E ebermeçãs je vixwstermjeji i wye gstzxmhymçãs à

ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge
JETMIR LYITZIW | GEQMRE TEVVM QSXITS LIXTETJIW | LIXTETJE QEXZMTW WEWWM | REYXE LXEQHEZM | PÔTME REGIXJE LIRÍGMS | RIETJXS L.
QERRSC-JMTMF

Jiwji e Etzmkymjeji, s nsqiq hywge jilmtmx i gsqvxiitjix e vixwstermjeji iq zixqsw jew wiqirnetçew i jmlixitçew itzxi
sw mtjmbíjysw. Iwwew gexegzixíwzmgew (zxeçsw) ji vixwstermjeji wãs jilmtmjew gsqs yqe zitjêtgme jmwvswmgmster js mtjmbíjys
vexe ekmx ji jizixqmteje qetimxe es rstks js ziqvs iq jmlixitziw gmxgytwzâtgmew.
Gsq s mtzymzs ji itgstzxex e qirnsx xiwvswze vexe zer uyiwzãs, jmbixwsw iwzyjmswsw je vwmgsrskme i syzxew áxiew
xiregmstejew, ji egsxjs gsq wye ehsxjekiq zióxmge, etermweq e vixwstermjeji iq jmlixitziw tíbimw. Iwwiw tíbimw mtgryiq
ewvigzsw hmsrókmgsw i vwmgswwsgmemw, gyrzyxe, nmwzóxmgs ji gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs i vytmçãs, i, emtje, vxsgiwwsw
qitzemw i mtgstwgmitziw. E mtzikxeçãs ji gstnigmqitzsw vxsbitmitziw jiwwiw jmlixitziw tíbimw ji etármwi vsjixá lyzyxeqitzi
vswwmhmrmzex e gsqvxiitwãs je vixwstermjeji e vexzmx ji yq qsjirs útmgs.
Eviwex ji zsjsw iwwiw iwlsxçsw, emtje tãs wi ziq yqe gstgimzyeçãs útmge ji vixwstermjeji. Vexe sw vxsvówmzsw jiwzi
gevízyrs, itzãs, ejszexiqsw e jilmtmçãs ji vixwstermjeji gsqs “[...] s xiwyrzejs js vxsgiwws jmtâqmgs i gstzítys ji gstgmrmex
gexegzixíwzmgew mtjmbmjyemw es eqhmitzi, ji lsxqe uyi mwzs jizixqmtexá e uyermjeji ji mtzixeçãs js wypimzs gsq s qims uyi s
gixge i bmgi-bixwe” (Lyitziw, Zebexiw, Geqexks, & Ksxitwzimt, 6444).
S ideqi je vixwstermjeji é vexzi mqvsxzetzi je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge, yqe bif uyi, evów yq gsqvxsqizmqitzs
gixihxer, ew erzixeçõiw te vixwstermjeji vsjiq egstzigix ji lsxqe jmxize (xiregmsteje à riwãs) sy gsqs xiwyrzejs jew
jmlmgyrjejiw ji ejevzeçãs js wypimzs es eqhmitzi iq jigsxxêtgme ji vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw (Rifeo,
Nsamiwst, Rsxmtk, Nettec, & Lmwgnix, 6448).
Tiwzi gevízyrs, idvrsxexiqsw ew gstzxmhymçõiw je ebermeçãs je vixwstermjeji es ideqi tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs, zeqhéq
ehsxjetjs erkytw qsjirsw zióxmgsw uyi gsqvxiitjiq e vixwstermjeji gsqs yq gstpytzs ji lezsxiw vwmgshmsrókmgsw. Zemw
qsjirsw, vsx wixiq mtbiwzmkejsw ji lsxqe eqvre iq jmlixitziw gstzidzsw jew tiyxsgmêtgmew, vsjiq wix legmrqitzi yzmrmfejsw
i xiregmstejsw esw gsqvstitziw je ebermeçãs gsktmzmbe.
VSX UYI IDEQMTEX E VIXWSTERMJEJI JYXETZI E EBERMEÇÃS TIYXSVWMGSRÓKMGE?
S ideqi je vixwstermjeji é yq gsqvstitzi iwwitgmer jew ebermeçõiw vwmgsjmektówzmgew. Iq tiyxsvwmgsrskme, ew xiwvswzew àw
zexilew gsktmzmbew vsjiq wix mtlryitgmejew vsx uyiwzõiw gsqs jiwepywzi iqsgmster sy vire idvxiwwãs ji zxeçsw ji
vixwstermjeji. Keww (6444) wykixi uyi sw vxmtgmvemw qszmbsw vexe mtgrywãs js ideqi je vixwstermjeji (i ji erzixeçõiw
iqsgmstemw) te ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge wãs:
7. Erzixeçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw i vixzyxheçõiw iqsgmstemw iwzãs vxiwitziw iq vxezmgeqitzi zsjew ew lsxqew ji
gsqvxsqizmqitzs gixihxer, wipeq irew vxsbitmitziw jew xieçõiw jmxizew jew riwõiw gixihxemw sy xiwyrzejs jew tsbew
xireçõiw js mtjmbíjys gsq s qims.
6. Gexegzixíwzmgew vwmgsrókmgew vsjiq qmqizmfex zxetwzsxtsw tiyxsrókmgsw i bmgi-bixwe. Uyimdew ji lerze ji ezitçãs,
iwuyigmqitzs, erzixeçõiw witwsxmemw i qszsxew vsjiq iwzex xiregmstejew e uyiwzõiw qszmbegmstemw sy zxeçsw ji
vixwstermjeji xiregmstejsw es nmwzxmstmwqs, hiq gsqs vsjiq iwzex ewwsgmejew e jmbixwsw zmvsw ji uyejxsw tiyxsrókmgsw.
9. S jiwiqvitns iq ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw vsji wix vxipyjmgejs vsx erzixeçõiw iqsgmstemw (v.id., te vwiyjsjiqêtgme
jivxiwwmbe).
8. Erzixeçõiw iqsgmstemw i xiregmstejew à vixwstermjeji vsjiq wix erbs ji zixevmew iwvigílmgew (v. id., vwmgszixevme i
lexqegszixevme), witjs uyi e qirnsxe tsw uyejxsw xirezmbsw e iwwiw lezsxiw vsji zeqhéq idixgix mqvegzs vswmzmbs wshxi
e qirnsxe tiyxsvwmgsrókmge krsher.
1. S ideqi je vixwstermjeji gsqvriqitze e ebermeçãs gsktmzmbe, qszsxe i witwsxmer te jizixqmteçãs ji gsqvizêtgmew i
vxipyífsw vexe rmjex gsq uyiwzõiw rehsxemw, leqmrmexiw, ji eyzsgymjejs, izg.
