COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

MODULE TITLE: DEVELOPING ROBOTS

Chapter 12 – DEVELOPING ROBOTS

Advanced mechanics are not the same as man-made intelligence, even though
people frequently misuse mechanical technology in the name of simulated
intelligence. Artificial intelligence aims to address difficult human abilities-related
problems like object recognition and text and speech comprehension; Utilizing
machines to completely or partially automate physical tasks is the objective of
robotics. It's helpful to think of robotics as the hardware that makes these solutions
possible and artificial intelligence (AI) as the software that solves problems.

Robotic hardware may or may not support AI software. The da Vinci robot, which is
discussed in Chapter 7's "Assisting a Surgeon" section, can be controlled remotely
by humans. Despite the fact that AI frequently provides augmentation, the human
remains in charge. Robots that use artificial intelligence to carry out abstract
human commands, such as picking up an object or moving from one point on a map
to another, fall somewhere in between these extremes. Other robots carry out the
tasks that have been given to them independently and without human supervision.
When artificial intelligence (AI) is incorporated into a robot, its intelligence and
utility in completing tasks increase; However, AI is not always necessary for robots
to function properly. Human imagination has merged the two due to sci-fi films and
books.
Understanding an algorithm's meaning An algorithm will always present a series of
steps for solving a problem, though it may not complete all of these steps.
Algorithms cover a variety of topics. Data can be stored, analyzed, and arranged in
data structures in a variety of ways. Algorithms are capable of resolving issues in
communication, industrial production and supply, finance, science, and medicine.

algorithm is a series of steps taken to quickly solve a problem (or report back if
there is no solution). Problems solved by AI algorithms are thought to typically (or
even exclusively) result from human intelligent behavior, which sets them apart
from generic algorithms. The class of problems known as NP-complete, where NP
denotes nondeterministic polynomial time, is one that AI algorithms frequently
 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
MODULE TITLE: DEVELOPING ROBOTS

encounter. Most of the time, people approach these problems by combining their
sense of reason and intuition. A few examples include:

patterns in image vision (in contrast to something like image restoration or image
processing) » Recognizing patterns in image vision (in contrast to something like
image restoration or image processing) » Rec Even if you had computers that were
more powerful than those that are currently available, the search for the answer
would take nearly indefinitely. This kind of issue is referred to as AI-complete in
artificial intelligence.

Algorithms and data structures that are unique to working with a state space are
required. Trees and graphs are the fundamental data structures that are used the
most. The breadth-first search or the deep-first search algorithms are the most
frequently used ones for effectively exploring graphs.

A graph is a type of structure that is composed of a number of nodes—also known

as vertexes—connected by a number of edges or arcs, depending on how they are
displayed. Consider a structure that is similar to a map when thinking about a
graph: The streets represent the edges, and a node is a location on the map. In
contrast to a tree, where each path reaches a leaf node, this presentation is distinct.
For an illustration of a graph, see Figure 3-2. When determining states that are
analogous to physical spaces, graphs are especially helpful. The GPS, for instance,
uses a graph to show streets and locations.

It's possible that you were unaware of some of the novel twists that graphs
introduce. A graph, for instance, might contain the idea of directionality. A graph
node can connect to any other node in a particular direction, in contrast to a tree,
which has parent-child relationships. Take a look around a city's streets. While
most streets allow traffic to go either way, some only allow one way traffic.

It's possible that the actual connections on the graph don't show exactly how they
 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
MODULE TITLE: DEVELOPING ROBOTS

are presented. The weight of a connection can be calculated by using a graph. The
weight could tell you anything about the distance between the two points, how long
it will take to travel the route, or anything else.

A tree is nothing more than a graph with only one path connecting any two vertices
and no cycles (the ability to return to the parent from any child). Numerous graph
algorithms are only applicable to trees.

The vertex is either discovered (because you just visited it) or processed (because
the algorithm tried all of its edges). The type of search that is carried out is
determined by the order of the search: informed (heuristic) and uninformed (blind
search). The AI's sole source of information in the uninformed strategy is the graph
structure it discovers while traversing the state space. Two common blind search
algorithms are discussed in the following sections: A breadth-first search, or BFS,
examines every node that connects to the graph's root. These searches put breadth
ahead of depth. After that, it moves on to the next level and explores each one
separately until it reaches the end. BFS looks at the graph in a systematic way,
rotating around the starting vertex at each vertex. As a result, the search examines
A, B, and C first in the example graph, then D. It visits all vertices in a single step,
starting at the starting vertex; After that, it moves on to advance to 2, 3, and so on.

It is essential to differentiate between automata and other animations that

resemble humans. For example, the Golem is a clay-magic hybrid
(https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/golem/). It is not a device as defined
in this chapter because there is no machinery involved.

The robots created by Apek weren't exactly mechanical automata; rather, they
were living things that were made up and put together like machines. His robots
were designed to perform certain tasks in society in place of humans and had
human-like shapes. Apeks' robots are now referred to as androids because they are
reminiscent of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley: artificial beings that have been
bioengineered, as discussed in the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
Philip K. Dick is the author of the film Blade Runner, which was based on it.
 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
MODULE TITLE: DEVELOPING ROBOTS

However, the term "robot" also applies to autonomous mechanical devices that are
made to produce goods and services. Additionally, robots came to play a significant
role in science fiction films and books. Because of this, people were able to envision
the robot as a human-shaped artificial intelligence that serves humans, which is
similar to Apek's original concept of a servant. The idea gradually advanced from
art to science and technology, where it became a source of inspiration for scientists
and engineers.