 37 mrudKq ixLHdfõ o< úp,kh
tl u m%ia;drhl w¢kak' wdrïNl 37 s mrudKq ixLHdj yd 37 s ys w¾O wdhq ld,h T ⁄
o tys olajkak'
Kq L

wlaI fol ksjerÈ kï ^,l=Kq 1&

Cs m%ia:drfha ksjerÈ yevhg ^,l=Kq 1&
Ba m%ia:drfha ksjerÈ yevhg ^,l=Kq 1&
T ys§ mrudKq ixLHd nj oelaùug ^,l=Kq 1&
Cs yd Ba mrudKq ixLHdj, tl;=j ksh;hla nj o, jYfhka fmkajd ;sîug ^,l=Kq 1&
^fuh ;Dma; fkdjk úg b;sß ,l=Kqo ysñ fkdfõ'&
 3

(iii) fuu wmú;% jQ c,h kej; uqyqÿ Ôùkag wdrlaId ùug .;jk ld,h fidhkak'
×
oeka idkaøKh = 6
×
6 3
= × ^,l=Kq 1&

T T T
4 4 4 4
× → 5 × → 5× → .5 ×

⸫ wdrlaId iys; ùug .;jk ld,h = 3 × T ^,l=Kq 1&

= y s ^,l=Kq 1&

***