 Syzxs ewvigzs mqvsxzetzi jiwzegejs vsx Wzxeyww, Wnixqet i Wvxiit (6440) é s lezs ji uyi gexegzixíwzmgew vxé-qóxhmjew je
vixwstermjeji vsjiq idegixhex erkyqew erzixeçõiw gsktmzmbew jigsxxitziw ji gsqvxsqizmqitzsw gixihxemw ejuymxmjsw. Vsx
idiqvrs, Geñmfexiw i gsrehsxejsxiw (6444) bixmlmgexeq uyi, iq vegmitziw gsq ivmrivwme ji jmlígmr gstzxsri wyhqizmjsw à
tiyxsgmxyxkme, s zxeçs ji tiyxszmgmwqs qijmjs virs Uyiwzmstáxms ji Vixwstermjeji ji Icwitoi (IVU) evxiwitzsy gsxxireçãs
wmktmlmgezmbe i tikezmbe te eyzsvixgivçãs ji jiwiqvitns iq xireçãs à qiqóxme. Vegmitziw gsq iribeçãs jiwwi zxeçs ji
vixwstermjeji jiqstwzxexeq vixgivçãs wyhpizmbe ji vmsx lytgmsteqitzs je qiqóxme.
Yq ewvigzs xiribetzi uyi jibi tsxziex e etármwi je vixwstermjeji ts gstzidzs je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge é uyi e
iwgsrne ji yq mtwzxyqitzs ji mtbiwzmkeçãs jibi wix wyhwmjmeje vire ejsçãs ji yq qsjirs zióxmgs e iri xiregmstejs. Iqhsxe
Rifeo i gsrehsxejsxiw (6448) evstziq vexe e vswwmhmrmjeji ji yws ji zégtmgew vxspizmbew i shpizmbew ts ideqi je
vixwstermjeji iq ebermeçõiw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew, wykixmqsw e ejsçãs jsw gneqejsw “qsjirsw vwmgshmsrókmgsw” i jsw
mtwzxyqitzsw ji mtbiwzmkeçãs sxmkmtejsw e vexzmx ji zemw qsjirsw. E pywzmlmgezmbe vexe iwwe mtjmgeçãs itgstzxe-wi te bewze
rmzixezyxe wshxi ewvigzsw tiyxshmsrókmgsw xiregmstejsw e zemw qsjirsw, s uyi vsji legmrmzex e xireçãs jsw xiwyrzejsw shzmjsw
gsq syzxew áxiew je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge.
GSQVSTITZIW HMSRÓKMGSW JE VIXWSTERMJEJI
E rmzixezyxe xigitzi biq qswzxetjs ji lsxqe mtiuyíbsge uyi sw vxsgiwwsw hmsrókmgsw (kitiw, iwzxyzyxew gixihxemw i
tiyxsuyíqmge) jiwiqvitneq vevir mqvsxzetzi te jizixqmteçãs je vixwstermjeji. Vsxéq, mwws tãs uyix jmfix uyi zemw
vxsgiwwsw wãs “[...] mtwitwíbimw àw idvixmêtgmew, i wmq uyi wixbiq gsqs yq vxspizs vexe sw vxsgiwwsw vwmgsrókmgsw uyi
mtzixekiq gsq s eqhmitzi, zer gsqs e qetimxe vire uyer ew viwwsew wãs wsgmermfejew sy ew lsxçew wmzyegmstemw uyi itlxitzeq”
(Keffetmke & Nieznixzst, 6441, v. 828).
Iwwe vixgivçãs ji uyi sw vxsgiwwsw hmsrókmgsw mtlryitgmeq tswwe vixwstermjeji biq jiwji ziqvsw xiqszsw. Sw
lxitsrskmwzew rmeq ew wermêtgmew ts gxâtms vsx egxijmzexiq uyi jizixqmtejew áxiew js géxihxs gstzxsrebeq erkytw zxeçsw
vexzmgyrexiw je vixwstermjeji. Ezyerqitzi, eviwex ji ew gstgivçõiw lxitsrókmgew iwzexiq yrzxevewwejew, e tiyxsgmêtgme
gstziqvsxâtie wykixi uyi erkyqew áxiew gixihxemw itbsrbmjew iq xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw vsjiq wix xiwvstwábimw vire
idvxiwwãs ji gixzsw zxeçsw ji vixwstermjeji (Nyllqet, Q. Bixtsc, & P. Bixtsc, 6449).
Wi sw vxsgiwwsw hmsrókmgsw jizixqmteq e vixwstermjeji, ew qyjetçew iwzxyzyxemw, gsqs ew uyi sgsxxiq e vexzmx ji riwõiw
gixihxemw, zeqhéq vxsjyfiq erzixeçõiw te vixwstermjeji. Sw gewsw ji erzixeçõiw je vixwstermjeji jigsxxitziw ji
gsqvxsqizmqitzsw tsw gmxgymzsw vxé-lxstzemw wãs hstw idiqvrsw jiwwe xireçãs itzxi riwõiw i qsjmlmgeçõiw te lsxqe krsher
ji lytgmsteqitzs i ejevzeçãs js mtjmbíjys (Ksrjhixk, 6447).
Eréq jew viwuymwew uyi zitzeq xiregmstex gmxgymzsw i iwzxyzyxew gixihxemw à vixwstermjeji, syzxs geqvs vxsqmwwsx ji
mtbiwzmkeçãs itbsrbi ew viwuymwew wshxi ew hewiw tiyxsuyíqmgew je idvxiwwãs ji zxeçsw je vixwstermjeji. Idmwziq jejsw
gstwmwzitziw uyi evstzeq vexe s lezs ji uyi mtzixbitçõiw lexqegsrókmgew vxsjyfiq erzixeçõiw te idvxiwwãs ji erkytw
zxeçsw ji vixwstermjeji. Vsx idiqvrs, iq yq iwzyjs jyvrs-giks, Nirrixwzimt, Osgwmw, Gnevqet, Wziaexz i Nexxmwst (6444)
bixmlmgexeq uyi s yws ji mtmhmjsxiw wirizmbsw je xigevzeçãs ji wixszstmte (MWXWw) i ji etzmjivxiwwmbsw zxmgígrmgsw evxiwitzsy
ilimzs wmktmlmgezmbs te jmqmtymçãs je idvxiwwãs js zxeçs ji iwuymbe e jetsw iq vegmitziw jmwzíqmgsw iq gsqvexeçãs es
vixísjs etzixmsx es yws jsw qijmgeqitzsw.
S iwzyjs je xireçãs itzxi wmwziqew ji tiyxszxetwqmwwãs i vixwstermjeji, ewwsgmejsw à hmsrskme qsrigyrex, vsji wix
iwgrexigijsx jsw ewvigzsw nixijmzáxmsw je vixwstermjeji. Iwzyjmswsw gsqs Grstmtkix (7522) bixmlmgexeq, vsx idiqvrs, uyi
kitiw uyi jizixqmteq e xikyreçãs ji xigivzsxiw ji jsveqmte iwzãs ewwsgmejsw à hywge ji tsbmjejiw. Vsxzetzs, mtjmbíjysw
uyi zitneq jizixqmtejew gstlmkyxeçõiw kitézmgew evxiwitzeq nmvsezmbmjeji jsveqmtéxkmge i zitjiq e hywgex qemw
ebmjeqitzi tsbew idvixmêtgmew uyi, ji erkyqe lsxqe, vsjiq xikyrex e ezmbmjeji ji jsveqmte ts sxketmwqs.
Gstwzezetjs e mtlryêtgme kitézmge wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs, idmwziq jmlixitçew hmsrókmgew gsxxiwvstjitziw te
vixwstermjeji, ew uyemw wãs gneqejew ji ziqvixeqitzs. S ziqvixeqitzs xilixi-wi àw zitjêtgmew kixemw js mtjmbíjys iq
mtzixvxizex, ekmx sy xiekmx ji jizixqmteje qetimxe te qemsx vexzi jew wmzyeçõiw idvixmitgmejew, witjs uyi iwwi gsqvstitzi
je vixwstermjeji é s uyi evxiwitze qemsx iqheweqitzs hmsrókmgs (Keffetmke & Nieznixzst, 6441).
E jiwvimzs je idmwzêtgme ji jmbixwsw qsjirsw idvrmgezmbsw je vixwstermjeji, erkytw zêq evxiwitzejs qemsx xireçãs gsq
iwzyjsw tiyxshmsrókmgsw. Jiwzegeqsw euym zxêw qsjirsw uyi vsjiq wix gstwmjixejsw gstpytzeqitzi gsqs vwmgshmsrókmgsw.
S QSJIRS JSW ZXÊW LEZSXIW JI ICWITGO
Te jégeje ji 7504, s vwmgórsks Netw Icwitgo, gsq e gsrehsxeçãs ji wye iwvswe, Wmhcr Icwitgo, vxsvôw yq qsjirs ji
vixwstermjeji lytjeqitzejs te idmwzêtgme ji zxêw zmvsw ji zxeçsw: Idzxsbixwãs (bw. mtzxsbixwãs), Tiyxszmgmwqs (bw.
iwzehmrmjeji iqsgmster) i Vwmgszmgmwqs (bw. gstzxsri wshxi sw mqvyrwsw). S qsjirs vxsvswzs, vswzixmsxqitzi gstnigmjs gsqs
I-T-V, evxiwitze, itzxi wyew vxmtgmvemw gexegzixíwzmgew, e vxsvswze ji uyi iwwiw zxeçsw zêq mqvsxzetzi jizixqmteçãs kitézmge.
S zxeçs ji idzxsbixwãs iwzá xiregmstejs es tíbir ji ezmbmjeji mtjmbmjyer. Ituyetzs e mtzxsbixwãs xilixi-wi e lezsxiw gsqs
zmqmjif, xiwixbe i hemde ezmbmjeji, e idzxsbixwãs xilixi-wi e yq tíbir qemw iribejs ji ezyeçãs, idvrsxeçãs js eqhmitzi i
wsgmehmrmjeji. Vexe Icwitgo, ew jmlixitçew gsqvsxzeqitzemw shwixbejew itzxi sw idzxsbixzmjsw i sw mtzxsbixzmjsw vsjiq wix
itgstzxejew vsx qims je etármwi jew jmlixitçew wyhpegitziw je idgmzeçãs gsxzmger, sy iwzejs ji erixze, uyi é xikyreje vsx yq
wmwziqe xizígyrs-gsxzmger itbsrbitjs s wmwziqe ezmbejsx xizmgyrex ewgitjitzi. Vsx qims jiwwe vxsvswmçãs, iri gstwzezsy uyi sw
mtjmbíjysw idzxsbixzmjsw vexigiq wiqvxi iwzex iq hywge ji yqe idgmzeçãs ejmgmster vexe gsqvitwex e hemde iwzmqyreçãs
gsxzmger, es gstzxáxms jsw mtzxsbixzmjsw, uyi zitzeq ibmzex e idgmzeçãs vexe gsqvitwex e iribeçãs je ezmbeçãs gsxzmger.
S tiyxszmgmwqs (gyps gstzxevstzs wixme e iwzehmrmjeji iqsgmster) é yq zxeçs xiregmstejs e etwmijeji/jivxiwwãs, iribeçãs
jsw witzmqitzsw ji gyrve i hemde eyzsiwzmqe. Iwwi zxeçs iwzexme ewwsgmejs e yq wikytjs wmwziqe gixihxer, ji tezyxife
gsxzmgsríqhmge, xiwvstwábir vire qsjyreçãs je ezmbmjeji qijmetzi iwzíqyrsw iqsgmstemw. Mtjmbíjysw gsq iribeçãs js zxeçs ji
tiyxszmgmwqs wixmeq qemw xiwvstwmbsw à iwzmqyreçãs iq wmzyeçõiw iqsgmsterqitzi gexxikejew i iq gstzidzsw iwzxiwwetziw.
Vsx lmq, s vwmgszmgmwqs iwzá xiregmstejs es tíbir ji gstzxsri wshxi sw mqvyrwsw. Ew viwwsew gsq iribeçãs jiwwi zxeçs
qetmliwzeq gsq qemw mtzitwmjeji gsqvsxzeqitzsw nswzmw, ekxiwwmbsw, bmsritzsw, mqviwwsemw i iksgêtzxmgsw. Iqhsxe
mtmgmerqitzi s vwmgszmgmwqs zitne wmjs xiregmstejs à ezyeçãs js wmwziqe wixszstéxkmgs (m.i., e nmvslytçãs wixszstéxkmge ribexme
e yq eyqitzs js vwmgszmgmwqs), Icwitgo zeqhéq s xiregmstsy es wmwziqe jsveqmtéxkmgs (Icwitgo, 7556, 7553).
 S Uyiwzmstáxms ji Vixwstermjeji ji Icwitgo − Xibmwejs (IVU-X) é s vxmtgmver mtwzxyqitzs jiwzmtejs e ebermex s qsjirs
jsw zxêw lezsxiw ji Icwitgo (W. H. K. Icwitgo, N. P. Icwitgo, & Hexxizz, 7521). Jiwitbsrbmjs e vexzmx ji jsmw mtwzxyqitzsw
etzixmsxiw gxmejsw virs vxóvxms Icwitgo − s Mtbitzáxms ji Vixwstermjeji ji Qeyjwric (QVM; Icwitgo & Otevv, 7506) i s
Mtbitzáxms ji Vixwstermjeji ji Icwitgo (IVM; N. P. Icwitgo & W. H. K. Icwitgo, 7508) − i ji yqe bixwãs mtmgmer, s IVU, s IVU-X é
yq uyiwzmstáxms gsqvswzs vsx 58 mzitw (63 mzitw ji vwmgszmgmwqs, 66 mzitw ji idzxsbixwãs, 68 mzitw ji tiyxszmgmwqs i 67 mzitw
uyi gsqvõiq yqe iwgere ji bermjeji) uyi jibiq wix xiwvstjmjsw ji lsxqe jmgszôqmge (“wmq” sy “tãs”).
S QSJIRS JSW GMTGS KXETJIW LEZSXIW, JI GSWZE I QEGGXEI
E wmwziqezmfeçãs vxsvswze vsx Veyr Gswze i Xshixz QegGxei jsw Gmtgs Kxetjiw Lezsxiw (GKL) je vixwstermjeji é hewi ji
jsmw jsw mtwzxyqitzsw ji qijmje uyi zêq evxiwitzejs eqvrs yws te rmzixezyxe gmitzílmge ezyer wshxi vixwstermjeji, wãs iriw:
s Mtbitzáxms TIS7 VM-X i wye bixwãs xijyfmje, TIS LLM-X. E eqvre egimzeçãs js qsjirs vire gsqytmjeji gmitzílmge, iqhsxe
tãs ytâtmqi (Hrsgo, 7551), ziq wywzitzejs e gstzmtymjeji ji viwuymwew uyi kexetzmxeq wye bermjeçãs iq yqe kxetji
bexmijeji ji vsvyreçõiw i wmzyeçõiw grítmgew, mtgrymtjs iq vwmgsvezsrskmew jiwgxmzew ts Imds M js Qetyer jmektówzmgs i
iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw – uyexze ijmçãs (JWQ-MB) (Tiwzejze iz er., 6442; Pemt, Hremw, Szzs, Nmxwnlirj, & Wegnw, 7555). Iwwe
gstlmetçe js qims gmitzílmgs ewwikyxe uyi ew jmwgywwõiw iq etjeqitzs wshxi ew xibmwõiw js JWQ (i syzxew vxsvswzew ji
gxmzéxmsw ji jmektówzmgs) ts uyi jmf xiwvimzs esw zxetwzsxtsw je vixwstermjeji mtgryeq gstzxmhymçõiw jixmbejew je vxsvswze
js qsjirs jsw gmtgs lezsxiw. Tiwwi witzmjs, gstwmjixe-wi uyi sw tsbsw qsjirsw jmektówzmgsw xirezmbsw esw zxetwzsxtsw je
vixwstermjeji wi wywzitziq iq yqe gstgivçãs qemw kixer je vixwstermjeji, ji kxyvsw grítmgsw uyi vswweq wix rsgermfejsw
iq yq gstzmtyyq jmqitwmster, qemw js uyi iq uyejxsw grexeqitzi jmwzmtzsw vsx gstze ji wye evxiwitzeçãs wmtzsqezsrókmge.
E xireçãs itzxi s qsjirs jsw GKL i e vwmgsvezsrskme ziq zeqhéq iwzmqyrejs wiy yws iq iwzyjsw wshxi ew hewiw
qsrigyrexiw jsw zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw. Iwzyjsw ji ewwsgmeçãs itzxi vsrmqsxlmwqsw kitézmgsw xiregmstejsw e wmwziqew ji
tiyxszxetwqmwwãs i e idvxiwwãs ji zxeçsw ji vixwstermjeji zêq ywejs gsq lxiuyêtgme iwwi mtwzxyqitzs gsqs qézsjs ji
elixmçãs. Vsx idiqvrs, Riwgn i gsrehsxejsxiw (7550) itgstzxexeq ewwsgmeçãs itzxi s erirs W js vsrmqsxlmwqs 1NZZRVX6 i s
zxeçs ji tiyxszmgmwqs, egnejs uyi tãs lsm xivrmgejs vsx erkytw iwzyjsw vswzixmsxiw, gsqs s ji Lrsxc i gsrehsxejsxiw (7555).
Sw xiwyrzejsw emtje mtgstwmwzitziw jiwwiw iwzyjsw vsjiq wix idvrmgejsw, vsx idiqvrs, vsx jmlixitçew itzxi eqswzxew
iwzyjejew i syzxew uyiwzõiw qizsjsrókmgew.
S itzitjmqitzs ji lezsxiw qemw eqvrsw je vixwstermjeji é qemw vxódmqs à zxejmçãs vwmgsrókmge js uyi à vwmuymázxmge i
iwzá vxiwitzi ts qsjirs jsw GKL, uyi vxsvõi gmtgs jmqitwõiw kixemw je vixwstermjeji uyi gstjitweq sw ewvigzsw etziw
bmwyermfejsw vsx qims je evrmgeçãs jsw báxmsw mtwzxyqitzsw ji qijmje je vixwstermjeji. Zemw jmqitwõiw lsxeq tsqiejew
xiwvimzetjs je qirnsx lsxqe vswwíbir s bsgehyráxms rimks i gsxxitzi wshxi vixwstermjeji, qew zeqhéq e zxejmçãs gmitzílmge
uyi ziq eqvexejs ew qijmjew vwmgsqézxmgew je vixwstermjeji. Iwzyjsw ji etármwi lezsxmer evstzexeq uyi tiyxszmgmwqs (T),
idzxsbixwãs (I), ehixzyxe à idvixmêtgme (S), eqehmrmjeji (E) i gstwgmitgmswmjeji (G) wixmeq ew jmqitwõiw kixemw je
vixwstermjeji.
S lezsx T jmf xiwvimzs à idvixmêtgme ji zitwãs i etkúwzme qetmliwze iq bmbêtgmew gsqs etwmijeji, xembe, jivxiwwãs i
syzxsw elizsw ji etkúwzme. S lezsx I xiregmste-wi e wsgmehmrmjeji i bmbegmjeji. S lezsx S zxeze ji witwmhmrmjeji iwzézmge,
gyxmswmjeji mtzirigzyer, gxmezmbmjeji, tigiwwmjeji ji bexmijeji i ezmzyjiw tãs jskqázmgew. S lezsx E é xirezmbs àw zitjêtgmew e
bmbêtgmew ji gstlmetçe, erzxyíwqs i wmqvezme. Vsx lmq, s lezsx G jmf xiwvimzs es gsqvxsqizmqitzs iq xireçãs e qizew i
bersxiw.
S TIS VM-X i s TIS LLM-X lsxeq ejevzejsw i bermjejsw vexe s yws ts Hxewmr vsx Lrsxiw-Qitjsfe (6445). S TIS VM-X vsji
wix evrmgejs iq mtjmbíjysw gsq mjejiw itzxi 64 i 04 etsw i é gsqvswzs vsx 684 mzitw, sw uyemw jibiq wix ebermejsw virs
vxshetjs e vexzmx ji yqe iwgere gsq gmtgs vswwmhmrmjejiw ji vstzyeçãs. S TIS LLM-X, gsqs pá qitgmstejs, é yqe bixwãs
xijyfmje uyi eberme s qiwqs qsjirs i é gsqvswze vsx 04 mzitw.
S QSJIRS JI ZIQVIXEQITZS I GEXÁZIX JI GRSTMTKIX
S qsjirs evxiwitzejs vsx Greyji Xshixz Grstmtkix gstzebe, mtmgmerqitzi, gsq zxêw lezsxiw ji ziqvixeqitzs: hywge ji
tsbmjejiw, iwuymbe e jetsw i jivitjêtgme ji kxezmlmgeçãs. Ts qsjirs zxívrmgi, Grstmtkix (7522) vxsvôw e ewwsgmeçãs itzxi
geje yq jiwwiw zxeçsw e wmwziqew jmwzmtzsw ji tiyxszxetwqmwwãs. Ewwmq, e hywge ji tsbmjejiw evxiwitzexme xireçãs gsq s
wmwziqe jsveqmtéxkmgs; e iwuymbe e jetsw, gsq s wmwziqe wixszstéxkmgs; i e jivitjêtgme ji kxezmlmgeçãs, gsq s wmwziqe
tsxejxitéxkmgs. Vswzixmsxqitzi, Grstmtkix egxiwgitzsy es qsjirs sw lezsxiw ji gexázix: eyzsjmxigmsteqitzs,
gssvixezmbmjeji i eyzszxetwgitjêtgme, eréq ji mjitzmlmgex qemw yq lezsx ji ziqvixeqitzs: e vixwmwzêtgme. E vxsvswze ezyer
ji Grstmtkix wykixi uyi e vixwstermjeji é lsxqeje vire mtzixeçãs ji ewvigzsw hmsrókmgsw, eqhmitzemw i vwmgsrókmgsw
xivxiwitzejsw iq lezsxiw. Sw lezsxiw ji ziqvixeqitzs wãs euyiriw uyi nixjeqsw, wãs vsygs qyzábimw i iwzãs xiregmstejsw
gsq xieçõiw iqsgmstemw eyzsqázmgew i náhmzsw. Sw lezsxiw ji gexázix wãs evxitjmjsw js eqhmitzi i jew idvixmêtgmew bmbmjew
virs mtjmbíjys, vsjiq wix qsjmlmgejsw i itbsrbiq gstgimzsw i bersxiw ji geje yq. Sw lezsxiw ji ziqvixeqitzs i gexázix
mtzixekiq itzxi wm mtlryitgmetjs-wi qyzyeqitzi i gxmetjs yq tsbs nsxmfstzi vexe s itzitjmqitzs je vixwstermjeji ji erks
iwzázmgs vexe erks jmtâqmgs. Rsks, iriw vsjiq wix erzixejsw gsq s ziqvs sy vsx mtzixbitçõiw qijmgeqitzswew sy
zixevêyzmgew (Grstmtkix, Vxfchigo, Wbxeomg, & Aizfir, 7558). E Zehire 72.7 wmtzizmfe e jilmtmçãs ji Grstmtkix vexe sw lezsxiw ji
ziqvixeqitzs i gexázix, hiq gsqs mjitzmlmge sw wyhlezsxiw ji geje zxeçs.

ZEHIRE 72.7 • Lezsxiw ji ziqvixeqitzs i gexázix ji Grstmtkix

Lezsx Jilmtmçãs Wyhlezsxiw
Z Iwuymbe e jetsw Gevegmjeji ji mtmhmx yq gsqvsxzeqitzs iq xiwvswze e yq IJ7: vxisgyveçãs etzigmvezóxme (bw.
I wmter ji vytmçãs sy ji tãs xigsqvitwe. szmqmwqs).
Q IJ6: qijs je mtgixzife (bw. gstlmetçe).
V IJ9: zmqmjif (bw. wsgmehmrmjeji).
I IJ8: lejmkehmrmjeji/ewzitme (bw. bmksx).
X
 EZEHIRE 72.7 • Lezsxiw ji ziqvixeqitzs i gexázix ji Grstmtkix
Q
I Hywge ji tsbmjeji Gevegmjeji ji mtmhmx sy ezmbex yq gsqvsxzeqitzs ji HT7: idgmzehmrmjeji idvrsxezóxme (bw.
T idvixmqitzeçãs etzi erks tsbs. xmkmjif).
Z HT6: mqvyrwmbmjeji (bw. xilridãs).
S HT9: idzxebekâtgme (bw. xiwixbe).
HT8: jiwsxjiteçãs (bw. sxketmfeçãs).
Jivitjêtgme ji Gevegmjeji ji qetzix yq gsqvsxzeqitzs iq xiwvswze e JK7: witzmqitzermwqs (bw. mtwitwmhmrmjeji).
kxezmlmgeçãs yqe vswwíbir xigsqvitwe wsgmer. JK9: eviks (bw. jiweviks).
JK8: jivitjêtgme (bw. mtjivitjêtgme).
Vixwmwzêtgme Gevegmjeji ji qetzix yq gsqvsxzeqitzs eviwex ji Tãs vswwym.
lxywzxeçãs, lejmke i/sy lerze ji xigsqvitwe.
G Eyzsjmxigmsteqitzs Gevegmjeji ji wi xigstnigix gsqs yq wix eyzôtsqs i EJ7: xiwvstwehmrmjeji (bw. ezxmhymçãs ji
E mtjivitjitzi. gyrve e syzxs).
X EJ6: jizixqmteçãs (bw. qizew tãs
Á shpizmbew).
Z EJ9: jiwiqhexeçs (bw. evezme)
I EJ8: eyzsegimzeçãs (bw. eyzsxxigywe).
X EJ1: wikytje tezyxife gstkxyitzi.
Gssvixezmbmjeji Gevegmjeji js mtjmbíjys ji wi xigstnigix gsqs mtzikxetzi G7: egimzeçãs wsgmer (bw. mtzsrixâtgme).
je wsgmijeji i ji kxyvsw nyqetsw. G6: iqvezme (bw. jiwmtzixiwwi wsgmer).
G9: yzmrmjeji (bw. mtyzmrmjeji).
G8: gsqvemdãs (bw. bmtketçe).
G1: kitixswmjeji (bw. iksíwqs).
Eyzszxetwgitjêtgme Gevegmjeji je viwwse ji wi xigstnigix ji lsxqe mtzikxeje EZ7: erzxyíwqs (bw. eyzsgstwgmêtgme).
à zszermjeji js ytmbixws. EZ6: mjitzmlmgeçãs zxetwviwwser.
EZ9: egimzeçãs iwvmxmzyer (bw. qezixmermwqs).

Grstmtkix ywsy iwwi qsjirs vexe jiwitbsrbix s Mtbitzáxms ji Ziqvixeqitzs i Gexázix (Ziqvixeqitz etj Gnexegzix
Mtbitzsxc; Grstmtkix iz er., 7558), mtwzxyqitzs uyi vixqmzi zxeçex yq vixlmr je vixwstermjeji js mtjmbíjys ebermetjs sw wizi
lezsxiw jiwgxmzsw. S Mtbitzáxms ji Ziqvixeqitzs i Gexázix, yq uyiwzmstáxms ji eyzsvxiitgnmqitzs gsqvswzs vsx 684 mzitw
js zmvs “bixjejimxs” sy “lerws”, lsm bermjejs vexe yws ts Hxewmr vsx Lyitziw i gsrehsxejsxiw (6444) i pá gstze gsq bixwõiw
jiwitbsrbmjew vexe e ebermeçãs ji gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw (Qsxits & Lyitziw, 6442).
GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
É mtzixiwwetzi tszex uyi e etármwi je vixwstermjeji xiregmsteje es gstzidzs je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge é kixerqitzi
gsqvriqitzeje virs ideqi ji uyiwzõiw xirezmbew e epywzi js mtjmbíjys es qims, uyermjeji ji bmje i ewvigzsw iqsgmstemw
iwvigílmgsw, gsqs jivxiwwãs, etwmijeji, mqvyrwmbmjeji, nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw, ekxiwwmbmjeji, izg. (Keww, 6444; Rifeo iz er., 6448;
Wzxeyww, Wnixqet, & Wvxiit, 6440). Tiwwi witzmjs, s yws ji iwgerew ji eyzsebermeçãs, xszimxsw ji itzxibmwzew gsq vegmitziw i
leqmrmexiw, hiq gsqs e shwixbeçãs jyxetzi s ideqi, wãs gsqvriqitzsw lytjeqitzemw jyxetzi e ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge.
Syzxs ewvigzs mqvsxzetzi js ideqi je vixwstermjeji ts gstzidzs je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge gstwmwzi te rmqmzeçãs js
yws ji iwgerew ji eyzsvxiitgnmqitzs. Jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw xiregmstejsw e ezitçãs, vxsgiwweqitzs je rimzyxe i iwgxmze i
eyzsvixgivçãs vsjiq wix rmqmzejsxiw je evrmgehmrmjeji jiwwi zmvs ji mtwzxyqitzs. Vsx iwwi qszmbs, Rifeo i gsrehsxejsxiw
(6448) wykixiq e ejsçãs ji zégtmgew vxspizmbew − euyirew iq uyi s wypimzs, uyetjs gstlxstzejs gsq iwzíqyrsw eqhíkysw i
tãs iwzxyzyxejsw, vxspize gexegzixíwzmgew ji wye vixwstermjeji, tigiwwmjejiw i gstlrmzsw mtzixtsw − gsqs s Ziwzi ji
Xsxwgnegn i s Ziwzi ji Evixgivçãs Ziqázmge. Ts itzetzs, sw eyzsxiw xigsqitjeq geyzire gsq s yws ji zégtmgew vxspizmbew
hewiejew iq jiwitnsw, pá uyi irew vsjiq wslxix mtzixlixêtgmew ji ewvigzsw vixgivzmbsw, qszsxiw i bmwmsgstwzxyzmbsw.
Ewwmq gsqs iq syzxew áxiew je ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge ts Hxewmr, e ebermeçãs je vixwstermjeji gexigi ji xigyxwsw ejevzejsw
i bermjejsw vexe tswws qims. E Zehire 72.6 evxiwitze yqe rmwze ji mtwzxyqitzsw evxsbejsw vexe yws ts Hxewmr vsx
vxslmwwmstemw ji lsxqeçãs iq vwmgsrskme vexe e mtbiwzmkeçãs je vixwstermjeji i ziqew xiregmstejsw.

ZEHIRE 72.6 • Mtwzxyqitzsw eyzsxmfejsw vexe yws ts Hxewmr vexe ebermeçãs je vixwstermjeji i syzxsw ziqew xiregmstejsw
e ejevzeçãs, epywzi iqsgmster i uyermjeji ji bmje
ZIWZI IJMZSXE
Hezixme Lezsxmer ji Vixwstermjeji Hezixme Lezsxmer ji Vixwstermjeji Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
GVW Iwgerew ji Vixwstermjeji ji Gsqxic Bizsx
IEG-MP Iwgere ji Eyzsgstgimzs Mtletzs-Pybitmr IEG-MP Bizsx
ILEG & IQEG Iwgere Liqmtmte ji Eyzsgstzxsri i Iwgere Qewgyrmte ji Eyzsgstzxsri Bizsx
ILId Iwgere Lezsxmer ji Idzxsbixwãs Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
 ZEHIRE 72.6 • Mtwzxyqitzsw eyzsxmfejsw vexe yws ts Hxewmr vexe ebermeçãs je vixwstermjeji i syzxsw ziqew xiregmstejsw
e ejevzeçãs, epywzi iqsgmster i uyermjeji ji bmje
ILT Iwgere Lezsxmer ji Epywzeqitzs Iqsgmster/Tiyxszmgmwqs Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
IWE Iwgere ji Wzxiww vexe Ejsriwgitziw Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
ILW Iwgere Lezsxmer ji Wsgmermfeçãs Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
IWGERE NEXI Iwgere NEXI VGR – X Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
IWGEREW HIGO Iwgerew Higo (jivxiwwãs, etwmijeji, mjieçãs wymgmje) Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
IWM Iwgere ji Wzxiww Mtletzmr Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
IZVG Iwgere ji Zxeçsw ji Vixwstermjeji vexe Gxmetçew Bizsx
NZV Zni Nsywi-Zxii-Vixwst ji Psnt T. Hygo Bizsx
MLV Mtbitzáxms Lezsxmer ji Vixwstermjeji Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
MNW Mtbitzáxms ji Nehmrmjejiw Wsgmemw Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
MIV Mtbitzáxms ji Iwzmrsw Vexitzemw Ijmzsxe Bsfiw
MWWR Mtbitzáxms ji Wmtzsqew ji Wzxiww vexe Ejyrzsw ji Rmvv Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
TIS VM-X i TIS LLM-X Mtbitzáxms ji Vixwstermjeji TIS Xibmwejs Bizsx
Mtbitzáxms ji Vixwstermjeji TIS Xijyfmjs Bizsx
VERSKXÁLMGS S Ziwzi Verskxálmgs te Ebermeçãs je Vixwstermjeji Bizsx
VLMWZIX Ew Vmxâqmjiw Gsrsxmjew ji Vlmwzix GIZIVV
VQO Vwmgsjmektówzmgs Qmsgmtézmgs Bizsx
UWK Uyiwzmstáxms ji Weúji Kixer ji Ksrjhixk Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
UYEZM Uyiwzmstáxms ji Ebermeçãs Zmvsrókmge – bixwãs MM Bizsx
XSXWGNEGN Xsxwgnegn - Wmwziqe je Iwgsre Lxetgiwe (7. S Vwmgsjmektówzmgs ji 7. Gewe js
Xsxwgnegn iq Ejyrzsw: Ezrew, Tsxqew i Xilridõiw. 6. E Vxázmge js Vwmgórsks 6. Bizsx
Xsxwgnegn)
S Xsxwgnegn: Zisxme i Jiwiqvitns (Wmwziqe Orsvlix); S Xsxwgnegn: 7. Ijmzsxe
Zisxme i Jiwiqvitns MM (Wmwziqe Orsvlix) Qetsri; 6. Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
Xsxwgnegn Wmwziqe Gsqvxiitwmbs (Qetyer ji Grewwmlmgeçãs i Qetyer Gewe js
ji Mtzixvxizeçãs) Vwmgórsks
Xsxwgnegn Grítmgs Wsgmijeji ji
Xsxwgnegn ji Wãs
Veyrs
WQNWG - Jir – Vxizzi Wmwziqe Qyrzmqíjme ji Nehmrmjejiw Wsgmemw ji Gxmetçew Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
WZEDM Qetyer js Mtbitzáxms ji Idvxiwwãs ji Xembe gsqs Iwzejs i Zxeçs Bizsx
ZEZ Ziwzi ji Evixgivçãs Ziqázmge Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
ZJEN Iwgere ji Zxetwzsxts ji Jélmgmz ji Ezitçãs/Nmvixezmbmjeji – ZJEN Gewe js
Vwmgórsks
 ZEHIRE 72.6 • Mtwzxyqitzsw eyzsxmfejsw vexe yws ts Hxewmr vexe ebermeçãs je vixwstermjeji i syzxsw ziqew xiregmstejsw
e ejevzeçãs, epywzi iqsgmster i uyermjeji ji bmje
ZIWZI JEW LÁHYREW Ziwzi jew Láhyrew GIZIVV
FYRRMKIX Ziwzi ji Fyrrmkix – Bef Gewe js
Vwmgórsks

XILIXÊTGMEW
Hrsgo, P. (7551). Gstzxexmet bmia sl zni lmbi-legzsx qsjir. Vwcgnsrskmger Hyrrizmq, 773(6), 723-671.
Geñmfexiw, W., Zsxxiw, D., Hskiz, Z., Xyqmà, P., Irmgiw, I., & Exxscs, W. (6444). Jsiw tiyxszmgmwq mtlryitgi gsktmzmbi wirl-ewwiwwqitz elzix
ivmrivwc wyxkixc? Ivmrivwme, 87(74), 7949-7945. Xigyvixejs ji: nzzv://strmtirmhxexc.amric.gsq/jsm/74.7777/p.7162-7713.6444.zh48045.d/ivj
l
Grstmtkix, G. X. (7522). Zni kitizmgw etj vwcgnshmsrskc sl zni wibit-legzsx qsjir sl vixwstermzc. Mt O. X. Wmro (Ij.). Hmsrskc sl vixwstermzc
jmwsxjixw (bsr. 73, vv. 09-56). Exrmtkzst, BE: Eqixmget Vwcgnmezxmg Ewwsgmezmst.
Grstmtkix, G. X., Vxfchigo, Z. X., Wbxeomg, J. Q., & Aizfir, X. (7558). Zni Ziqvixeqitz etj Gnexegzix Mtbitzsxc (ZGM): E kymji zs mzw jibirsvqitz
etj ywi. Wz. Rsymw, QS: Gitzix lsx Vwcgnshmsrskc sl Vixwstermzc, Aewnmtkzst Ytmbixwmzc.
Icwitgo, N. P. (7556). Zni jillmtmzmst etj qiewyxiqitz sl vwcgnszmgmwq. Vixwstermzc etj Mtjmbmjyer Jmllixitgiw, 79(3), 313-321.
Icwitgo, N. P., & Otevv, X. X. (7506). Qetyer lsx zni Qeyjwric Vixwstermzc Mtbitzsxc. Wet Jmiks, GE: IjMZW.
Icwitgo, N. P. (7553). Vixwstermzc etj idvixmqitzer vwcgnsrskc: Zni ytmllmgezmst sl vwcgnsrskc etj zni vswwmhmrmzc sl e vexejmkq. Psyxter sl
Vixwstermzc etj Wsgmer Vwcgnsrskc, 39(0), 7668-7693.
Icwitgo, N. P., & Icwitgo, W. H. K. (7508). Qetyer sl zni Icwitgo Vixwstermzc Mtbitzsxc: Vixwstermzc uyiwzmsttemxi: Lsxq E(H). Rstjst: Ytmbixwmzc
sl Rstjst Vxiww.
Icwitgo, W. H. K., Icwitgo, N. P., & Hexxizz, V. (7521). E xibmwij bixwmst sl zni vwcgnszmgmwq wgeri. Vixwstermzc etj Mtjmbmjyer Jmllixitgiw, 0(7),
67-65.
Lrsxiw-Qitjstfe, G. (6443). Mtbitzáxms ji Vixwstermjeji TIS Xibmwejs: Qetyer. Wãs Veyrs: Bizsx.
Lrsxc, P. J., Qetygo, W. H., Lixxirr, X. I., Jitz, O. Q., Vizixw, J. K., & Qyrjsst, Q. L. (7555). Tiyxszmgmwq mw tsz ewwsgmezij amzn zni wixszstmt
zxetwvsxzix (1-NZZRVX) vsrcqsxvnmwq. Qsrigyrex Vwcgnmezxc, 8(7), 59-50.
Lyitziw, J., Zebexiw, N., Geqexks, G. N. V., & Ksxitwzimt, G. (6444). Mtbitzáxms ji Ziqvixeqitzs i Gexázix ji Grstmtkix: Bermjeçãs je
bixwãs iq vsxzykyêw. Mt G. Ksxitwzimt, R. N. W. K. Etjxeji, & E. A. Fyexjm (Ijw.). Iwgerew ji ebermeçãs grítmge iq vwmuymezxme i
vwmgslexqegsrskme (vv. 909-930). Wãs Veyrs: Riqsw.
Keww, G. W. (6444). Vixwstermzc iberyezmst mt tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger ewwiwwqitz. Mt X. J. Betjixvrsik (Ij.), Grmtmgmet’w kymji zs
tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger ewwiwwqitz (6tj. ij., Gnev. 1). Qenaen, TP: Reaxitgi Ixrheyq Ewwsgmeziw.
Keffetmke, Q. W., & Nieznixzst, Z. L. (6441). Gmêtgme vwmgsrókmge: Qitzi, géxihxs i gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Ksrjhixk, I. (6447). Zni idigyzmbi hxemt: Lxstzer rshiw etj zni gmbmrmfij qmtj. Sdlsxj, TC: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc Vxiww.
Nirrixwzimt, J. P., Osgwmw, P. N., Gnevqet, J., Wziaexz, P. A., & Nexxmwst, A. (6444). Jsyhri-hrmtj gsqvexmwst sl wixzxermti, mqmvxeqmti, etj
vregihs mt zni zxiezqitz sl jcwzncqme: Illigzw st vixwstermzc. Eqixmget Psyxter sl Vwcgnmezxc, 713(5), 7890-7888. Xigyvixejs ji: nzzv://jd.j
sm.sxk/74.7730/evvm.epv.713.5.7890
Ny, D., Rmvwoc, X. N., Fny, K., Eonzex, R. E., Zeyhqet, P., Kxiithixk, H. J., … Ksrjqet, J. (6440). Wixszstmt zxetwvsxzix vxsqszix kemt-sl-
lytgzmst kitszcviw exi rmtoij zs shwiwwmbi-gsqvyrwmbi jmwsxjix. Eqixmget Psyxter sl Nyqet Kitizmgw, 32(1), 271-260. Xigyvixejs ji: nzzv
w://aaa.tghm.trq.tmn.ksb/vqg/exzmgriw/VQG7838486/
Ny, D., Sxswfm, K., Gnyt, P., Wqmzn, Z. R., Ksrjqet, J., & Wgnygomz, Q. E. (6441). Et idvetjij iberyezmst sl zni xirezmstwnmv sl lsyx erririw zs
zni ribir sl xiwvstwi zs ergsnsr etj zni ergsnsrmwq xmwo. Ergsnsrmwq: Grmtmger etj Idvixmqitzer Xiwiexgn, 65(7), 2-70.
Nyllqet, O., Bixtsc, Q., & Bixtsc, P. (6449). Vwmgsrskme. Wãs Veyrs: Ezrew.
Pemt, Y., Hremw, Q. E., Szzs, Q. A., Nmxwnlirj, J. X., & Wegnw, K. W. (7555). Lmbi-legzsx vixwstermzc zxemzw mt vezmitzw amzn wiewster jivxiwwmst:
Zxiezqitz illigzw etj gsqvexmwstw amzn hmvsrex vezmitzw. Psyxter sl Elligzmbi Jmwsxjixw, 11(7), 17818.
Riwgn, O. V., Hitkir, J., Nimrw, E., Wehsr, W. F., Kxiithixk, H. J., Vizxm, W., ... Qyxvnc, J. R. (7550). Ewwsgmezmst sl etdmizc-xirezij zxemzw amzn e
vsrcqsxvnmwq mt zni wixszstmt zxetwvsxzix kiti xikyrezsxc xikmst. Wgmitgi, 638(1656), 7163-7197.
Rifeo, Q. J., Nsamiwst, J., Rsxmtk, J., Nettec, N. P., & Lmwgnix, P. W. (6448). Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger ewwiwwqitz (8zn ij.). Sdlsxj: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc
Vxiww.
Qsxits, G. T., & Lyitziw, J. (6442). Mtbitzáxms ji Ziqvixeqitzs i Gexázix: Bixwóiw vxé-iwgsrex i pybitmr. Mt O. F. Sxzmf, R. Qitjstçe, E.
Lsf, G. H. Wetzsw, J. Lyitziw, & J. E. Efeqhype (Sxkw.), Ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge: Vetsxeqe mtzixjmwgmvrmtex jsw iwzyjsw te tsxqezmfeçãs i
bermjeçãs ji mtwzxyqitzsw ts Hxewmr (vv. 05-24). Wãs Veyrs: Bizsx.
Teoeqyxe, Q., Yits, W., Wets, E. & Zetehi, N. (6444). Zni nyqet wixszstmt zxetwvsxzix kiti rmtoij vsrcqsxvnmwq (1-NZZRVX) wnsaw zit
tsbir errirmg bexmetzw. Qsrigyrex Vwcgnmezxc, 1(7), 96--92. Xigyvixejs ji: nzzv://aaa.tezyxi.gsq/qv/psyxter/b1/t7/vjl/8444052e.vjl
Tiwzejz, K., Gswze, V. Z., Nwy, L.-G., Weqyirw, P., Hmitbity, S. P., & Iezst, A. A. (6442). Zni xirezmstwnmv hizaiit zni Lmbi-Legzsx Qsjir etj
rezitz JWQ-MB vixwstermzc jmwsxjix jmqitwmstw. Gsqvxinitwmbi Vwcgnmezxc, 85(7), 52-741. nzzv://jsm.sxk/74.7470/p.gsqvvwcgn.6443.41.471
Wzxeyww, I., Wnixqet, I. Q. W., & Wvxiit, S. (6440). E gsqvitjmyq sl tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger ziwzw: Ejqmtmwzxezmst, tsxqw, etj gsqqitzexc (9xj
ij.). Sdlsxj, TC: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc Vxiww.
7Tiyxszmgmwq-Idzxsbixwmst-Svittiww.
6Iwwi vsrmqsxlmwqs evxiwitze jyew bexmeçõiw erérmgew: s erirs rstks (gsq e mtwixçãs ji 88 vexiw ji hewi te xikmãs vxsqszsxe js kiti),
uyi iwzá xiregmstejs e qemsx xigevzeçãs ji wixszstmte te litje wmtávzmge, i s erirs gyxzs (gsq e jiriçãs ji 88 vexiw ji hewi te xikmãs
vxsqszsxe js kiti), s uyer iwzá xiregmstejs e yqe qitsx xigevzeçãs ji wixszstmte. Xigitziqitzi, lsm jiqstwzxeje e idmwzêtgme ji jyew
bexmetziw jitzxs js erirs rstks (R), xiregmstejew à wyhwzmzymçãs ji yqe ejitmte vsx yqe kyetmte xiwyrzetjs iq yq vsrmqsxlmwqs gsq ew
bexmetziw rstks e (Re), rstks k (Rk) i W (Ny iz er., 6440, 6441; Teoeqyxe, Yits, Wets, & Zetehi, 6444). S erirs Rk zeqhéq evxiwitze yqe
qitsx zxetwgxmçãs js 1NZZ.